Ho Chi Minh District 4 Urban Study by AwaisArch

HO CHI MINH DISTRICT 4 URBAN STUDY

AWAIS AYUB, WAGEEHA AKRAM, DI WU, HIBAH SHAH, REHAN JAVED, SAFIRA HUSSAIN

All images unless otherwise specified are authors own, 2019.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A tribute to our tutors who travelled with us on this amazing journey. Thank you Carl Meddings and Hilary Chadwick. We are extremely grateful for this opportunity; Ho Chi Minh has proven to be a vast diverse city with incredible potential. Thank you for guiding us and showing us around this modernising city. A place non of us will forget. We would like to thank our fellow class mates at the Ho Chi Minh university of architecture. Thank you for assisting in translation as well as touring us around the districts and site. Lastly to locals of District 4 for being kind, friendly and cooperative. Thank you.

FOREWARD This booklet will demonstrate the depth of district 4, Ho chi Minh. Throughout our research and live experiences we will analyse the way in which our site is responsive to the people, environment, infrastructure, culture etc.

CONTENTS PERFORATED BOUNDARIES

10-11

INTRODUCTION

12-15

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

16-33

CULTURE

34-43

RELIGION

44-47

CLIMATE

48-53

INTRODUCING THE SITE

54-73

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

74-91

ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY

92-105

ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS

106-115

INFRASTRUCTURE

116-127

LAW

128-134

PERSONAL REFLECTIONS

136-143

REFERENCES

146

PERFORATED BOUNDARYS Ho Chi Minh city is a densely populated area with many different building typologies. District 4 in particular is primarily a residential area, with the exception of some corporate businesses. Due to the high population, many activities such as traveling and shopping can become difficult. This is also the reason why property is very expensive, forcing some of the smaller businesses to run from home. Therefore, many people in the district adapt to suit this lifestyle. Some examples could be the temporary canopies to shade form sun or the half open façades which serve as a shop fronts as people can not afford the high prices of separate premises to operate business. These adaptations and perforations can be seen throughout the city and not just district 4 alone. For this reason, a theme of ‘perforated boundary’ was chosen as many aspects of city life are about getting around the city and doing daily activities smoothly. The road curbs are at an angle for people to bring bikes on to the pavements as they require, most building façades are partially perforated to operate businesses and some street paths are implied by the locals to speed up daily activities. The theme of a perforated boundary is not just a physical one but also refers to boundaries in a metaphorical sense.

AWAIS AYUB

HO CHI MINH

LOCATION : DISTRICT 4, HO CHI MINH 14

Our site is located in district 4 in the city of Ho Chi Minh, South of Vietnam. District 4 is one of 24 districts and is considered to be the smallest district of them all. Being a local residential area, District 4 is situated right next to District 1, 2, 7 8, and 5. Mong bridge connecting both districts, therefore making easy access to our site. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Nguyen Truong Toâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; being the main road from the bridge that gives you a straight path to our site.

Vietnam located in Southeast Asia.

Site location is in the city of Ho Chi Minh, Southern Vietnam.

AWAIS AYUB

Overview of District 4 in Ho Chi Minh.

District 4 within surrounding districts of Ho Chi Minh.

DISTRICT 4 15

WAGEEHA AKRAM

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

DYNASTIES IN VIETNAM Hong Bang dynasty 2524 - 258 BC

Hong Bang dynasty 2879 - 2524 BC

Repulblican Era Present Day

Nguyen Dynasty 1839 - 1887

Thuc Dynasty 257 - 11 BC

Ho Dynasty 14000 - 1407

DISTRICT 4 Triev Dynasty 207 - 111 BC

Tran Dynasty 1054 - 1400

Trung Sisters 40 -43

Han Dynasty 111 BC - 39 AD

Tang Domination 602 - 679

Ly Dynasty 544 - 602

ANCIENT VIETNAM As claimed by mythology, ‘the first ruler of Vietnam was Hung Vuong’, (Infoplease, n.d.). Who founded the nation in 2879 B.C. The Vietnamese themselves are ‘descendants of Mongol travellers from China and migrants from Indonesia’. (Infoplease, n.d.).’Around 2,000 years ago it was recorded that locals in the northern region in Vietnam began to grow rice in the Red River Valley’. In order to bring water to their crops ‘they built Dykes and Dug Canals’. Due to this there tactic to work together later formed an ‘organised kingdom known as the Van Lang’. However later on in the ‘2nd century BC the Chinese had seized the area. They ruled this area for more then 1,000 years, due to this making a great impact influentially on the Vietnamese culture’. (Lambert, n.d.).

However this didn’t the Chinese had a warm welcome. ‘People in northern Vietnam actually resented the Chinese rule’. Due to this a rebellion was created by the ‘Trung Sisters who had formed an independent state’. Nevertheless this made the Chinese to retaliate by ‘crushing the rebellion causing the sisters to kill themselves’. This meant ‘the Chinese rule in northern Vietnam to continue, this was till the 10th century’. But in 938 Ngo Quyen a leader had battled the Chinese in the ‘Bach Dang River’ and won. ‘This meant that finally northern Vietnam had become an independent state’. (Lambert, n.d.). As centuries went by ‘the Mongols who invaded Vietnam 3 times in the 13th century’. Where in 1288 the Vietnamese leader ‘Tran Hung Dao leaded the Mongols at the Bach Dang River’. In the 15th century china had tried to regain control of northern Vietnam again but were ‘resisted in 1407’. And in ‘1428 were driven out by Le Loi’ who then become’ the Emperor Le Thai To’. Which under his ‘successor’s central Vietnam became the state of Champa’. (Lambert, n.d.). In comparison to northern Vietnam central Vietnam, ‘had more of an Indian influence’. ‘Champa arose in the 2nd century AD’. During the ‘1st century to 6th century AD southern part of Vietnam was part of a state called ‘Funan’. Since in the ‘early 16th century the Le dynasty had declined’. ‘Two families had ended up with power in the 17th and 18th century’. Known as the ‘Trinh’ in the north and the ‘Nguyen’ in the south. ‘The Nguyen family had taken control of the Mekong delta from the Khmer Empire’. (Lambert, n.d.).

Figure 1 – Monument of Hung Vuong - L, T. (2018

However ‘three brothers from the Nguyen led a rebellion in 1770s’. This ‘began in the town of Tay Son’, they eventually took ‘territory’ from the ‘Trinh Lords in the north and the Nguyen lords in the south’. ‘By 1786 they were in total control of the whole of Vietnam’. One of the three brothers called ‘Nguyen’ who made himself the ‘Emperor Quang Trung’. However in 1788 the ‘Chinese again tried to take some control in Vietnam’. But the Vietnamese diverted them at ‘Dong Da’. Nevertheless ‘another lord from the Nguyen clan named ‘Nguyen Anh’ had escaped and raised an arm to push back the rebels in 1789’. He took modern day Hanoi in 1802 and made himself Emperor ‘Gia Long’. Through this and many years ahead ‘Vietnam became a strong united kingdom’. (Lambert, n.d.).

THE NGUYEN DYNASTY The Nguyen Dynasty which had taken over Vietnam in the 1802 and ruled till 1945. It is Vietnam’s last dynasty that prospered in the southern region of the country in an ‘independent fashion’. The dynasty was ruled by the Ngyen family one they had ‘taken over the Le dynasty in the 16th century’. (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica,(n.d.) Even though they were treated and seen as royalty to others, the Chinese did not acknowledge this. But during the 17th and 18th century the Nguyen and the Chinese ‘courted’, this was in the efforts that Vietnam would acquire ‘man power’ against their rivals in the north, known as the ‘Trinh’. (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, n.d.) In their best efforts to gain more land the Vietnamese were ‘encouraged’ by the Ngyen to settle into the lands such as ‘Cho-Lon, Bien Hoa and many other towns by the Mekong Delta’. As well as along the ‘southern coast which were occupied sites of the Chinese Emperor Pho’.( The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, n.d.)

As years went by the Ngyen held great power in the south of Vietnam. However this was challenged by a ‘revolt from the Tay Son brothers’. This accrued in 1771. The only survivor was the prince ‘Nguyen Anh’. He was able to have a successful recovery and in doing so beat the brothers at another battle which he proved to be the winner. This led him to becoming the ‘emperor of Gia Long, which in fact led the whole of Vietnam in 1802. He was the founder of the Nguyen dynasty’. (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, n.d.) Soon after the death of Gia Long in 1820, the ‘chiense Ching dynasty held a conservative policy that opposed foreign missionary activity in Vietnam. The French, partly as a result of this antimissionary policy, invaded Vietnam in 1858, initially landing at Tourane (Da Nang), and then establishing a base at Saigon’. (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, n.d.) ‘The French become control of the whole of Vietnam between 1883 and 1885’, this meant any ties with china that may have formed in the past had ended. ‘The French continued to dominate the throne until 1945, when the last emperor, Bao Dai (q.v.), abdicated, following the Vietnamese Nationalist forces’ proclamation of independence’. (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, n.d.)

Figure 2- Pintrest, . (n.d.). Nguyen Dynasty

CHINA IN VIETNAM China had ‘ruled Vietnam which was then known as Nam Viet, which was the vassal state’ from 11 a.c to the 15th century’. (Infoplease, n.d.). During the thousand-year rule over in Vietnam, the Chinese culture had greatly influenced the country. As present day Vietnam culture shows today. Many attributes have been adopted such as the ‘classical Chinese writing’. ‘In the 10th century Vietnam embraced Chinese writing script to make their own language known as the Chur –Nom. Later between the 12th and 13th century was it made into the official language of Vietnam’. (Nguyen, 2018).

