Campbell Latoya the Senior Integrated Active Community arch sum 2014 by Ayo Liag

Image Compilation by Author

NEW EXPRESSIONS FOR SENIOR LIVING The Senior Integrated Active Community

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Architecture Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture in Architecture at Savannah College of Art and Design

Latoya Gail Campbell

Savannah, GA

August 2014

Professor Fernando Munilla Professor Carole Pacheco Mr. Jerry Lominack

I dedicate this book to my family. Thank you for always believing in me and encouraging me to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;aim highâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and push my limits. Without you, I would not have completed the adventure of a lifetime!

I would like to thank my Professors and Committee Members who took the time to meet with me and develop my project. The lessons I learned from you will stay with me throughout my architectural career. Thanks also to my classmates and friends who took an interest in my project and offered resources, advice and lots of enouragement.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Photo taken by Latoya Campbell, February 2014

LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS THESIS ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1 History, Justification and Proposed Goals Project Statement Capabilities of the demography Cultural Values- Changing roles of the elderly Social Integration and Community Involvement

1 7

BIke-Pedestrian Infrastructure

Bus Transit Networks

8 9 12 18 24 30

Plans and Proposals for the Area

Population Data

Community Gathering Spaces, Places and Centers

Recreation and Engagement

Notes

34 26

CHAPTER 3 Site Analysis

Reasons for Site Selection Site Limitations and Advantages Building Uses and Views

Savannah Districts - Neighborhoods Along the corridor - A history of Wheaton Street Legal Constraints, Zoning, and Flood Zones

41 42 44 48

CHAPTER 4 Program Analysis Analysis of Existing Facilities Case Studies User Personas

Climatic Information

Traffic Flow and Pedestrian Circulation

Street Networks

60 62 64 65 66

Savannahâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Aging Demography

Site Sections

CHAPTER 2 Regional Description and Contextual Analysis

55 56 57 57

Site Data Conclusion

53 54

Characteristics of the Neighborhood

Place making and the Elderly: What makes a house a home?

Qualitative Program Analysis

70 72 75 76 77

CHAPTER 5 Quantitative Program Development

Space Adjacencies Building Program

81 84

Final Residential Unit Plans

117

Inspiration for Unit Plans

CONCLUSION

117 118 120 120 121 121 122 124 128

FINAL PRESENTATION BOARDS BIBLIOGRAPHY

132 136

Final Design Scheme with Egress Stairs Highlighted Wall Section Elevations and Sections

CHAPTER 6 Schematic Site and Building Design

Building Materials

Site Layout Options Site Model Concept Sketches Building Program

CHAPTER 7 Design Development and Final Design Outcomes

87 91 92 93

Code Analysis Experience and Environmental Response Site Master Plan Circulation Paths Road Network and Parking Plan Final Design Program Final Activity Area Plan

95 104 112 114 114 115 116

Interior Renderings Exterior Renderings

LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS 9

Figure 1.1

Number of Persons aged sixty-five and older from 1900 to 2060

Figure 1.2

leading causes of death among U.S. adults aged 65 or older.

Figure 1.3

able showing participation in leisure-time Activities

Figure 1.4

percentages of persons with limitations in activities of Daily living by age group

Figure 1.5

Retirement Expectations

Figure 1.6

Graph showing Highest Aging Comparisons in Select Countries & the USA

Figure 1.7

New technologies for Eldercare

Figure 1.8

Diagram showing the Tripartite model of place attachment.

