Reclaiming Wai Ora in our Urban Neighbourhoods by Aynsley Cisaria

reclaiming wai-ora in our urban neighbourhoods

LAND 8000 2015 AYNSLEY CISARIA

CONTENTS

executive summary introduction and rationale relevant theory methodology case studies context: tamaki precinct context: omaru catchment initial drawing analysis and hÄŤkoi context: omaru stream reserves design tests concept wetland filtration: Eastview Reserve taonga storehouse: Taniwha Reserve cultural precinct: Maybury & Ruapotaka Reserves summary appendices bibliography and references

5 7 9 17 21 33 47 61 75 89 98 106 114 122 131 135 139

reclaiming wai-ora in our urban neighbourhoods Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Water is one of the fundamental elements of life, and is inherently attractive to people. There is a loss of mauri/life essence when our urban stream network functions as stormwater drainage, resulting in a physical disconnection and loss of sensory experience where water is unfit for cleansing, immersion, renewal and harvesting of mahinga kai (food and fibre resources). Glen Innes was chosen as the site for this investigation as it is undergoing a massive redevelopment project, with local community fearing a loss of identity as thousands of new people move in and a loss of connection to an important ancestral landscape for mana whenua in a polluted stream system.

“How can regenerative waterscapes be woven through an established community using the Te Aranga Māori design principles?”

This led to the question “how can regenerative waterscapes - living systems that involve people and landscape - be woven through an established community using the Te Aranga Māori design principles?” The Te Aranga principles are drawn from core Māori values, have been developed by mana whenua in a national collective, and sit alongside the Auckland Design Manual and our Urban Design Protocols as a way to meaningfully engage with Te Ao Maori - the Māori world view.

Using the Te Aranga principles as a driver for this investigation informed the development of a vision and strategic framework that could have multiple outcomes. Applying the principles to specific stream reserves focussed on place-based outcomes that meshed traditional GIS and drawing analysis techniques with mātauranga Māori methods of hīkoi, whakapapa, kōrero and whakataukī. The end result was a richer design process, more firmly rooted in uniqueness of place and local identity through the addition of an authentic, indigenous lens and engagement with mana whenua. As landscape architects in New Zealand we operate in a shared cultural landscape, yet use a traditional set of tools developed in a Western European tradition. I believe the Te Aranga principles give us a framework to engage meaningfully with mana whenua and Māori design concepts - not as a tickbox or derivative checklist - but as a shared language for seeing and interpreting our unique landscapes, creating regenerative places that nurture both people and the land, tangata and whenua.

Kei te ora te wai, kei te ora te whenua, kei te ora te tangata

When the water is healthy, the land and the people are healthy (nourished). 4

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

issue: loss of mauri urban stream network functions as stormwater drainage, resulting in loss of sensory experience where water is unfit for cleansing, immersion, renewal and harvesting of mahinga kai.

research focus: explore the spiritual, sensory / memory connections with a waterscape, and see how these can be enhanced, maintained and re-interpreted to create physical connections within a regenerative stream system.

INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE Water is one of the fundamental elements of life and is inherently attractive to people. The initial spark for this investigation was seeing the reaction of young city children to their first encounter with a clean freshwater river in native bush. Until that point their experience of water had been salt water at the beach, and chlorinated water in the swimming pool. The children marvelled at the clarity of the river water and how soft it felt on their skin. They noticed its fresh smell and all the plants that grew right down into the shallows, and were entranced by dancing dragonflies flittering across the surface. The sensory delights of fresh river water are not commonplace for urban Auckland streams. Too often they are polluted with stormwater runoff from roads and industrial areas, choked with weeds and rubbish, and unsuitable and unsafe for swimming. For Māori this is a serious and deep-rooted issue, as the life and health of people is bound up in the health of water. Streams are considered as an ancestress; an integral part of identity and whakapapa, and the parlous state of our urban streams causes a lot of grief for iwi (Harmsworth & Awatere, 2013). With polluted waterways comes a loss of traditional connection to the landscape. So the underlying issue for this investigation was a perceived loss of mauri/life essence when urban streams are little more than stormwater drains and unfit for cleansing, bathing and collection of mahinga kai (food gathering places - and food in the broader sense of food for body, mind and spirit). The focus for the investigation was not necessarily around stream restoration, but rather exploring the spiritual, sensory and memory connections that people have with their waterscape and how that might exist even if their is a physical disconnection from the water because of its polluted state. The ideas around connection/disconnection are about them being able to exist simultaneously in different forms, and whether design can contribute to resolving some of those disconnections. For example, we may have a strong spiritual and emotional connection to something/someone but be physically disconnected through time, space or an actual physical barrier.

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

This investigation explores those ideas through the element of water as a living entity, and people’s interactions with water in the landscape - particularly in urban areas. How we can provide for some of the experiential and sensory relationships with living water that are denied when that water is polluted or channelled away? Ecological restoration of our streams is a vital long term project, however in the meantime should we miss out on the smell, taste, feel and sense of renewal/regeneration that comes from contact, immersion and relationship with living water? What about the relationship with water as a food source? How do we pass on cultural beliefs, traditions and rituals around water to our children, when the only experience they have is of drinking water from the tap and the chlorinated water of the swimming pool? Neither of those states link water to its natural cycle and role in the landscape, nor to the native plants that cleanse impurities. This led to the development of the research question:

How can regenerative waterscapes be woven through established communities using the Te Aranga Māori design principles?

Why explore the Te Aranga Māori design principles? Because we operate in a shared cultural landscape. The Te Aranga principles are drawn from core Māori values, have been developed by mana whenua in a national collective, and sit alongside the Auckland Design Manual and our Urban Design Protocols as a way to meaningfully engage with Te Ao Māori - the Māori world view. The site chosen for this investigation was Glen Innes, part of the Tāmaki Precinct in East Auckland. It is ancestral land for Ngāti Paoa, Ngāti Whātu o Ōrākei and Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki. All three iwi have descendants living in the area, and there is a large local Māori community and strong community marae. Glen Innes is an area in the process of enormous change with the Tāmaki Redevelopment Project. Over the next 15-20 years, 75% of all the housing will be replaces, with an extra 7500 homes being fitted into the existing suburban fabric. That is like adding a new town of 15-20,000 people into the old one. Additionally, the Omaru catchment provides a complete stream catchment within an existing community and while once values for swimming and food resources, it is now recognised as one of Auckland’s most polluted streams (Golder & Associates, 2014). There are 43 stormwater inlets and 3 wastewater overflows along its 3.2 km length. To allow the site and issue to inform the final design, this project will work through: • theory - a brief literature review, overview of the Te Aranga principles and case studies • methodology • context - Tāmaki precinct, Omaru catchment and the Omaru stream reserves • drawing analysis • formation of design concept, vision and strategic framework • design testing • design proposals for three reserves • summary

relevant theory

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

THEORY People’s preference for a view of water or nearness to water has been well-documented, with Kaplan & Kaplan suggesting we instinctively prefer environments that allow people to function effectively (Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989). The sound of water makes people feel relaxed and restored (Wong & Domroes, 2005), enhancing their feelings of wellbeing (Karmanov & Hamel, 2008). Possibilities about why people prefer water could be to do with light reflections and patterns, restorative sounds, and the potential for immersion to bathe or swim (White et al, 2010).

Wai-ora: pure water

Wai-Māori: fresh water

Wai-ariki: curative water

Indigenous people around the world believe that water is more than a resource; “it is a living being that speaks and whose spirit is nurtured” (Apffel-Marglin, 2010). Aborigines view the environment in terms of a spiritual relationship, nurtured by people and culture, and nurturing them in return. Hawaiian people believe that water is a physical manifestation of the god Akua Kāne who brought springs and streams forth from the earth, and it cannot be commodified or owned (Martin, 2011). Māori too have huge spiritual affinity with water, describing it as the essence and lifeblood of Papatūānuku (MfE hui, 2008) and valuing it as a taonga of the utmost importance because the life and health of the people were intricately bound up in the life and health (mauri) of the water (Pauling, 2008). Māori have many different names for water: wai-ora (pure water), wai-māori (fresh water); wai-kino (polluted water), wai-mate (dead water), wai-tai (salt water), wai-ariki (hot springs). These names relate to the quality of life (mauri) of the water and the relationship to people and usage (Grace, 2010). Ann Whiston Spirn reminds us that the language of our landscape has in the past kept people safe and alive, and celebrates the landscape as a partnership of people and place (Spirn, 1998). Māori relationship with the environment is one of “living systems” - all living things of the natural world are connected, interdependent, and have mauri (Harmsworth n.d.). Water is intricately bound up in identity, and an integral part of whakapapa. Kaitiakitanga, the active protection and responsibibility for sustaining natural and physical resources, involves being active in decision-making and achieving environmental outcomes (Environment Canterbury, n.d.).

Wai-tai: salt water 10

Wai-kino: polluted water

Wai-mate: dead water Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

As a country, we market ourselves to the world as ‘100% Pure NZ’, with beautiful images of pristine mountains, lakes and rivers. Many

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

of us have childhood memories of swimming in rural rivers and waterholes, or even hidden forest pools. We believe our myth - when the reality is often murkier and more polluted than we may wish to acknowledge. To Māori, polluted waterways also mean a loss of traditional connections, ancestral places and the ability to harvest food and resources from healthy waterways (Environment Canterbury, n.d.). Whilst many of our rural waterways have been compromised through farming practices, it is the degradation of city waterways that will be the focus of this investigation. The State of Auckland Region Report (2010) states that fresh water quality is poor in streams, wetlands, vulnerable aquifers and lakes, and the health of our environment and biodiversity is declining. Historically Auckland has been a ‘Drained City’ (Ferguson, Brown and Werbeloff, 2014), where the focus has been on piping, channelling and moving water away from where it lands to the sea as quickly and efficiently as possible. Our urban streams have been treated as convenient stormwater drains, with runoff from residential and industrial areas piped directly into them. The streams can rise by up to 2m within a couple of hours in heavy rain, simply because of the volume of extra runoff piped in from the surrounding residential area (personal observation, 2015). The Auckland Plan (2012) has aspirations for us to become ‘the world’s most liveable city’, but the concurrent increase in population will continue to exert enormous pressures on our ecological services unless there is a change in not only our water management but also fundamentally in how we view and value our relationship with water.

water in relation to people such as cleansing, immersion, renewal and harvesting of food. There seems to exist a simultaneous state of spiritual connection to place yet physical disconnection from the element that is sacred. Within Auckland Council’s Auckland Design Manual are new Te Aranga design principles, which are based on the core Māori values of Rangatiratanga, Kaitiakitanga, Manaakitanga, Wairuatanga, Kotahitanga, Whanaungatanga and Mātauranga. The key objective of the principles is “to enhance the protection, reinstatement, development and articulation of mana whenua cultural landscapes, enabling all of us (mana whenua, mataawaka, tauiwi and manuhiri) to connect to and deepen our ‘sense of place’”(Auckland Design Manual). These principles were born out of the Te Aranga Maori Cultural Landscape Strategy 2006, after it had been recognised there was a lack of a clear Māori voice in the NZ Urban Design Protocol. In examining the ‘best practice’ case studies using Te Aranga design principles, it was noticed that all three - Te Whāriki, Pegasus Town, and Alfriston College - related to new greenfield developments. There appears to be a gap in current practice regarding brownfield redevelopment using the Te Aranga design principles, and that is where this investigation is focussed. There seems to be a disconnection in existing urban communities with water, as traditionally it has been channelled, piped and ‘hidden’ as infrastructure. The urban stream network has functioned as stormwater drains, and the resultant pollution gives rise to a loss of sensory experience with water that is unfit for people to immerse themselves in or gather mahinga kai.

There are some excellent examples of new greenfield developments such as Long Bay (Boffa Miskell) and Flat Bush where new residential communities have been designed to protect and enhance the local ecology by collecting, storing, slowing and filtering water runoff at site through LIUD/WSD techniques. With the release of the new “Water Sensitive Design for Stormwater” guidelines in March 2015, Auckland Council has signalled a desire to make these interventions mainstream - although guidelines have no legal authority. While all these documents speak of valuing water and protecting it as a resource, none speak of the experiential and sensory qualities of

Te Aranga Māori Design Principles

Core Māori Values Rangatiratanga: Kaitiakitanga: Manaakitanga: Wairuatanga:

Mana:

the right to exercise authority and selfdetermination within one’s own iwi/hapū realm

the status of iwi and hapū as mana whenua is recognised and respected. •

managing and conserving the environment as part of a reciprocal relationship, based on the Māori world view that we as humans are part of the natural world. Inter-generational, active. the ethic of holistic hospitality whereby mana whenua have inherited obligations to be the best hosts they can be

Whakapapa:

Māori names are celebrated

Taiao:

the natural environment is protected, restored and/or enhanced

•

• • • •

Mauri Tu:

the immutable spiritual connection between people and their environments

•

Kotahitanga:

Mahi Toi:

•

Tohu:

a relationship through shared experiences and working together which provides people with a sense of belonging

Mātauranga:

Ahi Kā:

•

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

shared landscapes reflect local iwi identity and contribute to sense of place iwi narratives reinscribed in environment through public art and design

recognition of tohu, including wāhi tapu, maunga, awa, puna, mahinga kai and ancestral kainga

Iwi have a living, enduring presence; secure and valued within their rohe •

source: www.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz /design-thinking/maori-design/te_aranga_principles

all elements within the site considered on the basis of protecting, maintaining or enhancing mauri daylighting, restoration of waterways

Mana whenua significant sites and cultural landmarks are acknowledged •

Māori / mana whenua knowledge and understanding

re-establishment of local biodiversity connect ecological corridors indigenous flora as seasonal markers establish traditional food & resource areas for active kaitiakitanga

Iwi/hapū narratives are captured and expressed creatively and appropriately •

Whanaungatanga:

for exploring and honouring tūpuna, historical narratives and customary practices and ability to enhance sense of place connections

environmental health is protected, maintained and/or enhanced •

unity, cohesion and collaboration

mana whenua values, world views, tikanga, cultural narratives and visual identity expressed in design environment

living iwi presences and associated kaitiaki roles resumed within urban areas mana whenua live, work and play within their own rohe

This chart was created for the project using the information on the Te Aranga principles retrieved from: http://www.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz/design-thinking/maori-design/te_aranga_principles As the project was concluding, an official Te Aranga principles chart was gifted to the author by a member of Nga Āho, and this has been included in the Appendices.

traditional regeneration approach

regeneration using Te Aranga principles

Regenerative Design Definitions

Dr Kepa Morgan:

“Regeneration recognises that each neighbourhood has its own advantages and its own set of needs .... create a vision and plan for the neighbourhood drawn from the ideas and values of local neighbourhood residents, businesses, safety authorities and community groups.”

“the indigenous identity is characterised by ... a holistic worldview in which things are united/related. The living generations act as the guardians of the land, like their tīpuna before them.”

“Regeneration for Tamaki seeks to ensure that the best interests of the community are kept at the forefront as the people and the places in the area thrive and grow”

Bill Reed, Regenesis Group:

“Regenerative design is a process that engages and focuses on the whole of the system of which we are part”. “Regeneration of the health of the humans and local earth systems is an interactive process - each supports the other in a mutually beneficial way”. “A reconnection to place ..... would help foster the shift from sustainable design to restorative and regenerative design” “Understand the master pattern of place. Translate the patterns into design guidelines and conceptual design. Create a process of conscious learning and participation - ongoing feedback.” “Regenerative design solutions regenerate rather than deplete underlying life support systems and resources, are grown from the uniqueness of place, and work to integrate the flows and structures of the built and natural world across multiple levels of scale”.

living system focus whole community and ecosystem benefit

NZ Ministry for the Environment:

Tamaki Redevelopment Co Ltd. (2013) Tamaki Strategic Framework August 2013. Self-published

Jenkin, S., Pederson Zari, M. (2009). Rethinking our built environments: Towards a sustainable future. Ministry for the Environment

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

“the imported concepts of sustainable design run parallel to indigenous values when applied in the Aotearoa New Zealand context.”

