Study Guide for the Audio Learn Boater Safety Course
Two
Table of Contents Important Boating and Sailing Terms --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 ATON Aids to Navigation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Anatomy of a Boat: Terminology --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 Boat Hull Designs ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Cruise Preparation Checklist -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Emergency Equipment Checklist --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 Boat Class-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 Fire Extinguisher Requirements ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 State by State Boat Manual Links -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Resources and Links------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 Direction and Points of Sail ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 Collision Avoidance ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Lighting Field of Illumination -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 Running Light Ranges ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 Running Lights Power Boats -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 Running Lights Sailboats ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 Day Shape Mast Light Combinations ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 Weather Terms and Concepts ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22 VHF Radio Frequencies --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 MAYDAY Script ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 Final Exam ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 Answer Key------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 37
Three
Important Terms You Should Know Aft
The direction that indicates towards the back, or stern, of a boat.
Berth
A permanent sheltered parking spot for a boat which is not in use.
Bow
The front end of a vessel.
Bow Wave
Waves created from the bow of a boat in motion.
Buoy
A floating device that is securely anchored. It provides warning or directional information. Some buoys serve as moorings.
Capacity Plate
A plate on which maximum weight of passengers and equipment is displayed. On some vessels, maximum allowable horsepower may also be given.
Capsize
To overturn.
Channel
A stretch of relatively calm water used for passage into a larger body of water.
Cleat
A hook or holder to which lines are attached when securing a boat.
Compliance Plate
For boats under 20’ in length, manufacturer installs a plate that states the vessel meets safety standards of the US Coast Guard.
Console
A control panel usually located at the center of the boat.
Directed Thrust
Steering of a vessel achieved from the direction in which the propellers face.
Displacement
The act of a vessel pushing away (displacing) water based on the weight of the boat.
Draft
The depth of water drawn by a boat. How deep it sits in the water.
Float Plan
A written record of travel plans and other emergency contact information left with a responsible party.
Flotation Device
A wearable or other device used to keep a person afloat in the water. Also for rescue.
Forward
The direction that indicates towards the front, or bow, of the boat.
Freeboard
The distance from the surface of the water to the gunwale.
Gearshift
The engine direction control : forward, neutral, or reverse. Many times combined with throttle assembly.
Give-Way Vessel
When two boats approach each other, the give-way boat is the one required to yield the right of way.
Hatch
A doorway that provides access to the bow of the boat from under the deck.
Headway
The forward motion of a vessel.
Four
Kill Switch
A special safety device whereby a boat operator attaches a cord to the vessel’s ignition. If the operator becomes separated from the boat controls, the engine shuts down. Good for skippers traveling alone.
Knot
Short for “nautical mile” it is 1.15 standard miles. Defines speed for boating. Also, a configuration of rope or lines used to secure a boat.
Length
Front to back measurement of a boat from bow to stern. Engines are not included.
MCS
Minimum Control Speed is the slowest speed at which a vessel can be turned with onboard controls.
Mooring
A way to secure a vessel to a flotation buoy or pier.
Port
Refers to the left side of a boat.
Propulsion
The means by which a vessel attains the thrust to achieve motion.
Prop Walk
aka Propeller Walk. Sideward force/motion caused by turning propellers. Usually at slow speeds and in reverse gear.
PWC
Personal Water Craft. A small jet powered recreational craft, usually straddled when ridden. Typically known by product or brand names.
Rail
Railings installed along the deck of a vessel.
Stand-On Vessel
When to boats approach each other, the stand-on vessel has the right of way.
Starboard
The right side of the boat.
Stern
The back end of a boat.
Throttle
The speed control, usually a lever. Many times, it is combined with the gearshift lever.
Trim
The adjustment that controls a boat’s sitting evenly in the water, front to back.
Twin Screws
Dual propellers. Can be used in combinations to execute turns.
Utility Boat
Also known as “tender”. Small craft such as prams or dinghies used to transport passengers to or from a larger vessel.
VDS
Visual Distress Signal is a device that can signal to others that a boat is experiencing an emergency and is in need of assistance.
Water Line
Hull markings that show how deeply a properly trimmed boat sits in the water. Also, the level at which the water surface meets the hull.
Wheel
Steering wheel used to turn rudder or motors
Windage
Surface area of a vessel exposed to and affected by the wind.
Five
Sailing Terminology and Concepts Boom
Pole to which the bottom edge of the mainsail attaches.
Boom Vang
Apparatus that keeps downward tension on the boom to help keep mainsail full.
Boom Topping Lift
Apparatus that keeps the boom level when the mainsail is unfurled.
Heeling
Takes place at higher speeds when a sailboat rides almost on its side.
Helm
Steering wheel on a sailboat.
Keel
Similar to power boat keel except it is larger and looks like a fin. Counteracts wind.
Leeward
Pronounced “looward”. The side of the boat that is opposite the side facing the wind. Protected side.
Windward
The side of the boat from which the wind comes. The side facing the wind.
Rigging
The lines and hardware used to trim sails to permit sailing.
Standing Rigging
Stationary rigging such as the mast. Not adjustable.
Running Rigging
Adjustable rigging that changes the trim of the sails.
Mainsail
The biggest, or main sail on a vessel.
Head sail
Smaller sail on a boat. Sits forward of the main mast. Not attached to the boom.
Jib
Head sail that sits forward of the mast.
Genoa
Head sail that can sit in front of and extend to just behind the mast.
Jibe
To turn the stern of your boat through the wind.
Mast
Standing rigging to which the mainsail attaches.
Stays
Support lines that hold the mast upright and secure.
Spreaders
Supports perpendicular to the mast that keep the mainsail full.
Main halyard
The rigging used to hoist up the mainsail.
Tack (v.)
To tack is to turn the bow of your boat through the wind.
Tack (n.)
Your course.
Furl
To roll up or pack up the sails.
Unfurl
To unroll, unpack, or deploy the sails.
Reefing lines
Rigging used to decrease size of the mainsail to lower speed of the vessel.
