TE TIHI : SUSTAINABLE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD
AYNSLEY CISARIA
INTRODUCTION
PUHINUI URBAN GROWTH STRATEGY AND TE TIHI SITE
Auckland Council, for the first time in history, holds a shared vision to be “the most liveable city in the world.” Underpinning this vision is the one million new residents that are expected within the next 30 years, which translates to approximately 400,000 new dwellings across the region. The Puhinui study area samples a range of landscape typologies from across the Auckland region. It takes in a vast expanse of coastline, inland estuarine environments, volcanic landforms, saltmarsh and wading bird habitats, it has great significance culturally, retaining important connections with Te Akitai Waiohua who have occupied the land for centuries. The study area has been extensively used for agriculture which is evident through landscape patterns and characteristics. The rationale for our Puhinui urban growth strategy was based on the following three principles:
The Urban Growth Strategy for Puhinui arose from an exploration into this intersection of people, ecology and land use, and how these factors can be interwoven into a resilient landscape that aims to: restore water quality, ecological richness and food production opportunities in residential areas, and will create connected commercial, amenity and recreational spaces for new communities responsive to Auckland’s growth. The proposed site for the new Te Tihi community flowed out of the Phase I analysis, once a portion of the area was rezoned for residential development. The area chosen reflected the intersection of the three mapping objectives at a local scale, and gave rise to further in-depth GIS analysis of local site conditions. The strategy for the development of Te Tihi came from the idea of a ‘distributed network’ which is rich in connection between people and places.
Te Tihi site
Puhinui Study area
• Human enterprise is a socio-ecosystem structurally and functionally inseparable from nature • Sustainable landscapes conserve valuable resources such as water, soil, nutrients and sensitive ecologies • A resilient landscape has the ability to adapt existing resources to new operating conditions With a need to address Auckland’s urban growth and investigate opportunities for siting efficient, environmentally supportive communities, those principles translated into three key mapping objectives (seen in more detail on the following page): • Ecological • Agricultural • Residential land uses.
Te Tihi site Figure 09. From left to right - Centralised , Decentralised and Distributed Networks.
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PHASE I ANALYSIS
Key priorities considered were: • • • • • • •
Protecting the region’s ecosystem services Maintaining rural character and sense of place Creating a network of ecological patches and corridors across the site Protection of sites significant to Mana Whenua Protection of Outstanding Natural Features (ONFs) and areas of archaeological or historical importance the need for new residential communities, connecting efficiently and effectively with nearby suburban areas infrastructure services that connect seamlessly with existing capacity.
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Puhinui Study area
Every part of the site was deemed to fit within one of the three key mapping objectives, as land unsuitable for residential might still have potential for agriculture, or at the very least could contribute to the ecology of the site. A priority list of inputs for each of the three maps was created using GIS base map data for the study area. A number scale was given to each input, reflecting its importance as a component of the larger map. The result was a compound map for each of Ecological, Agricultural and Residential land uses on site with a ‘possibilities gradient’ of high and low importance areas. Finally the compound maps were overlaid to reveal a variety of possibilities for the site. Design decisions over the ‘intersections’ (where areas could be used for ecology, agriculture or residential use) referred back to our principles and strategic priorities and the desire to interweave land uses for a resilient landscape.
Te Tihi site
PHASE II ANALYSIS
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Much of the site is very gently undulating, apart from the incisions in the land created by the many tributaries of the stream subcatchments. The coastal cliff edge to the west is also a steep drop where wind and wave action are eroding the land.
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The elevation of the Te Tihi site slopes from a high point of 22 metres at the far south-eastern edge, down to two metres above sea level at the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge in the west. Sea level is actually a little further out into the Manukau Harbour, where a large expanse of sand banks are exposed at low tide.
