Building for Long Life: A Grammar for Flexible Use - Vol 2 by Avril Bennie

Building for Long Life: A Grammar for Flex ible Use

Av ri l B e nni e R e t h in k ing t he S o l i d

THESIS PROJECT

Rethinking the Solid An exploration into the key elements for creating a design which has â&#x20AC;&#x153;ultimate flexibilityâ&#x20AC;? built within.

Fig 1: Concept drawing, authors own (Avril Bennie, 2015)

ABSTARCT

Hertzberger attempts ‘ultimate flexibility’: however, he says that we “must beware of the glove that fits all hands and therefore becomes no hands”. (Hertzerger, 2000) Hertzberger’s experiment with physically flexible systems creates a generic language which arguably results in a loss of architectural values (‘refusing responsibility’). Perhaps because of that Norman Foster, Baumschlager & Eberle and Tony Fretton approach ‘ultimate flexibility’ from a different standpoint. By studying a series of existing precedents which include forms of adaptability, it is possible to identify the common criteria to create a new typology in Dundee, thereby creating a methodology which can be integrated into a design brief. Fig 2: Concept drawing, authors own (Avril Bennie, 2015)

RESEARCH QUESTION

This thesis investigates the options for achieving Hertzbeger’s notion of ‘ultimate flexibility’ in building use. In doing so, it highlights the key elements which constitute ‘a grammar’ for adaptability in architecture.

Fig 3: Concept drawing, authors own (Avril Bennie, 2015)

STRUCTURE

Fig 4: Concept drawing, authors own (Avril Bennie, 2015)

THESIS PROJECT

page 3

INTRODUCTION TO DUNDEE WATERFRONT/SITE

page 11

ANALYSIS OF PRECEDENTS

page

TESTING THE THEORY

page

RULES

page CITY

page

BUILDING

page

ROOM

page

THESIS PROJECT & PERSONAL STATEMENT

page

APPENDIX

page

LIST OF FIGURES

page

BIBLIOGRAPHY

page

INTRODUCTION TO DUNDEE WATERFRONT

DUNDEE WATER FRONT: Masterplan Central Waterfront: Unit group work Dundee’s Central Waterfront is undergoing a period of dramatic change. Reclaimed dockland which, from the 1960s, had a chaotic infrastructure of carriageways, roundabouts and overhead walkways, has been re-ordered on a grid-pattern, establishing several blocks which form development sites. The vision is further emboldened by the imminent construction of the V&A at Dundee. The unit ‘Architecture & the City’ has examined how Dundee’s existing urban fabric – the background architecture of the city – can be better understood and its qualities extended to Fig 5: Figure ground of Dundee throughout time, unit’s own (Architecture & the City, 2015)

create a masterplan governing the design of new places, streets and buildings which, while modern, show continuity with the past. The unit is particularly concerned with three things: with adaptability and longevity within the urban block (rather than making responses to particular and potentially transient uses); with the development of a generic urban language and architectural grammar; and with the role of the specific building within that context. The architecture of our communities is rarely discussed. Walter Benjamin argued that we receive architecture – unlike painting – in a state of distraction: we never notice our ambient environment until it starts to change. Yet architecture is the art that gives form to social groups. 11

It gives them a spatial quality and thereby makes them visible; it is therefore one of the great humanist discourses through which we collectively contemplate the human condition. The master plan rules are as follows:

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

INTRODUCTION TO SITE

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

DUNDEE WATER FRONT: Masterplan Site 17: Apex Hotel. This particular thesis deals with Site 17: Apex Hotel. It is located east of the Tay Bridge ramp on entry into Dundee. The site is a community adjacent to the quay. Apex has a well established hotel with 98% occupancy before the master plan was introduced. Apex has bough over the historic building the Custom House to develop into serviced apartments and hotel to build on the economy already in place within Dundee. Therefore, the proposal will also take advantage of this and create to take it further, this project will study a block from the unit’s master plan, utilising the different approaches to achieve ‘a grammar’ which can be reproduced in a building block, analysing the elements to create Fig 7: Exsiting site plan, author’s own (Avril Bennie, 2015)

adaptable space by identifying what makes adaptability successful in context. This site will allow for a hybrid building to accommodate a conference centre, an extension to the Apex Hotel which could house services, spa or retail/rentals/apartments. This site could then be re-assessed in 20-50+ years to determine whether it could be converted into something else (such as housing, apartments, a theatre etc.) to accommodate such future demands. By doing so this assessment it will determine if long-term adaptability can be achieved in Dundee and whether such a model of designing is appropriate. 15

