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TERENGGANU HOUSE HISTORY By Group 1
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Introduction
PREFACE The traditional Malay house is one of the richest components of Malaysia’s cultural heritage. Designed and built by ordinary villagers themselves, it manifests the creative and aesthetic skills of the Malays with a good understanding of nature and incorporating and reflect their way of life and culture. It created near-perfect solutions to the control of climate, multifunctional use of space, flexibility in design and a sophisticated prefabricated system which can extend the house with the growing needs of the family. The traditional Malay house was created in response to the actual housing needs and aspirations of the Malays. This explains the perfect fit of the house to meet their socio-economic, cultural and environmental requirements.
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Origin of traditional terengganu malay house
THE ORIGIN OF TRADITIONAL TERENGGANU MALAY HOUSE The Terengganu house originated from Pulau Rusa, Kuala Terengganu. The exact year it was built is not known, but it is believed to be over 100 years old when it was transferred to FRIM in 1987. This Terenggaanu house belongs to the “Rumah Tiang Dua Belas� type, named after the 12 posts (3 rows of four) which extend from the foundation to the roof. The main house ( rumah ibu ) is reserved for social ceremonies and serves as a sleeping area for the unmarried members of the house. Guests are often entertained in an open verandah at the front of the house (serambi or selasar). An elaborare process is needed to get suitable materials, especially timber, from the dense jungle during the old days. It is also difficult to transport timber, thus a house may take up to five years to complete. The owner may later decide to make additions to the house whenever he has enough money to pay for building materials and labour.
The additions for the Terengganu house, the kitchen and the middle house ( rumah tengah ) had previously been moved to another location in the village of Pulau Rusa where they are still in use. The house is built entirely from chengal, one of the best hardwoods which is durable even without treatment. The roof of this house is made of clay tiles known as singgora, named after a town in Southern Thailand. Clay tiles allow for rainwater to be absorbed, thus cooling the inside of the house when the weather is hot. In the cooking area, the inside of the roof is usually covered with soot. It believed that the tiles can be made stronger by the constant burning.
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Terengganu house history
HISTORY OF TERENGGANU HOUSE The Terengganu traditional house was founded by the Malays of Terengganu. They built it based on the home building experience and the knowledge learned from grandparents and passed down from one generation to another. Most houses in Terengganu are rectangular, while the spaces are emphasized by the floor level. This shape also appears more dominant and clear when the floor is raised from the surface. The most commonly used roof for houses in Terengganu is “bumbung panjang”, characterised by a long gable roof. The “bumbung Panjang” houses are the oldest identified in Peninsular Malaysia, many of them being over a hundred years old and still in good condition. The “bumbung Panjang” is the simplest house form. Developments of other traditional house forms in Malaysia were based on this type of house. The houses in Kuala Terengganu are slightly different houses located in the interior especially from the use of carpentry. Houses in the Kuantan Terengganu area may be considered more advanced than the more “utilitarian” upscale buildings and less emphasis on high quality carpentry.
Houses in the Kuantan Terengganu area may be considered more advanced than the more “utilitarian” upscale buildings and less emphasis on high quality carpentry. Various interpretations have been made to identify the type of traditional house. There are interpretations made based on the shape of the roof, sinks and the number of poles of a house, and there are also interpretations made based on the vibrancy of a place. The northern part of Malaysia is heavily influenced by the southern Thai style of architecture which affects the architecture of Terengganu and Kelantan. This interaction produces a style of architecture known as east coast architecture. According to the general view and interpretation of house types in Terengganu can be divided into two ways: According to the poles used in the construction & According to the form of the house. Smaller houses usually have six columns also known as ”Rumah Bujang”. whereas larger houses are usually built of twelve columns. the main space will be known as “Rumah Serambi”.
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Proportion of the houses
PROPORTIONS ON HOUSES A traditional Malay timber house consists of two parts : the main house is called Rumah Ibu in honor of the mother and kitchen is separated from the main house for fire protection. Proportion was important to give the house a human scale. Spacings between stilts are typically follow the arms-spread width of the wife and mother in the family of the house when being build.
TERENGGANU HOUSE - The form of traditional malay house
THE FORM OF TRADTIONAL MALAY HOUSE Orientation
Lighting
The houses face Mecca for religious purposes.
The house is underlighted in order to keep the inside cooler since the climate tends to be the warmer side. After the new technological developments, the artificial lightning can reverse this property.
Ventilation The roof openings provide extra ventilation for cooling
Materials Lightweight construction materials are used such as timber and bamboo since they hold little heat and keep cool at the night. The houses have direct dependence on nature for its resources and they embody a deep knowledge of ecological balances as well.
This placement enables the wind go through easily and not be reduced.
Stairs Since the house is elevated there are stairs taht go up to the entrance points that also differentiate the commercial spaces.
Vegetation Coconut trees are local so that they are easy to maintain and a great way for shading. They also so tall that they don’t block the wind.
Roof The roof is tilted so that during heavy rain the water would slide through.
Allow ventilation at body level by having full-length fully openable windows and doors.
There are minimal interior partitions for air
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Design layout
DESIGN LAYOUT 1
4
The ANJUNG also acts as an important focal point for the entrance. Unfamiliar visitors and guests are entertained here. It is also a favourite place for the house occupants to rest, chat and watch the going-ons and passers-by in the village. Benches are usually built along the sides
The SELANG is a walkway which joins the rumah ibu and the kitchen of the Malay house. Also located here is the side entrance. The staircase here and the selang itself is also a favourite place for sitting and chatting.
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3 The RUMAH IBU which is the core area is the largest area in the house. The importance of the rumah ibu is also reflected by its highest floor level in the house. Various activities like sleeping, praying, ironing, studying and even feasting take place here. Sometimes rumah ibu has an attic which is used for storing things.
6
5 Diagram shows some common activities in the Malay house. Spaces in the Malay house are multifunctional. The use of space changes at different times of the day and year. There are minimal partitions or interior walls in the house, allowing for the flexible use of space and for good ventilation and lighting of the interiors. Minimal furniture is used and most activities are done on floor.
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The SERAMBI GANTUNG is a long and narrow verandah which the first area that greets a visitor after entering the entrance porch of the Malay house. Most guests are entertained here. The serambi here is only half closed with walls at one end. Elsewhere the serambi gantung is usually completely closed by walls and ventilated
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6 The kitchen or DAPUR is always situated at the back of the house. Cooking, washing and eating are done here. Meals are usually taken in the floor.