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LANDFORM
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LAND USE
The underlying soil on the Te Tihi site is some of the best in the country, and has only slight limitations in use for food cropping as detailed in the Land Use Capability data below: LUC Class code 2 e s
Description
Land with slight limitations for arable use and suitable for cultivated crops, pasture or forestry erosion susceptibility, deposition or the effects of past erosion damage first limits production soil physical or chemical properties in the rooting zone such as shallowness, stoniness, low moisture holding capacity, low fertility (which is difficult to correct), salinity, or toxicity first limits production (Newsome, Wilde & Willoughby, 2008)
As the area has a volcanic history, the soil should be expected to be highly fertile and free-draining, and have high productive capacity.
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Productive pasture covers most of the site.
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LAND COVER
The major land cover of the proposed Te Tihi site is grassland pasture for grazing cattle. The land is divided into fairly regular paddocks, with vehicle access roads along the two main ridges. Mature pinus radiata shelterbelts at least 20m high define the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s south-western edges, and also partition it into sections rather like over-size garden rooms. Residential area is insignificant, and is related to the farming operation. Mangrove estuarine ecosystems surrounds the site at all points where land meets the Manukau harbour and its local tributary streams, and the mangroves stretch inland nearly 300m. ! ! ! ! !
All of the stream tributaries are choked with exotic weeds such as acacia, woolly nightshade, gorse, hawthorn and pasture weeds. There is no remnant native vegetation of any significance, nor has any revegetation along streams taken place. Small bogs exist alongside the stream at the base of slopes with ephemeral flow paths, and are characterised by populations of reeds and sedges.
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shelterbelt
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Mature pine shelterbelts along the coastal edge
Reeds characterise boggy spots at the base of ephemeral flow paths.
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ASPECT
Aspect analysis is generally undertaken to ascertain the compass orientation of different areas of a site, and determine which may be more or less suitable for building platforms depending on relative ‘warmth’ (North, North-East, North-West and Eastern aspects) or ‘coolness’ (South, South-West, West, South-Eastern aspects). However, Aspect needs to be understood in conjunction with elevation and slope data, which point to the gentle, rolling landscape character of the site. This rolling nature contributes to wide diversity of aspect to the extent that a site-wide average might prevail as mostly flat - thus rendering the aspect data irrelevant. As well as this, the most desirable views at Te Tihi are looking west across the Manukau Harbour, so to avoid building platforms on westfacing land would be to miss the key landscape element of the site.
SLOPE
Most of the Te Tihi site is flat or gently undulating, with a slope of 0 - 4o (seen in grey on the map). Where surface runoff has started to erode the landscape, the terrain begins to undulate towards the stream edges, with a slope of 4 - 8o (pale yellow on the map). Rolling inclines of 8 - 15° (in orange on the map) are found along all the riparian edges of the streams, and give distinctive form to the landscape as seen in the photo below. Stongly rolling to steep inclines greater than 15° (in red on the map) are found mainly along the eroded coastal edge, as well as dispersed in small patches on the riparian edges of the streams. With the exception of the coastal edge where the drop is 5m+, most of these ‘steep slopes’ as in fact very small - some less than 30 cm in vertical height. Therefore ground-truthing is needed alongside desktop slope analysis to ascertain the actual limitations in the landscape.
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FLOW ACCUMULATION
GIS analysis of overland flow paths and flow accumulation show a dense, dendritic pattern of water flows across the site that lead to all the major streams. The highest rate of flow (darkest colour on map) corresponds to the steepest slopes around the streams, and could lead to erosion of the banks. The flow accumulation analysis also highlights the large number of shallow inclinations in the landscape that form ephemeral streams during major rain events. Identifying flow paths can help inform the location of riparian planting and stormwater treatment devices that slow and cleanse runoff before it enters the stream system.
HYDROLOGY
The flow accumulation data was simplified visually to show a hierarchy of water flows on site. As seen in the map at right, dark blue denotes the streams, mid-blue the major overland flow paths, and pale blue represents minor overland flows.
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At present the stream edges are clogged with exotic vegetation that extends into the water (as seen in the photo below). Whilst this has some benefits such as keeping the water cool, far greater ecological benefits can accrue with intentional planting of stream edges.
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The hydrology data was later combined with slope and contour information to map out riparian planting and revegetation areas at Te Tihi.