Figure 3 - Map of the Han dynasty under Emperor Wu of Han

In the 3rd century was ‘the first interaction between the two countries’. However, two centuries later were when china began its ‘conquest to colonizing Vietnam’. The map shows the area in which ‘part of lower China used to be Vietnam’. Not like the small narrow country we see today. The boundaries have changed drastically. The Han Dynasty ‘conquered the south’ in 111b.c. The first Chinese conquest which led to them ‘expanding their territorial dominance’. ‘The first Chinese Domination of Vietnam was significance’. ‘Nanyue’ which was Vietnam at the time was ‘successfully conquered by the Emperor Han Wudi and adjoined it to the Han sovereignty’. The main goal for china was to be in ‘control of the Red River Delta, a geographical terrain for trading supplies with other powerful countries like India and the Roman Empire’. (Nguyen, 2018) China began its ‘second domination in 43 A.D’. Again for the conquest of Vietnam. ‘People in northern Vietnam actually resented the Chinese rule’. Due to this a rebellion was created by the ‘Trung Sisters who had formed an independent state’. Nevertheless, this made the Chinese to retaliate by ‘crushing the rebellion causing the sisters to kill themselves’. This meant ‘the Chinese rule in northern Vietnam to continue, this was till the 10th century’. But in 938 Ngo Quyen a leader had battled the Chinese in the ‘Bach Dang River’ and won. ‘This meant that finally northern Vietnam had become an independent state’. (Lambert, n.d.). Chinas third domination was ‘around 602 A.D’. this occurred ‘when the general Liu Fang of the Sui Dynasty led 2,700,000 men to invade the northern part of Vietnam — Van Xuan. Van Xuan was easily occupied when the King decided to surrender, later he was captured to China.’ The 4th and final Chinese conquest of Vietnam did not take place until after 500 more years later ‘in 1407 to 1427 when the Ming Dynasty invaded Dai Viet (Vietnam at the time). The Ming Dynasty took Vietnam and suppressed it even further by the emperor’s command’: “Once our army enter Annam (Vietnam currenly), except Buddhist and Taoist text; all books and notes, including folklore and children book, should be burnt. The stelas erected by China should be protected carefully, while those erected by Annamese (Vietnamese currently), should be completely annihilated, do not spare even one character.” (Nguyen, 2018). ‘Vietnam’s economy suffered greatly. Valuables artifacts, gold, gems, jade, pieces of arts were transported to China.’ (Nguyen, 2018). However, after surviving 4 long periods in history of domination, Vietnam has proved to come out on top, as wee see it today. Finally gaining independence from china in 938 A.D.

Figure 4 - wikipedia, . (n.d.). Trưng Sisters, national heroines of Vietnam are honored with a parade of elephants and floats in Saigon, 1961

CAMBODIA IN VIETNAM One major incident in the Cambodian- Vietnamese conflict was the ‘massacre of 3,000 Vietnamese’ in 1978. Orchestrated by a communist party known as Khmer Rouge they had raided the rural village ‘Ba Chuc’. This event is ‘still deeply felt today, and visitors can see memorials to the victims’ (Godbey, 2016). Throughout the uprising of the war between the two countries, the leader of Cambodia ‘Plot Pot’, was ‘considered to be of ‘the world’s cruellest leaders’. ‘He was responsible for the deaths of 25% of the Cambodian population!’ This resulted in ‘3 million people loosing their lives in the period of four years’. The causes of deaths were a ‘combination of executions, forced labour and malnutrition’. (Godbey, 2016).

During the 1970s the Cambodian-Vietnamese War took place. Specifically, between the ‘Republic of Vietnam and Democratic Kampuchea’. During the ‘repeated invasion Cambodia tried to seize control of the Mekong Delta’. Cambodians felt as if the ‘area belonged to them’ and thus in retaliation the Cambodian troops ‘exterminated the Vietnamese that were living in Cambodia’. As well as ‘raiding the Vietnamese areas on the borders.’ (Godbey, 2016).

As mentioned in the previous pages of China’s involvement in Vietnam, they once again intervened during this period in 1979. As they supported the Cambodian leader regime intentions and therefore ‘invaded Vietnam in response to the conflict’. (Godbey, 2016). However, they were proven to be unsuccessful in taking Vietnam away from Cambodia. This resulted in Vietnamese troops forcing China to go back across to their border. AS Vietnam was ‘worried Pol Pot would get to close to China, allowing Chinese additional access into Vietnam.’ (Godbey, 2016). 15 years later Pol Pots troops known as the ‘Khmer Rouge’ stayed at border of Vietnam as well as Thailand’s. This was ‘due to Chinas financial assistance and political tolerance from Thailand’. (Godbey, 2016). During 1989, Vietnam Had looked to the the Soviet Union for help however the the Soviet Union refused to ‘support’ them. They couldn’t have looked to another major ‘super power’ such as the United States, as Vietnam received a large amount of cristism from them for the invasion of Cambodia. The reason behind the cristism was because the United States felt that the Vietnamese had overstayed their troops with Cambodia. They thought they had ‘stayed longer then what was necessary’. (Godbey, 2016). Vietnam began to ‘withdrawal’ its troops from Cambodia in 1988. Eventually ‘signing the peace agreement in Oct 1991’. (Infoplease, n.d). The Vietnamese government has never officially given a statement confirmation the casualties of the war. But it is believed to be around ‘30, 000 troops that have died ‘as a result with the final estimation done in 1989. (Dolye ,2014). The Vietnamese have stated ‘they are not the saviours of the Cambodian people’. ‘Helping the citizens of Cambodia was never the primary goal’. After the conflict once the Vietnamese troops had returned home, the Vietnamese press and government didn’t give much ‘recognition ‘to the troops. And many ‘felt they did not receive their due honour’. Instead making it known of ‘their involvement in conflict with the French and the U.S. Figure 5- Oliver, M. (2018). 33 Haunting Photos From The Killing Fields Of The (Godbey, 2016).

Cambodian Genocide.

FRENCH IN VIETNAM Vietnam had become a French colony in the During the ‘late 19th century’. The colonization however ‘took over in stages’. In 1859 the French had ‘captured’ Saigon (southern Vietnam). Which is modern Ho Chi Minh city. Eventually in the ‘north and central Vietnam became a “French protectorate’. Due to Infrastructure such as the railway to Saigon and Hanoi was built by the French as well and roads and bridges. The ‘Vietnamese naturally wanted independence from the French, the heavy ‘taxation’, (due to the Infrastructure) only added to the uprising conflict. (Lambert, n.d.) As a result, in wanting to retaliate Saigon (Ho Chi Minh) ‘founded a Revolutionary Youth League from the safety of China in 1925. In 1930 it became the Vietnamese Communist party’. (Lambert, n.d.)

Ten years later in the 1940s during the second world war, the Germans had ‘defeated the French. Acknowledging a weakness for the French, Japan saw a opportunity and ‘forced the French government to ‘allow Japanese troops to occupy French Indochina, although they left the French administration in place.’ (Lambert, n.d). The Vietnamese Communists also known as the ‘Viet Minh’ had fought the Japanese, fighting for an independent state. This proved to be successful as by 1945 they ‘controlled most parts of North Vietnam’. However, in March 1945 the Japanese were ‘now in control of the administration of Vietnam’. But when Japan had ‘surrendered’ on the August the 15th, 1945, this left the position of power to be open. Naturally Viet minh took control of most of Vietnam and ‘on September the 2nd, 1945 Ho Chi Minh ‘declared Vietnam independent’. But to their dismay the “great powers” ignored this declaration. ‘Under the terms of the Potsdam Conference Japanese troops south of the 16th parallel surrendered to the British. Those to the north surrendered to the Nationalist Chinese’. (Lambert, n.d). But the French intertwined and again took control of the south of Vietnam from the British and China’s troops moved in on northern Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh concluded that as state they were much better off with the French then with China. Considering their history with the country. This lead them to signing a treaty, were the French troops would over ‘take and remain in Northern Vietnam for 5 years’. This in return was agreed that France would ‘recognise Vietnam as a free state’. (Lambert, n.d).

Figure 6 - Agence France-Presse, . (2012). Vietnamese soldiers during the battle of Dien Bien Phu, 1954

As time went on it became apparent that the French had ‘no intention of giving up power’ and fighting had broken out between the French and Viet Minh. This war lasted 8 years and is described as a ‘guerrilla war’. But in 1954 the Viet Minh ‘surrounded the French arm in Dien Bien Phu’. ‘This siege lasted 57 days. This resulted in the French surrendering. This particular event made it clear to the French troops ‘they could not win the war and met at the Geneva Conference to end the war. They agreed that Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel and elections would be held by 20 July 1956’. However, ‘no elections took place but the division of Vietnam became permeant’ (Lambert, n.d).

AMERICA IN VIETNAM The role of which the united states played in the Vietnam war was significant. Starting with its first involvement in the country just at the end of the second world war. “When the Vietnamese were struggling against the continued French colonial presence in their country.’ (Khan Academy, n.d). Soon after the Leader of then Viet Minh (Vietnamese independence league), Ho Chi Minh and ‘the founder of Vietnam’s Communist Party, successfully blended nationalist, anti-French sentiment with Marxist-Leninist revolutionary ideology. In 1954, after a prolonged guerrilla war to liberate Vietnam, the Viet Minh captured Dien Bien Phu, and decisively routed the French.’ (Khan Academy, n.d). This lead to a ‘peace negotiations at Geneva, the decision was reached to divide Vietnam into northern and southern halves.’ Each favoured and backed by divided countries. Such as ‘the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China supported the north, while the United States was determined to maintain an independent, non-communist South Vietnam’. (Khan Academy, n.d).