Point of sail
The direction of a boat relative to the wind. See chart in this guide.
Trimming sails
Adjusting sails to allow for most effective performance based on wind.
Six
Aids to Navigation: ATON Buoy Floating navigation aid, moored to bottom of the sea floor. May be lighted or not. Can
Can or cylinder-shaped buoy.
Nun
Cone shape or tapered at top of buoy.
Beacon Permanent mount to bottom of a body of water. Light
A beacon that is lighted. Includes light house.
Day Beacon A beacon with no light. Displays a sign or symbol.
Green buoys will display white odd numbers.
Red buoys will display white even numbers.
Mooring. Can also be a similarly-colored sphere. Day beacons will be green square with odd numbers or red triangles with even numbers.
Lateral Navigation
Open Water Remember “Right Return Red”. Numbers on aids increase.
Green aids to starboard when headed to open water. Numbers on aids decrease.
Inland
Seven
More Navigation Aids: ATON Informational i.e. fuel dock.
Danger Text on these aids is black. Will appear inside or around the shape.
Displays nature of hazard.
Exclusions
Restricted Operation
i.e. swimmers only
i.e. Speed limit or no wake.
Preferred Channel Green on top means preferred channel is to port if heading to open water. Red is secondary.
Preferred Channel Red on top means preferred channel is to starboard if returning from open water. Green is secondary.
Nautical Charts and Navigation Aids Diamond shape indicates the color of the buoy. An open circle at the base means there is no light on the buoy.
This buoy is multi-colored, red over green. It has a red light on it.
In this example, the red circle means this red buoy also displays a red light.
Lighted beacon or lighthouse. Other information regarding a lighthouse may appear on the chart with the symbol.
Cracking the Code! What do those numbers and letters mean?
FL G 4S
This information, found along with a beacon symbol on nautical charts, tells you a lot. In our example at left, the beacon has a flashing (FL) light. It flashes every 4 seconds (4S). The light is green (G). At right, we have a beacon that gives 2 longer flashes followed by 1 short one (2+1). The pattern repeats every 8 seconds. The light is red.
FL (2 + 1 ) R 8S
Eight
Boat Terminology: Anatomy of a Boat Hull
The main body of the boat.
Transom
The vertical piece that makes up the back end of the boat.
Deck
The covering over the hull or other compartment. Permanent as opposed to a canvas hood.
Gunwale
Pronounced “gunn’l”. The top of the sides of a boat. Top edge of the sides.
Beam
The widest part of a boat.
Keel
The very bottom of the hull. Depending on shape, offers stability.
Cabin
An interior compartment for passengers or a crew.
Bridge
The place from which a boat is controlled, usually on larger vessels.
Cockpit
An open area in the boat from which the operator controls the vessel, usually on smaller boats.
Pulpit
An extension of the forward deck. Protected by a rail. May have running lights or hold anchor.
Rudder
Steering mechanism typically found on vessels with fixed propulsion.
Tiller
Lever or bar used to operate a rudder or an outboard engine.
Boat Terminology: Boat Types Displacement boat: moves through the water. Pushes the water aside (displaces it). Good for rougher conditions. Planing boat: rides on top of the water. Must reach planing speed for this. Bumpy rides. Runabout: is a day boat. Good for vacation and weekend activities. Bow rider: is a boat with seating up in the bow. Expect a wet ride up there! Ski boats: are made for towing skiers, tubers, or wake boarders. Deck boat: has an open deck and wider beam. Also good for sightseeing, skiing, and swimming. Bay boat: performs best in shallow waters. Good for inland or close to shore fishing. Has a low profile. Cabin cruiser: or cruiser is good for longer, overnight trips. Sleeping quarters, head (toilet), galley (kitchen). Pontoon boat: looks like a deck mounted on tubes. Good for touring. Stable but not good in rougher water. Sailboats: are powered by the wind pushing and lifting the sails but do have auxiliary engines. PWC: or personal water craft. Jet powered. Occupants usually straddle or kneel on them. Known by brand names.
Nine
Hull Designs V-shaped hull: V shape at the bow. Cuts through water for easier turning and holding steady course. Deep V offers better maneuvering and has a more pronounced V shape. Modified V is less pronounced. Low dead rise: hull design for calmer waters. Vessel usually stays on a more level plane. Flat bottom hull: for planing boats. Not good out on the waves. Good performance at lower speeds. Cathedral hull: this hull type has 2 Vs at the bow. More stable but rougher riding in choppy waters. Multi-hull: Catamaran. Poor performance in bad conditions. Otherwise, good stability requiring a wide turn radius. Soft hull: Inflatable flat bottom. Risk of puncture or rupture. Bumpy, wet ride in waves. Rigid inflatable hull: a hybrid with rigid V shape bottom but inflatable sides. Better performance in rough waters than the flat bottom inflatables.
Sound Signals Blasts
Meaning
Comments
1 short
I am changing course to starboard.
Under Inland Rules: I intend to change course to starboard. Requires a response.
2 short
I am changing course to port.
Under Inland Rules: I intend to change course to port. Requires a response.
3 short
My engine is in reverse gear.
Vessel may be in reverse to stop and is not backing up.
5 short
Danger! or “I do not understand”
Under Inland Rules: I do not agree with your proposed action or course change.
1 long
Underway in poor visibility. Repeat every two minutes.
Powerboats only
1 long plus two Underway in poor visibility conditions. Sailboats or power boats operating with reshort Repeat every two minutes. stricted maneuverability (i.e. fishing or towing). 1 long, then 3 short
Every 2 minutes (maximum) just after towing vessel signals.
Vessels under tow. If more than one, the last vessel in the chain.
Any distinctly audible signal
Every 2 minutes (maximum)
Vessels up to 20 meter length, at anchor in restricted visibility.