TONY FRETTON - SOLID 11 CORE TO FLOOR =

RENZO PIANIO - THE SHARD

6.6%

CORE TO FLOOR =

12.7%

BAUMSCHLAGER EBERLE - SOLIDS I-JBURG

16%

UN STUDIO - CANALETTO BUILDING

NORMAN FOSTER - RIVERSIDE 1

CORE TO FLOOR =

13.2%

CORE TO FLOOR =

21%

KPF ARCHITETS - HERON TOWER CORE TO FLOOR =

32%

ANALYSIS OF PRECEDENTS

RESEARCHING KNOWN FLEXIBLE BUILIDNGS What elements contrabuite to defining ultimate flexibility?

Fig 8: Core to floor analysis, authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own (Avril Bennie, 2015)

Herman Hertzberger Centraal Beheer, Apeldoorn The notion of ‘ultimate flexibility’ conjures up the image of a building which is ever-changing, without identity or reference to place. Hertzberger first highlights an issue with creating this concept, with the notion that no single solution for flexibility exists to suit all uses because the “solution is in a permanent state of flux, it is temporary”. (Hertzerger, 2000) This theory of flexibility is tested in his Centraal Beheer Head quarters plan, where he is said to be “refusing […] responsibility” in trying to achieve this. (Hertzerger, 2000) Adaptability suggests that a building has the ability to change as circumstances dictate, but Hertzberger stresses that no solution will suit all needs, and no building can have different uses without undergoing change itself. Centraal Beheer conveys a uniformed dwelling block and plans which reveal the segregation of function which is only linked by communal voids. The animation created by these voids strengthens the concept of an adaptable building, as do the introduction of multiple functions in one building. However, Hertzberger’s choice to make the walls permanent creates friction between his design and, his whole theory, and removes the ability to scale any initially-designed flexibility. This then raises the question of how adaptability can be designed into a building to create flexibility. In order to answer this, it is necessary to assess other architects who claim achieve flexibility, and analyse how they design such a building. 19

Baumschlager & Eberle Solids 1 & 2, Amsterdam This is another solid: however it is seen to be unsuccessful in context due to the economic climate and proximity to the city. I Jburg reveal the solid to be seen as a collective rather than just an object (as seen with Frettonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Solid 11). In this proposal, the emotional value is still held in high regard. This is expressed in the permanent faĂ§ade, which reflects the new language of the district. The building increases accommodation capacity to achieve overall sustainability, therefore becoming more valuable over time. However, I Jburg has been unable to animate its streets and connect with neighboring buildings because of lack of demand for its predominant residential configuration. This highlights that the brief for the solid must be expanded beyond commercial, retail and residential considerations - context is everything. Careful thought (especially when reestablishing an area) must go into assessing what additional building uses will be needed, and these must be implemented to achieve successful activity. The expectation of creating such a build to provide only offices, shops and housing will not necessarily generate sustainability within the plan and city. These building were designed to create shared access and communal areas, but there is no programme to facilitate the volume required to naturally generate. (Baumschiager Eberle, 2014) 25

Tony Fretton Solid 11, Amsterdam Bringing this study into the current day, the new Dutch term, ‘solids’, refers to these buildings’ character. With their long life-spans, the longevity of their fabric stands in contrast to the fluidity of the programme. A solid, like Tony Fretton’s Solid 11, offers a highly generalised internal environment. The space is leased on an e-Bay-style auction. A percentage is dedicated to retail, commercial and residential. However, these percentages can change as required (ranging from affordable to luxury, depending on market and societal requirement). What is interesting here is that one developer oversees the changes and cost of this flexibility after the auction, and partitions up the floor plates. The fit-out is the responsibility of the individual tenants, allowing for ownership, which is key to its success. (Tony Fretton Architects, 2000) Because solids represent an investment over time, start-up costs are more than a conventional building. However, the return is ordinarily recouped within the first 50 years, or two use cycles within its 200 year life-span. This makes it a long-term investment within the city, both for identity and financial reasons.