During December 1960 the governed group known as the ‘National Liberating Front’ also often known as the ‘Viet Cong’ raised up to ‘challenge’ the South Vietnamese government. This lead to the start of a civil war, aiming to control South of Vietnam. In Hanoi however difference in goals were apparent. As the capital wanted to ‘unite the country under its own communist leadership’. (Khan Academy, n.d). Prior to this, on 8th of Nov of that same year ‘John F. Kennedy beat Richard Nixon in the U.S. presidential election; Lyndon B. Johnson is vice president’. (USA Today, 2017). ‘In spring 1961, the administration of John F. Kennedy expanded US support for the South Vietnamese government, including an increase in US military advisers, the doubling of military assistance, and authorization of the use of napalm, herbicides, and defoliants’. (Khan Academy, n.d). The rapid and prominent role in the Us involvement has in ‘Southeast Asia was driven by the logic of the domino theory, which contended that the falling of one country to communism would result in other surrounding countries succumbing to communism, much as one toppled domino will take down others in a row. The containment strategy, laid out by George Kennan in the Long Telegram, dictated that the United States do everything in its power to prevent the spread of communism. US officials believed that if South Vietnam fell to communism, so would the surrounding countries of Indonesia, Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, Laos, and Cambodia’. (Khan Academy, n.d). Events such as mentioned above, as the civil war emerged, it had gained world recognition as in Washington Dc knew the opposing group as ‘Viet Cong’. This world wide recognition grew in states as in ‘June 11, 1963: Self immolation of Buddhist monk Thich Quang Duc in Saigon sparks outrage around the world and brings attention to the developing conflict’.

Figure 7 – USA Today, (2017). College students march against the war in Boston. October 16, 1965 in 'The Vietnam War’.

AMERICA IN VIETNAM

Other events in Southern Vietnam caused more news coverage as ‘President Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu are murdered during a coup by dissident generals of the South Vietnamese army (Nov 1-2 1963)’. (USA Today, 2017). Due to this as well as the combination of the major Us tragedy in history today. The assignation of John f. Kennedy later in that same month on Nov 22nd of 1963. The Vice president Lyndon B. Johnson is ‘sworn in as president’. (USA Today, 2017).Since the US already had a military presence in Vietnam an incident occurred making the next event turn deadly. ‘In August 1964, the US government received word that two North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked US destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin.’ (Khan Academy, n.d). This resulted in the president ‘requesting authorization from Congress for the use of military force, resulting in the Gulf of Tonkin resolution, which laid the groundwork for the full-scale US military commitment to Vietnam. The resolution declared the support of Congress for “all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the armed forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression.” (Khan Academy, n.d). President Johnson was ‘fully subscribed to the domino theory and to the containment strategy, and also feared appearing weak in the eyes of his domestic political opponents’. Therefore in 1965 ‘Johnson dramatically escalated US involvement in the war. He authorized a series of bombing campaigns, most notably Operation Rolling Thunder, and also committed hundreds of thousands of US ground troops to the fight. Fearful that the war would jeopardize his domestic agenda, Johnson concealed the extent of the military escalation from the American public’ (Khan Academy, n.d). From ‘ Nov. 14-18, 1965: In the Ia Drang Valley, American troops fight their first large scale battles against the North Vietnamese Army.’ (USA Today, 2017). This lead to ‘Hundreds of thousands of antiwar protesters gather for demonstrations in New York’s Central Park and in Washington in April and October of 1967”. (USA Today, 2017). ‘The 1968 Tet Offensive, a bold North Vietnamese attack on the south, convinced many US officials that the war could not be won at a reasonable cost. Heightened opposition to the war was one of the major factors in Johnson’s decision not to run for re-election in 1968’. (Khan Academy, n.d.). ‘ Richard Nixon campaigned for the presidency with a “secret plan” to end the war in Vietnam. Once in office, his administration sought to achieve “peace with honor.” (Khan Academy, n.d.). “In Feb. 8 - March 25, 1971: The South Vietnamese launch operation Lam Son 719 against North Vietnamese forces in Laos, which ends in their hasty retreat and defeat. And later that year in March 30 – Oct. 22, 1972: The Easter Offensive invasion by North Vietnamese forces is successfully repelled by South Vietnamese.’ (USA Today, 2017). Nixon ultimately expanded the war into neighboring Laos and Cambodia, while simultaneously encouraging the “Vietnamization” of the war effort, which entailed the gradual withdrawal of US troops and an increasing reliance on the South Vietnamese armed forces. By the end of 1969, the number of American troops in Vietnam had been cut in half’. (Khan Academy, n.d.). In Jan. 27, 1973: Cease-fire agreement is reached between U.S. and North Vietnam, U.S. POWs begin to return home. Later in March 29, 1973: Last U.S. combat troops leave South Vietnam. And finally Aug. 9, 1974: Nixon leaves office. (USA Today, 2017). ‘The Paris Peace Accords established the terms according to which the last remaining US troops in Vietnam would be withdrawn. In 1975, the North Vietnamese finally achieved the objective of uniting the country under one communist government. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam was formally established on July 2, 1976, and Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City. Though the outcome of the war was a clear defeat for the United States, the countries surrounding Vietnam did not subsequently fall to communism, demonstrating the flawed reasoning of the domino theory’. Figure 8 – ODD FACTS, (2013). The conflict in Vietnam might have (Khan Academy, n.d.). been an ‘American War’ per se, but the U.S. was joined by six other allies in its struggle to defeat the communists in South East Asia.

MODERN DAY VIETNAM ‘Vietnam, a one-party Communist state, has one of south-east Asia’s fastest-growing economies and has set its sights on becoming a developed nation by 2020’. (BBC News, 2018). Visiting the city Ho Chi Minh for our Urban study. One striking aspect to it is the modernisation of the city scape. Evolving over the colonial time we see a much different City then what it once was. Adorned with sky scrapers and ‘modern monuments’ ‘that are in planning and in the making so we witness the development of an interesting skyline.’ The development of the city is vast. However due to ‘the new creations many historic buildings get destroyed’. (City Pass Guide, n.d.) ‘Others are concerned the demolition of its famed French architectural gems will render Ho Chi Minh City indistinguishable from other Asian megacities. “In the 1960s and 1970s it was very much French, but now it’s very Americanized, McDonald’s on every corner,” said Hiep Nguyen, born in Ho City Minh City and author of several books on its architectural history. “A streetscape without a story has no value,” he added’ (Walter, 2017). Today in Ho Chi Minh there are many buildings that the government are wanting to demolish. Much to the local’s dismay. As when we had visited the university school of architecture, in Ho Chi Minh, the students made us aware that not many locals especially in district 4 are welcome to the change. Here are just a few names of the buildings that are endangered today in Ho Chi Minh , ‘The shophouses around Bến Thành Market, The few surviving shophouses on Nguyễn Huệ, the Tax Trade Centre, 136 Hàm Nghi, 606 Trần Hưng Đạo, 164 Đồng Khởi, 26 Lý Tự Trọng, 151 Đồng Khởi, 59-61 Lý Tự Trọng, Ba Son Shipyard. (Doling ,2015).

LAND MARKS IN HO CHI MINH

‘Right across the Saigon Central Post Office and is one of the architectural marvels of the past. It was built in 1877 and all the building materials were imported from France’.

Post Office ‘Popular tourist spot and THE place in HCMC to send postcards from. And of course a famous monument among travellers for its beautiful paintings and architecture, finished 1891 by Gustave Eiffel, a splendid French engineer who also built the Eiffel Tower.’

Notre Dame Cathedral

Opera House ‘Famous landmark and popular sight for tourists in Ho Chi Minh City. It was built in 1897 by the French architect Eugene Ferret and is open to visitors during events’.

‘Shaped like a lotus bud, a meaningful flower to the Vietnamese. The skyscraper, which is with its 68 floors the tallest building of Vietnam at the moment, is a prominent landmark that stands for the rapidly developing economy of Ho Chi Minh City and shapes today’s skyline’.

‘Was finished in 1908. It proudly sits at the beginning of Nguyen Hue street, showing off a beautiful building style. Nowadays it harbours the main office of the Ho Chi Minh City People’s Committee and is closed to the public’.

City Hall

Reunification Palace ‘A Important historical landmark and a popular tourist attraction, because the day the building’s main gate was broken in 1975 marks the end of the American War. The palace was designed by Ngo Viet Thu for South Vietnam's former President’.

Financial Tower

TIMELINE OF MAPS IN HO CHI MINH

DI WU

CULTURE & SOCIO ECONOMIC

PERFORATED CULTURE

CRFTMAN SHIP

FASHION

USE 36

COLONY

BEAUTY

HISTORY

FOOD HAPPINESS

VIETNAM

NATURE

ECONOMY

PLANTS

SOCIAL

MANU FACTURE

CAFE

The culture in Ho Chi Minh City is perforated in various dimension.And they express the local character. the history e colony for history,fashion for beauty, craftmanship for daily austhentic, food for pleasure life, plants for greener environment, cafe for social life and the manufacturing industry for a booming hope in the future.The diagram describes the relationship of these things and the deeper mening of social life pattern behind them.