Ten
Preparing for a Cruise Clothing: You may get wet. Bring spare clothing or cover ups. Protect yourself from the cold. Do not forget the sun as well! Wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses will protect you from glare and UV rays. Depending on the climate, bring water resistant or foul weather gear. A heavy jacket is good for late season boating or trips where you expect low temperatures. Footwear should be non-skid and appropriate for what role you might play. Avoid sandals and flip flops. Sunscreen: Protect your skin from sunburn and harmful UV rays. Re-apply periodically. Medications: Bring what you need for the trip. Allow for a late dosage in case you do not arrive home in time as planned. Include sea sickness products. Remember, many of those must be taken a good 1/2 hour before you leave. Food and Water: Depending on the trip, bring healthy snack foods or more substantial meals. Have plenty of water available. It is important to replace lost body fluids, especially when you are out in the sun and wind. Be aware that coffee, caffeinated soda, and alcohol do not help you to replace fluids. Weather Report: Have a recent updated weather forecast. Monitor weather throughout your cruise, especially on longer trips. Tide and Current information: Have an understanding of when high and low tides will occur during your trip. The same for currents where you plan to boat. These can have a critical impact on your ability to anchor or to beach your vessel. Float plan: Remember to file a float plan with someone! When you return, let them know you have arrived home or at your planned destination. Local information: If applicable, get information about local hazards or regulations in effect for where you plan to operate. Fuel: Be sure you have enough to complete all legs of your trip with enough to spare in case you are delayed or become lost for a time. Navigation charts: Be sure any charts you have for the local area are current. Navigation plan: Remember to mark out landmarks, fuel or shelter stops, and your planned route with alternates for situations such as unexpected bad weather.
Eleven
Suggested Emergency Equipment List Ditch Bag/ Coast Guard Bag Remember to tailor this to your needs based on where you operate. Most items should not be left off the list.
Choose a good waterproof bag: Hi visibility color. Several pockets and pouches. Floats.
First aid kit: Keep stock current. Replace expired products. Include sea sickness products. Prescription Medications: Bring as needed for passengers who require medication. Strobe Lights: Enable others to see you at night. Flash lights: You may be stranded in darkness. You want to be able to see. Rope lines: Secure rafts/lifeboats together. Attach gear. Shelter construction. Passport and cash: If traveling outside of U.S. Bring on a per trip basis as needed. Portable VHF Radio: Waterproof. Use as back up to main radio. If abandon ship, it may become your main radio and means to communicate with rescuers.
Additional VDS: Dye pack. Signal mirror. Flares/lights other than those required on vessel. Loud Whistle: More effective than shouting. Knife or Multi-Purpose Tool: Look for blunt tip if you will be on an inflatable craft, serrated edge. Fresh Water Supply: Measured cups for rationing. Purification tabs for storage tank water. Personal Beacons: Attach to PFD. Locate each passenger in abandon ship scenario. Food: Trail mix, energy bars. Nuts or fruit snacks. Personal bag: Additional bag/small pack with essentials if ditch bag is lost during evacuation. Dye pack, Additional VHF radio. Signal Mirror.
Twelve
Boat Class by Size Length of Vessel
Class
Under 16 feet
Class A
16 feet < Boat Length < 26 feet
Class 1
26 feet < Boat Length < 40 feet
Class 2
40 feet < boat length < 65 feet
Class 3
Boat Capacity Formula : No Capacity Plate on the Vessel Multiply vessel length times beam (width at widest point). Divide that product by 15 to yield allowable number of people. * A good rule of thumb is to assume an average weight allowance of 150 pounds per person. In other words, when you get a number of allowable people on board, multiply that number by 150 to get total allowable weight of people on board. This is a good practice if you have passengers of various weights.
Requirements for On-Board Fire Extinguishers Length of Vessel, feet No Built-In Extinguisher System
Built-In System
<16
None (One B-1 if in Federal Waters).
None
16 < Boat < 26
One B-1
none
26 < Boat < 40
Two B-1 or One B-II
One B-1
40 < Boat < 65
Three B-1 or one B-II and one B-1
Two B-1 or one B-II
Look for this information on any extinguisher you purchase: “Marine Type USCG Approved” followed by B-1 or B-II
Thirteen
Download Your State Boater Safety Manual Alabama https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ al_handbook_entire.pdf
Indiana https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ in_handbook_entire.pdf
Alaska http://dnr.alaska.gov/parks/boating/pdf/ alaskaboaterhandbook032014.pdf
Iowa https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ ia_handbook_entire.pdf
Arizona !!No certificate required in state. Getting a card is still recommended for insurance and reciprocity!!