“Mauri is central to the holistic view of the ecosystem held by Māori; it establishes the inter-relatedness of all things.” “Kaitiakitanga (maintaining and enhancing the mauri of everything in the ecosystem) is central to the traditional Māori interpretation of the term sustainability”. “By incorporating mātauranga Māori into urban design and development, another channel is opened to promote sustainable design initiatives whereby the intrinsic values and integrity of the ecosystem is considered in the design process without impeding urban development.”

Nicholas Mang’s Four Orders of Relationship to Place SpiritualiSing place evolving Socio-ecological place

human nurturing place functional Space

“a consequence of a regenerative approach is a greater understanding, appreciation for, and celebrations of local rituals of place.”

Reed, B. (2007) Shifting from sustainability to regeneration. Building Research & Information, 35:6, 674-680.

Relationship to Māori world view

Tamaki Redevelopment Company:

“Regeneration aims to provide and build on the things people and communities need in their lives to be well, to prosper and to grow”.

internal focus neighbourhood-by-neighbourhood benefit

Regenerative Design Model

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Voyde, E. and Morgan, K.B. (2012) Identifying commonalities between Indigenous values and current sustainable design concepts in Aotearoa New Zealand. AlterNative: an international journal of Indigenous peoples. 2012, Vol 8, 2, p 215-229 Mang, N.S. (2009) The Rediscovery of Place and our Human Role within it. Saybrook Graduate School & Research Centre, San Francisco. http://powersofplace.com

methodology

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

ECOLOGICAL / REGENERATIVE / WATER SENSITIVE DESIGN THEORY RESEARCH AND THEORY ANALYSIS

- conduct literature review of relevant theory around waterscapes (NZ and international) - investigate precedent case studies (NZ and international) - develop a set of design criteria for regenerative waterscapes

EVALUATE, LAYER AND INTEGRATE THEORY

LAYERING, DESIGN TESTING AND REFINEMENT CRITIQUES AND REFLECTION

MAORI VALUES / BELIEFS / DESIGN PRINCIPLES

COLLECT SITE DATA FROM

- identify a niche for this project - create a series of ideas/design criteria to test on site - develop a project brief

CRITIQUE AND REVIEW FROM SUPERVISOR, PEERS AND EXTERNAL PANEL

- reflect and realign project elements as needed

- review published theory around water and environment - establish baseline definitions and design criteria for this project - review criteria with supervisor and/or an external advisor to ensure accuracy

- GIS mapping - hydrology, topography, land use, vegetation, patterns of settlement - drawing - nodes, intensities, flows, patterns - census data - previous studies/maps/designs - proposed zoning/plan changes

EVALUATE, LAYER AND INTEGRATE SITE DATA

- look for patterns, commonalities, differences, areas of interest - refine research question if needed - decide on specific site(s) for design testing

TEST - REFLECT - REFINE

- conduct series of design tests - evaluate outcomes - reflect - refine design criteria as needed - follow-up further theory / case studies as needed - refine research question if needed - re-test revised criteria - evaluate outcomes - reflect - create series of possible design outcomes for regenerative waterscapes in chosen community using developed design criteria

DETAILED DESIGN OF ONE KEY SITE/ELEMENT

- carry design strategy through to resolution and potential realisation of the project

original proposal

LOCATE GENERAL SITE AREA OF INTEREST

- locate key stakeholders - establish basis for community engagement (if appropriate) - negotiate methods of data collection, storage, display and access (if required) - check with supervisor if ethics approval needed

This project aimed to use a mixed methodology of both traditional landscape architecture research and analysis techniques and mātauranga Māori methods (Māori values and knowledge).

COLLECT SITE DATA BY

- hīkoi - visiting key places - whakapapa - collecting oral history - kōrero - conversation - whakataukī and waiata - songs and sayings from the area - diagrams, photos, maps - check Māori design principles and definitions accurate for this community and refine as needed

CREATE “STORY OF PLACE” FROM COMMUNITY DATA

- writing, photos, collage, drawings - create an interconnected ‘story map’ - display as appropriate for community critique and refinement - locate key ‘hotspot(s)’ from community for design testing

CRITIQUE AND REVIEW FROM COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS

Precedent case studies, both from New Zealand and overseas were explored to look for best practice examples of how urban communities respond to and design living waterscapes. GIS mapping, drawing, census data analysis, historic maps, photographs and council reports were examined to build a picture of site hydrology, vegetation and patterns of settlement through time.

The Te Aranga principles were used as a design lens through which to translate the analysis into a concept for design testing.

LEARNING AND MODIFICATION: Identifying key stakeholders was critical and challenging, as there were many different groups with an interest in the redevelopment of the chosen site and stream system. The initial idea of creating a “story of place” from information collected from the community was far too ambitious for the timeframe of this investigation, as became apparent after a scoping document was written for consideration by Ruapotaka Marae (see appendices). Instead, information was collected from local newspapers, community publications, TV stories, attending community events, and informal conversations with local residents and community workers. Also it was discovered that the Māori community was not one group, but instead three distinct iwi who were recognised as mana whenua for the site area, as well as a large urban Māori community who had been resident for up to four generations and also felt themselves to be mana whenua. Informal conversations with all four groups revealed slightly different opinions and priorities for the site, as well as the resourcing challenge (priorities, finance, personnel and time) for Māori.

A series of possible design moves were tested and refined, then presented in plan, cross-section and perspective, along with indicative planting. As tauiwi, there was the very real possibility that the author’s worldview could cloud the interpretation of the Te Aranga principles orrestrict the full potential of their implementation. In order to avoid cultural bias, work was reviewed regularly by the project supervisor, Dr Diane Menzies, and checked with the local marae to ensure the investigation baselines around definition of Māori values and core principles were congruent with the values and principles of tangata whenua in the rohe where the investigation was sited. Lucy Tukua, an experienced landscape designer of Ngāti Paoa descent (mana whenua) was invited to critique the project at interim and final stages. The author also attended wananga with Ngā Aho on ‘Co-Design’ and NZILA on ‘Shared Cultural Landscapes’ to increase design awareness and understanding.

As it was beyond the scope of this investigation to engage in full collaborative discussion with all iwi groups, development of a vision and strategic framework that could have multiple outcomes was deemed more appropriate than a complete masterplan. This proved to be a welcome response when presented to Ruapotaka Marae.

(if appropriate and only if actual consultation taken place) - reflect and realign project elements as needed

REFLECT ON INVESTIGATION

A literature review around waterscapes was conducted from both a general perspective (NZ and international) and a specific Māori focus to build a picture around people’s relationship with water. Ecological design theory, sustainable design and regenerative design were examined to see where they fit in relationship to the Te Aranga Māori design principles.

- locate project within existing context and theory - contextualise project within historic and current landscape practice - draw conclusions and suggest avenues for further research

DEVELOP A A COHESIVE WRITTEN, ORAL AND VISUAL PRESENTATION OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS AND OUTCOMES

METHODOLOGY: integrating traditional research and mātauranga Māori

- present at Unitec - present to community if/when appropriate

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

“The waterway most important to me is the one closest to me”

- MfE Dunedin hui, 2009

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

“This shining water that moves in the streams and rivers is not just water but the blood of our ancestors. The water’s murmur is the voice of my father’s father.”

- Chief Seattle, 1854

case studies

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

CASE STUDY: Anchor Park, Sweden

CASE STUDY: the urban waterscapes of Atelier Dreiseitl, Germany Anchor Park was created as part of a residential regeneration of a former industrial harbour. It is described by Danish landscape architects SLA as a ‘hydroglph park,’ where rainwater collects in embossed puddles along the edge of a constructed canal, and people can experience sensory change depending on the amount of rainfall and the reflections (C3 Landscapes, 2007). Because of the wet climate, rainwater collects in these puddles 113 days a year. The dry puddles are an inscription in the landform where the pattern does not have cultural meaning, but provides a means for sensory interaction with water. The different biotopes of Sweden are presented as a collection of ecological jewels that encourage interaction with forest, swamp, meadow and marine environments in a playful manner. As well as the key canal-edge boardwalk, numerous little paths meander through the plantings, inviting exploration ‘off the beaten track’. The saltwater is clean and safe to swim in, and affords both the residents of the intensive housing development and visitors to the area multiple opportunities to pause, reflect and play in a restful waterscape. It is a ‘constructed natural’, urban landscape that strives to bring the sensory elements of wilder places to city-dwellers without pretending those things really existed here beforehand.

RELEVANCE: Connecting the sky and the land through water reflections recalls the connection of Papatūānuku (earth mother) with Ranginui (sky father). The inscribed puddles could be utilised in a different setting to evoke ideas of ‘tatooing’ the landform with a design that has meaning in both the presence and absence of water. The depressions are shallow enough to be safe yet deep enough to encourage touching and splashing. Utilising patterns representing either significant local stories, plants, creatures or tribal identity reinforces the connection between place and people. The collection of biotopes could be re-interpreted as a collection of taonga, representing either plant communities with particular meaning or resource e.g. pā harakeke and rongoa, or collections of regional landscape types (as in the Swedish park) that may no longer exist in the modified cityscape. The canal is not a stormwater-cleaning device nor an existing polluted stream replanted for restoration: it is a suburban waterscape that provides an opportunity to interact with and be refreshed by clean water through all five senses.

The work of Atelier Dreiseitl shows a deep understanding of the intrinsic qualities of water, and the enormous attraction people have for water in public space. Many of their projects treat on-site stormwater, directing and slowing heavy rainfall through stream channels, weirs, ponds, and swales demonstrating a clever interplay between light, air and landscape processes. Their recent, inspirational Ang Mo Kio Park in Singapore has transformed a concrete water drainage canal in the middle of the city into a natural watercourse that is filtered by plants. The water is not only clean enough for people to play in, it also supports small fish and provides invaluable habitat for other wildlife such as lizards. Instead of retaining the dimensions of the drainage canal, Dreiseitl opened out the watercouse into a much wider, shallow stream with pools, rocky beaches and a vegetated floodplain that allows people to experience the dynamic flow of water in different seasons. Stepping stone paths invite people to interact with the water, and a variety of recreation spaces along the stream offer places for dog-walking, community gardening, group exercise, children’s play, and many other places just to meet others and enjoy the park. Rubble from the original channel has been repurposed into a hill topped by a sculpture. The park is well-integrated into the surrounding urban environment with connecting walking paths and cycleways.

all images sourced from www.sla.dk

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

Earlier projects such as the 1980s Schafbruhl Housing Estate in Tubingen, Germany use onsite stormwater to create a beautiful and playful internal landscape in a housing complex. Water flows through rills and brooks into a pond which has a pump to send the water back up into a water playground. Children (and adults) can manipulate the water flow with weirs, and paddle in the sculptural flowform (Dreiseitl, 2001).

RELEVANCE:

Atelier Dreiseitl focus not only on working sustainbly with water, but also recognise its spiritual and sensory qualities in creating a sense of place that people are drawn to.

It is possible to have a healthy river system in the middle of a city! The Ang Mo Kio project was actively supported by Singapore’s ABC (Active, Beautiful, Clean) Waters programme that is prioritising these kind of spaces for its citizens. To date Auckland Council’s stream daylighting programme has been driven more by the need to upgrade failing infrastructure and attenuate flooding problems rather than a commitment to restoring urban streams to swimming quality.

Water created the atmosphere and expressed a living relationship between a town and its surrounding area ... more than the mere technical ingenuity of its citizens, it reflects myth and religion and shows the spiritual constitution of people living in a water culture. - Herbert Dreiseitl, 2001

Bishan - Ang Mo Kio Park, Singapore

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Existing streams and drainage channels can be reconfigured to provide more habitat for wildlife as well as places for people to play in the water. Expanding the stream into a wider floodplain can slow heavy rainfall and allow for greater infiltration and cleaning through a chain of linked ponds.

Most brownfield housing redevelopments in Auckland have focussed on squeezing the maximum number of properties onto ever-smaller sites, and stormwater is not captured, retained on site and used to create an attractive and playful landscape for residents - particularly if it is ‘affordable housing’. New greenfield development however, such as the upmarket Long Bay housing estate, shares many attributes with the Dreiseitl projects where stormwater is collected off rooves, filtered through raingardens along the roadsides, and cleaned through a landscaped wetland pond system. Boardwalks edge the ponds, providing amenity for residents.

Schafbruhl Housing Estate, Germany

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Case study: Te Whāriki, Lincoln, Canterbury CASE STUDY: Te Whaariki, Lincoln

CASE STUDY: La Rosa Reserve stream daylighting, Auckland

Te Whaariki is a new residential subdivision developed on a greenfield site between the current Lincoln township and Lincoln University in Canterbury. Key to this project was the restoration of waterways and wetlands that flow into Te Waihora/Lake Ellesmere, which is a tribal taonga/treasure of Ngāi Tahu. It is a joint venture between the university and mana whenua (Ngāi Tahu), and illustrates the Te Aranga design principles in action:

La Rosa Reserve is located in Green Bay, Auckland and is part of the wider Whau river catchment. The project to restore and naturalise parts of the Parahiku and Avondale/Waitahurangi streams that had languished in underground pipes for three decades was part of the Auckland Mayor’s “100 Projects in 100 Days” campaign. Boffa Miskell were the landscape architects in a collaborative team that included Auckland Council Stormwater, Parks, Arts, Sustainable catchments, community groups and local iwi.

Mana: this is a partnership development between iwi and a commercial developer.

What looks like a natural stream is actually the result of extremely complex engineering, earthworks, and a constantly evolving design process to achieve a rich, biodiverse riparian ecology that is functional and self-managing. The design encourages people to interact with the water, clambering across stepping stones or splashing in pools.

Whakapapa: street names reflect local mahinga kai and Māori place names, alongside significant local identities from the university. Taiao: street swales are planted with eco-sourced natives, as are the restored wetlands. Mana whenua knowledge of local plants was valued and utilised in plant selection throughout the subdivision.

Mana whenua were involved with the selection and planting of harakeke to provide resource for local weavers. A weaving group now meets regularly in the reserve to care for and utilise this taonga.

Mauri Tu: the significance of this site as a drained, historical wetland was the basis of the design for the on-site stormwater management system that has restored the original wetland landscape.

The reserve has been completely transformed from its previous state of grassy reserve that was too wet to use in winter. The new boardwalks mean residents from the local resthome can now enjoy an outing in the park, and the kindy adjoining the reserve holds outdoor play sessions there several times a week. Primary schools use the outdoor classroom, neighbouring residents have established a community orchard, and the reserve is now a valued destination.

Mahi Toi: a pā harakeke and memorial garden was established to honour a local weaver, and her favourite varieties of flax planted for use by whānau. Tohu: the memorial garden is paved with an interpretation of a whāriki /woven mat and features a memorial stone as a cultural landmark. Ahi kā: Ngāi Tahu Property have a policy of pre-selling sections to Ngāi Tahu whānui in order to maintain a living prescence in their rohe.

Auckland Design Manual

22/03/15 11:44 PM

The challenge for the Glen Innes site is that key infrastructure such as roads, schools, retail and housing areas already exist, and a regenerative waterscape needs to be retro-fitted within the current and planned built (and named) environment. The possibility exists to implement all these best-practice examples but is there the appetite?

La Rosa stream is a catalyst for positive change that demonstrates how urban water projects should perform to a standard not yet seen in New Zealand

This is a ‘best practice’ example of applying the Te Aranga design principles to a new development on an empty site that honours the original water landscape.