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Regional variations in house forms
REGIONAL VARIATIONS In the East Coast in Kelantan and Terengganu, tradtional Malay houses are visually quite different from their counterparts on the West Coast. The use of tiles for its roof is common. The gable ends of the roofs here are marked different and distinct, showing similarity and tradtional Thai, Laotian and Kampuchean roofs. The columns used here tend to be larger and the headroom of thhe rumah Ibu is higher than those in the house in the West Coast. The use of braces at the bottom of columns is preculiar to the houses here. The paneling of the walls here also resemble those sen in traditional Thai houses. There are less windows and the wall panels tend to be well carved and framed with thick wooden members which are frequently carved as well.
TOP: Heat is controlled by large roof eaves and other sunshading devices
in the malay house. The use of building materials like wood and attap of allow thermal capacity also helps to cool the house.
Roof Fragment
Consist area od Loteng (Loft)
Body Fragment
Consists area of Rumah Anjung (covered porch), Serambi (veranda), Rumah Ibu (main house), Bilik (room), and Dapur (kitchen)
Pillar Fragment
Consist of pillar mounted on stine plints
BOTTOM: The quality of openness in the Malay house is reflected by the minimal partitions seen here. It allows good cross ventilation in the house.
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Climate control design
The Tropical Climate The tropics lie along the equator, between 23º and -23º latitude and can be distinguished by hot humid conditions. Mean annual temperatures reach a maximum of 30ºC during the day and 24ºC at night, however, diurnal ranges tend to be low, ranging approx. 8ºC. Humidity levels vary between 60% - 100% and a tropical climate is accompanied with a high levels of rainfall, during ‘rainy periods’ where annual mean rainfall can exceed1000mm. Monsoons, hurricanes and earthquakes are also typical in a tropical environment. (Adapted from Lauber W. and Koch-Nielsen H) The main stresses of this climate are high humidity levels, temperatures and solar radiation. Humidity reduces cooling via evaporation as the air is already saturated, so by ventilating a space, the saturated air is removed, increasing the rate of evaporation and convection that dissipates heat from the body, building structure and fabric. Solar shading is also an efficient means of keeping cool however, due to the limited nature of this assignment, ventilation is the focus of this study. Characteristics of Tropical Vernacular Architecture Untutored builders of the vernacular had an admirable talent for suiting buildings to their environment. An extensive knowledge of the climate and ability to modify their buildings meant various ventilation techniques for cooling and reducing solar gains were incorporated into building designs.
Shape and Form An elongated floor plan and minimum internal partitions created an easy passage for cross ventilation by reducing friction and fig. 1 indicates how this technique was repeated beneath the house by raising it on stilts. Although this is an example of a Malaysian home, is also evident in the West Indian and Pacific home, initially intended to prevent flooding. Not only did this help to catch winds of a higher velocity, by shading the ground the air underneath was cooled and drawn up through the floorboards.
A high ceiling
An elongated floor plan and minimum internal partitions created an easy passage for cross ventilation by reducing friction and fig. 1 indicates how this technique was repeated beneath the house by raising it on stilts. Although this is an example of a Malaysian home, is also evident in the West Indian and Pacific home, initially intended to prevent flooding. Not only did this help to catch winds of a higher velocity, by shading the ground the air underneath was cooled and drawn up through the floorboards.
Solar gains
Reduced in the Malay home by large roof overhang. It allowed windows to remain open so that ventilation could still infiltrate the building during rain periods.
CLIMATE CONTROL DESIGN Ventilated roof space helps to cool the house.
Attap roofing of low thermal capacity gives good insulation against heat.
Large roof eaves for effective sunshading. Ventilation through roof joint. Open interior spaces with minimal partitions allow goof ventilation in the house.
Lightweight construction using low thermal capacity materials keep house cool.
Stilted house catches winds of higher velocity.
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Evaluation of climatic adaptation
EVALUATION OF CLIMATIC ADAPTATION TO TRADITIONALMALAY HOUSE Average minimum and maximum temperature over the year
Average monthly rainy days over the year
Average humidity over the year
Average water temperature over the year
Average wind speed over the year
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Construction process
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 1
Traditionally, slabs of hardwood such as cengal or large stones were used for the bases of posts. In more recent times, reinforced concrete bases are cast at the positions of each post. Footings, which may vary in design, height and material are placed t the centre of each base and the post laid in their respective positions on the ground, with the main column, tiang seri often erected at the centre coordinate of the house.
2
Following a ceremony in which small pieces of black, red and white cloth are place in layers on top of the tiang seri and the gold or silver coin placed under it, to guard against evil spirits, the tiang seri is erected with the help of the family and friends and braced with wooden supports. The remaining eight posts are erected similarly. At floor level, crossbeams (Rasuk Panjang and Rasuk Pendek) are pushed through slots in the posts and secured with wooden wedges.
3
A temporary floor is made n the crossbeams to facilitate the erection of the roof. The structure is strengthened by placing girts (Alang Panjang) and tie beams (Alang Pendek) at the top of the posts. These also form the base of the roof.
4
The king post (Tunjuk Langit), which supports the roof ridge (Tulang Bumbung), are then erected, followed by the alang panjang of the serambi.
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Thick cengal timber wall panels, doors and windows are made inside the half-completed house and fitted into the structure. Shutters, doors and internal partitions are then fixed in place. The erection of steps and railings signals the completion of the house. The distinctive features of the Terengganu house comprise gable ends (Peles) which are said to resemble the hull of a local fishing boat (Perahu) decorated in the shape of an egret (Bangau). It is commonly believed that the spirit of the bangau protects fishermen at sea and it is thus introduced into the house as a guardian.
5
The principle rafters (Kasau Jantan), which support the purlins (Kasau Lintan), which in turn support the common rafters (Kasau Atap), are next erected. The singgora tiles are then shingled in overlapping layers onto the kasau atap, creating a scale-like texture. The floorboards and the gable screens (Tebar Layar) are also laid. The tebal layar is partially tied and extends from the undan-undan (Gable Ledge).
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Extensions
Additional Possibilities Terengganu House
Selang
Dapur
Rumah Ibu
Dapur
Rumah Ibu
Serambi
PARALLEL ADDITION
SELANG ADDITION
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Local beliefs
LOCAL BELIEFS
Over the decades, during the earlier times, the Malay community has numerous religious beliefs which were implemented throughout their lifestyle.
Additionally, religious superstitions are also applied in Terengganu fine arts and crafts which includes the architecture as well.
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Philosophy
Among most of the traditional houses, the majority of them involves series of cultural beliefs and prohibition which was compulsory to be obeyed including the selection of a site. Serious attention and care poured into searching the probable site. bearings and positioning of the house is one factor which is imperative to pay attention to in order to avoid provocation of any nearby spirits. Occupants are allowed to select the site of their choice, however they are limited to all the cultural beliefs above and requires religious experts to examine whether or not the site is compatible. Furthermore, location of the site is also important as the selected site must not be isolated from nearby communities for human life are dependent upon each other.