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Preferred marae site
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As the marae is conceived to be the social hub of the new Te Tihi community, identifying a suitable location was critical to then establish a functional circulation system linking Te Tihi to other neighbouring communities.
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The key criteria used to select the preferred option were visibility of an accessible pathway down to the waterline (to be able to observe manuhiri arriving by sea), and visibility of key cultural landmarks such as the Manukau Heads and other marae around the harbour.
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Ngati Te Ata have been promised land within Colin Dale Park (the proposed Te Tihi site) for a new national marae. Viewshaft analysis was used to examine a number of possible sites (four are shown here) for the wharenui.
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MANA WHENUA
Te toto o te tangata he kai, te oranga o te tangata he whenua. Food is the blood of the people, but the welfare of the people lies in the land. Te Akitai Waiohua and Ngati Te Ata have lived in the wider landscape surrounding the Manukau Harbour, of which Puhinui study area is just a portion, for more than 1000 years. Simmons (1987) records that excavations around Matukutururu (Wiri Mt) and Matukutureia (McLaughlins Mt) indicate that gardens were made on the slopes of the cones from approximately 1000 A.D. and were in continuous use until the 1800s. Mikaere (2010) also details the Ngati Te Ata relationship with Matukutureia and the Puhinui stream. Both iwi have a common Waiohua ancestor, Hua-kai-waka, have strong links to Tainui, and are recognized by Auckland Council as mana whenua.
its water, along with sewage overflows - highly offensive to Maori as the harbour is a source of kaimoana. The Pukaki, Waokauri and Puhinui Creeks have been silted up and colonized by mangroves, restricting travel along the waterways. Iwi wish to see any future development recognize the importance of viewshafts to Matukutureia for Ngati Te Ata and acknowledge the significance of ancestral sites to iwi. They desire to see historic wetlands and watercourses restored, enhanced and replanted with native species (Mikaere, 2010). Of particular importance is enhancing the health of the waterways, as that will impact on the health of the harbour.
Ngati Te Ata are currently based at Tahuna marae in Waiuku and on the Awhitu peninsula, but have been allocated land at Puhinui for a new national marae in recognition of their ancestral links with this landscape. The recognized Outstanding Natural Features (ONFs) of Pukaki Lagoon and Crater Hill are part of a sequence of South Auckland volcanic landmarks known collectively as Nga Tapuwae o Mataaoho (the footprints of Mataaoho) and are of great cultural and spiritual significance to mana whenua. There are pa sites, middens and urupa associated with the ONFs as well as along the banks of the Pukaki, Waokauri and Puhinui streams and tributaries.
The new Te Tihi community carries the name of a Waiohua ancestor, thus carrying on the naming tradition of the nearby suburbs of Wiri and Takanini.
Mana whenua have seen development around the Puhinui study area impact negatively on the physical landscape through quarrying away of maunga that were once occupied by their ancestors. The integrity of the Manukau Harbour has been compromised through stormwater, farm and industrial runoff discharging into
Also important was to establish a site for the new marae that had access to the shoreline to allow for waka to be berthed and visitors to arrive via sea - the traditional mode of transport for iwi along the Manukau Harbour.
Restoring the ecological systems, establishing riparian revegetation and slowing and cleansing waterflows on site are key goals for the development of Te Tihi. The creation of a coastal linear park will provide a link for mana whenua with all their coastal ancestral sites, as well as an alternative walking/cycling route between the key Tainui marae. Location of Te Tihi site on Papakura Channel tributary
PUKAKI LAGOON - ONF
CRATER HILL - ONF
rivs_clp ctchmnt_clp Site Boundary PUKAKI BLAST CRATERS - ONF
Elev_clp <VALUE> -1 - 5
Linkages to wider community from proposed Te Tihi marae
5.000000001 - 10 10.00000001 - 15 15.00000001 - 20
maori cultural heritage sites Maori_cult_her_clp sites of value to mana whenua SigTOmanwhen_clp Site Boundary
0
0.5
1
2 Kilo
20.00000001 - 25 25.00000001 - 30 30.00000001 - 35 35.00000001 - 40
0
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1
2 Kilometers
´
STRATEGY FOR TE TIHI
TE TIHI MASTERPLAN
Phase I of the Puhinui Urban Growth Strategy saw a number of strategic priorities emerge for the area: • Protecting the region’s ecosystem services • Maintaining rural character and sense of place • Creating a network of ecological patches and corridors across the site • Protection of sites significant to Mana Whenua • the need for new residential communities, connecting efficiently and effectively with nearby suburban areas • infrastructure services that connect seamlessly with existing capacity.