2 3 1

- Landscape Architecture New Zealand (25), Autumn 2015

GETTING IT RIGHT TAIAO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

GETTING IT RIGHT WHAKAPAPA NAMES & NAMING

RELEVANCE:

image from www.teawaroa.com

RELEVANCE:

Auckland Design Manual 22/03/15 11:44 PM

22/03/15 Auckland Design Manual11:44 PM

Auckland Design Manual

GETTING IT images RIGHT MAHI TOI CREATIVE GETTING IT RIGHT AHI KĀ THE LIVING PRESENCE all sourced from EXPRESSION www.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz

Te Whāriki street swales along Tauhinu Avenue, using species significant to Te Waihora / Lake including TeEllesmere Whāriki street signage, celebrated local mahinga kai (traditional food) species Cath Brown Garden (Left) A special weaving variety of harakeke planted in the Memorial Cath Brown Memorial Garden for whanau use; (right) oioi (jointed wire rush), kōwhai and manatū (ribbonwood) View along Tauhinu Avenue back towards Lincoln University showing the close connection of the sub-division to the 1. The neighbourhood name for stage 2 is called Kaituna, referring to a key tributary of Te Waihora (Lake 1. The park features the planting of 13 special varieties of harakeke (flax) favoured by Cath, a stylised landscape university 1. The use of locally sourced and appropriate plants has been encouraged, as opposed to ‘garden centre’ native Ellesmere). design based on a whāriki/woven mat pattern and a memorial stone and seat utilising Cath’s designs and influences. plants/varieties. 1. The subdivision is a joint venture between Lincoln University and Ngāi Tahu who also work together on academic, 2. Street names currently implemented include Tauhinu Ave (referring to the Ngāi Tahu name for the Lincoln area), 2. In memory of knownarea Ngāiand Tecommunity. Ruahikihiki artist and leader Cath Brown, a pā harakeke and memorial garden research and student issues and provides a close connection to well the wider 2. Native plants have been included within central street swales, roundabouts, key intersections/entranceways, cycle as well as Kotuku (white heron), Aua (Yellow eyed mullet), Matanui (whitebait) and Pātiki (flounder) streets (all has been established within the development. and walk ways, and as street specimen trees as well as being used extensively throughout thereferring on-site to stormwater mahinga kai species associated with local area). 2. As well as the existing Ngāi Tahu Property policy of pre-selling sections to Ngāi Tahu whānui, there are ongoing wetlands. discussions around the development of sections and housing for kaumātua/whānau. 3. A street and neighbourhood naming strategy has been agreed that uses both Ngāi Tahu place and mahinga kai 3. Mana whenua involvement in the development of landscape design and planning has resulted in a names greateralong balance species with the names of significant Lincoln University graduates. 3. The development of management and harvest protocols to allow weavers to maintain and harvest harakeke from of native and exotic plants, providing for greater recognition of cultural values, particularly associated with Te the pā harakeke within the Cath Brown memorial garden are being developed. 4. Māori names are celebrated. The name of the development, Te Whāriki refers to the lake bed of Te Waihora (Lake Waihora and mahinga kai. Ellesmere) as the ‘floor mat’ or home of the piharau (lamprey eel), a significant mahinga4.kai fromand enduring presence and are secure and valued within their rohe. Iwispecies / hapūgathered have a living 4. The natural environment is protected, restored and / or enhanced. the lake. It is also a symbolic reference to the lake bed of Te Waihora that was returned to Ngāi Tahu through its 1998 Treaty of Waitangi settlement with the Crown. The name Te Whāriki also references the weaving together of

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

The Auckland Council stormwater team from La Rosa are now undertaking the stream daylighting project through the grounds of Tamaki College in Glen Innes. They bring with them a wealth of knowledge from that first project - not just stream dynamics and ecological restoration, but also community engagement strategies that worked and a desire to improve upon the original concept. Students from the Tamaki College Enviro Group were taken on a field trip to La Rosa to help them catch the vision of the scale of transformation about to occur in their school grounds. While they thought the stream was cool, the features that really caught their attention were the public art (eel sculpture), community orchard, and interpretive signage. The students were fizzing with ideas of how they could create something similar back home.

CASE STUDY: Phillip Johnson’s residential billabongs, Australia Phillip Johnson is an Australian landscape designer who specialises in creating magical billabong waterscapes in dry, predominantly suburban environments by using the rainwater that falls on roofs and driveways as his only water source.

Typical water diagram for a residential garden design

As landscape architects our obligation is to connect Heaven and Earth, in order to manifest the awe of nature and love of the Divine.

In nature a billabong is a naturally occuring water feature that fluctuates with the seasons .... sustaining the surrounding environment - providing water for irrigation, fire safety and wildlife. We can apply these same principles to an urban environment.

The billabong landscapes showcase local ecologies, with the ponds naturally filtered by lush native planting. They are designed to grow habitat corridors within the urban environment as well as provide restful healing spaces and natural swimming ponds for people. House roof water is collected in an underground tank and used for irrigating productive landscapes or toilet flushing, and the overflow is directed into a billabong (pond). Water features such as waterfalls and streams are either gravity-fed or operate via solar-powered pumps. Phillip Johnson’s billabongs differ from other natural swimming pools in that they are designed to be constantly replenished by rainfall in an open system. The traditional, European-style natural swimming ponds are closed systems that continually recycle and regenerate the same water through natural filtration beds of aquatic plants, reeds or soil. Austria and Germany have a culture of public natural swimming ponds, with some of the larger ones catering for up to 2000 swimmers per day. To date there are only residential examples of natural swimming ponds in Australia and New Zealand.

CASE STUDY: Ryoko Ueyama - evoking landscape memory, Japan

- Ryoko Ueyama

- Philip Johnson

Ryoko draws out the memories of the land, through historic, natural and social rememberings to unpick the layers of time and reveal the essence of place. These metaphysical fragments are then translated into physical ‘Objets of Za’ such as the park seats (shown top left) that recall waves on a now-reclaimed seashore, seed pods from an original forest, and jewellery adornments from a previous civilisation. Axes between sacred sites and key viewpoints are important in Ryoko’s designs, and are often expressed in land art to draw attention to the heaven-earth connection. Water is present in nearly all Ryoko’s work, and appears in a variety of forms and moods from tranquil sheets and bubbling streams, to mystical fog and wells of remembrance. All invite tactile exploration, and a pause from everyday life to be refreshed.

source: Connected: the sustainable landscapes of Phillip Johnson, 2014

Traditional Japanese patterns are reworked as ‘memory patterns’ interwoven onto the streetscape and providing another layer of meaning as to previous habitations on site. The streetscape at left is paved in the 1:2 proportioned grid of a Japanese tatami mat, with the pattern softly disrupted by the axis of wind (Ueyama, 2007).

RELEVANCE: Rainfall run-off from roofs and driveways is generally seen as a drainage issue in our city rather than an opportunity for creating a water landscape that could include a natural swimming pond.

RELEVANCE: The Japanese understanding of connecting Heaven and Earth marries beautifully with Māori cosmology of Rangi and Papa. The sense of landscape being interconnected through time and memory also fits with whenua and whakapapa, and the geographical expression of uniquesness of place because of the relationships between these two things. Axes and viewshafts to sacred places are also shared.

For Māori, rainfall is considered sacred as it is Ngā Roimata o Ranginui (the tears of Rangi). It needs to pass over Papatūānuku (mother earth) to be culturally and spiritually available for human use. (Morgan, T.B. & Voyde, E., 2012). I feel there is an opportunity to look at capturing and using rainfall from roofs in a natural, plant-filtered system to create the opportunity for freshwater bathing - especially if the local stream system is too polluted for human use. The challenge would be in the designation of space - streams are unregulated, but public swimming pools in New Zealand must be chemically filtered to comply with current health and safety regulations.

Ryoko’s ‘Objets of Za’ and reworking of traditional patterning into modern materials and contexts are interesting ways to layer meaning into a site, but perhaps collaboration is needed with indigenous artists before reappropriating Māori cultural designs. all images sourced from www.phillipjohnson.com.au

The work of Japanese landscape architect Ryoko Ueyama is poetic, almost mystical, and full of layered meanings. Her key principle is ‘Cosmophilia’; love of the cosmos and connecting heaven and earth. She aims to discover each site’s unique place in the universe, connected through space and time by memory.

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

all images sourced from www.ueyamalandscape.co.jp

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

CASE STUDY: the Styx-Pūrākaunui river system, Christchurch The Styx-Purākaunui project started in 1999 as part of an integrated catchment management plan for restoring the health and biodiversity of the river. Extensive consultation and participative events involving specialist and non-specialist groups from throughout the community meant there was a groundswell of interest to build on. Local people formed a “Guardians of the Styx” group, and a long-term vision for the Styx was developed and then adopted by Christchurch City Council in 2001.

Regents Park greenfield development ….

Several demonstration sites were developed to show people how the visions could be achieved, including a pā harakeke for local weavers, walkways, picnic areas and habitat restoration at key sites on the river. Artworks on the theme of “sticks” have been incorporated throughout the site. A new greenfield housing development adjoining the Styx incorporated a waterways system to protect local ecology and encourage wildlife.

The suburb of Glen Innes in east Auckland is part of the extensive 20 year regeneration project of Tāmaki that will see the renewal of 80% of the current housing stock, and another 7500 modern homes inserted into the reorganised suburban framework. The project scale is similar in scope to the original housing development of the late 1950s, with the key difference being an increase in housing density within the current roading layout.

This project is succeeding because of the long-term vision developed Styx Vision 2000-2040 at the outset that was valued and incorporated into Council planning 1. to achieve a viable “Spring-fed River Eco-system” to complement and budgetary processes. Recognising that people want to help and other representative ecosystems in the Christchurch area contribute in their neighbouhoods, the project team have involved 2. to create a “Source to Sea” experience through development of community throughout each stage as part of the overall vision an urban national reserve (Heremaia & Phillips, 2008). 3. to develop a “Living Laboratory” that focuses on both learning RELEVANCE: and research 4. to establish “The Styx” as the place to be through maintaining and enhancing the special character of the area The focus on the whole catchment and an overall vision rather 5. to foster “Partnerships” through raising the quality of relationships than individual parks along the river ensured an integrated plan that as we move forward together. will have a positive long-term effect on water quality and wildlife (www.thestyx.org.nz) habitat. Having Council recognition for the value of the project and commitment to funding it is essential. Key to the ongoing success of the project was involving the community at each stage in planning, planting, celebration, design Omaru stream has been severely & degraded many decades, The StyxThe integrated catchment management planningover continued … What have we learnt and artworks. and while Council is supporting the efforts of a community group around restoration, the priority funding and support is to regenerate The Living Laboratory gives people the opportunity to help with housing rather than ecosystems.Tamaki The StyxCollege vision could be adapted The ingredients Stream Daylighting measuring the health of the river, learning about the ecosystem and easily for Omaru, along with a locally-relevant series of demonstration • Vision, Plan, Leadership, Institutions, Partnerships, Resourcing, People want to help The Styx integrated catchment management & planning continued … encourages a connection withadd theup,land. “Committed communities” sites and activities that engage with community. Regent’s Park greenfield development and do something, Little steps Maintaining momentum, Working within the

Walkways

Styx Mill Conservation Reserve

“system” helps

LOCAL CASE STUDY: daylighting a stream tributary in Glen Innes, Auckland

Plan

stormwater engineers, landscape architects, school staff, students and community representatives meeting at least monthly as we work towards a developed design. There is a strong collaborative intent to create the very best outcome for the community - particularly the school and local playcentre - as part of the stream restoration.

In contrast to the La Rosa project, this stream runs through school grounds and therefore will be closed to the public because of Tāmaki In the 1960s, a large tributary of the Omaru stream was piped to College’s health & safety and vandalism concerns. enable the new Tāmaki Boys College to create flat sports fields. The A new wetland is being created at the head of the stream to hold low-lying land suffers regularly from flooding as overland stormwater major stormwater events (on Council land), and this area will be Tamaki College Stream Daylighting flows follow the original course of the stream. The existing stormwater developed with boardwalks for passive community recreation. pipe beneath the College fields is now more than 50 years old, so Auckland Council is taking the opportunity to explore alternatives to RELEVANCE: traditional piped networks as part of the renewal process.

Plan

1940

1959

This is a transformational project that builds on existing knowledge from a successful project across the city. I am fortunate to be part of the working design group as the community representative for the Glen Innes Playcentre that adjoins the site within the school grounds. We are excited about the possibility of a clean freshwater stream becoming an extended play and learning space for our preschoolers.

The Auckland Council stormwater team who worked on the La Rosa stream daylighting project have partnered with Jasmax to design a naturalised stream environment that will bring the former Omaru stream tributary back to life. Key design objectives are to: • work with mana whenua to ensure Te Aranga values and principles are fully integrated into the design; • restore and enhance the stream and park for onsite biodiversity, ecological connectivity and water quality; • allow different cultural groups and ethnicities to be expressed; • promote walking and cycling linkages and passive recreation. (Jasmax, 2015)

Students from the Tamaki College Enviro Group are isactively This map/plan illustrative only and all information should be independently verified on site before taking any action.Copyright Auckland contributing to the design of an outdoor classroom on theirCouncil. sideBoundary of Key Plan information from LINZ (Crown Copyright Reserved). Glen Innes suburb 1940 Whilst due care has been taken, Auckland Council the stream, and are keen to develop an orchard on the gives no warranty as tostreambank the accuracy and completeness of any information on this map/plan and accepts no liability for any error, omission or use of the information. similar to the one they observed at La Rosa Reserve. Maximising Height datum: Auckland 1946. engagement opportunities is a key goal of the project, and Council plans to organise work experience Created: Tuesday, 30 June 2015,12:38:51 p.m. for students throughout the Created: Tuesday, 30 June 2015,12:40:17 p.m. earthworks, classroom-building and planting phases in 2016.

2015

This map/plan is illustrative only and all information should be independently verified on site before taking any action.Copyright Auckland Council. Boundary information from LINZ (Crown Copyright Reserved). Whilst due care has been taken, Auckland Council gives no warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of any information on this map/plan and accepts no liability for any error, omission or use of the information. Height datum: Auckland 1946.

The project is still at concept stage, with a working design group of Cross section locations

overland flow path

Glen Innes suburb 1959

Scale @ A3 1:8000

Pa Harakeke Janet Stewart Reserve

5 This map/plan is illustrative only and all information should be independently verified on site before taking any action.Copyright Auckland Council. Boundary information from LINZ (Crown Copyright Reserved). Whilst due care has been taken, Auckland Council gives no warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of any information on this map/plan and accepts no liability for any error, omission or use of the information. Height datum: Auckland 1946.

partnerships

“Committed communities”

walkways and conservation reserves “Committed communities”

Glen Innes suburb today

overland flow paths (on 2012 map)

Created: Tuesday, 30 June 2015,12:49:17 p.m.

all images sourced from “Engaging urban communities around a Canterbury stream”, Heremaia C. & Phillips C., 2008

Cross section locations

Created: Tuesday, 30 June 2015,12:35:30 p.m.

Key Plan

Jasmax oncept drawings for Tāmaki College stream daylighting project reproduced with permission.

historic images sourced from Auckland Council GIS viewer

Scale @ A3 1:80

1:1000@A3

“Committed communities”

Whariki Matariki Mo Parklands Library

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

Tāmaki College Stream Daylighting | June 2015 | work in progress

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

LOCAL CASE STUDY: Ko Au Te Awa, Glen Innes, Auckland

CASE STUDIES: Key Findings

Ko Au Te Awa (KATA) is a community-led restoration project on the Omaru river in Glen Innes that has been running for the past three years. Led by the charismatic Tamati Patuwai and his team from Mad Ave studios, the group partners with Maungakiekie-Tamaki Local Board, Auckland Council and the Wai Care programme via Morphum Environmental to run weeding and planting days on the river for local schools and the community.

RELEVANCE:

• taking a ‘source to sea’ viewpoint of a water catchment gives a better result for integrated planning

This is a grass-roots project created by passionate local people that is successfully engaging the community with their river. A Facebook page keeps followers updated with new events, and the annual planting days are popular. Technical and financial support from council is invaluable to the long-term success of the project.

• build on the work already happening within your community

A wide variety of people turn up to take part: members of local iwi wanting to reconnect with ancestral land, families with kids who want to plant a tree, young teens, new immigrants, people who work locally or used to live in the area, and random strangers who see the banners out and stop to have a look. The day I volunteered, a local business donated free coffee as their contribution to a community event.Tamati organises local musicians to perform, and the final planting day of the season includes a hangi to feed all the workers.

• modified and degraded watercourses can be reborn and reshaped to provide better ecological and social outcomes

However there are no permanent signs along the river explaining the new plantings or advertising a community group for interested people to engage with. To the casual visitor it looks no different to any other council project, and as such misses an opportunity to build awareness with people outside the local neighbourhood. Planting is fun; weeding less so, and at the moment there is only a limited section of riverbank the group can manage to maintain. There is no long-term monitoring of water quality at this stage either.

• the cultural memory of the land provides all the clues for future development - so take time to listen carefully and read them • a long-term vision with staged implementation is likely to be successful. Council on board with funding is even better.