Kansas https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ ks_handbook_entire.pdf
Arkansas https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ ar_handbook_entire.pdf
Kentucky https://fw.ky.gov/Fish/Documents/18-19_Ky_fishing_guide.pdf
California https://dbw.parks.ca.gov/pages/28702/files/ DBW_ABCs_of_Boating_2017.pdf Colorado https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/Boating/ BoatingRegulations.pdf Connecticut http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/boating/boating_guide/ boaterguide.pdf Delaware https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ de_handbook_entire.pdf Florida https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ fl_handbook_entire.pdf Georgia https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ ga_handbook_entire.pdf
Louisiana https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ la_handbook_entire.pdf Maine https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ me_handbook_entire.pdf Maryland http://dnr.maryland.gov/nrp/Documents/BoatingSafety/ recreationvessels.pdf Massachusetts https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ ma_handbook_entire.pdf Michigan https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ mi_handbook_entire.pdf Minnesota https://files.dnr.state.mn.us/rlp/regulations/boatwater/ boatingguide.pdf
Hawaii http://www.uspshawaii.org/Misc/HBLB_student010814c.pdf
Mississippi https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ ms_handbook_entire.pdf
Idaho https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ id_handbook_entire.pdf
Missouri https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ mo_handbook_entire.pdf
Illinois https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ il_handbook_entire.pdf
Montana http://fwp.mt.gov/recreation/safety/boating/default.html (you will need to navigate to the brochure link pdf)
Fourteen
State by State Boating Regulations, continued Nebraska https://www.boat-ed.com/nebraska/nebraska-boating-studyguide.pdf
South Carolina https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ sc_handbook_entire.pdf
Nevada https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ nv_handbook_entire.pdf
South Dakota https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ sd_handbook_entire.pdf
New Hampshire https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ nh_handbook_entire.pdf
Tennessee https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ tn_handbook_entire.pdf
New Jersey https://www.state.nj.us/njsp/info/pdf/marine/021606-boatingsafety-manual.pdf
Texas https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ tx_handbook_entire.pdf
New Mexico https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ nm_handbook_entire.pdf
Utah https://site.utah.gov/stateparks/wp-content/uploads/ sites/13/2015/09/DNR-Boating-Highlights-15-Artx.pdf
New York https://parks.ny.gov/recreation/boating/documents/ NewYorkSafeBoatingTextbook2015.pdf
Vermont https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ vt_handbook_entire.pdf
North Carolina http://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Boating/documents/ VOG.pdf
Virginia https://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018fishing-regulations.pdf
North Dakota https://gf.nd.gov/sites/default/files/publications/boating-guide -revision.pdf
Washington https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ wa_handbook_entire.pdf
Ohio https://watercraft.ohiodnr.gov/portals/watercraft/pdfs/laws/ OperatorsGuide.pdf
West Virginia https://www.boat-ed.com/abc/abc_specific_images/pdfs/ wv_law.pdf
Oklahoma https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ ok_handbook_entire.pdf
Wisconsin https://dnr.wi.gov/files/pdf/pubs/le/le0301.pdf
Oregon https://www.oregon.gov/osmb/forms-library/Documents/ Publications/ExperienceORBoating_2016-WEB.pdf Pennsylvania http://www.fishandboat.com/Boat/BoatingRegulations/ Documents/BoatingHandbook.pdf Rhode Island https://www.boat-ed.com/assets/pdf/handbook/ ri_handbook_entire.pdf
Wyoming https://wgfd.wyo.gov/Regulations/Regulation-PDFs/ REGULATIONS_CH22_BROCHURE.pdf
Fifteen
Valuable Links and Resources Regulations change: Always be sure you have the most current, state-specific information State by State Guide to Boating Laws per the US Coast Guard http://uscgboating.org/regulations/state-boating-laws.php
State by State Regulations Concerning Certification and Testing Requirements https://www.americasboatingcourse.com/abc_website/state_boating_law.htm
US Coast Guard Summary of Navigation Rules https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=NavRulesAmalgamated
Excellent US Coast Guard Guide to Navigation Aids http://www.uscgboating.org/images/486.PDF
Wikipedia Page Explaining the Douglas Sea State Scale https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_sea_scale
The Beaufort Scale as shown on the NOAA Web Site https://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/beaufort.html Link to U.S. VHF Channels https://navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=mtvhf# US Coast Guard Brochure: Personal Flotation Devices http://uscgboating.org/images/howtochoosetherightlifejacket_brochure.pdf Well Known On Line Boating Courses We do not endorse or approve of any of these. We have provided the links for your convenience only. Please Research and choose the course and delivery method that works best for you. http://www.boatus.org https://www.boat-ed.com http://www.americasboatingcourse.com https://www.boaterexam.com
Sixteen
In Irons Close Hauled
Close Hauled
Close Reach
Close Reach
Points of Sail
Beam Reach
Beam Reach
Broad Reach
Broad Reach
Running
Running
Wind is blowing from twelve o’clock TOWARDS six o’clock.
0° 45°
45° Bow
Port
90°
90°
Stern
Directional Reference Points
135° 135° 180°
Starboard
Seventeen
Collision Avoidance
Are You on a Safe Course? If you see another vessel and suspect you may end up meeting it, take a compass bearing on the other boat. Wait a bit and take another bearing. If both bearings are the same, then the other boat and you are on a collision course. Compass Bearing 2
Observe stand-on and give-way rules. Remember, regardless of who is give-way, you take action if the other skipper does not appear to be altering course or speed.
Compass Bearing 1
Remember, the color light you see on another vessel helps you determine that vessel’s position relative to yours. At left is an example of a combination masthead light. It has the same field of cover as power boat running lights. If a sailboat displays an additional white all-around masthead light, the vessel is running under mechanical engine power. This illustration also shows the illumination field required of side running lights.
Eighteen
Running Lights: Required Visibility Ranges Ranges are in standard miles
International Rules Vessel Size*
Masthead
Side Light
Stern Light
Tow Light All-Around Any Color
50 Meters or Greater (150 Feet)
6
3
3
3
3
12<Meters<50 36<feet<150
3
2
2
2
2
Less than 12 meters (36 feet)
2
1
2
2
2
Partially Submerged or Under Tow
3
Inland Rules** Vessel Size*
Masthead
Side Light
Stern Light
Tow Light All-Around Any Color
50 Meters or Greater (150 Feet)
6
3
3
3
3
12<Meters<50 36<feet<150
3
2
2
2
2
Less than 12 meters (36 feet)
2
1
2
2
2
Partially Submerged or Under Tow
3
*Boat lengths given in feet are approximate. 1 meter = approximately 3.28 feet. **Under Inland Rules, all vessel sizes: Special flashing lights must be visible from 2 miles.
SOURCE: U S Coast Guard Navigation Rules and Regulations Handbook LNM 7-18/NTM 7-18 February 12, 2018
Nineteen
Running Lights: Power Boats Under both Inland and International Rules, power boats less than 50 meters in length should display side lights and a stern light as shown. Exact positioning is approximate.
Vessels smaller than 50 meters in length should M display sidelights and a stern light as shown. The exact position of the lights is approximate.
A white masthead light is also required. This all-around light must be placed at least 2.5 meters (approximately 8 feet) above the gunwales.
For vessels longer than 50 meters, a second masthead light is required. It should be abaft (to the rear) of the first masthead. It should be placed higher than the original masthead as well.
Remember, side lights that are not all-around should have a 112.5° field of view. A stern light will have a 135° field of view. All-around lights have, of course a 360°field of view.