The site-specific GIS analysis for the proposed Te Tihi community has given rise to the shape and size of ecological corridors, location and layout of roads and housing, location for the new Ngati te Ata marae, and comprehensive water and circulation networks. ! ! ! ! ! !
The full masterplan for Te Tihi is seen at right, and the individual elements will be discussed in full in the following pages.
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swales Roads_again agri_appt agriculture appt_lge2 appt_sml commerce_build comm_zone highdens_zone lowdens_build lowdens_zone marae_build marae_zone terraces meddens_zone walkways riparian openspace mixuse_zone stormwater_ponds
The key land-use changes informed by the original mapping process were to: redistribute Puhinui Reserve as a coastal linear park; open up the former reserve for sensitive residential development; create a second transport axis across the site, and retain a significant portion of the site in rural production.
school_build
±
sportsfields school_zone waste_build
1:10,000
waste_zone
HillShade Value
High : 254 Low : 0
0
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1 Kilometers
streams minor overland flow path major overland flow path
CIRCULATION NETWORK i Rd
inu Puh
The basic layout of Te Tihi’s circulation network is a modified grid that flexes around the land forms and stream network. The roading grid is criss-crossed by 4m wide walk and cycleways that create an alternate transport route around the site, utilising the stream valleys and coastal edge. There is a hierarchy of roads: 20m key main streets that incorporate cycleways, a frequent bus service and private vehicles; 15m urban streets with a 30 km speed limit and parking both sides of the road; 12.6m local roads with parking margins interspersed with raingardens; 7m lanes for terraced house access.
12.6m local road Price’s Rd (20m wide)
7m lane
20m High St
All of Te Tihi is within a 400m/5 min walk of a public transport route that links through to the proposed light rail station up at Puhinui Rd. It is hoped these connections should encourage more people to walk, cycle or catch public transport rather than drive around the neighbourhood.
15m street
indicative 400m/5 min walk
±
Proposed frequent bus route Circulation Network
1:5,000
Roads_again walkways
0
0.125
0.25
0.5 Kilometers
WATER NETWORK
A priority for this project was to slow and cleanse water runoff on site to ensure water reaching the Manukau Harbour contains as little suspended sediment and contaminants as possible. The water treatment train for Te Tihi begins with green roofs on all the buildings, and all excess rainwater is collected for watering gardens. Every street is then either encircled by a vegetated swale (20m and 15m roads) or has raingardens within the parking margin (12.6m streets) to capture contaminants. The swales direct water into a network of small stormwater detention ponds, most of which are located within the 50m wide revegetated stream buffers. Wastewater from residences is treated in a small biological wastewater facility, and the cleaned water made available for agricultural irrigation on nearby farmland.
streams minor overland flow path major overland flow path
Vegetated swale at High Point development, Seattle, USA
Sustainable drainage system (image from Zoe Cooper lecture)
RIPARIAN AREAS
Slope analysis, contour analysis and hydrology mapping were used to inform the placement of riparian planting on the site. The initial strategy from Phase I was to buffer every main stream 50m each side with revegetation planting. This strategy has been refined for Phase II to take into account the dendritic nature of the overland flows, as some of these â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;streamsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; are very small depressions in the ground that channel water only in major rain events. Instead, every slope above 8o is taken out of development and becomes part of the revegetation strategy, as all the steep slopes on the site are associated with either riparian or coastal edges. In most cases this is still a 50m buffer strip, however it reduces to 20m around the upper reaches of the minor overland flow paths. Small stormwater ponds are created in the natural gullies alongside the ephemeral streams and outside of the main stream bed, and all except two of these ponds also fall within the riparian strip. The revegetated stream gullies form ecological corridors that stretch up through the Te Tihi site. Planting will be mixed wetland species that do not grow too high, so as to maintain the expansive views across the stream system and out to the Manukau Harbour.