The goal of KATA is to raise awareness of the damaged state of the river (awa) and to encourage a spiritual connection, respect for the waters and sense of belonging to place for the Glen Innes community. KATA are restoring the riparian edge of the river with native plantings that will provide habitat for inanga, eels and native birds. Omaru river is currently one of the most polluted urban streams in Auckland with an ‘F’ grading for water quality (Auckland Council, 2014).

• the attraction of water in all its forms is universal • rainwater is an often-overlooked resource in the city for bathing, and can be naturally filtered by plants • implementing the Te Aranga design principles in a water landscape delivers beneficial outcomes for ecology, recreation, culture, landscape, heritage and drainage - something a piped network can never achieve

As part of the KATA project, the Mad Ave team have also run the environmental outdoor theatre production “The River Talks” in conjunction with local performers as another way to bring the plight of the river to people’s attention. Schools brought class groups along to the daytime sessions, and the local newspaper ran a series of articles about the project, the river and Tamati’s passion to see local people reconnect with their awa.

• reconnecting people with stories of place increases our interrelationship with landscape and each other

poster images sourced from https://www.facebook.com/pages/Ko-Au-Te-Awa/116261795210781 Tamati photo: http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10867074

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

context: TÄ maki precinct

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Naku te rourou nau te rourou ka ora ai te iwi With your basket and my basket the people will live

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Coastal rohe and home marae of mana whenua iwi for Tāmaki precinct

CENSUS DATA

Tāmaki

Auckland

15,966

1,415,550 HNZ rental rental

68% 75%

22% 45% 36% 36

39%

Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki umupuia marae

16% 54% > $70k 28% < 20

Māori

52% < $50k 36% < 20

ōrākei marae

58% 2 or more

European Samoan

60% 1 or none

Ngāti Whātua o Ōrākei

11% 15%

Ngāti Paoa

wharekawa marae

59% Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

TĀMAKI PRECINCT

PARKS AND OPEN SPACE

HILLSHADE

Taurere / Mt Taylor

The Tāmaki River estuary has been an important transport route, fishing ground, meeting and market place for nearly a thousand years since early Māori arrived in Aotearoa. The maunga / volcanic cones of Maungarei and Taurere just inland from the coast provided ideal locations for fortified pā, and the rich fertile soils surrounding them supported extensive gardens. The freshwater streams flowing from the ridges to the sea yielded mahinga kai (food and resources), and were the pathways between mountain pā and coastal kainga (villages). Good soil, plentiful birds, and abundant seafood in the tidal estuary gave rise to the whakatauki below regarding the value of the area to Māori. Ngāti Whātua, Ngāti Paoa and Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki are all recognised as Mana Whenua along the Tāmaki estuary.

1940

1959

Postwar saw the government of the day needing to settle returned servicemen and the farms were redeveloped as new state housing subdivisions. The original 1950s layout is nearly unchanged today and 75% of the now rundown housing stock is still government-owned. This is a traditional ‘blue collar’ area, and the population is a vibrant mix of Pasifika, Māori and Asian peoples.

GI 1959 Scale @ A4 1:15000

Created: Wednesday, 25 March 2015,11:49:21 p.m.

Te Wai Mokoia / Tamaki River

The Tāmaki precinct has been identified by Auckland Council as an area for growth and redevelopment, as it has excellent transport links to the CBD and other employment areas, much of the land is public-owned, and there is a huge opportunity for social and economic regeneration ( Tāmaki Strategic Framework, 2013).

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This map/plan is illustrative only and all information should be independently verified on site before taking any action.Copyright Auckland Council. Land Parcel Boundary information from LINZ (Crown Copyright Reserved). Whilst due care has been taken, Auckland Council gives no warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of any information on this map/plan and accepts no liability for any error, omission or use of the information. Height datum: Auckland 1946.

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Created: Wednesday, 25a dMarch 2015,11:51:03 p.m. o R y Ba rs l ie et He n S tre St erso ce Em Pla Cr e e escent in din ta le Lin Me llin g Stree t

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Maungarei / Mt Wellington

Te pai me te whai-rawa o Tāmaki The luxury and wealth of Tāmaki

Scale @ A4 1:15000

Created: Wednesday, 25 March 2015,11:47:47 p.m.

European settlers also valued the alluvial soils and plentiful water, and started farming in the area from the 1840s. Grazing and marketgardening was the key land use right up until World War II.

The Tāmaki Redevelopment Company (TRC) is the joint-owned entity of Auckland Council and Government that is tasked with leading the regeneration project.

GI 1940

Kaiahiku / Panmure Basin

GI PAUP

Auckland Council

Plan Created: 26/3/15

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

HYDROLOGY

OUTSTANDING NATURAL FEATURES

SIGNIFICANT ECOLOGIES

VOLCANIC VIEWSHAFTS

St Johnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bush

Tahuna Torea

Tamaki Estuary intertidal banks

Omaru Creek

Pt England accretionary lapilli

Maungarei / Mt Wellington

Stream ONF

Tamaki River Subcatchment

Significant Ecolological Area

Volcanic Viewshafts

Kaiahiku / Panmure Basin

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

COMMERCIAL

RESIDENTIAL

SCHOOLS

COMMUNITY

Glen Innes

Roads

Panmure

Main Trunk Line Rail Corridor

Marae

Light Industry

Recreational facility

Mixed Use

Community Centre

Town Centre

Residential areas

School

Church

Neighbouhood Centre

Parks and Open Space

Tertiary Education

Library

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

MANA WHENUA

AREA OF INTEREST

TAMAKI PRECINCT MAPPING: Key Findings • the population density is set to triple over the next 20 years. The current Housing NZ stock (2800 homes) is being replaced and an extra 7500 homes built within the current residential footprint.

Taurere / Mt Taylor

Te Pupu o Kawau

• there is ample public open space in Tamaki - every residential area within 500m of a park - and this will become more heavily utilised as the population increases.

Tahuna Torea

• there are no areas of significant indigenous vegetation within the precinct, however the river corridor provides a prospective habitat link between the coast and St Johns Bush - Pourewa Creek. Patches exist at Maungarei and Tahuna Torea that can be linked. • Maungarei is a significant (and sacred) mountain that can be seen throughout the precinct, and these viewshafts are protected.

Te Omaru

Te Tauoma

• the Significant Ecological areas and Outstanding Natural Features correlate very closely with sites of value and cultural heritage for Mana Whenua. • a complete urban stream system (Omaru) exists within the precinct that is important ecologically, recreationally, and to mana whenua

Te Wai Mokoia / Tamaki River

• there is clear separation between commercial / residential areas, and two distinct town centres with excellent transport links. Maungarei / Mt Wellington

• the precinct is well-served with schools and community facilities. Mana whenua have a living presence within the community (ahi kā)

Marae school marae Māori cultural sites

links to wider community

Places of value to mana whenua

Omaru Creek - ‘source to sea’

Historic sites

Pt England / Omaru Catchment

• a design opportunity exists around the Omaru stream for exploring how the Te Aranga principles could inform a regenerative waterscape.

Kaiahiku / Panmure Basin

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

context: omaru catchment

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

GLEN INNES

PARKS AND OPEN SPACE

Glen Innes is a well-established eastern suburb of Auckland, located on the Tamaki Estuary. It has a rich history of occupation for both tangata whenua and early European settlers.

Glen Innes has an extensive park network that extends like green ‘fingers’ from the coast up through to the ridges. The majority of parks are informal recreation reserves and have mature exotic trees dotted through them; especially along the creek and stormwater drainage channels. There is very little native vegetation, apart from the riparian areas replanted by the Ko Au Te Awa community group.

The Tamaki estuary was important to a number of iwi, particularly Ngāti Whātua o Ōrākei, Ngāi Tai ki Tamaki and Ngāti Paoa, as it was a key transport route as well as a rich source of kaimoana. Tāurere (Mt Taylor) and nearby Maungarei (Mt Wellington) were very significant pā sites, and remains of extensive gardens around the volcanic cones are still visible today. Several streams meander though the coastal flats, which would have provided plentiful drinking water and mahinga kai (freshwater food and resources).

Glenbrae Reserve Paddington Reserve Eastview Reserve

In general most reserves have a single path with no loop circuit and there are no paths either side of the stream. There is no seating except at a rundown playground in Maybury reserve; even at the Pt England and Elstree North sports fields spectators have to stand. Despite the limitations in path choice and lack of seating, the reserves through the middle of the suburb have a constant flow of people walking and biking, as many residents (20%) do not own vehicles.

European settlers arrived in the area around 1843 to farm, and the land has been progressivly subdivided since then into ever smaller pieces. The Glen Innes and Point England subdivisions of the mid 1950s are very similar to those in Māngere Central and Favona, with lots of cul-de-sacs and a system of greenways running through the suburbs. The current urban form is mostly low density, with small houses on large sections. The Omaru stream winds through the township and out to Tamaki estuary.

Maybury Reserve hosts the extremely popular Matariki Light Trail community event each July, and Pt England Reserve is a ‘Movies in Parks’ venue in January. The Point to Point walkway extends from Pt England Reserve around the coast to St Heliers, via Tahuna Torea Nature Reserve and Churchill Park. It is a popular weekend activity with lots of walkers and cyclists using the well-marked coastal path. By adding in the reserves through central Glen Innes and then trekking up through the horse paddocks of Apirana Reserve, the walk can be extended to St John’s Ridge.

Traditionally Glen Innes and Point England were blue-collar neighbourhoods, with the majority of housing stock owned by Housing New Zealand. The community is about to undergo enormous urban renewal as part of the Tamaki Transformation Project, which will see a large number of the old houses removed and replaced by much higher-density housing developments. This will have a major flow-on ecological effect, as the impervious surfaces in the upper catchment more than double. There is an ongoing project in rehabilitating and revegetating the lower reaches of the stream in conjunction with local community groups, WaiCare and Auckland Council.

Wimbledon Reserve

Taniwha Reserve

Swainston Reserve Merton Rd Reserve

Maybury Reserve

Elstree North Reserve

Wai O Taiki NatureReserve

Pt England Reserve

Colin Maiden Park

Morrin Reserve

Talbot Reserve

Taurima Reserve Omaru reserves walkways Point to Point walkway Civic and Community Sport and Active Informal

I was interested in locating my investigation in Glen Innes, as it is an established community that is ethnically diverse and strongly connected to each other and to their suburb. There are people here who still remember swimming in the Omaru stream and gathering food on the estuary shore, although the stream is now heavily polluted and many of the reserves it flows through are underutilised and have a perception in the community for being unsafe.

Apirana Reserve

Conservation

Maungarei / Mt Wellington

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

HYDROLOGY

65 m

Apirana Reserve

The Omaru Creek is 3.2 km long, and stretches from the St John’s Rd ridge (Apirana Reserve) down to the Tāmaki River (Pt England Reserve). Many of its tributaries have been piped and now feed into the creek via a network of stormwater drains.

From the top of the catchment in the west to Tāmaki river in the east, there is a 60m change in elevation. The steepest gradient is in Apirana Reserve, which descends from the ridge to the valley, while the rest of the reserves slope very gently from there down towards the river.

Much of the creek is a narrow channel, prone to erosion and either mown to the water’s edge or choked with exotic vegetation such as willows, nightshades, tradescantia and garden escapees. There has been some riparian revegation with native plants carried out by both Auckland Council and community groups.

Maungarei, at 120m high, is visible from most parts of the catchment.

The creek consistently scores ‘E’ and ‘F’ grades for water quality, habitat quality and biodiversity (State of Auckland Freshwater Report Card, 2013 and 2014) and has previously been called one of the most polluted streams in Auckland. Māori historically used this creek as a key food source and inland pathway, and locals recall swimming here as children and collecting eels and watercress (personal communication).

60 m 50 m 40 m

CONTOURS

Te Wai Mokoia / Tamaki River

Apirana Reserve

30 m

The Omaru Creek channel is very narrow and steep-sided in many places with a drop of up to 2m into the water from the surrounding reserve. In fast-moving water events, it would be challenging for people and wildlife to exit the creek easily if they fell in. Local iwi speak of the creek originally being navigable by waka (personal communication), so there must have been significant change in channel shape and width through sedimentation over time.

20 m 10 m 5m

Te Wai Mokoia / Tamaki River

Pt England Reserve

Much of the stream today is cloudy, full of rubbish, smelly and unfit to touch let alone swim. Stormwater pours in from roads and carparks, contributing to the high levels of zinc, copper, lead and phosphorus in the water (Lockie, S. and Neale, M.W., 2014). In high rainfall events the creek swells very quickly into a roaring torrent. With its steep, narrow channel it becomes a significant drowning hazard in flood.

Omaru Creek Overland flow path Flood Plain

Omaru Creek

Parks and Open Space

1m contours

120 m

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Maungarei / Mt Wellington

SIGNIFICANT ECOLOGIES

VOLCANIC VIEWSHAFTS St John’s Bush

The Omaru catchment borders three Significant Ecological Areas (SEA) in Maungarei / Mt Wellington, the Tāmaki Estuary intertidal banks, and the native bush remnants of St John’s and Kepa Bush in the neighbouring Pourewa catchment.

Maungarei / Mt Wellington is a constant presence on the skyline throughout the Omaru catchment, and key viewshafts are protected within the current District Plan and the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan.

The middle section of Omaru Creek is also listed as an SEA in the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan, under the criteria of ‘threat status and rarity’ (PAUP, 2013). While there is little to no indigenous vegetation along the creek, it does still provide some habitat for tuna (eels), and banded kokopu. The stormwater pond at Elstree Ave limits inanga passage into the main creek.

All three iwi who whakapapa to this area have strong ancestral links to Maungarei, so any design proposals should consider orientation of key elements towards the maunga. Tamaki Estuary intertidal banks

The Tāmaki estuary is a wading bird feeding ground of regional significance. Saltmarsh and mangrove habitats fringe the estuary, and the intertidal banks have extensive shellfish beds (PAUP, 2013). Historically these shellfish beds formed a major food resource for Māori, but have been degraded in recent decades through sedimentation and pollution from heavy metals in runoff from the upper river catchment. Omaru Creek

Significant Ecolological Area

Volcanic Viewshafts

Maungarei / Mt Wellington

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

MANA WHENUA

COMMERCIAL

Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, Ngāti Paoa, and Ngāti Whātua o Ōrākei are mana whenua in Glen Innes and the Omaru catchment, with strong spiritual, ancestral links to this landscape. Members of all three iwi are resident in the area and feel both deeply connected to this place and deeply concerned with the degradation of the natural environment (NZ Herald articles, 2008 & 2013).

Glen Innes town centre was purpose-built in the 1950s and 60s to service the new post-war subdivision that had been developed on the old Glen Innes estate of early European settler William Taylor Innes.

Elstree Ave

In its heyday the town centre flourished with fashion stores, jewellers, dairies, tearooms, a pub, hardware store and forgery (www.gleninnesvillage.co.nz). The library was built in 1965, and the marae in 1978.

The Omaru Creek is of major spiritual and cultural importance, being recognised by iwi as an ancestress and “the veins of Papatūānuku’’ (personal communication). It was an important mahinga kai resource, with sites of value recognised in the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan that signify earlier occupations (kainga) and fishing camps (middens). Iwi traditions suggest there are burial sites around the mouth of the creek, although wāhi tapu sites do not appear on any council map.

These days there is a proliferation of $2 and thrift stores, however a wide variety of food outlets, fresh produce, meat and fish mean it is still a busy local centre. Te Wai Mokoia / Tamaki River

The original name for Glen Innes was Ukutoia, which means ‘waka scraping on the clay’ and refers to the vast number of waka that used to call at this busy food and transport exchange hub situated on the mid-point between the Waitematā and Manukau harbours (www. gleninnesvillage.co.nz).

Ruapotaka Marae

Farringdon St

Glen Innes has excellent public transport links with a train station, bus interchange and easy access to the motorway. A proposed cycleway to Tāmaki Drive is due to be constructed from 2015-17.

Glen Innes town centre train station

Traditionally this has been a blue-collar area with many people working in local manufacturing jobs. The downturn of the 1980s meant many business closing due to international competition, and the unemployment rate in the area was Auckland’s highest at 27% in the early 1990s (www.gleninnesvillage.co.nz). There is still a light industrial area centred around the railway line, and plans for an innovation precinct based around the University of Auckland site.