For vessels under 12 meters, the boat may carry one allaround masthead light to replace the normal masthead and stern lights. That masthead light should be located at least one meter above the sidelights.
For power boats less than 7 meters long and travelling under 7 knots, only one all-around white light is required. If possible and practical, side lights are still recommended.
Towing Vessel A towing vessel should display two masthead lights positioned in a vertical line (this pertains to both International and Inland Rules). If the length of the tow line and the vessel being towed exceeds 200 meters, a third masthead light should be positioned vertically with the other two. Additionally, a yellow stern light should be positioned vertically over the white stern light of the towing vessel.
Normally 2 mastheads are required. Third masthead for 200 meter +.
Stern Lights
Twenty
Running Lights: Sailboats
Under both International and Inland Rules, sailboats under 20 meters in length should display running lights and stern lights as shown for power boats. Alternatively, one combination light can be displayed near the very top of the mast.
In addition to displaying side lights and stern lights, sailing vessels under way may use a combination of all-around lights on the mast as shown at left. Remember, a white all-around light on the mast indicates a sailboat is running under mechanical power.
For sailing vessels under 7 meters in length, the side and stern light combination or the combination masthead light is still recommended. In cases, where this is not workable, a flashlight should be illuminated, preferably to reflect off of the sail. Light this device in time to allow other vessels to see you and avoid a collision.
Display this shape for a sailboat underway using mechanical power. Not required for a sailboat under 12 meters long.
Twenty-one
Day Shapes and Special Mast Light Combinations Mast light combinations are in addition to standard required running and stern lights. Source: US Coast Guard Navigation Rules and Regulations Handbook. February 12, 2018
Divers are in the water. Daytime only, with good visibility, only the “A” flag is required. Vessel contained by its draft. 50 meters or more in length. Display this shape for a fishing trawler. Light combination is green over white. Top light will be red if not a trawler. Third cone is displayed in the direction of the fishing gear when a fishing vessel is dragging gear longer than 150 meters. Also add a white all-around to the side of the red over white combination. Display two discs for vessels with restricted maneuverability or not under command. These vessels are not moving. When moving, add standard side lights and stern light.
Vessels with restricted maneuverability: underway. Less than 50 meters in length. Also, tow boat where tow apparatus is less than 200 meters long.
Stern lights when towing
Vessels with restricted maneuverability: At anchor. Less than 50 meters in length.
This combination indicates a vessel under limited maneuverability due to dredging or other work. Double discs should be on the side that the dredging equipment is located. Diamonds are on side where other vessels should pass.
Red indicates side where equipment located. Green mastheads indicate side where other vessels can pass.
Twenty-two
Weather Forecast Terms and Concepts Warm Air: Rises. Holds more water vapor than does cold air. Cold Air: Sinks. Does not hold as much water vapor as warm air. Air pressure: Decreases as you get higher into the atmosphere. Weather: Basic cause is the movement of air masses. Front: Space between 2 conflicting air masses. Precipitation, wind, temperature change expected. High Pressure System: Indicative of good weather. Low Pressure System: Indicative of bad weather. Occluded Front: Cold air mass catches up with warm air mass. Associated with ( i.e. tropical) depressions. Vertical Movement: Instability. Clouds building vertically mean storms. Backing Wind: Change in wind direction that proceeds counter-clockwise around a compass. S to SE Veering Wind: Change in wind direction that proceeds clockwise around a compass. S to SW Sea Breeze: Localized wind blowing from water into the land. Land Breeze: Localized wind blowing from land out to water. Gusts: Sudden quick changes (increases) in wind speed. Fog: Warm air loaded with water vapor passes over a cooler surface. This forms fog or frost. Cirrus Clouds: High, wispy fishbone appearance. Indicator of fair weather. Stratus Clouds: Lower level. Layered gray or white. If gray, warm front with rain expected. Cumulus Clouds: Big puffy clouds. If they build vertically and turn dark, expect precipitation or storms. Nimbus Clouds: Rain clouds. Extended periods of rain. Cumulonimbus: Caution! Cumulus clouds that darken and build vertically. Storms coming. Altocumulus Clouds: High, layered patches. Look like small cotton balls. Long term poor weather coming. Fog: Less than .6 mile visibility. Poor Visibility: .6 up to 2 mile visibility.
Moderate Visibility: 2 to 5 mile visibility. Good Visibility: Better than 5 mile visibility. Smooth Seas: Ripples to 8 to 20 inch waves. Slight Seas: Up to 4 foot waves. Moderate Seas: 4 to 8 foot waves. Rough Seas: 8 to 13 foot waves. Very Rough Seas: Waves up to 20 feet.
Twenty-three
Important VHF Radio Channels
Channel Number
Frequency
Details
WX1
162.550
Weather
WX2
162.400
Weather
WX3
162.475
Weather
WX4
162.425
Weather
WX5
162.450
Weather
WX6
162.500
Weather
WX7
162.525
Weather
16
156.800
International Distress. Mayday
22A
157.100
Coast Guard Liaison/Maritime Safety Broadcast
Mayday Script Make sure you are on VHF Channel 16 MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY This is Boat Name, Boat Name, Boat Name. Call sign. MAYDAY Boat name. Give Location: Relative to nav aids or landmarks. Longitude and latitude if possible. Nature of Distress Call: Fire? Taking on water? Abandon ship? Number or people with you and condition of injured State current condition of boat for seaworthiness: Sinking? Floating, no engine? Boat description: Length, hull/trim color, other pertinent information. Announce you will be listening on channel 16 or 2182: Based on your radio. End message: “This is boat name and call sign. Over”. Wait for response: If none, repeat MAYDAY call.
Twenty-four
Final Exam Well, you have completed the course, and now it is time to see how much you have learned. What follows are 75 multiple choice questions. Unlike with the quizzes, you will have answer choices to help you. Be aware, though, that answer choices can also mislead you! Trap answer choices are very common on multiple choice tests. That is why I presented the quizzes with no answer choices to help you. If you understand the information and know the answers, then no trap answer choice will fool you. Take this test as much as you would like. Shoot for perfection. You will find that, on your actual certification test, 70% - 80% will be a passing grade. If you can get through all of our questions with a minimal number of errors, you should be well prepared for your certification course and subsequent exam.