CRAFTMANSHIP 37

FASHION PLANTS

FOOD MANUFACTURE

CAFE

COLONIAL RELICS

PHOTOS OF LOCALS (By Hibah Shah)

POPULATION GROWTH According to the survey of HCMC Statistical Office, HCMC Statistical Yearbook 2007,in 2005,the population of Ho chi minh city was 5,891,100 people with 85.8% of the population living in the central urban districts, Ho Chi Minh City unlike other cities in Vietnam is predominantly an urban area with only 4 cut of the 24 administritive areas being clssified as rural .There is now 7,981,900 people living in the HCMC which is a 26.2% increase in the population since 2005,with 695 4700 of these people living in urban districts.(General Statistics Office of Vietnam,2014). The most densely populated urban administritive area is district 4 with a population of 189000 people, population density of 45,000 people per square kilo meter. Lê Quốc Hưng area within District 4 is 0.0308 kilometres squared and therefore there is approximately 1,455 people living in this area (Hanoi Power Corporation, 2014, pp. 6)

As the population diagram and the data from CIA(USA) shows that the urbanization is developing in a fast speed.The urban population: 35.9% of total population (2019) rate of urbanization: 2.98% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

CITIZEN Growing number of inhabitants in HCMC

90,493,352

POPULATION COMPOSITION Vietnam has one of the most complex ethnolinguistic patterns in Asia with 54 ethic groups being recognised,by the Vietnamness government. The diversity of the ethnic groups may attributes to historic reasons---Long before the Vietnam set up as a country, some enthnic groups began to settle down as local residents while some groups are more recent migrants.Wihtin the HCMC,85.7% of the people are local Vietnamness(known as the Kinh) which are the majority of the population,while the second largest of the ethnic groups is the Hoa(Chinese speaking group ).The Hoa are orginallly Chinese immigrants and tend to inhabitate near the area of The rest of the ethnic groups like Khmer and Cham are more likely reside in more rural areas like Mekong River Delta. Apart from the complexity of the ethnic composition,the age composition is shown as the diagram below,the average age in Vietnam is 30,making the whole country rich in the young labour resources. Ethnic Composition (2003)

Age Composition MALE

AGE GROUP

FEMALE

Population (in millions)

0-14 years: 23.27% (male 11,876,141 /female 10,704,895) 15-24 years: 15.81% (male 7,967,981 /female 7,371,016) 25-54 years: 45.67% (male 22,378,768 /female 21,939,925) 55-64 years: 8.9% (male 4,014,622 /female 4,620,177) 65 years and over: 6.35% (male 2,404,304 /female 3,762,505) (2018 est.) Image showing the high complexity of dwelling and dense population

ECONOMY According to the world bank survey, Vietnam is a booming country with a rapid developing speed.The role of Vietnam playing in the global market is reflecting the Asian developing pattern like Japan,Korea,China,Singapore did before.Among the four major economic that counts in GDP calculation(I ndustry&construction,service and agriculture),service and industry are two most important part.Industry&construction contributes 34.6% of the GDP while service contributes 38.6%.

If we look to the diagram below, the 60-71% of FDI(Foreign Direct Investment) is the major factor that supporting the VIetnamese economy. Various factors account for the fast growing of the Vietnam economic growth.From the report of vietnamcredit among the five most export partners in Vietnam, USA ,EU and China are the top three countries that Vietnamese products selling to,which occupying the ratio separatly of 19%,17% and 17%. The ASEAN,Japan and South Korea are occupying the rest of the major rotios with 10%,8%,8%. For 57.7% of the investment,which is over a half,goes to manufacturing industry because of the cheap and large amount of labour in Vietnam. Then, the second largest part of the investment goes to real estate activities.The real estate market is also booming in Vietnam because of the hot money coming from foreign countries.The foreign direct investment suggest what the foreigners think highly of the economic area and what the local need form foreign capital. According to the Bottom right picture,manufacturing factor is the most area recieving foreign capital because of the high rate of return in the second industry.The vietnamness labor market is cheap and in numurous number comparing to the western country Unemployment Condition The cities with the lowest unemployment rates tend to have better opportunities for residents as well as those looking to move into the city. The whole of Vietnam has proven to be resilient in this respect. 80% of people laid off in the country have already found jobs before the layoff takes effect. The unemployment rating in Ho Chi Minh City is currently 5.45%, which is remarkably low compared to other cities throughout the world that maintain a much higher rating, sometimes into double digits.

Most six export partners in Vietnam

ECONOMY Among all the Vietnamnese economy factors,second and third industry occupy over 60% percent of the economy in total.The third industry--services industry is the most important factor,having 38.6% of the proportion and the industry and construction has the second largest one having 34.6%.For the rest part, agriculture has 15.3% of the economy proportion and taxes has 11.5% of the economy.And for the manufacturing aspect,textile and shoes are the most iconic and valunable products for the Vietnamness export because of the high demand of dense labor.The textile industry doesn't require too much high tecniques so the Vietnam could easily catch the opportunity of globalization and become the mass production base in this area, just like some East Asian countries Japan,China,Korea and Sinagapore did before.And attribute to the fast educational development, the electronic and computer manufacturing is rising up in recent years.Now , the proportion of telephone spare parts is reaching the proportion of textile industry.While these two industry rising, the export value of Vietnamness rice and coffee is declining, to an average level(similar with other agricultural products).

Textile and shoes parts Computers Crude Oil Rice and coffee Fishery

The Proportion of differnet industry in GDP Mass production of textile industry in Vietnam

RELIGION & CLAN Vietnam is a multi culture country with different religion and faith.The majority of peopleďź&#x2C6;82% of the whole people group in Vietnam has no faith into any religion . As the diagram from,,,() shows the different proportion of the various religion,the second largest religion is Buddhist,occupying 7.9% of the whole.The buddhist is introduced by but with 50% of the inhabitants actively practicing the teachings of Buddhism, there is plenty of room for other religious faiths. While 34% of the population has no religious affiliation, 12% identifies as Roman Catholic and 4% practice other religions such as Hao Hao, Cao Dai, Hinduism, and Islam. The true situation of the religion in Vietnam is bit different from the data shows.A small god is often put on the ground of the

With the belief that everything has a soul, Vietnam people believe in different gods even in the same kind of the religion.Under this context, the localization of the religion is quite abundant in Vietnam.In addition, the Vietnam family also warship their ancestors as a blessing from god. As seen in every Vietnam house, the god is warshipped on the ground normally so that it is easier for them to place offerings in front of it.During the lunar new year (or days near new year)the altar is cleaned up for people to place a long table in front of it,on which will be placed with offerings.The offerings are often combined with brief ceremonys to thank god for a safe and harmoious year. In our studying area,as shown in the four photos on right hand side, temples are situated just inside the resifential area.When people's daily life get involved with the temples, the boundries between religious life and daily life become blurry.

ENVIROMENT & ACTIVITIES The site serves majorly on 4 kinds of people. Corporate workers Local commerse serving basic need for surrounding areas Adults working in other district. children Elderly people The corporate workers are majorly some small companies and corporate locating beneath the residential buildings. These small commerse are serving service to the local people. Since the site majorly serve the function as a residential area, it is interesting for people to inhabitate in such small spaces. The public space are rare resources in this area.Adult people tend to stay at home.

Broken line Fixed Function Curve Freedom Function Dots Active Function

ACTIVITY TIMELINE

The diagram shows how people will spend their day in 24 hours. As clearly can be seen, the time line is linking people's work with their daily life together tightly.The early morning and late afternoon are the two busiest time in a day in this area.People go to work and off work.At the same time a series of activities are conducted around the working issue. Small commerse is in its most active condition during the early morning, noon ,and afternoon providing the food and goods for local's need.

ANALYSIS To conclude the culture survey , it can be stated that there is no clear boundaries in Vietnamness culture, religion and people but a perforated mixture of different contents.For the culture aspect, Vietnamness people develop their uinque mixture of colonial architecture, traditional fashion,artsy food, and delicate craftmanship .And the meaning and worklife relationship behind the culture, is intersecting with each other,creating a complex and organic relationship.And people could live an abundant and harmanious life with nature. Vietnamness people's attitude towards culture is respecting differnent culture equally and use the life wisdom to flexibly adapt the daily palces for function like eating, chatting ,reading etc.The space often has dual meaning in both cultural and economic aspects. And for the future of economic development,the author thinks that Vietnamness should keep this kind of small bussiness and unique culture and make them as a industry chain icon for the HCM city. In this way, the people in HCM city(especially district 4) could benefit new economic growth focusing their daily life style without losing it.

WAGEEHA AKRAM

CLIMATE

WIND AND PRECIPITATION Rainfall is much stronger in the northern reigon. ‘Between November and mid-February, the maximum temperatures are around 30/32 °C (86/90 °F), then by mid-February the temperatures starts to rise, so that between March and May they reach the highest level of the year: 33/35 °C (91/95 °F) on average, but with peaks of 40 °C (104 °F), before the arrival of the monsoon. During the period of the summer monsoon, the heat is quite muggy’. (Climates to travel, n.d.). However this hasnt stopped the occuring flooding that does happen in Ho Chi Minh. ‘The numbers of flooded locations, flooding frequency and duration have increased steadily, resulting in substantial economic and social losses’.(Ho, 2007). It has been stated that ‘over USD one billion has been invested in urban flooding control projects in the city since 1998, with additional billions expected to be spent in the next decades’. (Ho, 2007).

50 30 Days 25 Days 20 Days 15 Days 10 Days 5 Days 0 Days Prevailing Wind

F M A M J J A S O N 0 3 7 12 17 mph Average Wind Speed in Ho Chi Minh mph

D Average Percipitation Ho CHi Minh mm

TEMPRETURES

Solar Radiation Map of Vietnam 3.0 3.2

Vietnam`s Climate can be described as a tropical , temperate Zone. Its defined by Strong monsoons yet gets enough amount of sunlight. As seen in the pervisou page it has a fair amount of rainfall. Due to it being high in temperature year round humitidy is a common trait . The regions that located near the tropical and mountainous areas , have a slightly cooler, more temperate climate. The annual average temperature ranges from 22°C to 27°C year-round. There arent any big difference in the temperature change, espeically in Southern Vietnam however the northern parts of the country seem to be alot colder in the winter. The four seasons arent prominant in the south but in the north regions they are.