Omaru Creek

Ruapotaka Marae operates as a community marae for Ngā Hau e Wha or ‘people of the four winds’ and is the first port of call for anyone wanting to link with iwi in the area. The marae is described by locals as the heart and soul of the community and welcoming to everyone, not just Māori (Hancock and Chilcott, 2005).

Fenchurch St

Pt England Rd

Proposed cycleway to Tāmaki Dr Roads Main Trunk Line Rail Corridor

Marae

Light Industry

school marae

Mixed Use

Māori cultural sites

Stonefields

Places of value to mana whenua

Town Centre Neighbouhood Centre

Maungarei / Mt Wellington

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

RESIDENTIAL

SCHOOLS

The housing stock in Glen Innes is predominantly state-owned and was built in the 1950s. Most are small, detached homes on large sections, and the majority of these are now very rundown. Despite that, many families have lived in their state house for a long time and feel very connected to their community. The regeneration project means that practically everyone will have to move at some stage while all the housing stock that was formerly owned by Housing New Zealand (HNZ) is renewed, and there is a lot of concern and distrust in the community.

Within the Omaru catchment are four primary schools, one secondary school, a Māori immersion kura, and the University of Auckland Tamaki Innovation campus.

The plan is to renew and retain the current 2800 HNZ houses as social housing, and build another 7500 homes within the same suburban area (over the whole Tāmaki precinct). The old, small state houses are being removed to make way for modern detached and terraced homes that are a variety of configurations to more easily accommodate families of different sizes. The extra 7500 homes will be a mixture of affordable (assisted ownership) and market homes that will bring a whole new demographic of people into the area (TRC Strategic Framework, 2013).

Nearly every school is adjacent to or has a walkway to one of the local reserves. Tamaki College has an active Enviroschools group that is involved in the stream daylighting project happening in their grounds in conjunction with Auckland Council stormwater.

St Pius X School

The schools are all decile 1, and cater predominantly to Pasifika and Māori students. All the schools are part of the Manaiakalani Initiative which equips students with netbooks as part of a digital learning initiative that includes a free wireless network throughout the community.

Glen Innes School Glenbrae School Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Puau Te Moana-Nui-A-Kiwa

Tamaki College

The ‘River Talks’ kaupapa was presented in three special shows for schools to engage children in the story of Omaru Creek and encourage them to be part of restoring it.

With the enormous increase in housing and concurrent decrease in section size, the parks and reserves will become more important as social and recreation spaces. University of Auckland Tāmaki Campus

Pt England School

Residential areas

School

Parks and Open Space

Tertiary Education

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

COMMUNITY FACILITIES

OMARU CATCHMENT MAPPING: Key Findings • the extensive reserve network is poorly served with paths, seating and bridges across the stream • much of the original stream network is now piped, and the remaining stream channel is narrow, steep-sided with very little vegetation on the banks in the main reserves.

Glen Innes is well-served with churches and a variety of community facilities. There are indoor pools, community recreation centre (based at Tāmaki College), community and family centres, library, marae and the newest addition Te Oro Music and Arts Centre (pictured below).

• despite the current lack of native vegetation, there is an opportunity to link the Significant Ecological areas bordering Glen Innes through creating an ecological corridor along the stream.

Te Oro is the culmination of long-term planning by the community and council for a music and arts hub to encourage the talent of the young people in the area. It offers a wide variety of music and arts classes after school and during the holidays that are mostly free. There are many well-known artists and musicians in the Glen Innes area who teach and perform from this beautiful facility opened earlier in 2015.

• the viewshafts to Maungarei are protected and are an important part of the Glen Innes landscape. • mana whenua are deeply connected to this place, and Ruapotaka marae is considered the heart of the community by local residents.

Glen Innes library operates a popular after-school programme, and together with Te Oro and the adjacent Ruapotaka Marae and community centre forms a cultural/community grouping that links across Line Rd through to the town centre. There are plans to re-site the marae, extend the library and connect all the buildings into a coherent precinct. Local youth would like a basketball court in this area to serve the younger kids attending the afterschool programmes (Hancock and Chilcott, 2005).

• there is no interpretive signage, markers, or placenames recalling the extensive Māori history of the area • there is an opportunity to extend the current walkway network and connect with the proposed cycleway to Tamaki Dr. • with 75% of the housing being rebuilt and intensified, an integrated park network that protects the stream and provides walkability and recreation opportunities for an increased population is essential.

All the community facilities are located within a few minutes walk of the stream reserve network, as are many of the churches.

Marae Recreational facility

• there is a vibrant, colourful and resilient community resident in Glen Innes who have pride in their suburb, despite outside perceptions of people and place. The knowledge, skills and talents of local iwi, artists, musicians and craftspeople should be incorporated into any redesign of the landscape.

Community Centre Church Library

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

initial drawing analysis and hÄŤkoi

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

missing links and crossing spaces

fish passage barriers 62

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

initial study of shallow/deep

mixing of waters - stormwater inlets x 43 64

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

light and shade - vegetative cover

shallow meanders and deep channels 66

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

exploration of crossings - over and through 68

woven ground - occupation through time Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Te-Uru-Karaka-o-Parehuia

original watershed and piped remnants 70

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

DRAWING ANALYSIS AND HĪKOI: Key Findings • walking the stream from source to sea and back revealed hidden viewpoints as well as exposed the difficulties in crossing the roads and the stream itself.

“A shared story framework - one developed out of a deepening understanding of place - enables us to create our own stories within it.”

- Bill Reed, Regenesis Group

• the vegetation cover and stream width/depth do not match in many places e.g. some shallow and possible crossing places are obstructed by thick planting, and conversely some dangerously steep stream banks have no planting that could stop a fall or reduce erosion along the bank. • the cultural landscape is multi-layered with successive occupations around the stream over many generations that are currently unmarked and invisible to the casual visitor. • the woven ground of historic food production could be reinterpreted with reference to all the subsequent arrivals and settlement of different cultures • 43 stormwater outlets have a huge effect on the look, smell, sound and ‘feel’ of the stream, let alone the actual quality of the water. • the current source of the stream is really just one part of a previously-extensive hillside stream/gully wetland system • heavy rain causes swift stream rise and fall, and localised flooding in areas that once functioned as wetlands. Stormwater pours in directly from roads, carparks and the industrial areas. • the marae is centred physically and metaphysically in the heart of the landscape, connected to the past via viewshafts to the maunga and to the future with a desired move closer to Omaru Creek and a stronger kaitiaki role in the landscape. There is the opportunity to create a designed physical landscape connection with the water that enhances the spiritual bond. • inscribing the stories into the landscape would reinforce the living history of the people and give newcomers a sense of belonging to a rich and established community.

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

context: omaru stream reserves

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Mana whenua

Glen Innes Community

Water must be managed in a holistic manner and nurtured as a living entity - the tears of Ranginui, the lifeblood of Papatūānuku and the domain of Tangaroa

Ruapotaka Marae – potential to play a greater leadership role in the future - the heart and centre of the community1

Mauri of water is to be protected and restored - wastes of land returned to the land (including sewage discharges, stormwater and sediment runoff) to maintain clean healthy water

Physical environment is a local treasure or taonga – everyone wants to see it cleaned up and preserved for future generations (locals, Maori, Pacifica, Migrants, business, youth)1

creation of wetlands for regeneration of fish and plant communities and enhancement of mahinga kai in waterways

Work in ways that foster community spirit; knit together rich diversity Recognise the local Māori community identity

remove noxious weeds and replant riparian corridors with indigenous plants

Build on what is already there – listen to community - honour Te Tiriti through treaty-based practices

ability to swim in the waterways and gather food

swim in the water, collect mahinga kai from waterways plant more native trees, get rid of the smelly stormwater pond cleaner waterways and coastlines, cleaner more useable parks places to ride bikes, more playgrounds (TRC survey)

ability to exercise kaitiakitanga responsibilities

Hancock, F. , Chilcott, J., Ka Mau Te Wero. (2005). GI Visioning Project. Self published.

Tamaki Redevelopment Company (TRC)

joint venture between central govt and auckland council

Stakeholder Aspirations

three key themes: lifestyle & culture, talent & creativity, places & neighbourhoods

looking after our environment - restoring and caring for the existing maunga, buildings, water, open spaces and wāhi tapu for the well-being of our communities

Tāmaki people are engaged, healthy and safe and their cultural identity and diversity is celebrated An urban environment that is attractive, safe and connected with spaces to support a variety of urban lifestyles A healthy and resilient natural environment to support diverse lifestyles through caring for our maunga, water and open spaces 1. establish an integrated blue-green network building on the strength of the Tāmaki river and existing waterways 2. Restore and bring to life the stream network which includes the Omaru waterway through the progressive upgrade of the area 3. Improve stormwater quality and treatment in all waterways 4. Ensure new developments adopt a low impact design approach to stormwater 5. Ensure infrastructure has capacity to accommodate intensity of development envisaged by TRC. Tamaki Strategic Framework, August 2013, TRC

Maungakiekie - Tamaki Local Board

Auckland Council

Our community spaces work for us - work towards ensuring everyone benefits from and enjoys using community spaces in Maungakiekie-Tamaki

Council data

Omaru Creek

3.2 km long Significant Auckland watercourse

3.2 km not in pipes Traditional mahinga kai resource

Water quality : F

Historic inland path

Habitat quality: F

Was waka navigable

Biodiversity: F

Revered ancestress

clean waterways and harbours

maintain the stormwater conveyance function of the city’s streams improve stream water and sediment quality reduce on-going erosion of watercourses better recognise cultural values protect existing streams and wetlands from further degradation improve stream habitat and riparian margins and create linkages between natural areas where possible Mimic natural systems and processes for stormwater management - including integration into engineered devices such as treatment wetlands, swales, living roofs, raingardens and tree pits.

Meeting place

very high zinc and copper levels1

Historic extensive garden network

Lockie, S and Neale, MW (2014) State of the environment monitoring: river quality annual report 2013. Auckland Council technical report TR2014/032

State of Auckland Freshwater Report Card 2014: Maungakiekie-Tāmaki Reporting Area

Maungakiekie-Tāmaki Local Board Plan 2014

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Local perception

Rainfall: 1244mm

E. coli above safe swimming levels1 43 stormwater inlets

easy, connected and safe public transport, cycling and walking - greenways plan to improve cycling, walking and ecological connections across the region

Mayhew, I. “Watercourse and Wetlands”, Auckland City Council 2008

Omaru Creek

Locals swam here and gathered food Community want it restored to health personal communication

APIRANA RESERVE Apirana Reserve borders St Johns Rd in the top north-western edge of the Omaru catchment. It is currently used by the Meadowbank Pony Club for grazing horses, but is open to the public for informal recreation. The Point England walkway begins in Apirana Reserve, although the path is not marked through the horse paddocks. There are extensive views from the ridge down to the Tāmaki river and across to Maungarei/Mt Wellington and Taurere/Mt Taylor - both sacred mountains for mana whenua. Omaru Creek begins in an exotic wooded glade at the top of the reserve, with stormwater runoff from St John’s Rd being piped directly in at source. Regular stormwater inputs from surrounding roads and residential properties feed into the stream throughout the reserve, and washing water with lux flakes present was observed trickling in from one such drain. Exotic weeds and garden escapees choke the stream along the residential boundary - especially where it passes from public on to private land for several hundred metres. Maungakiekie-Tāmaki Local Board have undertaken an extensive riparian revegetation project below the residential area over the last two years, with new native plantings stabilising a swampy area along the stream bank. The Main Trunk Line railway runs along the edge of Apirana Reserve, and a portion of this rail reserve is scheduled to become a cycleway between Glen Innes and Tamaki Drive. There are a couple of park benches in the horse paddocks so walkers can take advantage of the wide city views, however the Glen Innes end of the reserve has no seating at all. A major difficulty in accessing this reserve is the lack of a pedestrian crossing across the extremely busy Apirana Ave in Glen Innes at the edge of Eastview Reserve. There is also no signage that explains the link to the Point England walkway at the Glen Innes section of the route.

Apirana Reserve Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

EASTVIEW RESERVE Eastview Reserve is centrally located between Apirana Ave and Line Rd in Glen Innes, with an eye-catching sculpture marking the gateway to the suburb. The northern portion of the reserve has been the focus for the Ko Au Te Awa revegetation project over the last two years, and the new plantings are establising well. There is a single pathway along the top of the reserve and no public seating. The majority of the reserve is behind the light industrial area, Pakâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;nâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Save supermarket, and residential housing, so there is poor passive surveillance. Omaru Creek flows along the bottom of Eastview Reserve - well away from the pedestrian pathway for much of the reserve - and is really only visible in heavy rain when it floods. Multiple stormwater inlets drain from the surrounding industrial and residential areas directly into the stream, and there have been multiple serious pollution events over the last decade (personal communication, Auckland Council Pollution team). A pollution spill was observed during the course of this investigation, with the stream turning milky-coloured and smelling strongly of vinegar. Discoloration and foam from the spill was still observable more than a kilometre downstream from the stormwater drain where it entered the creek. The lack of lighting and seating in the reserve make it unattractive as a place to visit and linger, and people were only observed using the reserve as a walkway.

Eastview Reserve 80

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

TANIWHA RESERVE Taniwha Reserve connects Line Rd and Taniwha St, and the sole pathway is used by locals as a shortcut between these streets. Pensioner housing borders the reserve along Line Rd, although there appears to be no entrance on to the park from the units, and there is no seating for people to enjoy the open views and sheltered, sunny aspect. There is no bridge across the stream to access the wide sunny lawn. There is no native vegetation in the reserve, only exotic specimen trees and a weedy willow swamp by Taniwha Rd. Omaru Creek runs in a deeply-incised channel through this reserve, so in heavy rain events the stream rises quickly and flows swiftly. The lack of riparian vegetation means the stream is very exposed during hot weather and experiences fluctuations in water temperature.

Taniwha Reserve 82

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

RUAPOTAKA & MAYBURY RESERVES Ruapotaka and Maybury Reserves are at the centre of Glen Innes township. Ruapotaka Reserve houses the library, Ruapotaka Marae, Glen Innes Community Centre, Plunket rooms and Citizenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Advice Bureau, and the new Te Oro Music and Arts Centre. This is a civic reserve and sits between the shopping centre and Maybury Reserve. Maybury Reserve adjoins Ruapotaka, and is a large grassy open space for informal recreation that streches nearly a kilometre down to Elstree Ave. Omaru Creek winds through the centre of the reserve, alternately hidden from view behind huge flax plantings or visible between exotic trees. The planting along the stream bank does not seem to correlate to edge condition, with most of the highly eroding steep banks remaining unplanted, and the gentle slopes vegetated. The native plantings in the reserve are all revegatation projects, with the mature trees being exotic species such as poplar and willow. There is a site of value to mana whenua (historic midden) halfway along the reserve that is being eroded every time the stream floods. Maybury Reserve is used for popular community events such as the Matariki lantern trail that draws thousands of people over several nights in July. As there is only a single pathway and no lighting at other times, temporary pathways are installed especially for the event, as well as a stage down by the stream. There is a lack of passive surveillance in Maybury reserve as it lies at the back of community buildings and residential housing, and again there is a severe lack of public seating or places that would encourage people to visit the reserve and linger. A small childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s playground accessed from Taniwha St does have three picnic tables, and is well-used as it is the only playground in the reserve. The Te Oro Music and Arts Centre is part of a more extensive redevelopment planned for both these reserves, with community consultation on the project scheduled for November 2015.

Ruapotaka & Maybury Reserve 84

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

PT ENGLAND RESERVE Point England is the largest of the Omaru Creek stream reserves, and stretches from Elstree Ave to the wide estuary of the T훮maki River. The majority of the community sportsfields are located on the reserve, which is also bordered by Point England School. A waterfront pathway is very popular with local walkers, and links through to Tahuna Torea Nature Reserve in the north and down to Panmure in the south. The Local Board plan to formalise this link through the Tamaki Greenways project to make it more attractive to cyclists and walkers. At the Elstree Ave end of the reserve, Omaru Creek flows into a large stormwater pond that is infested with exotic catfish (Morphum Environmental, 2015). Below the pond, the creek becomes tidal and brackish, and the vegetation slowly changes to mangroves along the riparian edge. This could become prime inanga habitat if the upper tidal reaches were revegetated with appropriate grasses to shade the water and provide for spawning. The Omaru Creek stream mouth is very important to mana whenua, as it was a traditional food gathering site as well as part of a key transport route between p훮 along the T훮maki River. There are many sites of significance along the tidal reaches of the stream that denote historical papakainga and middens. During the course of this investigation it was discovered that this reserve is subject to a treaty claim by mana whenua, with Ng훮ti Paoa planning to build a new marae here once their claim settles. Accordingly, initial design plans for this site were set aside, with the decision made to focus on other sites along the stream system instead.