Riparian planting for slope
streams hydro3ripclp minor overland flow path hydro2ripclp hydroripclp major overland flow path Site_area riparian stormwater_ponds
slope <VALUE>
Âą
0-4
1:5,000
4.000000001 - 8 8.000000001 - 15 15.00000001 - 58.21343231
0
0.125
0.25
0.5 Kilometers
OPEN SPACE: LINEAR PARK
A key decision in the Urban Growth Strategy for the entire Puhinui Study Area was to redistribute the current 100 ha Puhinui Reserve as a 100m wide coastal linear park that stretches from the proposed Te Tihi site right around to the Pukaki stream. The coastal park would be a mixture of riparian planting, open space, and programmed space (such as playgrounds) throughout its length. We envisage a fine-grain interweaving of agriculture along the edge as the park passes through productive land. Interspersed throughout the park is a 4m wide network of walk and cycleways that link back into all the residential areas, as well as linking to the wider recreational landscape via connections with existing Auckland Council walkways. Pocket parks also feature within the Te Tihi development.
ECOLOGICAL FRAME 1 $
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The overlay of Residential, Agricultural and Ecological compound land use maps revealed a range of possibilities for the Puhinui Study Areas. We believe the interweaving of zones will enhance the resilience of the site in terms of surface water catchment, ecological richness, food forest and food production stretching into residential areas, and the enhancement of amenity and recreational spaces for new communities responsive to Auckland’s growth. Design decisions at the local level of the smaller Te Tihi site emphasis the interplay of people, ecology and agriculture
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Extensive native street tree planting associated with the swales and new stands of trees in the open spaces add a ‘green grid’ across the ecological corridors, enhancing amenity for birds, creatures and people.
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A vegetated swale system captures runoff from all the roads, directing flow into a network of stormwater ponds to slow water flow and reduce sediment and contaminants from entering the stream system.
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Agricultural land borders the northern edge of the site, and orchards extend across into the residential area providing a visual and physical link. Productive land is also retained within all the residential areas via land set aside for community gardens.
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hydro3ripclp streams hydro2ripclp minor overland
flow path major overland flow path
hydroripclp swales
agri_appt agriculture walkways
±
riparian openspace
1:5,000
stormwater_ponds sportsfields waste_build
0
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0.25
0.5 Kilometers
STRUCTURAL PLANTING
The Te Tihi site has no native remnant vegetation at all, so natives are preferred for all planting to strengthen the ecological corridors along the streams. Structural planting along the street swales includes species such as lacebark, titoki, kowhai, ti kouka and karaka, which can all cope with occasional wet feet.
rewarewa
pohutukawa
ti kouka
kowhai
The re-contoured Priceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Rd is lined with rewarewa, and stands of puriri, totara, pukatea and nikau are planted in the parks. Mixed wetland planting is kept fairly low within the stream corridors to maintain the expansive views across the wide stream gully. The lower reaches of the stream will be more of a saltmarsh community. A more detailed ecological study of the boggy patches at the base of the overland flow paths should be undertaken to ensure no important ecosystems are inadvertantly destroyed by generalised revegetation planting. The existing mature pinus radiata shelterbelts are retained, with provision made for successional replanting along the coastal fringe with pohutukawa. The shelterbelts that cut through the site will be progressively replaced with totara as the pines die.