Figure 2.1

Chart showing age diversity in Savannah

Figure 2.2

Map of Chatham County and Savannah

Figure 2.3

Map highlighting the Neighborhoods of Savannah

Figure 2.4

Benjamin Van Clark Neighborhood

Figure 2.5

Old Map Showing Haynes Ward

Figure 2.6

Haynes Ward

Figure 2.7

Existing Zoning

Figure 2.8

Proposed Zoning

Figure 2.9

Flood Zones

Figure 2.10

Savannah Sun Path Diagram

Figure 2.11

Average Monthly Precipitations in Savannah

Figure 2.12

Average Solar Temperatures in Savannah

Figure 2.13

Attributes-Street Networks

Figure 2.14

Pedestrian Infrastructure

Figure 2.15

Bus Transit Network

Figure 2.16

Plans+ Proposals

Figure 2.17

Social Statistics: Population Over 65 In 2010

Figure 2.18

Recreation And Entertainment

Figure 3.1

Site Context Diagram

Figure 3.2

Site Area And Context Photos Diagram

Figure 3.3

Site Map Image

Figure 3.4

Site Section A-A

Figure 3.5

Site Section B-B

Figure 3.6

Photographs of Site and Surroundings

Figure 3.7

Housing Type Images

Figure 3.8

Present Benjamin Van Clarke Neighborhood

Figure 4.1

Four Domains of an Elder-Friendly Community

Figure 4.2

Map of Existing Senior HousingAround Savannah

Figure 4.3

Ideal Walking Trail

Figure 4.4

Flexible Interior Options

Figure 4.5

Hope Meadows

Figure 4.6

Silver Sage Village Co-housing

Figure 4.7

Hospice of Lancaster County

Figure 5.1

Program matrix diagram

Figure 5.2

Emphasis on public domains to promote interaction

Figure 6.1

Parti Diagram of General Layout

Figure 6.2

Scheme 1

Figure 6.3

Scheme 2

Figure 6.4

Scheme 3

Figure 6.5

Physical Models Showing Site Context

Figure 6.6

Physical Models Showing Site Context

Figure 6.7

Physical Models Showing Site Context

Figure 7.1

3-D site model

Figure 7.2

Portland State University Street Planters

105

Figure 7.3

Storm-water solutions

106

Figure 7.4

Street runoff

106

Figure 7.5

EcoLock pavers in parking strip

107

Figure 7.6

Paving inscription at the Baltimore Aquarium

107

Figure 7.7

Final design 3-D model

113

Figure 7.8

Final design roof plan view

114

Figure 7.9

Final design plan

114

Figure 7.10

Site access diagram

115

Figure 7.11

Final design program

115

Figure 7.12

Plan to section relationship diagram

116

Figure 7.13

Living units floor plans

117

Figure 7.14

Final design ground floor plan

118

Figure 7.15

Final design first and second floor plans

119

Figure 7.16

Wall section through living unit

120

Figure 7.17

residential block sections

120

Figure 7.18

Interior View

122

Figure 7.19

Interior View

123

Figure 7.20

Exterior View

124

Figure 7.21

Exterior View

125

Figure 7.22

Exterior View

126

Figure 7.23

Exterior View

127

Figure 7.24

Final Exterior View

128

Figure 7.25

Final gallery presentation

133

Figure 7.26

Final presentation boards

134

Sourced from Desig for aging resources

NEW EXPRESSIONS FOR SENIOR LIVING The Senior Integrated Active Community

Latoya Gail Campbell

August 2014

This thesis seeks to tailor an environment which will suit the needs of its users as they advance in age while still allowing those individuals to fit within the context of a community through thorough analysis of the changes and possible requirements of an aging population. This environment will act as a support system thereby preventing a detachment from normal settings and accustomed daily activities. It will also extend an opportunity for its users to make contributions to society, thus promoting the synergy of knowledge of all ages.

“Can you imagine old age? Of course you can’t. I didn’t. I couldn’t. I had no idea what it was like. Not even a false image – no image. And nobody wants to face any of this before he has to. How is it all going to turn out?”

CHAPTER

HISTORY, JUSTIFICATION AND PROPOSED GOALS

– Phillip Roth, The Dying Animal

Image compilation by Author

Growing old is a ‘natural part of life’ [Yoda] which everyone

must first understand the demography of the individuals who

must face. As the demography rapidly changes, anxieties about

will benefit from this care as well as their capabilities and how

aging arise and are often as a result of negative stereotyping

they have shifted over the years. This paper also addresses the

in social media and personal influences from experiences with

cultural and social factors that are characteristic of the elderly

friends and family who have aged. According to economist

and sets the framework for the development of the project’s

Gary S. Becker, “the extension of life expectancy is probably the

concept and final outcome.

single greatest achievement of the twentieth century.” In 2012, approximately 13.7% of the population was over the age of sixtyfivei. By 2030, the U.S. Census Bureau predicts that people over sixty-five will make up twenty percent of the population2 The bar graph in Figure 1.1 shows that compared to past decades and even now, these rates have significantly increased with the onset of ‘baby boomersii’ ‘coming to age’ so to speak. There is a growing need to address the issues of accommodating this aging population and subsequent generations as it relates to housing and community placement. In order to do so, one

Figure 1.1 Graph combined by the Association of Aging based on on-line data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Population Estimates and Projections showing Number of Persons aged sixty-five and older from 1900 to 2060 as of July 1 (numbers in millions).

Figure 1.1 is a graph combined by the Association of Aging

populations, raising the nation’s median age from 35.3 in 2000

based on on-line data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Population

to 37.2 in 2010 with seven states recording a median age of

Estimates and Projections showing Number of Persons aged

40 or olderiv. This indicates that sensitization could possibly

sixty-five and older from 1900 to 2060 as of July 1 (numbers in

take effect around the age of sixty in order to promote positive

millions).

perceptions of aging as people begin transitioning to that stage.