Pt England Reserve 86

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

design tests

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Apirana Reserve 90

Apirana Reserve Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Eastview Reserve 92

Eastview Reserve Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Taniwha Reserve 94

Taniwha Reserve Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Ruapotaka and Maybury Reserve 96

Ruapotaka and Maybury Reserves Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

concept

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Omaru Creek: regeneration

CONCEPT: OMARU CREEK - KI UTA KI TAI / SOURCE TO SEA

Omaru Creek is envisaged as a complete regenerative living system, with fully connected ecologies accessible easily by people for katiakitanga activities and mahinga kai harvesting. The stream is a taonga for the community and valued for its historical, cultural and ecological treasures. Integrating the research, analysis, drawing and design tests led to the development of a vison for Omaru Creek and a strategic framework that can have multiple outcomes. These are detailed on the following pages. From the strategic framework a series of eight possible design moves were conceived that relate driectly to the Te Aranga design principles The redeveloped stream system has five key parts:

• • • • •

urban forest wetland filtration taonga storehouse cultural precinct coastal recreation

These functions correlate with the five key stream reserves, giving each their own focus and unique identity.

Apirana Reserve : urban forest

Whatungarongaro te tangata toitū te whenua As man disappears from sight the land remains

Eastview Reserve : wetland filtration Taniwha Reserve : taonga storehouse

This investigation then focused further on three areas and three parks, and looked at specific place-based outcomes that arise from the integration of research, amalysis and design principles.

Ruapotaka & Maybury Reserves : cultural precinct

He taura whiri kotahi mai anō te kopunga tai no i te pu au From the source to the mouth of the sea all things are joined together as one 100

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Pt England Reserve : coastal recreation 101

vision: restoration of mauri Omaru Creek is recognised as a taonga of mana whenua and treasured by the community of Glen Innes where: •

•

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the mauri and wairua of the ecosystems are valued, protected and restored, providing sustainable resources to mana whenua who have a daily presence in the stream reserves as kaitiaki historical and cultural values and sites are protected, interpreted and valued by the community and visitors recreation and community events can be enjoyed sustainably throughout a connected stream system kaitiakitanga values and activities are made visible through a Council-community environmental regeneration project that empowers local residents and utilises Mātauranga Māori

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

strategic framework •

acknowledge Ruapotaka Marae as heart and centre of the Glen Innes community and kaitiaki for Omaru Creek

•

link Omaru Creek from the source to the sea - continuous pathways and ecology

•

re-establish wetland filtering and mahinga kai habitat

•

restore physical connection with the water

•

reclothe Papatūānuku - biodiversity, health and healing

•

inscribe narratives into the landscape - acknowledge tūpuna - memory of place

•

resource community to co-manage and maintain regeneration and education project

•

introduce stormwater treatment train requirements for existing business and industrial sites

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

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Ahi kÄ

Tohu

Mahi Toi

Mauri Tu

Taiao

Whakapapa

Mana

design moves river stage - on maunga axis crossings filter and slow - new wetlands touch the water weave the layers together mark significant places reshape and replant inscribe stories - inhabit the landscape 104

Ko te wai te ora ngÄ mea katoa Water is the life giver of all things

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

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Eastview Reserve

1. re-establish wetland system: • was discovered during analysis that this was the original landscape of the site • restores mahinga kai habitat, increases diversity of native flora and fauna • phytoremediation of stormwater - enhances mauri of stream • these outcomes relate to the principles of Mauri Tu and Taiao • meets strategic objectives of valuing and restoring mauri and wairua of ecosystem 2. plant ‘ecological frame’ of dense native forest • extends wildlife corridor from upper reserves down into urban areas • provides habitat and food sources for native birds - relates to the principle of Taiao The inspiration for a collection of biotopes came from the case study of Anchor Park in Sweden by SLA. Their alder marsh, oak forest, meadow and seaweed have been reinterpreted here as podocarp forest, freshwater sedge wetland, bands of rippling native grasses and productive orchard.

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OUTCOME: A community park that is a meeting place, learning space, source of nourishment - both physical and spiritual - and a link in the chain of a revitalised Omaru Creek. People have a reason to come here, and multiple pathway networks make it safe to be there.

Life is breathed back into the land through re-establishing the native forest and wetland system, allowing natural regeneration of mahinga kai resources, and filtering of stormwater by native reeds, rushes and sedges. New plantings of kahikatea, kowhai, kohekohe, nikau and porokaiwhiri extend the wildlife corridor deeper into the urban realm, providing year-round food sources for A place to play and a community orchard invites families into the reserve, and an outdoor classroom provides an opportunity for tamariki to observe, learn, draw and monitor the health and wellbeing of the stream.

42. community orchard: • harks back to the original form and function of stream valleys being fertile community gardens • becomes a modern-day meeting place that engenders a sense of belonging and contribution in a diverse community • here grafted heritage trees from current gardens hold memories of the original community in a time of huge developmental change • establishing food and fibre resources with seasonal harvests relates to the principles of Taiao and Mahi Toi, with food gathering sites araiund the awa/river. • recognition of this place as a historical meeting place for trade and eschange around food - relates to whakapapa

C’ 9

KEY

new 3m wide exposed aggregate concrete shared cycle/walkway

new 4m wide timber boardwalk through constructed wetland

kowhai groves mark pathway junctions

existing path widened to 3m for shared cycle/walkway

mixed fruit community orchard

A similar project has been very successful in La Rosa Reserve, Auckland where a community group has set up to manage the orchard without council involvement.

selected existing exotic trees retained

new junior playground

existing grassy lawns retained on upper slopes of reserve

51. new pedestrian crossing between Eastview and Taniwha Reserves • safe connection for people between parks • relates to the strategic framework of linking Omaru Creek from source to sea for people as well as ecology

new outdoor classroom and seating

native grasses filter overland stormwater

swampy wetland gives stream room to breathe and provides mahinga kai habitat

reeds and rushes planted within the recontoured stream for phytoremediation of polluted stormwater

biodiverse sedge and low shrub wetland edge

dense native forest ‘ecological frame’ creates a wildlife refuge and extensive plantings for kereru and tui

new pedestrian crossing to safely link Eastview and Taniwha reserves

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

oad

native birds.

Eastview is a meeting place, a learning space, a source of nourishment - both physical and spiritual, and a link in the chain of a revitalised Omaru Creek.

Inspiration came from the ‘living laboratory’ in the Styx-Purakaunui river project in Christchurch, where community involvement was encouraged in monitoring the health of the river.

tvie

trial area

DESIGN SOLUTIONS:

3 1. add a lower path, boardwalk system and outdoor classroom space: • reconnects people with the stream so it becomes part of daily life • gives access to the waterway and mahinga kai resources enhancing opportunity for kaitiakitanga, allowing local iwi to be visible and active within the park - meets outcomes for Ahi kā (living presence) • the classroom space gives a place for local schools to come and be involved in monitoring the stream health and observe wildlife • meets outcomes for principle of Mauri Tu (environmental health) and Tohu with interpretation and education space.

Eas

light indus

• weedy, willow-infested waterway with large amounts of stormwater runoff causing localise flooding • only path is at the top of the hill, so people are disconnected form the stream • there is no reson to linger or stay, no seating, no native vegetation

Eastview is reimagined as a new kind of community park; a connection point between newcomers and long-term residents, between people and the stream.

Pak’n’Save supermarket

5 5

2 1

wetland filtration

PROBLEM:

Glen Innes School

Line Ro a

CONCEPT: WETLAND FILTRATION

Scale 1:500 @ A1

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Eastview Reserve

Pak’n’Save

an ‘ecological frame’ of dense native bush is planted between the existing stream and adjacent industrial buildings to create a wildlife refuge, with planting designed to attract kereru and tui.

250 Scale 1:125

the existing u-shaped stream channel is recontoured into several shallow ‘v’s’ that spread through a constructed wetland designed to hold and slow stormwater in heavy rain events and provide biodiverse mahinga kai habitat.

a new 4m wide timber boardwalk meanders through a constructed filtration wetland, providing space to walk, cycle, sit, observe, draw, monitor, ponder, and enjoy the abundant birdlife.

the existing weedy willow swamp is replanted with native reeds, sedges and grasses, helping to filter and purify the polluted stormwater that empties into the stream from surrounding industrial and residential areas.

an extensive band of native grasses helps to filter overland water flows, increase biodiversity and ripples attractively in the breeze.

the existing grassy lawn on upper slope is retained, maintaining extensive views across the reserve. Selected mature exotic trees are retained for summer shade.

1. emergent zone: 200 - 1000mm below water level

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Baumea articulata

Baumea teretifolia

Eleocharis sphacelata : kuta

existing concrete path widened to 3 m for shared cycleway/walkway

new community orchard includes grafted heritage fruit trees salvaged from Glen Innes home gardens prior to demolition.

C’

planting combinations - native grasses

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani : kāpūngāwhā

Anemanthele lessoniana

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Carex dipsacea

Chionochloa flavicans

Machaerina sinclaririi : pepepe

Cordyline pumilio : tī rauriki

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planted between the existing stream and adjacent industrial buildings to create a wildlife refuge, with planting designed to attract kereru and tui.

Scale 1:125

Eastview Reserve

a new 4m wide timber boardwalk meanders through a constructed filtration wetland, providing space to walk, cycle, sit, observe, draw, monitor, ponder, and enjoy the abundant birdlife.

1. emergent zone: 200 - 1000mm below water level

Baumea articulata

Baumea teretifolia

Eleocharis sphacelata : kuta

Baumea rubiginosa

Bolboschoenus fluviatilis : ririwaka

Myriophyllum propinquum

planting combinations - native grasses

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani : kāpūngāwhā

4 Baumea juncea

Eleocharis acuta

2 12 3 2 1

boggy/swampy

3. moist edge/lower banks: above water level

4. upper stream bank: low shrubs and swamp trees

temporary inundation

Cortaderia fulvida : toetoe

Carex lessoniana : rautahi

Cyperus ustulatus : upokotangata

Juncus edgariae : wiwi

Cordyline australis : tī kōuka

Apodasmia similis : oioi

Machaerina sinclaririi : pepepe

Cyperus ustulatus : upokotangata

Juncus edgariae : wiwi

Cordyline australis : tī kōuka

Cyathea medullaris : mamaku

Blechnum novae-zelandiae : kiokio

Carex secta : purei

Coprosma propinqua : mingimingi

Juncus pallidus : wiwi

Phormium tenax : harakeke

Ficinia nodosa : wiwi

Carex secta : purei

Coprosma propinqua : mingimingi

Juncus pallidus : wiwi

Phormium tenax : harakeke

Geniostoma ligustrifolium :hangehange Vitex lucens : puriri

Carex geminata

Carex virgata

Coprosma robusta : karamū

Leptospermum scoparium : manuka Pseudopanax arboreus : whauwhaupaku

Carex geminata

Carex virgata

Coprosma robusta : karamū

Leptospermum scoparium : manuka Pseudopanax arboreus : whauwhaupaku

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Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

Hoheria populnea : houhere

Anemanthele lessoniana

Carex dipsacea

Chionochloa flavicans

Carex buchananii

Carex testacea

Chionochloa conspicua hunangamoho Poa anceps

Carex comans ‘Bronze’

Hierochloe redolens : kāretu

Cortaderia fulvida

Machaerina sinclaririi : pepepe

Cordyline pumilio : tī rauriki

Libertia ixioides : mikoikoi

typical vegetated stream profile and indicative plant species

Typha orientalis

2. littoral zone: 200mm above water level

C’

is retained, maintaining extensive views across the reserve. Selected mature exotic trees are retained for summer shade.

an extensive band of native grasses helps to filter overland water flows, increase biodiversity and ripples attractively in the breeze.

Macropiper excelsum : kawakawa

Uncinia uncinata

Dianella nigra : turutu

ecological frame - native bird refuge

Freycinetia banksii : kiekie

Syzgium maire : maire tawake

Cordyline australis : tī kōuka

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides : kahikatea Prumnopitys ferruginea : miro

Corynocarpus laevigata : karaka

Rhopalostylus sapida : nikau

Metrosideros carminea : akakura

Laurelia novae-zelandiae : pukatea

Pomaderris kumeraho : kumarahou

Pseudopanax arboreus : whauwhaupaku

Dacrydium cupressinum : rimu

Beilschmiedia taraire : taraire

Elaeocarpus dentata : hinau

Hedycarya arborea : porokaiwhiri

Ripogonum scandens : kareao

Sophora microphylla : kowhai

Melicytus ramiflorus : mahoe

Podocarpus totara : totara

Dysoxylum spectabile : kohekohe

Vitex lucens : puriri

Melicytus ramiflorus : mahoe

Clematis paniculata : puawananga

Pittosporum cornifolium : tawhirikaro Coprosma robusta : karamū

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

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Place-based design outcomes recognition of Glen Innesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; history as meeting and exchange place around food - Ukutoia establish community food places, seasonal harvests, biodiversity for pollinator species

Place-based design outcomes

enhance community well-being and connections

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plant traditonal food-gathering sites around stream

re-establishment of wetland ecology and mahinga kai habitat, ecological corridor for kereru, biodiversity

recognition of original wetland site and native flora, interpretation, outdoor classroom

local people visible and active within the parks - reason to visit and stay

phytoremediation of stormwater using native plants, monitoring site, wetlands - enhance mauri

access to waterway and mahinga kai resources - enhance kaitiakitanga

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

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Taniwha Reserve

N Har

low

Plac

Line Ro ad

CONCEPT: TAONGA STOREHOUSE

1. • • •

add a parallel path system and multiple stream crossings: opens up western side of the park addresses CYPTED issues gives access to reserve for older people and optios for walkers and cyclists • increasing community safety and wellbeing relates to the principle of Mauri Tu and Ahi kā where people have greater access to exercise kaitiakitanga. 2. plant an extensive pā harakeke • taonga varieties for local weavers from Ngāti Paoa, Ngāti Whātua and Ngāi Tai • this park was chosen as analysis and design tests showed probable sewage contamination in Eastview Reserve, and fungal disease in current harakeke plantings in Maybury reserve make them unsuitable for weaving.

OUTCOME:

pensioner housing - taonga in their own right.

Biodiversity, health and healing are interwoven and celebrated in this peaceful place, bringing life to the landscape and the people who tend it along a regenerating Omaru Creek.

The western streambank with its wide sunny lawns is opened up for walkers, cyclists, gardeners and weavers through a network of new timber bridges and an exposed aggregate pathway. An extensive pā harakeke, raranga resources within the planted wetland, and specialised rongoa medicinal plantings provide a rich foundation for shared learning experiences within this diverse community.

6 7

sing

The luxuriant wetland planting is kept fairly low within the recontoured stream corridor, maintaining the expansive views across the reserve.

Biodiversity, health and healing are interwoven and celebrated in this peaceful place, centred

42. • • • •

willow swamp replaced with lushly-planted wetland: increases mahinga kai habitat extends ecological corridor for wildlife (including insects) phytoremediation of polluted stormwater cabbage trees are used as traditional markers of safe crossing places in the stream • meets strategic framework to reclothe Papatuanuku/mother earth in her native cloak, and re-establish wetland filtering and mahinga kai habitat.

Street

DESIGN SOLUTIONS:

plant extensive collection of rongoa/medicinal plants: used for traditional health and healing becomes an education and teaching resource (with interpretation) enhances mauri and increases biodiversity within the park place-based outcomes for Mahi Toi, Mauri Tu, Taiao and Tohu are created through establishing these pā harakeke and rongoa gardens, and recognising the importance of the awa, fibre and medicinal plant resources to the health and wellbeing of mana whenua. • meets strategic framework for historical and cultural values and sites being interpreted and valued by the community.