Example of walk/cycleway within a riparian corridor (Opanuku stream)
pukatea
titoki
HOUSING DENSITY AND TYPOLOGIES
LIVING AT TE TIHI
Te Tihi is conceived as a sustainable urban neighbourhood, with predominantly high density housing set within the blue-green ecological frame. Rudlin and Falk (2009) suggest that urban areas need to be high density in order to sustain a variety of economic activity and shops, have lively streets, and have an economically viable public transport system that provides a real alternative to the car. They layout of housing typologies directly reflects the landform, with a modified road grid providing a variety of connections between areas. At a smaller scale, the network of walk and cycleways criss-crosses the whole community, meaning residents can walk to work, school, sports and community facilities. The majority of housing at Te Tihi will be high density in order to achieve density requirements for a frequent bus service (40 - 60 dwellings/ha). Individual typologies and expected population densities are discussed in the following pages.
HOUSING TYPOLOGIES: APARTMENTS
Apartments form the majority of residential housing at Te Tihi, and are arranged around the perimeter of blocks with a central courtyard common space available for permaculture gardens, orchards or recreational space. All buildings are green-roofed, and excess stormwater is stored for garden watering. Each neighbourhood block has a mix of one - four-bedroom apartments, arranged in two and three-storey buildings. The block is permeable, allowing people access from all neighbouring streets.
LARGE APARTMENT BUILDINGS The large apartment blocks (denoted in dark purple on the plan) are 3 storeys high and are named for the three and four bedroom apartments they contain. Each floor will have 2 x 4 brm (130m2) and 3 x 3 brm (100m2) apartments and the building footprint will be approximately 540m2 in a variety of different configurations. Overall there are 109 large apartment buildings, and with three floors of 5 apartments, there is a total yield of 1635 dwellings. Assuming an occupancy of 3 people per apartment, these large blocks are expected to house 4905 people.
SMALL APARTMENT BUILDINGS
Osterbrogade, Copenhagen, Denmark
The small apartments blocks (in pale purple on the plan) are two storey in height and have a mix of one and two bedroom apartments. Each floor will have 3 x 2 brm (80m2) apartments and 4 x 1 brm (50m2) apartments, with an approximate building footprint of 475m2 arranged in a variety of configurations. Overall there are 52 small apartment blocks, and with two floors of 7 apartments there is a total yield of 728 dwellings. Assuming an occupancy of 1.5 people per apartment, these blocks are expected to house 1092 people.
Ecolonia, Alphen aan der Rijn, Netherlands
If an extra storey was added to each block, an additional 364 dwellings and 546 people could be accommodated. Overall Te Tihi is expected to house 6600 people with 2-3 storey apartment blocks. Adding an extra storey to each apartment building would increase this population to 9150, which is the size of a small New Zealand town. At this level the community can sustain two primary schools, a variety of shops, commercial space, employemt and recreational facilities.
Schafbruhl housing estate, Tubingen, Germany
If an extra storey was added to each block, an additional 545 dwellings and 1635 people could be accommodated.
Vauban housing development, Freiburg, Germany
HOUSING TYPOLOGIES: TERRACES AND HOUSES
Low density individual houses number only 18 on the northern agricultural fringe of the site. The section sizes are 600m2, and the expected population is around 63 people. Medium density terraced housing is found adjacent to the individual houses on the northern rural fringe, and also on the riparian edge of a south-western stream gully where more intensive housing typologies would be inappropriate. Section sizes are 300m2, number of terrace houses is 50, and the expected population is 175 people. Both these housing typologies have provision for off-street parking, and while they each have some outdoor area, they all are nearby to major areas of open space and the walkway system.
WORKING AT TE TIHI
A vibrant community is one where people live, work and play, where a “mix of uses sustain the social and economic life of the city” (Rudlin and Falk, 2009). Te Tihi has a commercial heart around a town square, with a mix of 4-storey retail, commercial and civic buildings. Lining the High St leading into the town centre are mixed-use developments (also 4-storey) that contain a mix of ground-floor retail, 2 floors of offices and a top floor of residential appartments. The mixeduse development at Te Tihi’s northern edge could also accommodate light industrial manufacturing and live-work units. The mixed-use buildings are expected to house 367 people. The expected population of up to 9000 people is the size of many small New Zealand towns, all of which support a small commercial sector and have the opportunity for people to live and work in close proximity.