Perceptions of aging vary greatly based on one’s age, gender

The difference in life expectancy between males and females

and work status among other factors. According to an article by

is present in all species from birth but becomes more striking

Nicola Jones posted on Mail Online, a survey of 2,200 people

in human beings after the reproductive years. Studies have

questioned as part of research by the Department for Work

shown that persons who reach the age of sixty-five have an

and Pensions revealed that on average, old age starts when one

average life expectancy of an additional nineteen and a half

turns fifty-nine. In 1935 when the original Social Security Act

years with women outnumbering men; 85.4 years for females

was established, the minimum age for receiving full retirement

and 82.8 years for malesv. Many speculate this widening gap

benefits was set at sixty-five. At the time, life expectancy was

to the changes in the roles of women in society and the lesser

much lower than it was now. As the Congress noted improving

occurrence of women dying in childbirth. Today, persons are

health conditions in older people and an increase in the

living longer, healthier lives and are often still active at the age of

life expectancy rates, the SSA was amended to include an

retirement as a result of improvements in American’s standard

allowance to raising the retirement age for people born in or

of living as well as advances in healthcare. Contrary to previous

after 1938iii. The latest U.S. Census Bureau brief on data from

decades, not only have living conditions improved, but more

the 2010 Census shows seniors increasing faster than younger

persons are being raised under better sanitary conditions7.

Sourced from: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Life_and_age_of_woman.jpg

Capabilities of the Demography: You are as YOUNG as you feel

Sourced from: imgc-cn.artprintimages.com/images/P-473-488-90/60/6066/C5ZD100Z/posters/victoria-roberts-good-news-honey-seventy-is-the-new-fifty-new-yorker-cartoon.jpg

Since the 1960’s there have been significant changes in American

“Ultimately, people should begin to think about making ‘ninety’

attitudes towards the elderly. While some recognize that many

not the new fifty but a better ninety than can be expected

Americans over sixty-five, the age of retirement, are healthy and

today.vi”

are still able to make positive contributions to society, others only recognize the growing number of the older population

Twentieth-century advances in protecting and promoting

who, are reclusive as a result of illness and loss of function

health among older adults, has provided more opportunities for

and are no longer able to integrate well socially. Mass media

overcoming the challenges of an aging society than in previous

marketing has portrayed aging as a stage not to be embraced.

decades. During the past century, a major shift occurred in the

Instead of focusing on the positive implications of aging,

leading causes of death for older adults. There was a greater

programs highlight anti-aging remedies, surgical improvements

percentage succumbing to chronic health conditions such as

and fail to reference older persons in advertisements even when

hypertension and arthritis and degenerate illnesses such as

the product is geared towards an older cohort. Newspaper

Alzheimer’s, cancer and heart diseases than infectious diseases

headlines such as “The Growing Burden on the Young” “The

such as measles and malaria. Though chronic health conditions

Mounting Worries of the Old” “The Social Security Crisis, Who

cannot be cured, there are advancements which facilitate

Will Pay?” also epitomize the concerns expressed in the media.

monitoring and keeping the harmful effects under control.

Figure 2 Bar graph showing chronic conditions were the leading causes of death among U.S. adults aged 65 or older. Source: CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, 2007-2008

Despite this, most people over the age of sixty-five may indicate Figure 1.2 Bar graph showing chronic conditions were the leading causes of death among U.S. adults aged 65 or older. Source: CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, 2007-2008

that their health is good, very good, or excellent, and are of the belief that good lifestyle changes, such as exercising and having a balanced diet, can have positive effects. Research has shown that even among weak and very old adults, mobility and functioning can be improved through physical activity and is also a factor in the reduction of the risk of chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and heart diseasevii. The Center for Disease Control, CDC, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity, in their National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention

Figure 1.3 Bar graph compiled from Table showing participation in leisure-time aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities that meet the federal 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans among adults by selected characteristics: during 1998â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2011 (page 3of 5). Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web link: cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/2012/067.pdf

and Health Promotion, 2011, stated that seventy-five minutes of vigorous activity, one hundred and fifty minutes of moderate activity or an equivalent mix of the two were an ideal target for older adultsviii.

Figure 4 is a bar graph compiled from Table showing participation in leisure-time aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities that meet the federal 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans among adults by selected characteristics: during 1998–2011 (page 3 of 5). Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web link: cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/2012/067.pdf

According to the Administration on Aging, in 2004 and 2005, twenty-two percent of non-institutionalized people aged sixtyfive years and over engaged in regular leisure-time light to moderate physical activity for greater than or equal to thirty minutes at a frequency of ﬁve times per week on average or engaging in vigorous leisure-time physical activity for approximately twenty minutes about three times per week. Men were more likely to exercise than women, although regular

Figure 1.4 Table showing the percentage of persons with limitations in activities of Daily living by age group in 2010. Source: Administration on Aging, aoa.gov/AoAroot/ Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/16.aspx

physical activity levels were low for both men and women.