Taniwha Reserve is conceived as a taonga storehouse; a repository of precious plants, traditional knowledge, and warmed by the presence of kuia and kaumatua in the adjoining

Epping

This site is reimagined as a taonga storehouse - repository for precious plants and traditional knowledge - and warmed by the presence of kuia and kaumatua in the adjoining pensioner housing taonga in their own right.

31. • • • •

In Māori mythology a taniwha relates to spiritual guardianship, so establishing this park as a pateke/storehouse for taonga speaks to the principle of whakapapa.

ner hou

• no reason to go here apart from using the single path as a shortcut between main streets • no access to one side (sunny side) of reserve or stream • no native vegetation, just exotic specimen trees and weedy willow swamp that floods in heavy rain.

Case studies of Te Whaariki subdivision in Lincoln and La Rosa Reserve in Auckland both showcased pā harakeke designed by local iwi with varieties chosen by local weavers. Both have been successful at bringing local people into their respective reserves for education and teaching.

Pensio

PROBLEM:

around the enduring presence of Omaru Creek.

KEY

Inspiration came from the work of Atelier Dreiseitl in Germany who reconfigure streams to provide more habitat and bigger floodplains. They use a series of linked ponds to cleanse water so it is safe for play. This is reinterpreted here by using a series of parks and linked wetlands to achieve the same end of cleansing water, with the ultimate goal of the water being clean enough to play in down in the cultural precinct (Maybury Reserve).

new 3m wide exposed aggregate concrete shared cycle/walkway

new timber boardwalks bridge the stream and open up the western side of the reserve

tī kōuka groves are used as navigational markers at safe stream crossings

existing path widened to 3m for shared cycle/walkway

selected existing exotic trees retained

wider entrances to surrounding streets improves visual connectivity with the reserve

groves of kowhai add a splash of seasonal colour

low-growing shrubs and specimen trees border the stream, extending the wildlife corridor

pā harakeke planted with taonga varieties for local weavers

rongoa plantings provide for traditional medicine knowledge, education and teaching resource

swampy wetland gives stream room to breathe and provides mahinga kai habitat

reeds and rushes planted within the recontoured stream for phytoremediation of polluted stormwater

biodiverse sedge and low shrub wetland edge

specimen puriri provide shade and an additional year-round food source for native birds

new pedestrian crossing to safely link Eastview and Taniwha reserves

D’ 8

2 taonga storehouse 1 Taniwh

a Stree

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Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

4 Scale 1:250 @ A0

115

Taniwha Reserve Taniwha Reserve

Specialised collection of rongoa / native medicinal plants for harvest and education

existing grassy lawn now able to be accessed via new path and bridges. Specimen puriri attract native birds and provide dappled shade for summer picnics

new 3m concrete path creates access to the western side of the reserve, Seating invites people to pause and enjoy the revitalised space.

125 Scale 1:100

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Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

pā harakeke planted with varieties selected by local weavers nurtures the taonga of Ngāti Paoa, Ngāti Whātua o Ōrākei and Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

the upper streambank is planted with low-growing shrubs interspersed with specimen trees, maintaining expansive views across the reserve and extending the ecological corridor for birds and insects

existing deep, u-shaped stream channel is recontoured into shallow ‘v’ with constructed wetland floodplain to slow stormwater and provide biodiverse mahinga kai habitat.

existing concrete path widened to 3 m for shared cycleway/ walkway

D’

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and education

Specimen puriri attract native birds and provide dappled shade for summer picnics

Seating invites people to pause and enjoy the revitalised space.

varieties selected by local weavers nurtures the taonga of Ngāti Paoa, Ngāti Whātua o Ōrākei and Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki

Taniwha Reserve

Scale 1:100

indicative plant species for rongoa/medicinal use

native species for kereru and tui

Hebe stricta : koromiko

Macropiper excelsum : kawakawa

Entelea arborescens : whau

Pittosporum tenuifolium : kohuhu

Pelargonium inodorum : kopata

Leucopogon fasciculatus : mingimingi Asplenium bulbiferum : manamana

Phormium tenax : harakeke

Solanum aviculare : poroporo

Fuchsia excorticata : kotukutuku

Coprosma robusta : karamū

Melicytus ramiflorus : mahoe

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Schefflera digitata : pate

Aristotelia serrata : makomako

Cordyline australis : tī kōuka

nikau taraire karaka kohekohe miro porokaiwhiri maire kahikatea titoki kotukutuku karamu mahoe horoeka harakeke pohutukawa makomako totara puka whauwhaupaku hinau puriri

Jan

Feb

Mar

April

Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

May

the upper streambank is planted with low-growing shrubs interspersed with specimen trees, maintaining expansive views across the reserve and extending the ecological corridor for birds and insects

fruit production

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

existing deep, u-shaped stream channel is recontoured into shallow ‘v’ with constructed wetland floodplain to slow stormwater and provide biodiverse mahinga kai habitat.

specimen trees

indicative upper streambank species

nectar production

D’

existing concrete path widened to 3 m for shared cycleway/ walkway

Dec

Dianella nigra : turutu

Cordyline australis : tī kōuka

Pseudopanax arboreus :whauwhaupaku Coprosma tenuicaulis : hukihuki

Pomaderris kumeraho : kumarahou

Leptospermum scoparium : manuka Blechnum novae-zelandiae : kiokio

Geniostoma ligustrifolium :hangehange Muehlenbeckia complexa : pohuehue Blechnum minus : swamp kiokio

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Cyathea medullaris : mamaku

Hoheria populnea : houhere

Syzgium maire : maire tawake

Vitex lucens : puriri

Sophora microphylla : kowhai

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2 “Design is a way of imagining and telling new stories and reviving old ones .... spinning out visions of landscapes .... describing the shape of a possible future. We dwell in what began as dreams”

- Ann Whiston Spirn

Place-based design outcomes Taniwha Reserve - pātaka/storehouse for taonga (people and plants). Kaitiakitanga/guardianship. ecological corridor, establishment of pā harakeke and rongoa gardens, restore biodiversity restoration and planting of waterway, multiple-access pathways enhances community safety pā harakeke designed in collaboration with local weavers and sculptor. recognition of awa, fibre and medicinal plant resources, interpretation boards, viewshaft to maunga

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Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

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Maybury & Ruapotaka Reserves CONCEPT: CULTURAL PRECINCT

PROBLEM: • reserve was at the rear of all key buildings and housing - lots of crime and safety issues relating to lack of passive surveillance • stage 1 of development complete with new Te Oro music and arts centre, but now buildings don’t relate to each other, the town shops or the reserve • no visual access to the stream or physical relationship with it • no public seating even though reserves are used for large public events • only one long path on the southern stream bank, lots of erosion and localised flooding The site is envisioned as a vibrant crossroads of culture, art, music and food, where the community comes to play.

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Inspiration came from the work of Ryoko Ueyama in Japan who uses axes between sacred places to emphasise the connections between heaven and earth. The river stage on maunga axis is the reinterpretation of that idea in a local context. 31. river shallows: • provides playspace to touch the water and ‘swim’ - another local aspiration • restoring safe community swimming place provides a story-telling site for teaching about Tangaroa (atua of the sea) and creatively expresses the principle of Tohu. • also speaks into the principle of whakapapa by restoring a physical link to the stream for immersion, cleansing and renewal

61. • • • •

new playgrounds on high points: invites families into the parks provides a reason to come and stay and play increases passive surveillance provides much-needed amenity for an all-ages playspace in the centre of the suburb

71. recontoured stream with wider floodplain: • reconnects tributary to the main stream and allows for unobstructed fish passage • restores natural stream function, allows for slowing and filtering of stormwater and enhances mauri through wetland planting - all outcomes for Mauri Tu.

OUTCOME: Omaru Creek is always visible, weavinf softly through lush wetland planting, chattering over pebbles and engaging people as active players in the landscape.

The terraced landscape of Maungarei, visible behind a rebuilt Ruapotaka Marae, is reflected in the terraced amphitheatre stepping down to the outdoor stage set within the awa, acknowledging the spiritual link between the river and the mountain.

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to Glen

Innes to

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multiple pathway network: opens northern streambank to walkers and cyclists increases safety for park users creates an events lawn or picnic space by dividing central pathway into two and removing overhanging trees

51. connecting town centre, cultural precinct and park with coherent hard surfaces: • provides both visual and physical link • stylised pattern chosen for concept as use of traditional Māori patterns requires permission of pattern owner and agreement of mana whenua - beyond the scope of this project

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tre 6

Paddle in the magical rocky river shallows, grow and harvest food in the community garden, participate in the vibrant weekend market, or come and play in the destination playground that overlooks the park.

1 5

Glen Innes library

Omaru Creek is always visible; weaving softly through lush wetland planting, chattering over pebbles and engaging people as active players in the landscape.

A 16

Ruapotaka Marae

cultural precinct

striped, exposed aggregate concrete coherently links the town centre and cultural precinct

basketball half court, part of new library extension

small playground encourages families to stay and play in the park

new community garden complements the marae mara kai project

basalt-edged grass amphitheatre is inscribed with historical narratives on the risers

outdoor performance stage is an island within Omaru Creek and linked to the banks via steel grate bridges

grass terraces mirror amphitheatre on opposite bank

new all-ages destination playground fringed with retained exotic trees, with wide-reaching views across the park

volleyball courts bring active play opportunities to central Glen Innes

new 3m exposed aggregate concrete path network opens up the northern side of Maybury Reserve to walkers and cyclists

narrow stream channel recontoured within lushly-planted wetland, creating biodiverse mahinga kai habitat

open river shallows and pebble beach with stepping stones brings people back into contact with the stream

tributary and main stream reconnected and bridged with a timber boardwalk

specimen pohutukawa bring colour, shade and additional food source for native birds

new events lawn created by dividing central path into two paths that meander along the stream banks and rejoin where the waterways meet.

maunga viewshaft axis between Maungarei (visible) and Taurere (unseen)

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Glen Innes community hall

Te Oro Music & Arts Centre

KEY

Inspiration for the stepping stone path came from both Atelier Dreiseitl’s Bishan - Ang Mo Kio Park and La Rosa Reserve where this feature is one of the most popular aspects of the park, allowing people to reconnect with the water. 42. • • •

play. Removing extraneous buildings opens up the space and improves safety, and a network of new pathways unlock the potential of the northern streambank.

A’

Street

B’

Why a river stage? At the community planting day, the experience of karakia and waiata on riverbank was very powerful - sense of place. At this point on the axis between the awa/river, marae and maunga

is also a very powerful expression of turangawaewae - standing in place with mana. Recognising the spiritual/physical/visual connection with the river and mountain expresses place-based outcomes for whakapapa and ahi kā. • iwi and hapū narratives are inscribed into amphitheatre risers to creatively express Mahi Toi • also meets strategic objective to acknowledge Ruapotaka Marae as the current heart of Glen Innes - a spoken aspiraiton of the local community.

Taniwh a

resce

2. terraced landscape of maunga is reinterpreted as terraced amphitheatre down to stream and river stage: • fits natural bowl-shape of land • need to reconnect with and see stream • provides large public gathering space for formal and informal events • landscape can function as extended atea for marae if needed • outdoor performance space complements Te Oro

crossroads of culture, art, music and food where the local community come to

ena C

1. remove extraneous buildings: • opens up the sapce and increases passive surveillance • gains large street frontage onto Taniwha St and create flat land for play and recreation • analysis showed that all sports parks are at other end of suburb, yet all community facilities are within 300m of this park, therefore play and gathering spaces are needed here. • youth have been asking for basketball court by library since 2010

Maybury and Ruapotaka Reserves, in the heart of Glen Innes, are envisioned as a vibrant

Row

DESIGN SOLUTIONS:

Maybury

Scale 1:500 @ A1

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Maybury Reserve

250 Scale 1:125

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Ruapotaka Marae is rebuilt and repositioned to face the awa along the viewshaft axis between Maungarei and Taurere. Palisade fencing with 4 entrances (‘Ngā Hau e Whā’) encircles their site.

the new concrete plaza provides outdoor event space for markets, performing arts, and community events. The striped, porous concrete paving visually connects through to Mayfair Place shops and coherently organises the cultural precinct of Ruapotaka Marae, Glen Innes community hall, Glen Innes library, and Te Oro music and arts centre.

a basalt-edged grass amphitheatre provides a distinctive outdoor performance space centred on a river stage, with ample seating for community events and informal recreation. The amphitheatre and stage can function as an additional atea space for large events at the Marae.

a small section of riparian planting is removed to insert the stage and bridges, providing both a physical and visual link to Omaru Creek and both stream banks. The existing narrow u-shaped stream channel is divided to encircle the stage island.

the 8 x 14m river stage is constructed from rock-filled gabion baskets, with internal concrete piers anchored to top and bottom concrete slabs. Water can flow through the stage structure and overtop it in extreme storm events.

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basalt-edged grass terraces mirror the amphitheatre on the opposite stream bank, provide additional public seating, and connect with a new pathway system.

new 3 m concrete paths allow for walkers and cyclists to occupy the northern side of Maybury Reserve for the first time.

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rundown state housing is removed to open a wide physical and visual connection with Taniwha St and enhance community safety

an exciting destination all-ages playspace replaces the current small playground

wide grassy lawns provide for active informal recreation

lush titoki line the footpath on Taniwha St, providing food for native birds and shady picnic space for local residents

Taniwha St

Maybury & Ruapotaka Reserves

C’

125

Maybury Reserve

Scale 1:100 the existing single path along the top ridge is replaced with two 3m wide paths that border Omaru Creek and and its tributary, bringing people into closer visual contact with the stream. Wider paths enable cyclists and walkers to share the space more easily.

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the widest portion of the stream is opened up and recontoured as a shallow pebble beach and ford, establishing habitat for macroinvertebrates who thrive in open, shallow waters. Negotiated Study | Aynsley Cisaria | October 2015 | LAND 8000

pebble beaches and stepping rocks through the stream provide a magical waterscape to splash and play, as well as an opportunity to observe tuna, inanga and stream-life up close. LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

connecting existing grassy lawns with informal stream crossings and new pathways creates more usable open space for informal recreation.

a new 3m wide concrete walkway / cycleway links the Omaru Creek bridges and opens up the northern side of Maybury Reserve for recreation and play.

Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

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Place-based design outcomes

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Place-based design outcomes

recognition of spiritual/physical connection with awa for mana whenua

restoration of physical link to awa - Omaru Creek - immerse, cleanse, play

gathering place for community around Omaru Creek, public seating, enhancing mauri

re-creation of river shallows enhances habitat for native fauna, tī kōuka as markers for safe river crossing

iwi/hapū narratives inscribed into amphitheatre risers

restoration of natural stream function, monitoring site for water quality, stepping stones locally sourced

visual connection to Ruapotaka marae and Maungarei from river stage

restoration of safe community ‘swimming’ place, story-telling site for Tangaroa

‘a place to stand’ / tūrangawaewae - on axis with Maungarei and Taurere mountains, extension of atea, outdoor performance space

recognition of mana whenua relationship with awa - access to clean waterway

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summary

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SUMMARY Theorists agree that all people are inherently attracted to water, with enhanced feelings of wellbeing and relaxation associated with its sounds, reflection and potential for bathing.

design theory, sustainable design and regenerative design were examined to see where they fit in relationship to the Te Aranga Māori design principles.

Māori have huge spiritual affinity with water as the essence and lifeblood of Papatūānuku. Water is intricately bound up in identity, and an integral part of whakapapa. Kaitiakitanga, the active protection and responsibibility for sustaining natural and physical resources, involves being active in decision-making and achieving environmental outcomes. Māori relationship with the environment is one of “living systems” - all living things of the natural world are connected, interdependent, and have mauri (Harmsworth n.d.). (Environment Canterbury, n.d.).

Precedent case studies, both from New Zealand and overseas were explored to look for best practice examples of how urban communities respond to and design living waterscapes.

There is a loss of mauri/life essence when our urban stream network functions as stormwater drainage, resulting in a physical disconnection and loss of sensory experience where water is unfit for cleansing, immersion, renewal and harvesting of mahinga kai (food and fibre resources).

GIS mapping, drawing, census data analysis, historic maps, photographs and council reports were examined to build a picture of site hydrology, vegetation and patterns of settlement through time.