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Potential site
POTENTIAL SITE Tapak Empat Busut Located on common land with roosters which occurs on the surrounding of the site are believed to be a good potential site as it is believed to evict or drive out evil spirits. It Is believed that houses built in this type of site will provide the occupants good health both mentally and physically.
Tapak Empat Gajah located high around river inclining upstreams whereby rainwater may easily flow down the stream. which is believed to provide sufficient natural ventilation and natural ambiance from its surrounding environments. It is believed to provide evasion towards disaster or any probable catastrophic event. Additionally, it is also believed that this site provides the occupant happiness and prosperity.
Tapak Kubang Babi Located in the lowlands where the site may resemble a bowl. similar to tapak gajah, it is believed to provide plenty of natural ventilation and coverage towards probable disaster and also believed to allow easy flow of fortune to the occupant.
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Types of soil
White or pale-colored land which smells fragrant and sweet are said to be one of the best site, as it is believed that the spirit wandering around this type of lands are good spirits which will help provide the occupants with safety and prosperity.
Green or yellow colored land which tastes slightly acute, muddy and sweet are believed to provide good luck, high fortune along with success in business, good health,and away from negativity or pessimistic thoughts.
Sharp red colored land which tastes slightly acute, muddy and sweet are considered a compatible site as it is believed to promote fertility and provide the occupants with numerous decendants and a big family.
Brownish red colored land which tastes muddy and a bit acidic are said to be a potential as it is believed to symbolize compatibility and agreement with nearby spirits, therefore there will not be any conflicts towards the occupants prosperity and health in the future
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Site ceremony
SITE CEREMONY Before any building components were erected on the site, a traditional ritual is to be conducted which is led by the religious expert and followed by the rightful owner or occupant. Additionally, this ceremony acts as bridge between the two nature upon requesting permission for construction and will be the final stage to indicate on whether or not a specific site is compatible.
1 Ceremonial offerings and tools which will be
used by the shaman such as : food offerings, rotan, bucket of water, and incences shall be prepared, and a compatible date and time will be selected.
2 Shamans will lay out the offerings and in-
cences in order to pay homage to the land and nearby spirits in order to request for permission on erecting a building on the land.
3 After the prayer from the shaman , a timber
branch shall be planted on the land as a symbol that the land is free from evil spirits and has acquired permission and as a final counter measure on whether or not the site is suitable.
4 The following day, head of the house and
shaman shall return to the site to check on the branch and bucket of water. it is a good indication if the branch and water remains the same or increase in quantity and size, on the other hand, if the branch and water reduce in quantity and size, then the site is not a suitable site as it is believed that this symbolizes rejection from the nearby spirits.
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Philosophy
PRIMARY COLUMN (TIANG SERI) A specific time are selected before erecting a primary column as it is believed to be a factor which determines fortune towards the occupants. The ceremony is known as ‘rejang’. It follows the Islamic calendar. Afterwards, there is a ceremony prior to building the column whereby a container which consist of iron, spices, coconut water, and vinegar (called by the locals as : minyak canuar kampung) which are believed to be able to evict bad spirits were buried underneath the column.
As the collumns were erected, 3 layers of colored cloth (black , red, and white respectively) were placed on top of the primary column. The clothes are believed to provide safety for the house and as a symbol of respect. • Each color plays a different meaning - White : Symbolizes purity and innocence - Red : Symbolizes vigor and passion - Black : Symbolizes protection towards unwanted events
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Types of Terengganu house
INTRODUCTION OF TRADITIONAL TERENGGANU MALAY HOUSE The Terengganu house originated from Pulau Rusa, Kuala Terengganu. The exact year it was built is not known, but it is believed to be over 100 years old when it was transferred to FRIM in 1987.
PYRAMID ROOF HISTORY
An elaborare process is needed to get suitable materials, especially timber, from the dense jungle during the old days. It is also difficult to transport timber. Thus a house may take up to five years to complete.
House of this style are big and spacious in size designed along with house yards which resembles a wealthy mansion, and was favoured by royal families as a design for their palaces. The style was highly influenced from Dutch-style common home architecture. The Perabung Lima style is distinguished by its ethnic and unique style of the roof which portrays a five-sided pyramid.
The specialty of the house is without a single nail has been used in their construction. Instead a traditional technique called tebuk-pasak (mortise and tenon) is used to join pieces of wood.
FEATURES
The owner may later decide to make additions to the house whenever he has enough money to pay for building materials and labour. The house is built entirely from chengal, one of the best hardwoods which is durable even without treatment. The roof of this house is made of clay tiles known as singgora, named after a town in Southern Thailand.
• Use of glass panes and horizontally lapped weather boarding • The new house plan; typically at least, the frontmost main unit being designed in a different manner with a protruding bay called Anjung. This helped to increase the openings for ventilation in the living room, apart from providing more floor space. • The growing popularity of the new domestic style could be seen as an indication of the increasing sense of security during the stable years of British colonial administration early this century, which provided the opportunity to open up the wall area for better ventilation and lighting to the interior of the front living space • Use of decorative architectural skin such as timber arts / carvings throughout the wall, openings, and casings. • Commonly designed in long-rectangular form • Main structures are primarily built of cengal, meranti and lime wood
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Types of Terengganu house
PYRAMID ROOF HOUSES RUMAH POTONG BELANDA The growing popularity of the new domestic style could be seen as an indication of the increasing sense of security during the stable years of British colonial administration early this century, which provided the opportunity to open up the wall area for better ventilation and lighting to the interior of the front living space
RUMAH PERABUNG LIMA/ RUMAH LIMAS BUNGKUSHOUSES Malay traditional houses built in this style incorporate a Dutch-style roof that resembles a pyramid whereby most have been modified to adapt to local climate and promote originality
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Types of Terengganu house
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Types of Terengganu houses
LONG ROOFED HOUSES HISTORY The Rumah Bujang is a unique house because of iits simplicity. These buildings is so simple to a point it can be assembled and disassemled easily and no nails will be used in the process. This is done so the house can be moved if needed. There are few types of Bujang House and each of them are different depending on the arrangement, presence and placement of rooms/ spaces and the construction like the number of pillars.
FEATURES
COMMON SPACES
1. Each building has no partician unless it’s a building meant for more people to stay then particians are added to separate the rooms.
1. Rumah Ibu (main space) sleeping, meeting, chit chatting.
2. Pitched gable roof 3. Build on silts which elevates the building tall enough so activity can be done below the Rumah Ibu, for example, cooking or drying clothes when its raining. 4. The length of each pillar/ columns is depending on the arms span of the owner. 5. Made from Kayu Cengal. 6. Windows of the walls are decorated in such a way that it gives wind and sunlight effect. 7. The doors are normally shorter so people ennd up bowing down when entering the building as a sign of respect.