3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2

Average Temp in Ho Chi Minh Jan Min C 21 Max C 32

Jan Hours 8

Month

Feb

Mar

Feb 9

Mar 9

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

24 32

Aug

Sep 5

Oct

Nov

Dec

Apr

Oct

Nov Dec

4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4

Month

April May Jun 6 8 6

Jul 6

Average Sunshine in Ho Chi Minh

FLOODING

Ho Chi Minh City is ranked as ‘the top 10 cities in the world most likely to be severely affected by climate change. During the rainy season residents are confronted with flooding in the low lying areas and also in the central districts. The problems occur between August and December; at spring tide twice a month for several days in a row and twice daily’. (Royal Haskoning DHV, n.d.). ‘The main causes of flooding are high tide, heavy rain and high discharge from the Saigon and Dong Nai rivers combined with strong urbanisation’. (Royal Haskoning DHV, n.d.). ‘Climate change impacts are expected to primarily occur in the future, flooding already causes major problems in Vietnam, with some segments of the population more vulnerable than others. In particular, evidence suggests poor people are more vulnerable than the rest of the population to natural disasters such as floods, as their incomes are more dependent on weather, their housing and assets are less protected, and they are more prone to health impacts’. (Smith, 2018).

Figure 9 –Exposure to Floods, Climate Change, and Poverty in Vietnam. (Smith, A, 2018).

Figure 9 suggests the way in which Ho Chi minh as a city is affected by current floods and what the result will look like with a 30 cm rise in sea level. Figure 10 suggests that district 4 is under the largest amount of flood occurrences. Clearing depicting no way of restriction to the district. No area is untouched. Relating back to the no sense of boundary, as the whole district is exposed to floods. Figure 10 , ‘Amount of flood occurrences caused by high tide in districts of HCMC in 2008.(sitesources , n.d).

FLOODING IN DISTRICT 4

53 31

Dec 7 Highlighted is the boundary of District 4

This is a body of research that â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Presents an approach to explore the impacts of sea-level rise and socio-economic developments on flood risk for the flood-prone District 4 in Ho Chi Minh City. Showing the two sea level scenariosâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. (Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci, 2014).

Flooding Depth

Low

Figure 11 - shows the level sea rise

High

AWAIS AYUB & WAGEEHA AKRAM

OUR SITE

JOURNEY TO DISTRICT 4

DISTRICT 4

OUR SITE

SUN PATH

CLIMATE - SUNPATHS Summer Solstice 2019 Fri 21st June - 16:54 Northern Hemisphere

SUN PATH

CLIMATE - SUNPATHS Equinox Mar 2019 Wed 20th March - 16:58 Northern Hemisphere

SUN PATH

CLIMATE - SUNPATHS Equinox Sep 2019 Mon 23rd September - 08:50 Northern hemisphere

SUN PATH

CLIMATE - SUNPATHS Winter Solstice 2019 Sun 22nd December - 04:19 Northern Hemisphere

CIRCULATION Surrounding Buildings Vechile Movement Pedestrian Movement Potential Acess Routes Restrictions

Scale 1:1000

The map indicates the existing pedestrian and vehicle circulation around the site. You can see through the residential homes and private spaces there isn’t any sense of ‘boundary’. Where vehicles and man alike can access at any given moment. Anywhere around the site. This proves to no boundary. However there are some spaces that are proven to be too physically small for a vehicle to get through. These are marked under restrictions. As the photograph above. From the map you can see there isn’t a sense of pattern as to why the roads seem to be narrower in certain areas. The first photograph above shows how these no vehicle access zones look like. Again we have ended up literally outsides some ones home without realising. The large metal gates give us an indication it make be a residential area, however the cluster of items suggests otherwise. The marked potential areas show the potential for roads to be connected to other areas in the site, making it easy for motorbikes. As the second photograph suggests how when the vehicle meets a ‘dead end’ it can be parked anywhere.

NOISE Pedestrain Noise (larger the more noise)

Vechile Noise (larger the more noise)

Scale 1:1000

Going around the site, noise pollution is defiantly a prominent feature. From both pedestrian and vehicles. Marked on the map are strong places where you would hear the most noise. The main access points to the site (larger roads that lead into the site), have shown to be prone in the Vehicle noise. This could be because along the main road are local business and food courts. Motorbikes are parked right up around the boundaries of our site. As seen in the second photograph. However many locals are seen to hop onto their bikes are ride through the site (as a short cut). This also gives us a sense of no boundary as it is seen people riding the vehicles are phased by the fact it is residential area. Coming and going as they choose. Once you are situated inside our site. Pedestrian noises are what are prominent. People going along their daily lives as shown in the first photograph. The contrast between both parties it quite interesting as a local could be riding a motorcycle right next to someoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s open living room without the care in the world. The boundary has no set line.

URBAN PATTERN

Key Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Surrounding Buildings Pattern layout Anomalies Picture 1 Picture 2 Picture 3

Scale 1:1000

Separating the map into three zones. Zone 1 hosts mostly residential buildings. Zone 2 demonstrates mostly commercial buildings and Zone 3 shows more residential building also. From the map you can see all three zones are arranged in different formats. With Zone 1 being the most disarranged in it layout. This could be due to the overcrowding of residents living there. A vast rate of residents means a cramped environment as seen in picture 3. The relationship of the urban grain is dependent on its occupants in this zone. The roofs overlapping and having no sense of a boundary or limit. Zone 2 indicated a majority commercial area with some residency above. These particular buildings are tall situated on the outskirts of the site. The urban grain tends to show a more structured layout. As compared to the inner part of the site, as they are smaller in building height. As picture 2 shows. The relationship between the two is that they are opposite from the inside to the outside. Not giving any clear reason as to why this could be. Zone 3 is majority a residential zone. The layout of it again is structured like zone 2. However, no clear indication is given as to why the south end of the site is like this. With high rise buildings and some below a mixture between the commercial and residential buildings is to be seen here. Such as picture 1 suggests. No clear boundary as to why one building is smaller than its neighbour. Even though both are used for the same occupant.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS The site has a strong element of a small tight community. All sharing the shade. Under the same roof. Helping each other. Another concept of adding shade to such a hot humid climate is the idea of such large trees on the sidewalks. This makes it helpful for the over flow of customers sitting outside. They are situated along the north and west of the site where majority of the commercial buildings lay. Since a large amount of vehicles are parked there it helps with the pollution rate a lot more. Through climate and the response to it through the site. You can see not a clear indication has been made in any methods to control the climate. Some greenery has been planted however not a lot. As it has been spread out randomly through certain localâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s homes. With no sense of start to finish just planted with whoever wants them. Need to establish sense of green buildings. To help with the pollution. The more greenery the better. Another could be the over cast of large buildings on the outskirts of the site creating immense shade to the inner parts of the site. Which in case wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t help if new ideas of green roofs would be planted.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS The main threat to this site is flooding. Actions such as sweeping the floor to keep away water flow from accessing the homes wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be enough being a major flood disaster occurs. This can cause a lot of damage as many homes are on floor level with the main living space. Which has direct access to the street / road. To grow and encourage in the techniques of green buildings. Also make it a mission to re-introduce vernacular materials to give the area a more of a characteristic feel, making visitors appeal more to the site. Help fight against pollution as well as making the site a lot more sustainable. To introduce new ways of to prevent any damage from flooding. Such as adding more trees, shrubs and grass saves the land from erosion by the moving water. As well as sufficient drainage systems to help prevent any causing of extra flooding. Such as having separate systems for rain water helps both water elements not combing as creating a mass problem.

ANALYSIS To conclude the climate section, the site lacks a sense of strong control in managing the climate. Even though larger and taller buildings are present creating a sense of stack ventilation. As well as vernacular styles in creating shade are apparent, no modern techniques are present in controlling the harsh hot climate. The rhythm of tall to small buildings on the site create large amounts of shade in some areas where as others are exposed to it. What seems to be apparent is that no limitation in the way the daily lives are affected by the climate are seen. The locals tend to be used to it, not really affecting their activities. Rather than finding long term solution, made characteristics are used such as the overhangs etc. As well as no apparent solution to future major flooding is seen.

Green Roof Concept to High Rise Buildings

Seperate Sewage for Floods

Keeping Rain water Seperate - Have connection to high rise buildings, rain water collection methods.

AWAIS AYUB

URBAN MORHPOLOGY

ENTRANCE & PATHS 3

The temple within the area Is a very prominent focal point and It also shows from the outside. The main access points are direct routes to the temple which is shown with a clear sign directly outside the area. Although the temple entrances are not the most open, they come across as the main paths. The main street facing entrance (See fig 3) has a very public welcome but once entered the area there is a sudden change of atmosphere. There is a sudden feeling of entering a semi-public space which people are using the path to extend their living area. As a result of this there is a feeling of a perforated boundary between private and public space to the path of the temple. As the area is very compact all the streets are narrow, however there is one wide path which can allow vehicles into the area (See fig 1). This is the south entrance into the site which has the widest path for access which is useful for commercial distribution from within the area. This path creates a lot of protentional as it is the widest direct entrance into the site. 2

OBSTRUCTIONS As a result of people using the street area outside the houses as their own living space, results in extreme restriction of access (See fig 4). As we found the more residential areas in the site are the areas which are restricted to use as paths. This could be done intentionally so the routes outside peoples houses become private to them by restricting access. An example of the narrow the paths is (See fig 5) this is a normal path width within the streets within the area. In some areas of the site restriction down some paths is completely blocked off (See fig 3) and the street has been occupied as extra storage space for the residents. There is no boundary between the house and the area outside the house, the streets are extended living areas which have been adapted for people who occupy the site. This is a result of small living spaces cramped into an area which has been dictated by large commercial buildings outlining the area.