This led to the question “how can regenerative waterscapes - living systems that involve people and landscape - be woven through an established community using the Te Aranga Māori design principles?” This project aimed to use a mixed methodology of both traditional landscape architecture research and analysis techniques and mātauranga Māori methods (Māori values and knowledge). A literature review around waterscapes was conducted from both a general perspective (NZ and international) and a specific Māori focus to build a picture around people’s relationship with water. Ecological

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Glen Innes was chosen as the site for this investigation as it is undergoing a massive redevelopment project, with local community fearing a loss of identity as thousands of new people move in and a loss of connection to an important ancestral landscape for mana whenua in a polluted stream system.

Applying the principles to specific stream reserves focussed on place-based outcomes, giving a richer design process, more firmly rooted in uniqueness of place and local identity through the addition of an authentic, indigenous lens and engagement with mana whenua. As landscape architects in New Zealand we operate in a shared cultural landscape, yet use a traditional set of tools developed in a Western European tradition. I believe the Te Aranga principles give us a framework to engage meaningfully with mana whenua and Māori design concepts - not as a tickbox or derivative checklist - but as a shared language for seeing and interpreting our unique landscapes, creating regenerative places that nurture both people and the land, tangata and whenua.

Alongside these traditional techniques, mātauranga Māori methods of whakapapa (collecting oral history), kōrero (conversation), hīkoi (visiting key sites), whakataukī and waiata (traditional sayings and songs) were used to discover the spiritual connections and indigenous knowledge local Māori have with the landscape. The Te Aranga principles, drawn from core Māori values, provided a way to meaningfully engage with Te Ao Maori - the Māori world view - and were used as a design lens through which to translate the analysis into a vision and strategic framework that could have multiple outcomes with concepts for design testing.

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appendices

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WHAT Collect stories from as many people in the community about Glen Innes in general and the streams in particular Collect stories from tamariki right through to kaumatua WHY Knowing our stories makes us strong as a community Newcomers can learn about what makes this place special So we can tell our stories to each other in the landscape from which they arise, and live and breathe them through everyday life. WHAT DO WE WANT TO COLLECT? Pictures – drawings and paintings from the kids (to scan and return) Artwork – from rangatahi and local artists (photograph them and get an artist statement) Photos of people and places (scan and return) Stories that people write themselves Whakatauki Waiata Karanga Kapa haka Korero – that we transcribe Whakapapa Pepeha Hikoi – document journeys through our community Historic maps and photos that people might have Anything else people what to offer HOW WILL WE COLLECT THE STORIES? Here are some possibilities: Have a display(s) in a public place that people can contribute to e.g. GI library Ask the local newspaper to write a story about the project Hold an event(s) at the marae Go out and talk to key people whose voices we know we need Ask the primary schools if the children would like to contribute work Talk to Tamaki College and Sacred Heart rangatahi about: recording the voices of their parents, grandparents and kaumatua; photographing people in special places in our community; contributing or creat-

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ing artworks/stories/waiata/whakatauki/performance etc that tell the stories of this landscape; getting their ideas! HOW WILL WE SHARE WHAT WE COLLECT? This is a publishing community! You already have the GI Visioning Project and the TIES project, and this is an opportunity to share our stories with each other and make sure they are not lost (especially the wisdom of our kaumatua). Here are some possibilities: Digital books – anything from simple stories for the children through to a written and photographic history of the area Photo displays – show the community what we discovered Artwork displays – celebrate the creativity in our community Maps that show things important to the community Planting – pa harakeke, rongoa, stream rehabilitation, food for birds, food for people Pou, sculpture, carving, artwork – think about permanent tohu in the landscape Performance – share waiata, whakatauki, kapa haka, theatre pieces or whatever creative thing has been dreamed up by people in our community Interpretive signage and recordings in the landscape ….. and lots more wonderful ideas will arise I’m sure WHO HOLDS THE KAUPAPA OF THIS PROJECT? Ruapotaka Marae needs to head this project, and be the keeper of the stories we discover. Some stories will be able to be shared with everyone, and other information will need to be held safely by kaumatua entrusted with that purpose. HOW IS AYNSLEY INVOLVED? Aynsley Cisaria is a 4th year landscape architecture student at Unitec. She is also a mum with 3 young kids, and before returning to study she worked with Tamaki Playcentre Association Inc and was liaison officer for Glen Innes Playcentre. She used to teach the parent education programme at Playcentre as well. Prior to that, Aynsley spent 15 years working in business administration in the education sector. She also lives locally and loves the area! Aynsley wants to use stories about the streams to help inform her research and design project “Reclaiming Wai Ora in our Urban Neighbourhoods” for her Bachelor of Landscape Architecture degree. All Aynsley’s work, from initial research proposal through to finished design project, will be available for comment from the marae committee and the rest of the community as appropriate. She is happy

to display her work at regular intervals so people can see how the project is progressing. Aynsley will consult regularly with Georgie as to what is and isn’t appropriate information to use and share. Aynsley would like to honour the TIES process and work in collaboration with Ruapotaka Marae. WHO ELSE SHOULD BE INVOLVED? Anyone and everyone who wants to contribute a story or help collect/collate information – and the more people who contribute the richer the end result will be. DO WE NEED FUNDING? DOES ANYONE GET PAID? Initially no – keep it low-tech and accessible, and encourage people to take part because it is a cool thing to do and we want to hear their voice. Later on we might need funding to stage performances or display artworks or publish a book or create permanent markers in the landscape …. Lots of people have cellphones that can record voices, video events and take really good pictures. The point is to get contributions, not world-class productions. WHEN DO WE START? As soon as possible! Aynsley needs to start collecting information for her project now, with a view to having a ‘story of place’ outline to present at a university review in early June. She can keep collecting stories through until late July, but will need to use what she has by that stage in order to inform her design work. This project can run for a short defined time, or you can make it ongoing. I would suggest a timeline though, so people do take the opportunity to get involved and know there will be an outcome.

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TE ARANGA MĀORI DESIGN PRINCIPLES

This scoping document was written for Ruapotaka Marae in April 2015, as they were interesedt in collecting this information as well.

{

TE ARANGA PRINCIPLES: chart supplied by Nga Āho in Sept 2015

INITIAL ‘STORY PROJECT’ IDEA

Nga Hua / Outcome The status of iwi and hapū as mana whenua is recognised and respected

MANA

Rangatiratanga Authority

Ahuatanga / Attributes • • •

WHAKAPAPA Names & Naming

TOHU

The Wider Cultural Landscape

Māori names are celebrated

• •

Mana whenua significant sites and cultural landmarks are acknowledged

• • •

TAIAO

The Natural Environment

The natural environment is protected, restored and / or enhanced

• • •

He Tauira / Application

Recognises Te Tiriti o Waitangi / The Treaty of Waitangi and the Wai 262 Ko Aotearoa Tēnei framework for Treaty Partnerships in 21st Century Aotearoa New Zealand as the basis for all relationships pertaining development Provides a platform for working relationships where mana whenua values, world views, tikanga, cultural narratives and visual identity can be appropriately expressed in the design environment High quality Treaty based relationships are fundamental to the application of the other Te Aranga principles

•

Recognises and celebrates the significance of mana whenua ancestral names Recognises ancestral names as entry points for exploring and honouring tūpuna, historical narratives and customary practises associated with development sites and their ability to enhance sense of place connections

•

Acknowledges a Māori world view of the wider significance of tohu / landmarks and their ability to inform the design of specific development sites Supports a process whereby significant sites can be identified, managed, protected and enhanced Celebrates local and wider unique cultural heritage and community characteristics that reinforce sense of place and identity

•

Sustains and enhances the natural environment Local flora and fauna which are familiar and significant to mana whenua are key natural landscape elements within urban and / or modified areas Natural environments are protected, restored or enhanced to levels where sustainable mana whenua harvesting is possible

• • •

•

• • •

• •

MAURI TU Environmental Health

MAHI TOI Creative Expression

Environmental health is protected, maintained and / or enhanced

Iwi/hapū narratives are captured and expressed creatively and appropriately

• • • •

• •

The wider development area and all elements and developments within the site are considered on the basis of protecting, maintaining or enhancing mauri The quality of wai, whenua, ngāhere and air are actively monitored Water, energy and material resources are conserved Community wellbeing is enhanced

• • •

Ancestral names, local tohu and iwi narratives are creatively reinscribed into the design environment including: landscape; architecture; interior design and public art Iwi / hapū mandated design professionals and artists are appropriately engaged in such processes

•

• •

AHI KĀ

The Living Presence

LAND 8000 | October 2015 | Aynsley Cisaria | Negotiated Study

Iwi/hapū have a living and enduring presence and are secure and valued within their rohe

• • •

Mana whenua live, work and play within their own rohe Acknowledges the post Treaty of Waitangi settlement environment where iwi living presences can include customary, cultural and commercial dimensions Living iwi/hapū presences and associated kaitiaki roles are resumed within urban areas

• • •

The development of high level Treaty based relationships with mana whenua is essential prior to finalising design approaches and will maximise the opportunities for design outcomes. Important to identify any primary mana whenua groups as well as wider mana whenua interests in any given development.

Mana whenua consultation and research on the use of correct ancestral names, including macrons Recognition of traditional place names through signage and wayfinding Use of appropriate names to inform design processes through careful attention to naming

Recognition of tohu, including wāhi tapu, maunga, awa, puna, mahinga kai and ancestral kainga Allows visual connection to significant sites to be created, preserved and enhanced Wider cultural landmarks and associated narratives able to inform building / spatial orientation and general design responses Heritage trails, markers and interpretation boards Re-establishment of local biodiversity Creating and connecting ecological corridors Planting of appropriate indigenous flora in public places, strategies to encourage native planting in private spaces Selection of plant and tree species as seasonal markers and attractors of native bird life Establishment and management of traditional food and cultural resource areas allowing for active kaitiakitanga Daylighting, restoration and planting of waterways Contaminated areas of soil are remediated Rainwater collection systems, grey-water recycling systems and passive solar design opportunites are explored in the design process Hard landscape and building materials which are locally sourced and of high cultural value to mana whenua are explored in the design process Mana whenua assist in establishing design consortia which are equipped to translate iwi/hapū cultural narratives into the design environment Civic / shared landscapes are created to reflect local iwi/hapu identity and contribute to sense of place Iwi/hapū narratives are reinscribed in the environment through public art and design Access to natural resources (weaving species, mahinga kai, waterways, etc) facilitates, maintains and /or enhances mana whenua ahi kā and kaitiakitanga Civic/iwi joint venture developments ensure ahi kā and sense of place relationships are enhanced Iwi/private sector joint venture developments enhance employment and ahi kā relationships

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bibliography and references

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Switzerland, Birkhauser Verlag AG. Discussion on Freshwater: A Wai Maori Perspective. (n.d.) Retrieved from:http://waimaori.maori.nz/ documents/publications/Discussion%20on%20Freshwater%20-%20 A%20Wai%20Maori%20Perspective.pdf Environment Canterbury (n.d.) Kaitiakitanga. Retrieved from: http://ecan.govt.nz/publications/Plans/selwyn-tewaihorainfosheet-kaitiakitanga.pdf Feeney, C., Heremaia, C., & Scott, K. (2009). Managing Natural and Physical Assets for Integrated Outcomes. Paper presented at the May 2009 Stormwater Conference of Water New Zealand in Auckand New Zealand. Retrieved from: http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/researchpubs/NZWWA09_Feeney_Heremaia_Scott.pdf

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Cultural values of waterways and the Cultural Health Index. (n.d.). Retrieved from: http://ithelp.lincoln.ac.nz/Documents/Waterwatch/AddedCultural-Value.pdf Depedge M.H. and Bird, W.J. (2009) The blue gym: health and wellbeing from our coasts. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58(2009) pp 947-948. Retrieved from: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0025326X09001696/1- s2.0S0025326X09001696-main.pdf?_tid=99b6c998-cf6f-11e4-844100000aacb35f&anat=1426904075_510ad91d65c1502c229e111df3cf1 68a Dreiseitl, H and Grau, D. (Eds.). (2005). New Waterscapes. Basel, Switzerland, Birkhauser Verlag AG. Dreiseitl, H and Grau, D. (Eds.). (2009). Recent Waterscapes. Basel,

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Harmsworth, G. (n.d.). The role of Māori values in Low-Impact Urban Design and Development (LIUDD). Discussion paper from Landcare Research New Zealand. Retrieved from: http://ngatokitaiao.maori.nz/ harmsworth-maori-urban-sustainability/ Hoyer, J., Dickhaut, W., Kronawitter, L., & Weber, B. (2011). Water Sensitive Urban Design: Principles and Inspiration for Sustainable Stormwater Management in the City of the Future. Berlin, Germany: jovis Verlag GmbH. Hunter, A. (2015). Rongoa Plant Book. Restoring the infrastructure along the Ruamahanga Diversion through Rongoa Maori concepts. Unpublished thesis. Jackson, E.T. (2005). Delving into the past of Auckland’s Eastern Suburbs: section 7 Glendowie & section 8 Glen Innes. Auckland, New Zealand: MBE Mt Eden. Jenkin, S. and Pederson Zari, M. (2009). Rethinking Our built environments: Towards a sustainable future. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry for the Environment. Johnson, P. (2014). Connected: the sustainable landscapes of Philip Johnson. Crows Nest, NSW: Murdoch Books Australia. Kahui-McConnell, R. (2012). The Ōkahu Catchment Ecological Restoration Plan. Document prepared for Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei. Auckland, New Zealand: Author. Retrieved from: http://www.ngatiwhatuaorakei.com/

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Karmanov, D. Hamel, R. Assessing the restorative potential of contemporary urban environment(s): Beyond the nature versus urban dichotomy. Landscape and Urban Planning 86(2008) 115-125. Retrieved from: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0169204608000224/1-s2.0S0169204608000224-main.pdf?_tid=7214611e-cf71-11e4-96d900000aab0f26&acdnat=1426904868_99688f7e303271661f9cd1b7e 63e7af9 Kincade-Levario, H. (2007). Design for Water. BC, Canada: New

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: A big thanks to the following people, without whose input, advice, sage wisdom and encouragement this project would not have been completed:

Williams, P.M.E. (1996). Te Rongoa Maori: Maori Medicine. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books Ltd.

Georgie Thompson - Ruapotaka Marae Lucy Tukua - Ngāti Paoa Tamati Patuwai - Ngāti Whatūa Laurie Beamish - Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki Scott Speed - Auckland Council Stormwater team Josephine Bartley - Maungakiekie-Tāmaki Local Board Ros Rasmussen - Tāmaki Redevelopment Company Gary Marshall and the Tāmaki College stream daylighting team Tara Moala - Glen Innes Playcentre Victoria Egli - community gardens researcher Karen Clifford - Tāmaki WRAP the GI community garden and food network participants Ruapotaka Marae staff and volunteers

Wong, K. and Domroes, M. (2005). The visual quality of urban park scenes of Kowloon Park, Hong Kong: likeability, affective appraisal, and cross-cultural persectives. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 32(4), 617-632. Doi:10.1068/b31028

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES: Fish perish in pollluted creek. (2008). Retrieved from: http://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/east-bays-courier/25336/ Fish-perish-in-polluted-creek

and especially to

Matariki plants ruined (2008). Retrieved from: http://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/east-bayscourier/505971/Matariki-plants-ruined

Dr Diane Menzies for fantastic supervision and unfailing interest in this project - much appreciated!

My Auckland: Glen Innes (2013, Feb 23). The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from: http://www.nzherald.co.nz/new/print. cfm?objectid=10867074 dykiegirl (2015, Feb 28). The River Talks - a theatre review. [Web log post]. Retrieved from: https://dykiegirl.wordpress.com/2015/02/28/ the-river-talks-a-theatre-review/ Marae TV (2013). Planting new life for Matariki. [Video]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2RHdPkKHp2E

Waitakere City Council (2004). Native to the West: A guide for planting and restoring the nature of Waitakere City. Auckland, New Zealand: Business Print. Weixler, R. (2010). Garden Pools and Swimming Ponds: Design, Construction and Landscape. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. White, M., Smith, A., Humphryes, K., Pahl, S., Snelling, D., De-

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