An answer key follows the test questions.
Good luck!
Question one: While underway, you pass a day beacon that displays a yellow triangle. What does that mean? a). You are in a boat tow zone. b). There is a bend in the channel. Use caution. c). You are on the Intercoastal Waterway System. d). You must reduce speed. You are approaching a dock area.
Question two: There is no telltale from your outboard motor. What could be wrong? a). You are not travelling in the most advantageous direction. b). Water is not passing through your engine to cool it. c). You are not set for directed thrust. d). There may be air in your fuel line.
Question three: Why would a draw bridge stay closed during a bad storm? a). The bridge is along a land evacuation route. b). In bad weather, the bridge could get stuck in the open position. c). Boats should not be out in such weather; there is no need to open the bridge. d). Boats passing under the bridge could be blown into the sides of the structure.
Question four: When must you be aware of your swing arc or swing circle? a). When leaving a slip. b). When leaving a dock. c). When leaving a mooring. d). When anchoring.
Twenty-five Question five: Which of the following is NOT part of a navigation plan? a). Compass bearing of landmarks. b). Marked location of fuel stations. c). Boat description and registration number. d). Location of marked buoys.
Question six: Why should you not over steer when using a rudder? a). The rudder can have a braking effect. b). Your turns will be too sharp. c). Your turns will be too wide. d). It could strike your propeller.
Question seven: What is the general purpose of a spring line? a). It provides immediate directed thrust with little throttle. b). It enables you to swing out from or into a tight berth. c). It provides slack to account for the changing tides. d). It enables you to perform a quick release of a set anchor.
Question eight: You have a vessel that is 20 feet long and 8 feet at the beam. There is no capacity plate. What is your capacity? Assuming an average weight of 150 pounds per person: a). Just under 11 b). 15 c). Just over 20 e). Between 6 and 7.
Question nine: What is the main difference between a beacon and a buoy? a). A beacon is located on the shore. b). A beacon floats and is moored to the water’s floor, while a buoy is permanently mounted to the water’s floor. c). A beacon is a light attached to a nun. d). A beacon is fixed to the water’s floor, while a buoy floats but is moored to the water’s floor.
Question ten: Where would you look to get information from something affixed to the transom? a). To the front end of the boat. b). Along the top edge of the hull. c). To the left of the steering wheel. d). On the back side of the boat.
Twenty-six Question eleven: You must make a MAYDAY call. What station will you use? a). VHF 22 b). VHF 16 c). UHF 12 d). UHF 911
Question twelve: Why would you consult the Beaufort Scale? a). To check tide information. b). To check for the chance of thunderstorms. c). To check the force of the winds and consequent sea conditions. d). To determine the visibility for your trip.
Question thirteen: If a weather forecast informs you that visibility is moderate, how far will you be able to see? a). 4 to 8 miles b). 2 to 5 miles c). .6 to 2 miles d). 3 to 7 miles
Question fourteen: What is the difference between a sailboat keel and a power boat keel? a). The sailboat keel extends far out (downward) from the hull, while the power boat keel does not. b). The power boat keel extends far out (downward) from the hull, while the sailboat keel does not. c). There is no difference. The length of a vessel determines how far down from the hull a keel extends. d). A sailboat keel works with the tiller, while a power boat keel does not.
Question fifteen: What does it mean to “kedge off?”. a). It is another way to say “shove off”. b). It is when you turn in place. c). It is when you pull on a line attached to a set anchor to pull a grounded boat free. d). It is when you release the coupling that attaches your vessel to a mooring.
Question sixteen: When might you use a life sling? a). When someone is being airlifted from your vessel. b). When you transfer an injured person to another boat. c). When you are boating alone. d). When you are recovering a PIW or MOB.
Twenty-seven Question seventeen: What does a tiller aid in? a). anchoring b). refueling c). communication d). steering
Question eighteen: What is prop wash? a). The thrust created by a propeller. b). The water that shoots out from a rotating propeller. c). A cleaning process that keeps the propeller working at peak performance. d). Spray created when a rotating propeller breaks the surface of the water.
Question nineteen: What causes dehydration? a). Not replacing fluids lost naturally from one’s body. b). Exposure to sun when not wearing sunscreen. c). Becoming dizzy or light headed. d). Drinking hot fluids on a warm day.
Question Twenty: What is the chief concern about ventilation? a). Air can cause a failure in your engine’s fuel system. b). Air can get sucked into your engine causing it to overwork. c). Your sailboat could heel excessively, tossing around passengers and gear. d). Loose gear on board could blow overboard.
Question twenty-one: What is most notable about type IV personal flotation devices? a). They have the worst buoyancy rating. b). They have reflective patches to aid rescuers in darkness. c). They are not worn, but thrown. d). They can rupture on sharp objects.
Question twenty-two: How can a PFD with a buoyancy of 22 pounds support an adult in the water? a). You always add a zero to the end of a rating number, so 22 actually supports up to 220 pounds of weight. b). Humans are made of mostly water. That weight is negated in the water, so there is less weight for a PFD to support. c). One pound of buoyancy supports 10 pounds of solid mass. d). It cannot. Twenty-two pound buoyancy is for smaller children.
Twenty-eight Question twenty-three: In close quarters when you want to slow down, it is wise to.. a). head into the stronger of the wind or current if possible. b). shift directly from forward to reverse gear. c). reef the mainsail. d). use the rudder instead of the engine tiller.
Question twenty-four: When using a rudder to steer, what can reducing your speed do? a). Enable you to make more precise turns in tight spots. b). Make the turn smooth, requiring a smaller turn radius. c). Enable you to pivot in place. d). Cause you to lose control because of a decrease in momentum.