2. Verendah normally at the front and sometimes back, sometimes none at all. This place is used to entertain guest or to chill on a hot day or to do hobbies such as pottery. 3. Kitchen, some at the back of the house but lower, the rest is below the Rumah Ibu. 4. Space below the house, can be used as a kitchen, storage area or even place to dry clothes when its raining. 5. The big houses have passageways.
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Types of Terengganu houses
BUJANG HOUSES The most basic type of Rumah Bujang is the Rumah Bujang Selasar which has a Ruang Ibu annd verandah, this house is so specific that only 6 pillars are needed and some of these houses do not have verendah.
Rumah Bujang Berlasar which has an extension on the back of the house but lower, this is flexible when it comes to number of pillars because there have been houses with 6,8 and 12 pillars.
The Rumah Bujang Berkembar is basically the combination of 2 houses so even this house number of pillars could be 12 or 8 or even more like 16. The house has a Rumah Ibu but these houses have particians but kept to a minimum.
The Rumah Berserambi is a big house and its mostly on 12 pillars and bigger than the usual Terengganu houses. The house will contain a Serambi and a Rumah Ibu inside with a kitchen and passageway.
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Types of Terengganu houses
SPACES OF THE HOUSES KI
VE
RA
ND A
Rumah Bujang Selasar, the most basic Rumah Bujang. The veranda is optional.
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ND A
Rumah Bujang Berkembar which has an extension of the Rumah Ibu towards the back of the house.
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SA GE
KIT CH
Rumah Bujang Berselasar which has an extension of the house to create a kitchen.
ND A
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RUMAH IBU
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A HO REA US UU E ND
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ER
RUMAH IBU WITH EXTENDED BACK
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Rumah Bujang Berserambi, it is big enough to have a passageway, Rumah Ibu and kitchen.
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Terengganu structure
TERENGGANU STURCTURE Made of cengal wood (Neobalanocarpus heimii), this house belonged to the Rumah Tiang Dua-Belas category in which the main structure is supported by 12 timber posts (tiang). There is type of house known as Rumah Bujang Berselasar, the Terengganu traditional Malay house in its simplest form — with only two areas: the main house area (rumah ibu) and the verandah (selasar or serambi), connected by a small staircase. Guests are usually received at the verandah, which also serves as a place to relax on a hot day or carry out chores such as making handicraft or teaching children to read during the day
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Structure
Building Anatomy A traditional Malay house is akin to the human anatomy. The followings are the analogy: Caput (Head): Roof Column (Neck): Beams or columns Thorax (Chest): Walls Abdomen (Stomach): Binder Pelvis: Floor Membrum superius (Arms: Roof of the lobby Membrum inferius (Legs): Foundation of beams/columns
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Structure
The Pillars and Footing
The Crossbeam The base of the pillars of the early Malay house were buried in the ground. However, after the early period, instead the pillars were given a foundation called Lapik Tiang (base of the post) or Alarm Tiang. This foundation was usually made of wood or concrete. A hole is bored into the Lapik Tiang, after which the projection on the pillar is placed into the hole.
The crossbeam was one of the elements of, the Malay house that served to secure the structural framework of the house. Crossbeams (Rasuk Parjang) are laid along the width. The crossbeams of houses in Kelantan and Terengganu were fitted approximately 60cm above the foot of the pillars. They were called belirra. The rows of wood that were called Gelegar (joists). They functioned as the floor supports. The bendul or wooden beam was the frame at the outer end of the floor. It was made to encircle the house, and served to separate the different portions of the house such as the verandah, the main house, the passageway and the kitchen.
1. Floor timber 2. Column 3. Bendul 4. Timber block supporting the bendul 5. Secondary Beam (Pelancar) 6. Floor Beam 7. Wedge 8. Floor Joist
Connection between footing and column The joinery system between the column and the base is using Tanggam putting and Tebuk system (Zulkifli, 1996). Putting is a tip of a bottom part of column which will insert in the hole at the base provided to avoid the column from shifting away from the base. The connection between column and base is then improved to avoid rainwater which cause timber column to rotten collected in the hole of the base. Connection between bendul and other par of it.
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Structure
The Floor In the early period, the floors were made of wood from the Ficus plant species, or from strips from the trunk of the palm Cyrtostachya Lakka (Pinang), or hollow bamboo about 5-6cm wide. These strips were arranged on top of the joists and subsequently tied using rattan or creepers. The manner in which they were tied was similar to the weaving used on bamboo fish traps. There were also floors made of fine strips of bamboo. Today, the floors of Malay houses are made of wooden planks that have been split using a saw. Many are made with well-fitted planks purchased from sawmills.
The Stairs
Connection of Stair
1. Floor Joist 2. Timber Floor 3. Column 4. Paha Tangga 5. Bendul 6. Floor Beam 7. Anak Tangga 8. Base for staircase (concrete base)
Initially, the staircase, including the steps, was made of wooden poles. Each step was secured with rattan or creepper. Dovetailed planning was done at the joints between the rungs and the banisters to prevent each step from slipping from its position. Stairs such as there are still found in huts located in isolated villages. However, most Malays today prefer to use better quality stairs, made from planks and concrete bricks. Generally, the average Malay house has no less than three sets of stairs---one at the front of the house, one at the passage between the main house.
Tanggam Puting dan Tebuk system
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Structure
The Walls
The Roof
In the early period, the floors were made of wood from the Ficus plant species, or from strips from the trunk of the palm Cyrtostachya Lakka (Pinang), or hollow bamboo about 5-6cm wide. These strips were arranged on top of the joists and subsequently tied using rattan or creepers. The manner in which they were tied was similar to the weaving used on bamboo fish traps. There were also floors made of fine strips of bamboo. Today, the floors of Malay houses are made of wooden planks that have been split using a saw. Many are made with well-fitted planks purchased from sawmills.
The roof consists of a wooden framework, beginning with the long crossbar (for the main pillar), to the wooden ridge that is right on top. In the roof are found the main rafters, the lesser rafters, the beams lying between the lesser rafter and the main rafter, the king-post (tunjuk langit), curved joints, runners, the ridge and the rooftop. On top of the roof is the roof cover which can be made from a variety of materials. In the past, leaves from the Baeckia frutescens (atap cucuh, a jungle palm), the sago palm (atap rumbia) and the nipah palm were used. Present-day Malay houses use wooden shingles for the rooftop, either the scalloped atap sirip or the atap belian rooftop. Others have tiled roofs (Senggora tiles), zinc roofs, or asbestos roofs. The crossbar functioned as a lock to prevent the door from being forced open by criminals. It was also used as a weapon in the event of an attack by intruders on the occupants of the house.