COMMUNITY PLACES: MARAE AND SCHOOLS
A sustainable urban neighbourhood needs a community heart and focus, and for Te Tihi that is envisaged as both the Ngati te Ata marae and the two primary schools. It is expected that the marae will provide a range of community facilities, educational and social services, as do other urban marae across Auckland. There is provision for a kohanga reo to be attached to the marae as well. The school grounds are also the community sports grounds, and a club building for a range of sports is expected to be built at each school. Integrating facilities this way maximises the use of open space.
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Auckland Council (2013) The Auckland Plan - Southern Initiative. Retrieved from: http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/planspoliciesprojects/ plansstrategies/theaucklandplan/Pages/theaucklandplan. aspx?utm_source=shorturl&utm_medium=print&utm_ campaign=Auckland%2BPlan#si Auckland Council (2012) Housing Action Plan Stage 1. Retrieved from: http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/planspoliciesprojects/ plansstrategies/theaucklandplan/Documents/ finalhousingactionplanstage1.pdf Awaroa ki Manuka. (1991). Nga tikanga o Ngāti Te Ata: tribal policy statement. Self-published. Dramstad, W.E., Olson, J.D., and Forman, R.T.T. (1996) Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-use Planning. Island Press, Washinton.
Manukau City Council. (2002). Chapter 17.3 – Mangere-Puhinui rural area. In: Manukau operative district plan 2002. Sourced from http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/council/documents/ districtplanmanukau/text/chap17.3mangerepuhinu.pdf Mikaere & Associates. (2010). Southern gateway project – cultural impact assessment. Sourced from http://www.aucklandcity.govt. nz/council/documents/districtplanmanukau/changes/pc35/ pc35culturalimpactassessmentmikaere.pdf Newsome, P.F.J., Wilde, R.H., Willoughby, E.J. (2008) Land Resource Information System Spatial Data Layers. Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd. Rouse, D.C., and Bunster-Ossa, I.F. (2013) Green Infrastructure: A Landscpae Approach. American Planning Association, Chicago. Ruano, M. (1999) EcoUrbanism –sustainable human settlements: 60 case studies. Editorial Gustavo Gili, SA, Barcelona.
Dreiseitl, H., Grau, D., Ludwig, K.H.C. (2001) Waterscapes planning, building and designing with water. Birkhauser, Basel.
Rudlin, D., and Falk, N. (2009) Urban Sustainable Neighbourhood: Building the 21st Century Home. Architectural Press, Oxford.
Freeman, C. and Thompson-Fawcett, M. (eds) (2003). Living Space: Towards sustainable settlements in New Zealand. University of Otago Press, Dunedin.
Stewart, G. and Ignatieva, M. (eds.) Workshop Proceedings 2000. Urban biodiversity and ecology as a basis for holistic planning and design. Wickliffe Press Ltd, Christchurch.
Housing New Zealand Corporation. (2002). Design guidelines. Sourced from http://www.hnzc.co.nz/our-publications/designguidelines
Te Akitai Waiohua (2012) Cultural Impact Statement for the Southern Consortium. Retrieved from: http://www.aucklandcity. govt.nz/council/documents/districtplanmanukau/changes/pc35/ pc35culturalimpactassessmentteakitai.pdf
Hoyer, J., Dickhaut, W., Kronawitter, L., Weber, B. (2011) Water Sensitive Urban Design: Principles and Inspiration for Sustainable Stormwater Management in the City of the Future. Jovis Verlag GmbH, Berlin.
Thresher, W. (2010). Southern Gateway Consortium, Proposed Plan Change, Prices Rd, Puhinui: Landscape Assessment and Report. Retrieved from: h t t p : / / w w w. a u c k l a n d c i t y. g o v t . n z / c o u n c i l / documents/districtplanmanukau/changes/pc35/ pc35landscapeassessmentreport.pdf Urban Design Associates (2013) The Urban Design Handbook: Techniques and working Methods (2nd ed.). WW Norton & Company, New York. Waikato Raupatu River Trust (ed.) (2013) Waikato-Tainui Environmental Plan. Retrieved from: http://www.wrrt.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/EBook_FINAL_EP_ Plan_sp.pdf