77 1

FOCAL POINT The main focal point within the study area is the temple space (See fig 1). The temple creates a social feeling to the space where people gather around the outside. The people might not have any link to the temple, but the atmosphere of people gathered around in the area (See fig 2) creates an oasis within the tight walls of the area. This is the first area when entering the main entrance of the site so by stepping into this social space is a strong focal point for the area.

78 2

1 3

FOCAL POINT

79 This area is not an obvious vocal point like the temple, but it is for the locals who live in the site. The site is compact and tight so there are no spaces apart from the temple to sit and socialise, so we noticed this focal point. As the area is built up from residential within the inside this area has a shop which provides food for residence (See fig 1) who live nearby which makes this a space for gathering around. This focal point is at the end of the widest entrance into the site which welcomes other people into the area who are passing by and notice a focal point which provides food. For the moment this space is only used by locals who live nearby.

PUBLIC & PRIVATE SPACES

There is a very perforated boundary between private and public space within the study site. There is no solid boundary to what someoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s personal space or private space is. The residents spread out there living space outside of their houses, so they have more area to do everyday activities. The way people live and share a street as a communal space is very interesting and makes the area have no real boundaries.

HIERACHY Land in Ho Chi Minh comes at a premium so building high is very common even in residential situations. Our study site is surrounded by higher buildings which are occupied by business on the lower floor (See fig 1) and most being occupied by residents on the upper floors. Within the site most of the buildings are at a similar height (See fig 3) to each other which allows the higher buildings which surround the site to provide shade to the lower buildings. There isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t a consistent with the different heights on the site (See fig 2) apart from the fact the buildings on the outer side are averagely higher.

STREET ELEVATIONS A

C A

STREET ELEVATIONS C

B A A

SITE SECTION

URBAN IMPACT (ADAPTED)

This area of the urban form has adapted overtime for the locals to live by each other around the central temple point. The adaptation is clear through the architectural layout as it has been formed in a natural way. There is no linear way the houses have been laid out and the narrow paths are a result of this unplanned site.

URBAN IMPACT (ORGANISED)

This area of the urban study has adapted overtime for the locals to live by each other around the central temple point. The adaptation is clear through the architectural layout as it has been formed in a natural way. There is no linear way the houses have been laid out and the narrow paths are a result of this unplanned site.

ANALYSIS To conclude the research on the urban morphology of the area I realised that there is different areas within the site which have very different boundaries. The characteristics of the site near the temple reflects through the outside of the site and flows strongly in the site. The boundary difference between the two areas in the site is clear but there is no real edge to the difference. The community within the site is very strong and this shows through as travelling through the narrow tall buildings. The effect the temple has on the urban language on the site is evident throughout due to the direct paths from the main road to the temple and the way houses are adapted around the centre. It creates a strong community and gives the site its character.

HIBAH SHAH

ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY

INTRODUCTION In this section, architecture within district 4 is analysed through typology, building use and detailing to find points of strength and weakness and possible architectural opportunities before moving onto personal scbemes. Through the complexity of vietnemese design and culture, the theme of perferated boundaries is explored in relation to architecture, humans and detailing.

LAND USE MAP

BUILDING USE The diagram on the left is an exploded iso of a 3-D computer generated model of our selected area of study. The 5 different maps highlght the different building uses and ranked in no specific order. Percentags exceed 100% as residential buldings are the most common building type and exist on top of other buildings such as cafes and restuarants. Often, residents who owned their own businesses would live just above them. In some cases, they lives elsewhere in other districts and travelled to work everyday. Only two religious buildings were found on the site. Offices were common and existed mostly on the main road sides, consisting of a minimum of 3 storeys. Just like the rest of Vietnam, many banks were found in such a small area of district 4. They were located on the main roads and had offices above them.

Residential buildings

70% Religious buildings

5% Offices

12% 95 Banks

8% Cafes and restuarants take up a small portion of the site and include family run businesses to make their money. Most cafes have been refurbished and are quite modern which attract tourists. Shops on site include mini grocery stores and clothes stores and again take up only 10% of the site. They are mostly located on the main roads below residential blocks.

Cafes/restuarants

12% Shops

10%

COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

SITE MODELS 1:100

WORK/HOME ENVIRONMENT The image on the left displays the contrast in function, architectural style and use of the site. In the narrow streets of the sites, there were no clear walkways, places to ride motorbikes or even park them. Travelling and parking within the site is dissorganised due to the lack of space for locals. Shutters are mostly used as building openings for bikes to easily enter and exit houses and they remained open majority of the day due to the high temperatures. As houses were open most of the time, this lead to locals interacting with eachoter as a close-knit community and also for visitors in the area to gain a clear insight of the inside of their homes and how closely they live together. No clear boundaries were found within architectural style. Colours and intircate design work, tiling and patterns overlapped between buildings, making the area very close-knit and culture-orientated compared to the larger areas in Quan 4.

100

As the area was very tight, residents had to work within their gardens/ living rooms to make money. There wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t a seperate workspace for locals who provided beauty services such as nail artists and hairdressers, and for those selling food. They would cook within the space of their homes and sell on the streets in carts or visit neighbours door-to-door and try sell fresh food.

PERFERATED BOUNDARIES WITHIN STREETS SHADE

WIRING

VENTILATION

101

The temparetures in Ho Chi Minh City can get extremely high and levels of sunlight in these narrow streets need shade. One way of creating spots of shade on ground floor levels are the overhanging balconies from each residential buildings. Sunlight streams through, creating dim views and an element of surprise. However, with designs like this, streets become harder to pass through and often become an issue for locals who want privacy.

Taking a closer look, there is a level of layering in wiring, garments and decorations which overhang the balconies. There is a sense of neglection in the tidieness of the site and this is apparent in several areas. This is a weakness in the site because overhanging cables can be a safety problem but also, when residents don’t take care of the area or have the facilities to do so, it slows down architectural progression, which architects should take into consideration.

Air coolers and ventilation systems are apparent on the back streets of the sites, being attached to external walls. This gives the impression that aesthetics of buildings aren’t seen as a priority, as residents or people who previously owned them were more focused on building places of residents rather than intuitive design, where buildings services are protected. Although this doesn’t identify as a problem, it is an opportunity to set an example for future designs in the area.

RESIDENTIAL STYLES Although the resident’s ‘way of life’ in Vietnam were consistent in their disorganised, carefree and open living arrangements, residential styles varied completely. Aesthetically, residential blocks were completely different in both size and detailing. Below are a few examples.

RESIDENTIAL STYLE A

RESIDENTIAL STYLE B

RESIDENTIAL STYLE C

RESIDENTIAL STYLE D

There are also parts of the site where adjacent homes mirror eachother in style. The image above displays homes located next to the temple, consisting of warm, neutral tones reflecting unity and peace. In blocks like these, balconies and doors are positioned to face one another, encouraging residents to socialise with one another.

The final residential styled labelled as prominent was those which ranged between 3-6 storeys and often had gates inbetween blocks with private patios. Most buildings consisted of concrete, but this style in partciular was a combination of modernist and french architecture, with strong pillars and metal gates on entry, these sites were harder to access.

102 Coated in vibrant paint and surrounded by plants and trees, some residential blocks took on an organic form and contributed to the cultural aspects of the site. This style of housing was inviting, open and located in the social areas of the site, with bigger gardens for residents to gather.

Not all homes within the site are open and on display. Some blocks are located further into the streets, making them less accessible. This style of housing would consist of a narrow doorway and smaller window frames, usually a shutter to easily let cool air in, in replace of glass. Timber framing and shutters, influenced by the europeans is evident within this style.

COMMERCIAL STYLES With the temple offering 4 floors for prayer and a top balcony view of the site, it is identfied as the ‘centre’ of the site. By combining two religions, service for orphans and cultural apprectiation, the temple is like a home to the residents and influences existing and upcoming architectural plans.

PRAYER

SPACE

APPRECIATION

COMMUNITY

103 Prayer amongst vietnamese communities is very common and apparent, wth rituals being witnessed on the streets. Opposite the temple is the shrine in which was an open architectural form, connecting to the temple. There is an opportunity to create more spaces for prayer within the site and to commemorate buddhism and other religions.

Although the site is limited in space, there is a clear pathway around the temple which is well-kept by the community, creating a clear boundary between religious and residential buildings. It is as if the surrounding houses have been positioned to make room for events. However, little room is left for religious events/parking which makes it diffiuclt to access.

The temple was identified by the group as the ‘centre’ due to it’s clear architectural presence - within it’s powerful form and cultural appreciation. Influence is present within the whole area through decoration, carvings, wall shrines and similar colours and tiling - representing an appreciation of belief and faith throughout the community.

The temple also architecturally carves the spcaces around it, forming places for the community to socialise. This is also carried throughout the top floor of the temple, serving as a viewpoint of the whole site. The temple can be seen as a catalyst in social progression but there is room to improve by serving it’s potential as a public service.

SKETCHES

104

ANALYSIS To conclude the architecture survey and architectural details section, it can be stated that there are no clear boundaries in architectural styles. Over the years, designers have been influenced by design movements and european architects, that they have over-rided one another and had no choice but to co-exist. Colours, height, decoration and form all very on the streets of Vietnam, especially District 4. There is no consistency in design flow. I feel the architecture is represented by the spirit of Vietnam. The buildings are bright, tall, full of character and are in the midst of developing. There are though, a few things future designers can take into consideration when proposing a new project in District 4. These are how buildings fit into the urban grain, how they accommodate to the vietnamese culture and how urban planning such as walkways, public services and hygiene can be improved. Overall, Vietnam creates many exciting building opportunities and from an architectural perspective, it isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t far from becoming a fast developing country. The people of vietnam can be labelled as designers, creating their homes to suit them.