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Structure
Connection of Roof
Joints
1. Ridge board (tulang perabung) 2. Secondary Roof Beam 3. Principle Rafter (kasau Jantan) 4. Long-tie Beam 5. Kayu Tumpa Kasau 6. Fascia board 7. Column 8. Alang Muda 9. Short-tie Beam 10. King Post
Mortise and Tenon
TERENGGANU HOUSE - Structure
PURA TANJUNG SABTU SPACE ARRANGEMENTS AND RELATIONS
2
1
CORRIDORS These few blocks of building are connected with long and wide corridors. They are constructed widely to accommodate and cater higher load of occupant.
3
SERAMBI The next space is the Serambi. At The entrance and also along the corridors. Spaces used to encourage community involvement.
KOLONG One of the few interesting spaces is the Kolong. It is the space below the houses. This space can be used for storing,working and others.
STUDY OF DRAWINGS PURA TANJUNG SABTU
Section diagram indicating the basic compartments of the Terengganu Malay House design
SECTION & DIAGRAMS
Fundamentals of Traditional Malay House Designs ●
The Pura Tanjung Sabtu implements the Traditional Malay House Design with airy Verandas and elevated structures.
●
The houses are elevated about three meters above ground, which both provides air circulation and protects from flooding and stray wildlife.
3M Elevation
Climatic response in the design of Traditional Malay Houses
RIGHT VIEW
LEFT VIEW
INTERIOR - EXTERIOR VIEWS Ground Floor Left Wing
INTERIOR - EXTERIOR VIEWS First Floor Left Wing
BUI LDI NG ELEMENT ByGr oup4
Col umns Selecti ngahousesi te T r a di t i ona l Ma l a ybui l di ngsha v ea tt hei rc ent r eama i npi l l a rc a l l edt het i a ngs er i wher et hes pi r i toft hehous e( s ema nga tr uma h)i ss a i dt odwel l . S omet i mesi t ma ydec or a t edwi t ht hef a mi l yk r i swr a ppedi ny el l owc l ot h. T hec ons t r uc t i onof a nybui l di ngbegi nsbydi ggi ngahol ef ort hi sc ent r a l pos t , a c c ompa ni edbyt he r ec i t a t i onofac ha r m. T hebes tt i meofda yf ort hi si s7a . m. T hewor k er smus t ens ur et ha tt hei rs ha dowsdonotf a l l ont hehol eoront hepos ti t s el f , ori l l nes s wi l l f ol l ow. Cer t a i nma t er i a l sa r et hendepos i t edi nt ot hehol es uc ha sbr a z i l wood ( k a y us epa ng) , ebony( k a y ua r a ng) , s c r a pmet a l , t i nor e , ac opperc oi n, abr ok en ha t c het hea d, orac a ndl enut( bua hgor ek ) . T oa ppea s et hel oc a l ea r t hs pi r i tor demon( j emba l a ngt a na horpua k a ) , t hehea d, f eeta ndbl oodofa na ni ma l a r e a l s odepos i t edi nt hehol e . Dependi ngont hema l i gni t yoft heea r t hs pi r i t , t he a ni ma l ma ybeei t heraf owl ( a y a m) , agoa t( k a mbi ng) orabua l o( k er ba u) . F ora s ma l ldemon,a neggwi l ls uďŹƒc e .Amongt hena t i v esofa nc i entBor neot he v i c t i m oft hi ss a c r ic ewoul dha v ebeenhuma n, a ndt heMa l a yc us t om ofk i l l i ng a na ni ma lf ort hepur pos ea r os ef r om wha twa sonc ehuma ns a c r ic e .As r ec ent l ya st hebegi nni ngof t he20t hc ent ur y , t heMa l a y s i a ngov er nmentwoul d bur yhuma ns k ul l sundert hef ounda t i onofa nyl a r ges t r uc t ur e . Anumberofmet hodsa r eus edt oa s c er t a i nwhet hert hehol ei si napr opi t i ous l oc a t i on. I nonee x a mpl eawhi t ec upi sl l edwi t hwa t er , f umi ga t edwi t hi nc ens e , a ndl ef ti nt hehol eov er ni ght . I f t hec upi ss t i l l f ul l t hene x tda yorha sl i v ei ns ec t s i ns i de , i ti sagoods i gn. I ft hei ns ec t sa r edea dort hewa t erha sl es s ened, i ti sa ba domen. Al t er na t i v el y , onec oul dwa i tunt i l ev er y oneha sl ef tt hea r eabef or e pi c k i ngupt hr eec l odsofs oi l , hol di ngt hem ov eri nc ens e , a ndr ec i t i ngac er t a i n ma nt er aorma nt r a . T hes oi lmus tbet a k enhomewi t houtev ert ur ni ngt ol ook ba c k .Upona r r i v a l ,t heea r t hi spl a c edundert heoc c upa nt ' spi l l ow bef or e s l eepi ng. I f t heyha v eaba ddr ea m, oneof t hec l odsi st hr owna wa y . T hi spr oc es s c ont i nuesunt i l i tr es ul t si nagooddr ea m, whent hec l odof ea r t hwhi c hi nduc ed t hedr ea mi spl a c edi nt hehol ea nds er v esa st het i a ngs er i pol e' sf ounda t i on.
T he f oot i nga r ema debyc onc r et ea nds i z ei s600mm x600mm. T he c ol umni si ns t a l la ta bov et hef oot i ng,a r ema debyl oc a lt r opi c a l r a i nf or es tha r dwood. S uc ha sCenga l , Mer ba u.
t T hema i nbui l di ngr a i s ed1200mm f r om t he oorl ev el t oa v oi d ood wa t er sa ndt hea ni ma l sori ns ec tf r om c omi ngi nt ot hei rhous e , a nd a l s ot hebui l di ng oori sr a i s eupf a ra wa yf r om t hegr oundl ev elc a n c oolt hei nt er i orhous et emper a t ur e ,bec a us et hehota i rf r om t he ea r t hwi l l notr ea c ht hehous edi r ec t l y .
Proce s sofcol umncons t ruc t i on
cONSTRUCTI ONPROCESSOF FOOTI NGANDCOLUMN (PADFOOTI NG/PELAPI KTI ANG) 1. S qua r ef or mwor ki sbui l tus i ngwood. 2. Rei nf or c ementr eba r sa r epl a c edi ner ec t edf or mwor k . 3. Conc r et emi x t ur ei spour edi nt ot hef or mwor ka nda l l owedt os et 4. F oot i ng f or mwor ki sr emov ed a f t erc onc r et ei ss et ,c ur ed a nd ha r denedt oga i nma x i mum s t r engt h. 5.As t eelr odi sa l s os eti nt ot hemi ddl eoft hes t umpt oa nc hort he t i mberc ol umnont o
c ol umnc ons t r uc t i ondet a i lwi t hs t eel r odc onnec t i ngt hef oot i ngs k et c h.
