with 10 percent of teens using inhalants at least once. It is often seen with other substance use disorders, conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder (in adults), depression, and suicidality. There is an increased risk of nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, amphetamine, and hallucinogen use in adults, as well as personality, anxiety, and mood disorders. There are no medications that are helpful in treating inhalant abuse. The patient can be treated with typical substance abuse treatment strategies as well as psychotherapy. Many will have comorbidities that may be treated with medications and/or therapy. Inpatient or outpatient treatment strategies can be used. Patients with severe comorbidities often are more motivated to quit inhalant use. Because of their comorbidities, many will require lifetime psychiatric or psychological support.
SEDATIVE-, HYPNOTIC-, OR ANXIOLYTIC-RELATED DISORDERS Since ancient times, self-medication for insomnia and anxiety has taken place. A combination of alcohol and opium was initially used, with other drugs used in the 19th century. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines became popularized in the 20th century. The use of sedative-hypnotics and benzodiazepines continues to this day. Both substance abuse and substance dependence on these drugs exist. Abuse implies use that is harmful to the individual and dependence implies the need to use the drug to function normally. These can happen together or separately. The new DSM-V has combined the abuse and dependence on these types of drugs into one substance use disorder, in which there needs to be distress or functional impairment when using the drug. Drug craving is one of the symptoms but it is not a requirement. Legal problems have been removed as a symptom. Some will use these drugs to self-medicate, while others are using it for euphoria and other positive symptoms. Use for a minimum one month is necessary for drug dependence to occur. Use of the drug can cause drowsiness, impaired judgment, and motor impairment. Anterograde amnesia is a typical complication of using benzodiazepines or sedative-hypnotics.
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