105

HIBAH SHAH

ARCHITECTURAL DETAIL

TROPICAL SOUTH HOUSING One colour palette evident in the streets of our site were vibrant but cool tones of yellow and blue. Linking to residential style A , this style connotes tropical weather, suited to the city’s wet season. With the colour palette below, there is influence from tropical climates, with rich tones such as olive, burgandy and blue. Again, linking to the theme of perferated boundaries, this colour palette doesn’ t seem to be consistent throughout other buildings. There isn’t a clear link between building use and external colours like other areas.

COLOUR BLOCK

108

CULTURAL HOUSING NEAR TEMPLE For housing located near the temple, colour palettes are warm and vivid; ranging from bright reds and yellows to nudes and blush pinks. As previously explained, there is a clear connection between architectural style and religion & culture, with an attempt to commemorate faith through architectural unity and religious shrines. This is also acheived in the colour palettes surrounding the temple. Using similar vivid colours, religious festivies are represented and feelings of celebration and happiness are encouraged throughout. This is important for architecture surrounding the temple because many residents often take part in religious/cultural festivities and to be reminded of it through the form of architecture is much more successful. There is an opportunity here to take this colour scheme into consideration if a project was to be built in this site, to tie two ends together. COLOUR BLOCK

109

WORK/HOUSING RESIDENTIAL STYLE

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COLOUR BLOCK

RESIDENTIAL STYLE A

Metallic tones are driven in third third colour block style, used in residential/working spaces. Warm, retro tones such as greens, oranges and purples take heed here in representing industrial work spaces and complement metal frames and bronze tiling

COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL STYLE

COLOUR BLOCK

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The final colour scheme was found on buildings which faced district one and were on the more commercial side of the site. Pastel colours such as lilacs, pinks and beiges were extracted from french style residential blocks and buildings such as banks and government buildings. They mirrored the developing skyline of District 1 successfully, with tones such as grey which connoted business and marketing.

DOORS, GATES & WINDOWS

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DETAILS

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EXAMPLES OF CONSTRUCTION CONCRETE

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REINFORCED CONCRETE

PLUMBING Shortly after the Second Indochina War, concrete buildings were built by the US and concrete became the most common building material which served well due to its cooling abilities. Painted concrete and chipping was visible throughout on the old buildings. Some of the more modern buildings were made of glass and marble tiling which stand out and are located on the main road of the site. Some walls on site had the concrete structure visible (top left image) at the top and gauge metal attached to the top to create privacy for gardens. In many areas of the site, material erosion and visible plumbing systems were evident and this was down to the local residents and the inabiliy to maintain building standards. You could see the difference in buiding age throughout the site and the biggest difference was the middle and the main roads. The buildings located on the outside were modern, well kept and sturdy. Whereas buildings within the centre were of old age and generally unkept.

EXAMPLES OF CONSTRUCTION SHUTTERS

CANOPY Shutters were a very common opening in Vietnam as they allowed for easy bike access to and within buildings. It was interesting to observe the connections between shutters and the doorstep and they were quite exposed in some areas. In public commercial scenes, they were well designed for safety reasons but in the residential areas they werenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t so safe. There wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t a clear boundary between outside and inside. The image on the left shows visible connections between exterior walls and canpoys for cafes/restuarants with outdoor seating areas. They often consisted of metal framings which could be better designed for the wet season because a lot of rust was visible in these areas.

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OVERHANG Exposed metal framing was common outisde houses to ensure roofing was secure. The sketch on the right is an attempt to look deeper into the layers of these buildings. One is an attempt to look into a concrete wall and the other is the construction of shutters to door steps and interior walls.

REHAN JAVED

TRANSPORTATION NETWORK

TRANSPORT INFASTRUCTURE BUS: There are many different bus routes which pass the immediate area of study throughout the day. However, this can be seen as a neglected form of transport as 65% of journeys are made on motorcycles with a further 25% on bicycles. (Vidiani, 2011) METRO: This is another form of transportation which is not popular as the metro line is not substaintially developed. Ho Chi Minh has plans to have a fully functional and complex metro line by 2020 which will also connect to Quan 4. (Thanhnien News, 2015)

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CITY LINKS

MONG BRIDGE (PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE)

District 4 benefits from a dock which connects it to other parts of vitenam.

CAU KHANH HOI (VEHICLE BRIDGE)

119 District 4 has many bridges which allows for easier entry and exit. It also benefits from having a dedicated bridge for pedestrains and another bridge (Cau Khanh Hoi) which is dedicated to vehicles. Not only does this allow for faster flow but is safer at the time.

Scale 1:5000

FORMS OF TRANSPORT

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Ho Chi Minh is a city with diverse forms of transportation. The people adapt to the narrow roads and walkways through the use of bicycles and motor bikes. The most popular form of public transport is the use motor bikes.

VEHICLE MOVEMENT Vehicle Pedestrian

Bus stop

121 Bus stop: 34 Hoang Dieu

Bus stop: 51-53 Hoang Dieu

Scale 1:1000

DAY TRAFFIC Peak - Lunch time

Around lunch time the area is at its peak as people go home or food places. Around 5pm is also relatively busy as shops close and people rush home. Off-peak - 5pm, as shops start to close

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NIGHT TRAFFIC Night time - 8pm

After 8pm, district 4 is not busy as it is mostly residential with some food places which are open during the day. For thid reason, district 4 is a quiet place compared to the rest of the city. Night time - 10pm

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WASTE Ho Chi Minh city manages waste by either providing waste collection which goes from building to building or carts can be seen daily which circulate throughout the city. The Carts can be seen roaming around the city several times at different times of the day. This load is then transferred to garbage trucks once a day. There are also designated teams in place to sweep streets daily. Regardless of the different systems in place to keep the areas clean. Many parts of District 4 are unhygienic. This is due to the highly dence population and the food/fish market close by which attracts rodents.

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INFASTRUCTURE Ho Chi Minh is a city where people choose different means of transportation as a necessity rather than a luxury. Bikes are used throughout the city at any given time as the roads are busy and they are easier to park. Building typology and the scales of infrastructures can vary drastically as the city is full of local businesses as well as larger corporations.

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PERFORATED LINKS

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This is the way Saigon city operates and the factors which conciously or unconciously affect people as the perforation is a metaphoric one at times. Some of these factors are: the adaptable shading devices, facades, road layout and life between buildings.

ANALYSIS

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Ho Chi Minh is a city with diverse spaces which transition from public to semi-public to private. Roads become pavements at busier times of the day and the road curbs are designed to accomodate this rather than act as a barrier. Buildings are multi-purpose spaces where business takes place during the day, but by night, the same space is used as a place for living. These are just some of the examples of how the lines are blurred between activities and the built environment.

SAFIRA HUSSAIN

LOCAL LAWS

ELECTRICITY & TELECOMMUNICATION In district 4 electricity cable are all above ground and strung across buildings, as its easy and cheaper to install as it isnt fed underground. the open cabling makes it easier to tamper with electricty but also makes it very unsafe as well as there not being any colour coded cables, this could lead to serious harm to others but also making repairs to the network not so easy. However, in distrcit 1 and new developments within district 4 cables are placed underground. Due to the cost and disruption it is unlikely existing overhead cabling will be moved underground. Mains Electricty in Vietnam Voltage: 220V Frequency: 50Hz Power Sockets: Type A,C,G Currently only 85% of the population have access to electricity and the network suffers from brown outs (EVN Power Generation Ahead of Schedule, n.d.).

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WATER & SANITATION Ho Chi Minh City has developed at a faster rate than many rural areas of Vietnam, therefore putting an increase of pressure on water supply facilities and sanitation infastructure within tje city. (Water Resources Management in Ho Chi Minh City, 2007). Officially 98% of the population in urban areas has access to an improved water source, however only 59% have a house connection. The remaining 39% have access to a communal water source (Asian Development Bank, 2010). The water supply and sanitation is watched over by the Ministry of Construction and Ho Chi Minh City has an office at local government level. The Vietnamese government has created autonomous water companies in each region in order to improve cost recovery for infastructre and supply, as there is currently insuffiecient cost recovery (IRIN, 2009). Vietnamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water supply has wide spread pollution and is considered to be a poor quality of service. The tap water in Ho Chi Minh City is not drinkable as it contains contaminants such as e-coli, ammonia and various bacteria. In some samples the poison arsenic was also found (IRIN, 2009). Due to this the majority of the residents of Ho Chi Minh City buy bottled water or boil tap water before using it. The city has a combined sewer network for rainwater and waste water, only 10% of waste water was treated in 2008, with most waste ending up in the rivers of which 98% do not meet the required standard set by the authorities for pollution (Asian Development Bank, 2010).

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PLANNING & BUILDING In order to buid in Ho chi Mihn city a list of criteria is needed to be fullfilled : 1. Obtain the certification of the designs from the Police Department for Fire Fighting and Fire Prevetion of Ho Chi Mihn City Time : 30 days Cost: VND 2,344,500 2. Request and obtain construction permit from the (District) Department of Construction of Ho Chi Mihn City Time : 82 days Cost: VND 100,000 3. Notify the Department of Construction about the commencement of construction and recieve inspection Time : 30 days Cost: VND 2,344,500 4. Request and receive insepction from the muncicpality after completion of foundation works Time : 1 day Cost: Non 5. Request and recieve inspection from municipality upon completion of building surroundings Time : 3 days Cost: Non 6. Request water and sewage connections Time : 3 days Cost: Non 7. Recieve inspection by water company Time : 1 day Cost: VND 4,000,000 8. Connect to wtaer and sewage services Time : 14 days Cost: Non 9. Notify and recieve inspection from the muncipality after completion fo building Time : 1 day Cost: Non 10. Register the building at the Deapartment of National Resources Enviroment Time : 30 days Cost: VND 10,600

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Total:

Time : 319 days Cost: VND 6,445,500

(World Bank Group, n.d.)