Peopl ec hopdownt r eesa ndt r a ns por tt het r eest os i t ef r om f or es t .
E i ghtoft hec ol umnsha v ebeener ec t eda l ongwi t ht wol ongbea ms .
Wor k erha mmer i ngt hef r a met oget her .
Wor k er sl i f t i ngac ol umnt ha twa si ns t a l l edwi t ht hel ongbea ms .
col umn&be a mDe t a i l e dDra wi ng-purat a nj ungs a b t u Col umn&F oot i ngPa d| S c a l e1: 25
S ec t i onAA| S c a l e1: 35
Col umnPos i t i onPl a n S c a l e1: 75
WoodConnec t i onDet a i l s| S c a l e1: 25
Det a i l 1
Voi df ors l ot i nbea m
S ec t i onBB| S c a l e1: 35
Det a i l 1
S l oti nbea m
S ec t i onCC| S c a l e1: 35
Bol t & nut c onnec t i on
F l oor s hor tc r os s bea m( r a s ukr ot ) ba mboo oor boa r ds
Materi altobui ldoor
r a t t a nf ort y i ng
-ha l l owba mbooa bout56c m wi de . -t het r unkoft hepa l m“c y r t os t a c hy al a k k a( pi na ng)
l ongbea m( r a s ukpa nj a ng)
-woodf r om t he c uspl a nts pec i es .
j oi s t( gel ega r ) pi l l a r
c r os s bea m ( bendul )
ba mboo oorboa r ds s pl i tl a t hs j oi s t s hor tc r os s bea m
Waytoti ethestri ps T hemet hodi ss i mi l a rt ot hewea v i ngus edonba mboo s ht r a ps . T hes es t r i pswer ea r r a ngedont het opoft hej oi s t sa nd t i edus i ngr a t t a norc r eeper s .
l ev el l i ngr a bbet l ongbea m r oundedpi l l a r s r a t t a nf ort y i ng
r a s uk (oorbea m)
c ol umn
c onc r et es t umps gel ega r (oorj oi s t )
pa pa nl a nt a i ( t i mber oor )
Steptobui ldtheoor Whent hec ol umnsa r ea l i gned, r a s uk(oorbea m) i si ns er t eda tt he c ol umns . T hi si st os uppor tt hel oa ds , gel ega r(oorj oi s t ) a ndt he oori t s el f . Onc et hec ol umnsa nd oorbea msa r eni c el yj oi nta nds t a bl e , t hen t hepa pa n l a nt a i ( t i mberboa r ds ) a r epl a c eda tt het opoft he oorbea ms . T het i mberboa r di st hepl a t f or mt oc a r r yt hel i v ea nddea dl oa ds .
pel a nc a r ( s ec onda r y
t hei ns t a l l a t i onofgel ega r , pel a nc a r , r a s uka nda l s ot hepa pa nl a nt a i .
pas ak
1. F l oort i mber 2. Col umn 3. Bendul 4. T i mberbl oc k s uppor t i ngt hewa l l 5. S ec onda r ybea m 6. F l oorbea m 7. Wedge 8. F l oorj oi s t
T het i mber oori ss uppor t edbyt hebea m( r a s uk ) a nda l s ot he oor j oi s t( gel ega r ) . -Bendul i st hec r os sbea ms uppor t i ngt he oor T hec onnec t i onofbendul i ss howni n gur es howt heor derofoor , bendul a nd t heot herc omponent sr el a t ed T hec onnec t i onbet weenbendul a ndt heot herpa r tofi t . T hec onnec t i oni ss ec ur edus i ngpa s a k .
s t a i rc a s e
Tradi ti onalmalayhouse T hes t a i r c a s e, i nc l udi ngt hes t epa r ema deupofwoodenpol es .
T hes t a i r c a s ei sa l s ot hec omponent sofT r a di t i na lma l a y hous ewhi c ha s s embl eda f t ert hewa l l . F ort heba s i cofT r a di t i ona lma l a yhous e ,t her ewi l lbet wo ma i ns t a i r c a s eswhi c hl oc a t eda tt heent r a nc ea nda l s oa t t heba c koft hehous e .
Modernmalayhouse Appl ybet t erqua l i t ys t a i r s , ma def r om pl a nk sa ndc onc r et ebr i c k s
T y pe sofs t a i rc a s e s-purat a nj ungs a b t u
S t a i rc a s eDe t a i l e dDra wi ng Purat a nj ungs a b t u
Det a i l Dr a wi ng1| S c a l e1: 15
Ov er a l l Vi ewof T heS t a i r c a s e
Det a i l Dr a wi ng2| S c a l e1: 15
Roof typi caldesi gnofmalayhouse
Wi ndows a nd wa l l s pr ov i de good pr ot ec t i on a ga i ns t dr i v i ng r a i n,good s ha di ng,a nda l l ow t hewi ndow t obel ef t openmos toft het i mef orv ent i l a t i on.
At t a pr oo ngofl owt her ma l c a pa c i t y gi v esgoodi ns ul a t i ona ga i ns thea t Vent i l a t edr oofs pa c ehel pst o c ool t hehous e Vent i l a t i ont hr oughr oofj oi nt
L a r ger oofea v esf or eec t i v es uns ha di ng
L i ght wei ghtc ons t r uc t i on us i ngl owt her ma l c a pa c i t yma t er i a l sk eepshous e c ool
Openi nt er i ors pa c eswi t h mi ni ma l pa r t i t i onsa l l ow goodv ent i l a t i oni nt he hous e
F ul l yopena bl ewi ndowsa l l owv ent i l a t i ona tbodyl ev el
S t i l t edhous ec a t c hes wi ndsofhi gherv el oc i t y
Passi vedesi gnofmalayhouse Hi gh t emper a t ur esma x i mum v ent i l a t i on wi t hs t eep r oof s a ndv a s topeni ngs .
T hes t eepr oofa l l owsf or mor e wi nd c i r c ul a t i on, t her ef or e , mor ec ool i ng.