Norman Foster Riverside One, London Riverside is a mixed-use building. Foster and Partnersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; studio occupies the lower levels, while residential functions are located on the upper floors. The public are free to enter and use the space, thereby creating street animation and pedestrian routes which run along the riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge. A key success here is to allow the water to help activate the movement around the building and city. Again, the current climate demands a work/live relationship from its buildings within a set distance, which can be easily changed. No zones are designated for different functions: each is integrated, making adaptation easily. The transport routes, particularly pedestrian, aids the redevelopment of this area in generating a new street culture. The only division in the plan is the addition of access routes to give privacy and security to the residents. (Foster & Partners, 2015)

Renzo Piano The Shard, London The Shard is a mixed-use tower, a vertical city. The project is positioned in the centre of an intersection of different transportation. The key move here is “providing life in a city without increasing the traffic – by using public transportation”. (Dezeen Magazine, 2015)The building reuses the heat from the offices into the residential, aided by the glass which controlling the heat gain from the sun. Again, the façade appears moveable when it is not: it too is a fixed permanency in the design. Many of the floors offer open-plan or a simple layout which links into its core. However, an interesting feature is the core’s ability to shift service to the building as the floor plates change, so even though many aspects of the Shard are permanent, the core is what is flexible here. It also suggests that density is not necessarily added to a city from a tower: rather the form just suited the site. Infrastructure aided the design, and its function fitted a form.

KPF Architects The Heron Tower, London The alternative to a solid is the mixed-use building, which provides hybrid functions. The Heron Tower provides a highly flexible, luxurious working space to support diverse tenants, and is deemed to be successful. The building organises itself around a series of office ‘villages’ within a triple height atrium at the centre of the building. Locating a vertical axis which signifies communal space is a common theme. The north of the building is a marker within the city, and activates public and private circulation. This is animated by greenery and cafes to enhance the surrounding area. (KPF Architects, 2015) The proposal uses the façade as a visual incentive to position the organisation of ‘villages’ within the elevation. This is replicated within the lift cores and animated by the movement of glazed lift cars. The East and West façades are highly translucent and ventilated, thereby creating a bio-climatic, energy-efficient zone. This mix of movement and greenery, start to signal a movable façade suggesting a language of flexibility.

UN Studio Canaletto Tower, London The Canaletto Tower is primarily a residential building. Residential buildings hold the highest demand of servicing, thus if a building can accommodate a residential function, it can accommodate any other function with ease- (such as the residents’ indoor pool, spa, cinema, car parking, etc.) The remodelling of the façade is a direct effort to minimise the building’s mass and detail. The building façade deliberately distinct, and as a result the building becomes an object form. Sustainability benefits are achieved by the surface modelling which create opportunities for shading - balancing internal daylight and views of the water (with reduced heat gains). (UN Studio, 2015)

SCALE STUDY Research

TESTING THE THEORY

EXAMPLES OF STUDY The key criteria to creating ultimate flexibility

FORM CONDITION OF THE SITE AND CITY

LINEAR FORM (20M X 120M) CORE AT 6% (10M X 17M)

LINEAR FORM (20M X 120M) CORE AT 6% (4.7M X 7.8M) TRAVEL DISTANCE 18M

BOX FORM (33M X 33M) CORE AT 6% (7.6M X 10M)

CARCASS RELATIONSHIP THE SITE AND CITY

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY ANEDUCATIONAL AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK PRODUCT PRODUCED BY ANEDUCATIONAL AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

UCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

CORE TO FLOOR Capacity of use and servicing

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Conference Rm 1 Room 17

Room 9

Room 8

Room 10

Room 7

Open Plan - Office Space

Room 11

Room 12

Room 5

Room 13

Room 4

Room 14

Room 3

Room 15

Room 2

Office 1

Room 16

Room 1

Staff Area

Laundry

Room 6

Office 2

C2 Office 2

C3 Reception/Lounge

Cafe

Office 3 C4

Reception/Admin

Office 3

Bar & Lounge/Dining Office 4

Office 5

Office 6

Staff & Kitchen/Cellar

Conference Rm 5

Apartment 10

Apartment 11

Apartment 10

Apartment 12 Apartment 9

Apartment 9

Apartment 8

Apartment 14

Apartment 7

Apartment 15

Apartment 6

Apartment 16

Apartment 5

Apartment 4

Apartment 3

Apartment 13

Apartment 17

Apartment 18

Apartment 1

Apartment 2

Apartment 1

Apartment 2

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Apartment 11

RULES

A GRAMMAR FOR FLEXIBILITY Outlining design rules City Building Room

Imagee titles

Context & Infrastructure Context verses density of function for achieving sustainability Street activity to be seamless with greenery â&#x20AC;&#x201C; creating a pleasant gesture and heightened access to building(s) Increase transport links (pedestrian) will aid familiarly and use Structuring & Servicing Vertical & horizontal animation for achieving sustainability Demountable walls, floors, interiors, exteriors and facade to give ownership and adaptability on a small to large scale At least one element within building to be a permanent feature (core, floor, walls, facade, time, context, user) to create greater flexibility Rules for coherent facade or grid (facilitating natural daylight and ventilation) which responds to current climate of context â&#x20AC;&#x201C; changeable over time to suit economical flux Servicing must be achieved within minimum travel distances to services any unit of accommodation that will be inserted into the building for sustainability. 80

RULES

GENERAL Rules for designing anywhere Building & Brief Ability to be an object or collective assembly to achieve adaptability Ability to increase or decrease in scale and connect to neighbouring buildings for greater flexibility Upon change of function, a carefully thought out brief must be considered. Which responds to context will aid the activity and animation of the building, surrounding area and the city prolonging life expectancy. User & Access Must create communal private and public space to achieve an urban village to create ownership Heighten access by generating street route (ground and upper levels) for prolonged familiarity and animation

(Avril Bennie, 2015) 81

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Context & Infrastructure A high emphasis on public central transport will aid the used of the city. A reduction in car activity will promote pedestrian access. Which also highlight the variety and proximity of connecting uses of buildings and linking into the meditate history of a city, Dundee Structuring & Servicing By defining a hierarchy of rules (from the unitâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s master plan). The upper & lower facade treatment can highlight the changing form of the city with a select palette and animate its movement. By having a set permanent element (the core) the treatment of floor heights to facade will alter, however the select palette will embed the proposal continuous nature in the new grammar of the city for its use.

RULES

CITY Rules for designing in the city Building & Brief By carefully considering a tailored brief at the time of change in the buildings use cycle it will aid the activity associated with the scale and movement within the city that is now under demand. 37% leisure, 51% commercial, 12% residential under current proposal. The no-plan in its introduction is the most efficient way to establish this. User & Access Streets must be linked to buildings to establish an evolved grain. The collective assembly of buildings & the produced vertical public space is to re-enforce this. 100sqm + dedicated to route. (Avril Bennie, 2015)

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK ED

TODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Context & Infrastructure A visual link both internal and external to the vertical & ground floor horizontal animation which connects the street & public rooms. Structuring & Servicing The cores will be located in the centre of the plan with a span from wall to wall of 14/18m for achieving max daylight and ventilation. A high demand core must be situated at the ground floor and pulled through the building so all units (no matter their use) can attach into it. The core will also act as circulation, reducing corridors and gaining economically from the available space to rent or purchase. By using a mix of steel and concrete for the structuring a sustainable and economical solution can be achieved. The building must be public through out and be a community in itself, part of a collective, either introduced or existing.

RULES

BUILDING Rules for designing within a building(s) Building & Brief The building will need to be able to re mould its scale, shape to accommodate this change (if necessary). Therefore a set grid 6x6 = 3m span for wall connections. This allows for a greater flexibility of unit size, ranging from small scale to large and in turn reflecting the detail and material application to the facade, and thus the street treatment. It also adapts the nature of the building in building an object, collective or matrix element. User & Access Should feature a central void to aluminates access & levels. Circulation will be attached to vertical & horizontal route to animate the axis of use. 1/3 of the programme is for public rooms to increase variety & public realm in plan.