Question twenty-five: Why do you deploy fenders before you approach a dock? a). To ensure even spacing between yours and adjacent boats. b). To prevent damage to your hull. c). To provide a secure spot to tighten your spring lines. d). To provide a safe means for passengers to exit.
Question twenty-six: What purpose does a kill switch serve? a). If you discover an onboard fire, you can immediately shut off the fuel flow to the engine. b). If you need to make an emergency stop, it kills all forward momentum instantly. c). If you are thrown from your vessel, the key will be pulled from the ignition and your boat will stop. d). When activated, it immediately closes off the bilge, preventing flooding.
Question twenty-seven: If you approach a vessel head on and the skipper sounds one horn blast what does it mean? a). That skipper will alter his course to starboard. You should do the same. b). That skipper will alter his course to starboard. You should move to port. c). That skipper does not understand what you plan to do. d). That skipper has switched to reverse gear.
Question twenty-eight: If you must cross paths with another vessel, what should you do? a). Sound five horn blasts before doing so. b). Try to attain the same speed as the other vessel. c). Maintain maximum speed while you cross in front of the vessel. d). Pass astern of the vessel.
Twenty-nine Question twenty-nine: Where might you look to confirm that a vessel meets USCG standards? a). On the compliance plate. b). On the HIN plate. c). On the capacity plate. d). On the MCS plate.
Question thirty: Instead of a bridge, smaller vessels may have a… a). pulpit b). cabin c). cockpit d). steerage
Question thirty-one: You are underway on a channel, with lateral red buoys to your port side. Where are you headed? a). Back inland from open water. b). Out to open water. c). To the secondary channel. d). Along the intercoastal Waterway.
Question thirty-two: If you come upon the marker at right, what kind of message might you see? a). anchor area b). fuel dock c). 5 mph d). rocks
Question thirty-three: What does is mean to set an anchor? a). You set it back into its holding bracket to prevent it from falling into the water. b). You set it into a spot on deck where it will not pose a hazard to passengers moving about the deck. c). You mount it on the location on the vessel from which it will drop. d). After dropping the anchor, you drift with the wind or current until the anchor grabs the sea floor. Question thirty-four: Why would you carry dye packs? a). You may need to assemble signal flags if stranded somewhere. b). Use them to mark the location of a fuel spill. c). They are used to reserve a berth. d). If you abandon ship, they will enable rescuers to follow your path if you are pulled by a current.
Thirty Question thirty-five: On nautical charts, if you see FL 3 R 5S next to a beacon symbol, what do you know? a). This beacon is registered in Florida. It is part of a group of three located on the right side of channel 5S. b). The beacon has a red light and flashes three times every 5 seconds. c). The beacon flashes every 3 seconds. You must stay to the right of it. You are traveling south. d). The beacon is in Florida waters. The light is red and stays on for 5 seconds at a time.
Question thirty-six: What is windage? a). The effect of the wind blowing against the bow of a boat. b). The term used for the F number as taken from the Beaufort Scale. c). The resulting waves from wind blowing across the water. d). Proper adjustment of sails for maximum speed and maneuverability.
Question thirty-seven: What color light is on this buoy? a). There is no light b). red c). white d). green
Question thirty-eight: What is the beam on a power boat? a). The part that runs along the bottom of the hull. b). The width of the boat at its widest part. c). The imaginary line running along the boat from bow to stern. d). A removable piece that holds a sail for when the engine fails.
Question thirty-nine: What characteristic is NOT associated with semi-displacement speed? a). The bow rides high b). Poor maneuverability c). Good fuel efficiency d). Big wake Question forty: What is the freeboard of a boat? a). A diving platform off the bow. b). A plank used for boarding from a slip only. c). A towable recreation device used as an alternate to skis. d). The distance from the surface of the water to a vessel’s gunwale.
Thirty-one Question forty-one: What is the required field of illumination for red side light—green side light– white stern light? a). 120°- 120°- 120° b). 112° - 112°- 136° c). 360°- 360°- 360° d). 112.5°- 112.5°- 135°
Question forty-two: Which labelled point marks 25 degrees off the port bow? a). A b). B c). C d). D
C B A D
Question forty-three: What does a magenta-colored exclamation point on a nautical chart indicate? a). Rocks or other natuaral hazards. b). The location of a beacon or lighthouse. c). Man made hazards such as water ski ramps. d). Swimming only areas.
Question forty-four: Which side of a vessel or body of land is the leeward side? a). The side from which the wind is blowing. b). The area in front of the vessel. c). The side of the boat sheltered from the wind: opposite the windward side. d). The area directly behind the boat.
Question forty-five: In rougher waters, what is the preferred ratio of rode to depth of the water? a). 5:1 b). 10:1 c). 7:1 d). 1:1
Thirty-two Question forty six: What is the best application for a mushroom anchor? a). anchoring in spots with grassy bottoms. b). anchoring in rocky areas. c). anchoring a sailboat in rough waters. d). anchoring a mooring buoy.
Question forty-seven: What colors are on the internationally recognized “divers in the water” flag? a). blue and white b). red and white c). orange and white d). black and white
Question forty-eight: If you see this day symbol, what do you know? a). The vessel displaying it is fishing. b). The vessel displaying it is at anchor. c). The vessel displaying it has run aground. d). The vessel displaying it is in reverse gear.
Question forty-nine: When might you make use of a VDS? a). When you need to check the depth of the water. b). When your are in trouble and want to send a signal to other boaters. c). When you are plotting your navigation plan. d). When you want to monitor a weather forecast.
Question fifty: When might you say “Pan-Pan-Pan” over your radio? a). You are confirming you understand another skipper’s request. b). You are announcing your entry into a preferred channel. c). You have an emergency that is not critical enough for a MAYDAY call. d). You are announcing that you are holding position in neutral gear.