Ov er ha ngsf ors ha di ng T he s t eep r oof s a l s o needed f or r a i nwa t er dr a i na ge
Of t enhous esa r er a i s edi n s t i l t si n or dert oa v oi d oodi ng a l s o a l t i t ude hel ps a t t a i n ma x i mum v ent i l a t i on
Structureofterengganumalayhouse
50mm x150mm T HK. H. W. T i e Bea m 50mm x50mm T HK. H. W. Ba t t enon400mm C/ C 50mm x150mm T HK. H. W. Pr i nc i pl eRa f t er 50mm x150mm T HK. H. W. Ki ngPos t
S i nggor aT i l es T eba rL a y er( Ga bl eS c r een)i s pa r t i c a l l yt i l eda nde x t ended t he unda nunda n ( Ga bl e L edge) Pel es
T i a ng
rooft y pe1 purat a nj ungs a b t u
rooft y pe2 purat a nj ungs a b t u
rooft y pe3 purat a nj ungs a b t u
rooft y pe4 purat a nj ungs a b t u
rooft y pe5 purat a nj ungs a b t u
rooft y pe6 purat a nj ungs a b t u
rooft y pe7 purat a nj ungs a b t u
RoofDe t a i l e dDra wi ng s-purat a nj ungS a b t u
F r ontE l ev a t i on| S c a l e1: 125
S i deE l ev a t i on| S c a l e1: 125
RoofPl a n| S c a l e1: 125
Det a i l 1
Rea rE l ev a t i on| S c a l e1: 125
Det a i l 2
S ec t i onBB| S c a l e1: 125 S ec t i onAA| S c a l e1: 125
MA T E RI A L SA TPURAT A NJ UNGS A B T U SI NGGORA CLAYTI LES CONCRETE FOOTI NG
TERRACOTTA FLOORTI LES TEAKWOOD
CHENGAL WOOD
I NTERWOVEN BAMBOO
SI NGGORAROOFTI LES
I NTERWOVENBAMBOO
CHENGALWOOD
TEAKWOOD
CHE NG A L
( Neoba l a noc a r pushei mi i )
USAGE
Door, wa l l a ndbui l di ngs t r uc t ur e
APPEARANCE
L i ghty el l owbr ownwi t hadi s t i nc tgr eent i nge Whene x pos edt os unl i ght , i twi l l da r k enst oda r kpur pl ebr own/ r ed.
TEXTURE
F i net e x t ur ea ndev ens pr ea d Gr a i nsa r ei nt er l oc k edwi t hs ha l l owl yt odeepl y
PLACEOFORI GI N S out hea s tAs i a
ADVANTAGES
Na t ur a l l ydur a bl ea ndv er yr es i s t a ntt ot er mi t esa t t a c ka ndf unga l i nf es t a t i on. hes t r onges ta ndmos tdur a bl ewoodi nMa l a y s i a T
DI SADVANTAGES
Ex pens i v e Thei ns t al l at i onmet hodofc hengalwoodi snotaneas yt as kt odo
CHALLENGE
Chenga l woodi sc ons i der eda spr ot ec t eds pec i esduet ounc ont r ol l edi l l ega l l oggi ngi nMa l a y s i a .
PRESERVATI VETREATMENT
T hi st i mberha sbeenc l a s s ieda smoder a t el ydi ffic ul tt ot r ea t .
T E A K
( T ec t onagr a ndi s)
USAGE
Us ef ort hepel a nt a roft hel obbya r ea
APPEARANCE
T hes a pwoodoft het i mberi sy el l owi s hwhi t e T ur ni ngt ogol denbr ownorda r kgr ey i s hbr ownone x pos ur e
TEXTURE
Coa r s ea ndunev en Gr a i ni ss t r a i ght , wa v yors l i ght l yi nt er l oc k ed
PLACEOFORI GI N
Gr owsi nI ndones i a , I ndi a , a ndCent r a l Amer i c a
ADVANTAGES
T ea ki soneoft hev er yha r des twoods
DI SADVANTAGES
T hes a pwoodi ss us c ept i bl et oa t t a c kbypowder pos tbeet l es
S I NG G OL ACL A YT I L E S USAGE
Pr ot ec tt hebodyhomea nds y mbol ofr a c i a l or i gi ns .
APPEARANCE
S i nggor ar ooft i l esl ookl i k es i mi l a rt os hs c a l es
CHARACTERI STI C L i ghta ndpor oust hus Abl et oa bs or bwa t er( r a i n) T hehous ewa sc ool i ngna t ur a l l y .
PLACEOFORI GI N S ongk l a , T ha i l a nd.
ADVANTAGES
Ca pa bl eofowi nga i rt ha tc i r c ul a rt hr ought hec r a c ka ndr oofa swel l .
DI SADVANTAGES
T hi n, l i ght wei ghta ndea s i ert obr ea k
CHALLENGE
E nv i r onment a l effec t sonma t er i a l s . S uc ha seffec t sofmoi s t ur e , r a i n, hea ta nds us c ept i bl ef ungus .
PRESERVATI ONMETHOD
Us edl egt ok nea da ndwedgeonbundl eofc l a yt oma k es ur et hea i r wer enott r a ppedi ns i det hec l a ywhi c hc a nma k eea s i erc l a yt oc r a c korbr ea k
T E RRA CO T T AF L OORT I L E S USAGE
Us edf ort hegr oundl ev eloor
APPEARANCE
Wi t hawi der a ngeofr eddi s hhuesbet weent hee x t r emes
ADVANTAGES
T her e oorc a nl a s tf ora ges S ui t a bl ef orbot hi nt er i ora nde x t er i orus e E a s yt oc l ea n
DI SADVANTAGES
Notl a s ta sl onga st i l est ha ta r epr oper l ys ea l ed
B A MBOOBL I NDS USAGE
Us edf orbl oc k i ngt hes unl i ghta nddec or a t i on
ADVANTAGES
T hena t ur a l a ppea l ofba mbooi sa s s oc i a t edwi t har el a x edel ega nc ei ni nt er i or s hewov enna t ur eofba mboos ha desa l l owss omel i ghtt ol t eri nwhi l ebl oc k i ng T v i ews
DI SADVANTAGES
Qui t ef r a gi l es i nc eba mbooi sbr i t t l ea ndpr onet oc r a c k i ng Ca nc ol l ec tdus tpa r t i c l esa ndneedt obedus t edr egul a r l y
CONCRE T EMA S ONRYUNI T USAGE
Us edf ort heenc l os ur eoft hebui l di ng
APPEARANCE
Conc r et ema s onr yuni t sma ybef or mul a t edwi t hs pec i a l a ggr ega t est o pr oduc es pec icc ol or sort e x t ur esf or ni s hus e .
ADVANTAGES
Oneoft hes t r onges tma t er i a l Nots us c ept i bl et or ot t i ng, mol d, orda ma gef r om v a r i oust y pesofpes t s .