(Avril Bennie, 2015)

Context & Infrastructure The density can be heightened via either the vertical or horizontal accommodation to capacity (40 %.) The link to the wider context must be established via a visual or physical route. Structuring & Servicing The core will house the main serving runs and plant, additional servicing will be in the floors or walls. The building will have space in place to accommodate these runs if needed in a modular component which is linked from the core. This will also accommodate the change to internal or external material finishes. The configuration of shape and proportion is key also to how the building will work. The 2.7m/ 3m/6m allow greatest flexibility on a residential scale, which is the highest demanding for serving.

RULES

ROOM Rules for designing in the a room Building & Brief The scale and spacing of the grid at 3m will allow for all uses to evolve in the plan. The average height of. 3.6m generously accommodates a greater flexibility; therefore a small space will not feel cramped. With a height of 3.6m, desirability for the unit (building) will aid the cities life span. However this can be altered to give a more expansive range by altering the floors. All servicing in the unit will be centralised to reduce circulation and redundant space in its use. User & Access Individual units should feature an open plan layout which is circle, and is serviced around a main duct from the core. The unit should have two central windows placed within the facade which connects to the introduced upper street environment to aid the semi/public realm.

(Avril Bennie, 2015) 87

THESIS PROJECT One common theme throughout the study is the importance of the current climate in which one wishes to place such a proposal, and the identification of these criteria for successful design. The thesis project takes on certain permanent elements (which would be the designer’s choice) which will be built from the outset, and materials, details will be added later on when available or suitable. Even whole extensions could be added as objects. These objects can then be fitted out for affordable housing requirements or luxury hotels. The list is endless. This type of proposal fits into Dundee’s because of the major re-development occurring at the waterfront. Many developers will want to create their own style for how they perceive Dundee. However the city its self needs to establish its own style/governing hierarchy to deal with the need and not sprawl development but create density, and this is achieved through design rules. The thesis project investigates this. The rules are broken down into four criteria’s: Context & Infrastructure, Structuring & Servicing, Building & Brief, and User & Access with accompanying guidelines for design (Appendix C). The developer and user are key within this idea for the overall successfulness of an adaptability as this individual will control the variety of change, the speed and frequency. Therefore developments should be built as one block rather than many individuals. That characteristic will come later when the proposal naturally evolves. Therefore I suggest that to achieve adaptability the control must be in the designer to develop a whole block with rules on heights and accommodation. Therefore I purpose that the permanent elements within the thesis design, within Dundee will be the current climate and the cores, the rest will be add on which can plug in to alter the outcome. This highlights the key element, choice and ownership (being the user/designer). Familiarity is the tool used for adjusting, and when this is removed the form is the current by applying practical solutions to the context. As Renzo Piano states “the city inhabitants should implode within the city not explode”. (BBC, 2015) The new way to build is a reflection on what the city needs, rather than a perception of what it wants. (Heritage vision). Therefore the Dundee project fits into Dundee by offering a new grammar for the city, both in the façade (taking from the master plan) and the plan (within its density and programming of routes – technical and physical). 88

PERSONAL STATEMENT

This study began on the words of Hertzberger, and discussed other architects who built in similar ways but achieved different outcomes. (Hertzerger, 2000) It has been demonstrated that a variety of outcomes is possible: once again, the control lies within the designer to user. (Replication is ever the same). However this thesis has underlined the importance of familiarity as a tool for design, as without familiarity, the relevance of time, city, place and use to user is lessened. (Arch Daily, 2008) See Appendix C for Rules for designing. The criteria discussed herein consider flexibility, sustainability and adaptability. This calls to mind a proposal which was interchangeable and fluid with no permanency. However, this thesis has demonstrated that to gain flexibility, permanency must first be achieved, whether this is established within the core, faรงade, frame or even over time itself. (Leupen, 2005) By establishing the common elements which have made previous projects successful, this study has extrapolated these tested criteria to determine what would suit Dundee. By adding this knowledge, a richer explanation of adaptability can be formed, one which responds to a current need in society. To this end, the suburb can move to the city, and a new typology emerges. The close proximity to the city offers the user home/work space and 89