Question fifty-one: In what gear is prop walk more effective? a). forward b). all gears c). neutral d). reverse
Thirty-three Question fifty-two: If you notice that you are on the land side of a demarcation line on a navigation chart, what do you know? a). You will be operating under Inland Rules b). You will be operating under International Rules c). You are operating on a land locked lake d). You are operating under local rules
Question fifty-three: What is the main difference between International and Inland Rules regarding sound signals? a). International Rules require them and Inland Rules do not. b). International Rules do not require a response from the other skipper. Inland Rules require a response. c). International Rules do not require them and Inland Rules do. d). There is no difference between the two sets of rules.
Question fifty-four: What is one method used for turning on a vessel with twin screws? a). Depending on desired direction, shift one engine to forward and the other to reverse or neutral. b). Make extra wide turns because of the increased speed that twin screws provide. c). You must steer harder than you would on a vessel with only one propeller. d). Make really tight turns because of the increased thrust.
Question fifty-five: If you are the stand-on vessel, what does it mean? a). You must hold your position while another vessel passes you. b). You must hold your position until it is clear to enter open water. c). You have the right of way per regulations. Do not assume the other skipper will yield, though. d). You must be given the absolute right of way.
Question fifty-six: What colors are associated with mooring buoys? a). white on blue b). white on red c). black on yellow d). blue on white
Question fifty-seven: How can you identify a nun from a distance? a). You will see a tapered or cone-shaped top. b). It has 2 lights, green over white. c). It has 2 lights, with over green. d). It has a steady red light.
Thirty-four Question fifty-eight: How do you know you are on a collision course with another vessel? a). You will be able to see that you will meet at some point ahead. b). They sound five horn blasts. c). The other vessel abruptly changes course. d). Two separate compass bearings on the vessel will be identical.
Question fifty-nine: What is a day beacon? a). A light that operates during daylight hours. b). A light that flashes in a repeating pattern. c). A beacon with no light that displays a square or triangular shaped sign. d). A beacon used only in daytime when visibility is restricted.
Question sixty: What are the general guidelines for night operation of PWCs? a). They must only be operated on inland waters. b). They do not have lights and should not be operated at night. c). You must carry a flashlight with you when operating a PWC at night. d). You cannot tow a skier at night from a PWC.
Question sixty-one: How is steering accomplished on a craft with a fixed propeller? a). With a rudder and tiller combination. b). With semi-directed thrust. c). By turning the engine with the steering wheel. d). By using displacement.
Question sixty-two: What is a pivot point? a). It is the device around which you loop a spring line. b). It is the part of an anchor that grabs the sea floor to hold a vessel in place. c). It is another name for the pulpit. d). It is the point around which a boat pivots as it turns.
Question sixty-three: What is a bow thruster? a). It is a pole used to push off from a dock. b). It is a device that enables a boat to move sideways. c). It is a device used for making sharper turns. d). It is a device that pushes the bow up and out of the water.
Thirty-five Question sixty-four: What should you always do when switching gear from reverse to forward or forward to reverse? a). Pause for 2-3 seconds in neutral between gears. b). Make a gradual shift from one gear to the other. c). Throttle up to full before changing gears. d). Straighten out the vessel’s steering wheel.
Question sixty-five: When might you double a spring line? a). In rough waters. b). If the line you are using is frayed. c). If no one on the dock can release the line when you are free from the dock. d). If you need one at both ends of the boat.
Question sixty-six: If your boat is planing you are… a). cutting through the water. b). turning at an angle greater than 45°. c). airborne due to hitting a large wave. d). riding up on the surface of the water.
Question sixty-seven: What is MCS? a). It is the maximum control setting for the throttle. b). It is the slowest speed at which you can operate while still having control over the boat. c). It is the maximum cruising speed at which a boat can travel without heeling. d). It is the maximum speed at which you can operate in a channel.
Question sixty-eight: What is one concern if a power boat is trimmed bow-down? a). It may be difficult to avoid planing. b). It is not possible to achieve a bow-down trim. c). You may experience ventilation. d). Your engine will sit too deep in the water.
Question sixty-nine: What is one drawback of backing up with the wind? a). You may lose prop walk. b). You will need more throttle. c). You will be against the current. d). Due to windage, maneuverability will be more challenging.
Thirty-six Question seventy: If you encounter waves, how should you proceed across them? a). Cross the crest parallel to the wave. b). Cross at an angle, up to 45° with larger waves. c). Cross perpendicular to the waves. d). Never cross over waves.
Question seventy-one: What is a concern of owners of inboard powered vessels? a). build up of gas fumes. b). limited access to the propeller. c). less deck space. d). all the above.
Question seventy-two: What is the number one rule when out on the water? a). Avoid collisions. b). Yield to other skippers. c). Make smooth, gradual turns. d). Always check your surroundings.
Question seventy-three: If you are operating under COLOREGs, you are operating under: a). Inland Rules b). US Coast Guard Guidelines c). International Rules d). Demarcation Regulations
Question Seventy-Four: In an overtaking encounter, who normally yields? a). Overtaken is give-way and over taker is stand-on b). Overtaken is stand-on and the overtaking is give-way c). The first boat to emit a sound signal chooses its status d). Neither vessel has preferred status
Question seventy-five: What is true about larger vessels displaying two masthead lights? a). The lights must be displayed at the same height. b). The aft light must be positioned lower than the forward light. c). The forward light must be positioned lower than the aft light. d). The vessel is fishing at night.
Thirty-seven
Final Exam Answer Key 1
c
30 c
59 c
2
b
31 b
60 b
3
a
32 c
61 a
4
d
33 d
62 d
5
c
34 d
63 b
6
a
35 b
64 a
7
b
36 a
65 c
8
a
37 a
66 d
9
d
38 b
67 b
10 d
39 c
68 c
11 b
40 d
69 d
12 c
41 d
70 b
13 b
42 b
71 d
14 a
43 b
72 a
15 c
44 c
73 c
16 d
45 c
74 b
17 d
46 d
75 c
18 b
47 a
19 a
48 a
20 b
49 b
21 c
50 c
22 b
51 d
23 a
52 a
24 d
53 b
25 b
54 a
26 c
55 c
27 a
56 d
28 d
57 a
29 a
58 d