DI SADVANTAGES T hedul l nes soft hea ppea r a nc e . Mor ee x pens i v et ha nl umber
CONCRE T EF OO T I NG USAGE
Us edf ort heba s eoft i mberc ol umn Pr ev entda mpnes sf r om s eepi ngi nt ot hewood
APPEARANCE
Rough, s moot horpol i s hed a i nhol l oworr epr oduc eddec or a t i v epa t t er n Cont
ADVANTAGES S t r onga nddur a bl e
DI SADVANTAGES T hedul l nes sa nda ppea r a nc e
S T ONECL A DDI NG USAGE
T ogi v eas t one ni s ht ot hebui l di ng
ADVANTAGES
T hena t ur a l bea ut y E x t r emedur a bi l i t ya ndl ongl i f es pa n E a s yt oma i nt a i nl ongt er m
DI SADVANTAGES Needi ns t a l l bypr of es s i ona l E x pens i v e
CL O T H USAGE
Coul dbes eenj a mmedbet weent hec ent r a l pi l l a r a ndt her ooft or epr es entt hes pi r i t ’ sc l ot hes
APPEARANCE
T hr eec ol our eds t r i psofc l ot h-bl a c k , r eda ndwhi t e
I NT E RWO V E NB A MBOO USAGE
Us edf ort hei nt er i orpa r t i t i on
PLACEOFORI GI N Pl a c ea twa r mt emper a t ec l i ma t es
ADVANTAGES E c of r i endl y
DI SADVANTAGES Poors pi na bi l i t y Hi ghc os t
PRESERVATI ONMETHOD
Goodha r v es t i ngpr a c t i c e her i ghtt i met oha r v es ti sdur i ngora f t ert her a i nys ea s on Cul mss houl dbec uts uc ht ha tl ea v esa r enotr emov ed L ea v esa l l owf ort hena t ur a l ev a por a t i onoff r eec a pi l l a r ywa t er
CHA RA C T E RI S T I CSOFT I MBE R Di erenttypesofhardwood have di erentval uesofdensi ty.There are three typesofhardwood whi ch are heavy hardwood ( HHW ) ,medi um hardwood ( MHW ) ,and l i ghthardwood ( LHW ) .
heavyhardwood(hhw) -Pri ori ti zesnaturaldurabi l i ty overdensi ty -Hasa range ofdensi ty between 800 to 1120 kg/m3 -Exampl esare Merbau,Cengal ,and Bal au
medi um hardwood(mhw) -Hashi gheraverage densi ti esbutnotasdurabl e as any ofthe heavy hardwood vari eti es -Hasa range ofdensi ty between 720 to 880 kg/m3 -Exampl esare Kempas,Tual ang,and Kapur
li ghthardwood(lhw) -Hasa l oweraverage densi ty than the medi um hardwood vari eti es -Hasa range ofdensi ti esbetween 400 to 720 kg/m3 -Exampl esare Meranti ,Sepeti r ,Kedondong
majorcharacteri sti csofti mber i nmalaysi a -I si ntri nsi cal l y beauti f ulto l ook at -I shi ghl y versati l ei n termsofbui l dabi l i ty -Hasa very compl ex structure i n termsofgrai n,ri ng patternsand presence ofporescompared to softwood -Hasvery good i nsul ati on properti es -I sdurabl e,abundant,and easy to use ece ofti mberhasdi sti nctand i ntri cate grai n patterns -Every pi -Di erenttypesofhardwood have di erenttextures,machi nabi l i ty, di mensi onalstabi l i ty,and decay resi stance
PROSA NDCONSOFT I MBE R prosofhardwoodti mber
prosofsoftwoodti mber
Longevi ty:producesa very hi gh qual i ty product thati sdurabl e overa l ong peri od ofti me Easy Mai ntenance:easy to cl ean,scratchesand dentscan be xed Strength:the trees’dense cel l ul arstructure gi ves i ncredi bl e strength l abl ei n a range ofcol oursand Appearance:avai ni shes( sui tcontemporary styl i ngs) Fi re Resi stance:resi sts resmuch betterthan softwood
Workabi l i ty:softwood i seasi erto work wi th and can be used acrossa broad range ofappl i cati ons Sustai nabi l i ty:softwood treesgrow much f aster than hardwood,consi dered a very renewabl e source Cost:cheap,easi erto source
consofhardwoodti mber
consofsoftwoodti mber
Sl ow Growth Rate:takesl ongerti me to repl eni sh, sl owergrowth rates Workabi l i ty:harderto work wi th due to i tsdensi ty Cost:more expensi ve Refi ni shi ng:requi resre ni shi ng i n hi gh traffic areas
Densi ty:l owerdensi ty ofsoftwood ti mbermeans i t’ sweakerand l essdurabl e( ‘ hard’softwood opti onsare avai l abl e Longevi ty:l esssui tabl ef orhi gh traffic areas,does notwearaswel lashardwood overti me Fi re Resi stance:softwoodstend to have poor re resi stance unl esstreated
pre s e rv a t i onme t hodsoft i mbe r
Alkali ne Copper Quaternary
Copper Naphthenate
Wood Acetylati on
Li nseedOi l
TungOi l
MOTIF of PATTERN
Different types of carved components that adorned the timber houses of Kelantan and Terengganu display specific carving features which are distinctively different in character. Carvings were only evident on certain components of the house with significant uses either for interior or exterior settings. The most prevalent were perforated ventilation panels fitted on walls of rumah ibu which is the core area of the house.
Introduction
Visual composition, beauty and function of the carved components were fused to the architectural elements and in consonance with the house form. It suggests that carvings for house components were not objects crafted in a simple way but inextricably bound up with designated function, artistic qualities and skillfulness possessed by the traditional craftsmen. Functionality is one of the basic principles of Malay aesthetic which emphasises the practical function of an artifact. The analysis reveals that traditional Malay houses was designed and built with the conscious considerations on the proper layout of the carved components. Its visual forms was crafted and subscribed by the woodcarvers to be seen or used primarily in domestic setting thus creating pleasant ambiance.
Geometric Motifs
Floral Motifs
Floral Motifs
Floral motifs derived from Hindu-Buddhism and transmitted through a process of modification by Malay craftsmen and became the most dominant motifs depicted after pre-Islam. The use of a certain type of flower functions as an indicator of the changes in the floral motifs. Most of the animistic motifs were transformed into flora and vegetation motifs after the arrival of Islam. Floral motifs were almost always applied by the craftsmen as the principal motif as they were inspired and fascinated by the beautiful elements of flowers and leaves. The preference of plant motif was mainly influenced by Islamic religious teaching.
Geometric Motifs
Geometric motifs are also applied by Malay craftsmen doorleafs, ventilation panels, wall panels, railing and partitions. The configuration can be a series of diagonals repeatedly copied throughout the component. Swastika and star are more complex motifs that dominate the carving configuration, for example, on a ventilation panel of a wall. Repetition of similar motif creates sense of beauty and contrast against adjacent foliate or calligraphic motifs. Motif of swastika is originated from Chinese wood carving that can be seen in ventilation panels at an abandoned palace, Pura Tanjung Sabtu in Terengganu.