recreation, which in turn animates the city. (Alexander C., Ishikawa S., & Silvertein M. , 1977) Inhabitants are able to adapt their city to suit their needs, not just the unit or room, as was the case in previous studies. By having this scale of building proposal located, within Dundee, the adjacent streets can link both the centre and old parts of the city, offering a mix of cultural experiences. The project will only manipulate itself to incorporate an advanced or altered programme by its user for a time when the city requires it.

The city is evolving, and it was argued that, the ‘no plan is the new plan’ as anything can be subsequently added as required. Equally, the vertical must be considered rather than just the horizontal. (INABA, 2015) Furthermore, use span should meet the life-span: this was discussed through contrasting theories behind the façade (as flexible element to respond completely to use and adaptability, or a permanent element reflecting the identity of the city). However, it was concluded that rules would establish a coherent expectation for the façade which, in time, would become so familiar that limited variety would occur. (Sergison Bates, 2007) 90

Again this reveals the predominance required by the city and users for ownership. This would allow control, and, the proposal matrix would not over stretch its boundary or relationship with the city, but could manipulate itself within the city. (Kolhass R. & Mau B., 1995) Therefore, by changing scale, this building can change from a matrix building to an object building (and back again, if desired). By changing the nature and animation of an area, this will allow the building to be embedded into society as needed. (Holl, 1998) This also means that finding new ways for the city to reuse old buildings still available or empty or repurpose other dying hybrids within the city can use this concept. While this might be seen as an additional cost, but the proposal is tested within (Dundee) an environment where the demand is present, the activity required and opportunity guaranteed. This thesis questioned how such a proposal would survive if requirements changed: the answer is that it would simply adapt, just as it was designed to. Further research might test this idea of permanency and flexibility on multiple sites to assess whether a generic plan of set criteria would be equally as flexible?

APPENDIX A Louis Sullivan - Form Follows Function

(page 5 & 7 )

Form follows function is a principle associated with modernist architecture and industrial design in the 20th century. The principle is that the shape of a building or object should be primarily based upon its intended function or purpose. (Jaiswal, 2015)

APPENDIX

APPENDIX B Typology Study

(page 8 )

This manual sheds light on every aspect of designing housing. The organization of the living space and the residential building is dealt with systematically, from breadth, depth, stacking, access to dwelling and the urban ensemble.

Activity, Place & Space Spatial Organisation of the Dwelling Scenery & Servicing (Mooij, 2012)

a+t research group, 2013. 10 Stories of collective housing. Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain: a+t architecture publishers. Alexander C., Ishikawa S., & Silvertein M. , 1977. A pattern language. New York: Oxford Univeristy Press. Alexander, C., 1979. The Timeless Way of Building. In: Vol 1 (of 3). London: Oxford University Press. Arch Daily, 2008. Tony Fretton Architects. [Online] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/tag/tony-fretton-architects/ [Accessed October 2014]. ARCHI NED, 2015. Solids: radical innovation. [Online] Available at: http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=nl&u=http://www.archined.nl/recensies/2013/september/solids-radicaleinnovatie/&prev=search [Accessed Febuary 2015]. Architectural Association School of Architecture, 2014. The Dom-ino Effect. [Online] Available at: http://www.aaschool.ac.uk/VIDEO/lecture.php?ID=2395 [Accessed Decemeber 2014]. Baumschiager Eberle, 2014. Baumschiager Eberle. [Online] Available at: http://www.baumschlager-eberle.com/aktuelles.html [Accessed September 2014]. BBC, 2015. Silvertown’s £3.5bn redevelopment given the go-ahead. [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-32409950?post_id=736400878_10153286984840879#_=_ [Accessed April 2015]. Branel, S., 1994. What happens after they’re built?. In: How buildings learn. London: Penguin Books. Caruso St John, 2015. The Structurlist Office. [Online] Available at: http://www.carusostjohn.com/media/artscouncil/history/structuralist/index_02.html [Accessed January 2015]. Conejos S., Langston C. & Smith J., 2014. Design for better building adaptability. In Habitat International, 85. CTBUH, 2014. Gobal Interchanges. [Online] Available at: http://www.ctbuh2015.com/whos-attending/last-years-conference/ [Accessed April 2015]. Dezeen Magazine, 2015. Dezeen. [Online] Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2012/05/18/interview-renzo-piano-on-the-shard/ [Accessed March 2015]. Eiseman, P., 2006. The formal basis on modern architecture. In: Baden Swizterland: Lars Muller Publisher. Fawcett W. & Ellingham I., 2013. Whole life sustainability. In: London: RIBA Publishing. Foster & Partners, 2015. Foster & Partners. [Online] Available at: http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/riverside-apartments-and-studio/ [Accessed March 2015]. Gehl, J., 1987-2011. Using Public Space. In: Life Between Building. London: Island Press. Gehl, J., 2010. Cities for people. In: London: Island Press. Gregotti, V., 1996. Inside Architecture. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Graham Foundation/MIT Press. Hertzerger, H., 2000. Lessons in Architecture 2 . In: Space and the Architect. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, pp. 90-93. Holl, S., 1998. 1-10 Pamphlet Architecture. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. INABA, 2015. Adaptation Architecture Technology and City. [Online] 104