ENVIROMENTAL CONTROL Ho chi Mihn City faces polution issues from large amounts of smog from vehicles. Vietnam is ranked to be amongst the top ten countries with the worst air pollution in accordnace to the 2012 Enviromental Index, as the country develops and modernises it increases the poisoning of its air and waterways. In order to tackle the issues, the building and construction are focusing on more green and passively designed orinantated buildings. Therefore, using more locally sourced, sustainable and enviromentally friendly resources developed with new technologies. There are two principal certifictaions thats promote the green design- LEED and Lotus. Nguyen Hanh Nguyen a veitnamese architect we met during our vsiist explained how green architecture is the main focus in their designs as it helps people live with nature and elevates human life. For a modern archutect, the most important mission is to bring green spaces back to Ho Chi Mihn City. Within our site we noticed many people picking up rubbish from the streets continously throught the day and then sorting the rubbish out which was then taken to a place where all items were then recycled, such as plastics bottles, metal cans, glass bottles etc.

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ANALYSIS The traditional Vietnamese houses give sustainable living spaces that are affordable for families on the upper floors of buildings and allows for a commercial business on the ground floor or typically family run businesses. Traditional tube houses use inexpensive environmental systems such as natural ventilation and shading methods to adjust to the climate therefore, keeping living costs to a minimum unlike large corporate buildings. However during our site visit we found that building regulations and local land laws werenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t really followed by the locals. A lot of tampering with electrical wires and adjustments were made in accordance to peoples needs within their own living spaces. This meant that a lot of loose wiring showed and unsafe adjustments, meant an accident was waiting to happen. This links into the theme of perforated boundary as there is no clear boundary between buildings, livings spaces and also electricity wiring.

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PERSONAL REFLECTIONS

PERSONAL REFLECTION: WAGEEHA AKRAM

My overall experience in Vietnam was surprisingly enjoyable and very fun. I say surprisingly because I didn’t know what to expect as this was my first trip to Asia. Thinking of it now this trip consisted of a lot of firsts for me such as: going on long ferry rides, watching the sunset on an island, riding bikes on mountain tops, walking under waterfalls, feeding alligators and riding on the Mekong Delta. It wasn’t just the activities that made the trip so pleasant, touring the city of Ho Chi Minh, I got the sense of how vibrant, busy, chaotic yet safe and kind it can all be at the same time. Much like the UK Ho Chi Minh to is advanced in its fancy restaurants, cafes and extravagant shopping. Therefore, it was hard to miss home most of the time. However, this didn’t over shadow the other element of what the city has to offer. As I did see the daily struggle locals do have to go through making money, providing for their families. The contrast is so big yet somehow both parties of the rich and poor pass by in each other’s lives unbothered. Doing their best to survive and live their lives. When visiting the site in District 4 you instantly saw this striking contrast compared to District 1 (where we were staying). District 1 was known for being a tourist area where only visitors would stay. Decorated with modern buildings that would even put some buildings in London to shame. Lit up at night making the city seem as if it were to never sleep.

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However, in comparison district 4 seemed to have less modern buildings and just packed with office commercial style architecture as well as vernacular architecture. With no sense of boundary. The beginning or end of both styles are merged next to each other. District 4 was mainly a local residential district. We were told from the start to ‘be on our toes’. As the relationship between the locals and visitors can get unfriendly very fast. However, this was not the case for me and my class mates had a lovely experience engaging with the locals and talking with them. They invited us in to the temple and gave us a tour. We were able to spend as much time as we wanted there. This made it easier for us to keep going back to the site and collect information. As other locals became familiar with seeing us and didn’t question it. To conclude Ho Chi Minh is a beautiful City with much to offer to anyone. I would love to visit again sometime in the future.

PERSONAL REFLECTION: HIBAH SHAH

Overall, Vietnam creates many exciting building opportunities and from an architectural perspective, it isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t far from becoming a fast developing country. The people of vietnam can be labelled as designers, creating their homes to suit them. My experience in Vietnam was extremely eye-opening. I have never been to a more diverse, energetic and inviting country. We were welcomed and made to feel at home by the residents and met some of the most hardworking, happiest people. By travelling to other districts in Ho Chi MInh and other islands like Vung Tau and Mekong Delta, I was able to experience the calmer side to life and take part in activities outside of my comfort zone. It was the perfect combination between a glamarous holiday, educational experience and personal growth. I would definately visit again.

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PERSONAL REFLECTION: AWAIS AYUB

Vietnam not only made us physically busy with touring the sites but mentally busy too. Always being on the constant go gave me a calming sense of always having something to do within such a busy environment. Going with the flow of daily activities and enjoying the moments in Ho Chi Minh. This vibe stemmed from the locals, as it was refreshing to see them work so hard. They do whatever it took at all costs to make a living for their families With no one showing signs of laziness or complaints. It really brought into perspective the lives we live back in the Uk and how we can easily take it for granted. Both lifestyles are so different yet appreciation is felt for such hard working people. Night time in Ho Chi Minh was to also be enjoyed, as it got quieter with the less flow of traffic and beeping horns. I really liked the peaceful atmosphere and it became a break from all the havoc experienced in the daytime. It also made me admire the assets of the modernising city. Which were lit up at night, brightening the dark sky. The skyscrapers were like a scenic photograph waiting to be captured. Through the modern buildings District 1 had to offer really brought attention to the developing city that Ho Chi Minh really is. I had also travelled to Vung Tau and the Mekong Delta which opened my eyes to the possibilities of diverse cultures stretching along one country. It gave it a charisma that I wanted to explore more. Therefore, to conclude travelling Ho Chi Minh has become a steeping stone for me as it showed me to new possibilities in travelling and experiencing new cultures.

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PERSONAL REFLECTION: DI WU

The journey to Vietnam is pretty funny and relaxing, during the journey, we went to different kinds of place such as historic relics,cultural icons, food market parks,shops and even university. Also, we went to rural areas in HCM city like Vung Tau Island and Mekong River Delta.I was able to experience the more primitive and natural habitant environment,as an escape from the crowded city. It was the perfect combination between a glamarous holiday, educational experience and personal growth. I would definitely visit Vietnam again in the future.

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EXPERIENCE

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ILLUSTRATIONS List of illistrations Figure 1 – Monument of Hung Vuong - L, T. (2018). Monument of the Hung Vuong National Assembly . [Graphic photograph ]. Retrieved from https:// laodong.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/quy-hoach-tuong-dai-quoc-to-hung-vuong-nen-gioi-han-so-luong-605752.ldo. Figure 2- Pintrest, . (n.d.). Nguyen Dynasty. [photograph]. Retrieved from https://i.pinimg.com/originals/40/56/ab/4056ab071b6a5a9c498e5f6bcc1c405f.jpg. China in Vietnam Figure 3 - Map of the Han dynasty under Emperor Wu of Han - wikipedia, . (2018). Map of the Han dynasty under Emperor Wu of Han . [Graphic Map]. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@sushisev/the-rich-history-of-vietnam-the-4-periods-of-chinese-domination-16acbf426071. Figure 4 - wikipedia, . (n.d.). Trưng Sisters, national heroines of Viet Nam are honored with a parade of elephants and floats in Saigon, 1961. [Photographs]. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trưng_Sisters#/media/File:On_a_sunny_day_in_Saigon,_national_heroines_of_Viet_Nam_are_ honored_with_a_parade_of_elephants_and_floats.jpg. Figure 5- Oliver, M. (2018). 33 Haunting Photos From The Killing Fields Of The Cambodian Genocide. [Photograph ]. Retrieved from https://allthatsinteresting.com/cambodian-genocide#5. Figure 6 - Agence France-Presse, . (2012). Vietnamese soldiers during the battle of Dien Bien Phu, 1954.. [Photograph ]. Retrieved from https://www. nytimes.com/2012/09/09/books/review/embers-of-war-by-fredrik-logevall.html. Ngyuen dynasty Figure 7 - USA Today. (2017). College students march against the war in Boston. October 16, 1965 in ‘The Vietnam War.’. [photograph]. Retrieved from https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/09/11/vietnam-war-timeline-u-s-involvement-over-decades/653693001/. Figure 8 - ODD FACTS, . (2013). The conflict in Vietnam might have been an ‘American War’ per se, but the U.S. was joined by six other allies in its struggle to defeat the communists in South East Asia.. [photograph]. Retrieved from https://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/ Figure 9 – Smith, A. (2018). Exposure to Floods, Climate Change, and Poverty in Vietnam. [illustration]. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41885-018-0035-4. Figure 10 - sitesources, . (n.d.). Amount of flood occurrences caused by high tide in districts of HCMC in 2008. [illustration]. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1256566800920/6505269-1268260567624/Storch.pdf. Historical development title page - byhotels.com, v. (n.d.). Cao Dai Temple & Cu Chi Tunnels Tour Read more at: http://www.vietnam-guide.com/tours/ exc-temples-tunnels.htm?cid=ch:OTH:001. [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.vietnam-guide.com/tours/exc-temples-tunnels.htm.

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Location title page- Google Earth , . (n.d.). District 4, Ho Chi Minh. [screenshot]. Retrieved from https://earth.google.com/web/@10.75562496,106.711 08714,6.89531157a,16763.8777479d,35y,34.9601107h,6.6072605t,0r. Images https://vgbc.vn/en/vietnam-green-building-certification/

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