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Available at: http://inaba.us/project/adaptation-architecture-technology-and-city [Accessed March 2015]. Jaiswal, V., 2015. Loius Henry Sullivan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Why form follows function. [Online] Available at: http://www.vatjaiswal.com/loius-henry-sullivan/ [Accessed April 2015]. Kolhass R. & Mau B., 1995. S/M/L/XL: Bigness or the problem of the large. Rotterdam: Monacelli Press. KPF Architects, 2015. Kohn Pedersen Fox. [Online] Available at: http://www.kpf.co.uk/project.asp?ID=56 [Accessed March 2015]. LeupenB., Heijne K. & Van Zwol J., 2005. Timebased architecture. Rotterdam: 010 Publishing. Leupen, B., 2005. Timebased Architecture. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers. Leupen, B., 2014. Frame and Generic Space. [Online] Available at: file:///C:/Users/Avril/Desktop/5th%20year/Thesis/Research/Frame%20and%20Generic%20Space%20-%20Bernard%20 Leupen%20-%20Google%20Books.htm [Accessed Sepemeber 2014]. Loos, A., 1998. Ornament and Crime. Ariadne Press. Mooij, B. L. H., 2012. Housing Design: A Manual. Rotterdam: NAi Publishers. Nicola Davision, T. G., 2014. Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Obsession with vertical cities. [Online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/oct/30/china-obsession-vertical-cities-skyscrapers-urbanisation-megacity [Accessed April 2015]. Semper, G., 2004. Style in the Technical and Tectonic Arts, Or, Practical Aesthetics. Los Angeles: Getty Publications . Sergison Bates, 2007. Papers 2 Sergison Bates architecture. Barcelona: GG Publishing . Till J. & Schneider T., 2005. Flexible housing: a means to an end. Shffield: Univeristy of Sheffield. Tony Fretton Architects, 2000. Tony Fretton Architects. [Online] Available at: http://www.tonyfretton.com/blockc.htm [Accessed November 2014]. treehugger.com, 2014. Is the vertical city a viable solution for sustainable living?. [Online] Available at: http://www.treehugger.com/urban-design/vertical-city-viable-solution-sustainable-living.html [Accessed April 2015]. UN Studio, 2015. Canaletto. [Online] Available at: http://www.unstudio.com/projects/canaletto [Accessed Febuary 2015]. UN Studio, 2015. UN Studio. [Online] Available at: http://www.unstudio.com/projects/canaletto [Accessed March 2015]. Vidler, A., 1992. Art,Architecture, and Anxiety in Modern Culture. In: Warped Space. MIT Press. Whyte, I. B., 2003. Modernism and the Spirit of the City. New York: Routledge.

105

Avr il Ben n ie Archite c t u re a n d t h e Cit y 2 0 1 4 /1 5