Dr. Robert N Butler in his 195 Pultzer Prize-winning book, Why Survive? Being Old in Americaix, asserted that “whether we

aside, everything else about aging is a gain. And I suspect that it is specifically the mortality part – enforcing finite discipline, perhaps eventually replacing panic with a certain philosophical calm – that gives the fourth stage the possibility of being the richest and most rewarding of all.” Despite suffering from several diseases, Dr. Samuel Atkin, a Psychoanalyst, kept a personal journal in order to document his journey. An excerpt stated “The old person is not merely a bundle of rigidities, increasingly unable to meet the demand for adaptation to his changing world. Rather, he is constantly adapting – more, perhaps than when younger ... The old person gets great pleasure from learning new skills, from mastering the environment, however Figure 1.5 Retirement Expectations - Source: Survey of the ‘Baby Boom’ Generation, Retrieved from the AARP 1998

narrow.”

Figure 1.5 is a Table showing the percentage of persons with limitations in activities of Daily living by age group in 2010. have already had the best years of our lives or whether the

Source: Administration on Aging, aoa.gov/AoAroot/Aging_

best are yet to come” indicating that there were great merits

Statistics/Profile/2011/16.aspx

to becoming older. John Jerome in his book entitled On turning Sixty-five , stated “My evidence so far is that, loss of function

“If our abilities are to continue to evolve, they must be used in

some purposeful way.” Says Friedman, author of the book the

elders and according to an article entitled “Our Elderly’s Fate?”

Fountain of Age. It has been shown that persons whose daily

which was published in the New York Times, September 20,

lifestyle patterns are structured and have activities facilitating

1983, some researchers feel that prematurely moving elders

inter-human ties and purposefulness as well as those persons

to nursing homes or retirement communities shortened their

who have a positive and opportunistic outlook on their aging

lives. Instead they should find meaningful ways of socially

process ultimately remain healthier. She continued, noting

integrating them in society for as long as possible and as

that ‘if the ‘pursuit of happiness’ in our own America’s youth

figure nine suggests, the upcoming additions to the aged

is reduced to the untrammeled pursuit of material wealth and

population are already of that mindset. Based on the findings

power, age must surely require use to pursue other, deeper

from a series of focus groups consisting of homeowners ages

values in our work.” The book entitled Fun City: Ethnographic

forty-five and older conducted in 2010 by the Massachusetts

Study of a Retirement Community, by J. Jacobs records a

Institute of Technology’s ‘Age Lab’, director Joseph F. Coughlin,

number of case studies depicting residents who are employed

PhD confirmed that the ‘Baby Boomers’ have new demands

in part-time or full-time jobs, despite the absence of civil

for old age. He stated that “while they may choose to stay in

service, industry or major retail stores. Persons painted houses,

the homes where they have their mortgages, marriages and

transcribed signs and documents into braille for the blind, and

memories – this will not be their parent’s retirement. The next

there were even opportunities to be handymen or gardeners. Is

generation of older adults will value access and activity over

this because they want or because they need to? Or if you don’t

retreat and retirement.” As a result, further analysis of the

want to retire, but they made you to.

current structures should be conducted in order to find ways of enhancing them and incorporating means by which they can be

Segregation has been thought to hasten the deterioration of

more accessible and affordable.

Cultural Values: Changing Roles of the Elderly Perceptions of the role of the elderly vary on two extremes,

will be influenced by factors that make prediction difficult,

whereas older persons are seen as an integral component of

they will occur as a result of â&#x20AC;&#x153;the evolution of attitudes

family and community life and are people who are able to

regarding marriage, divorce, and living together; future

provide continuity, care, and service where other people are not

changes in the economic and social status of women; shifting

available to do so, there is also a stereotype that older persons

attitudes toward living alone or with others; the prospects

are increasingly isolated as they move out of major economic

for the reduction of mortality, especially in late life; and,

and family roles and often move to reclusive communities

quite important, the prospects for convergence of male and

designed solely for people of their age cohort.

female death ratesâ&#x20AC;? (Siegel, 1993: 325). The decline in marital status trends among baby boomers suggest that they will be

With the entry into old age of the baby-boom cohorts, the

more at risk of social isolation during old age than current

numbers of single males especially and divorced persons, are

cohorts of older people unless active measures are taken to

expected to rise sharply. Furthermore, the proportional shares

promote integration. Aside from that, there are several other

of widowed men and women are expected to decline. Though

characteristics that predict a large proportion of them will

future trends in marital composition and living arrangements

live alone: lower numbers of adult children, and better health

Image by Author

at retirement. It is estimated that fully a third of the leading

with degree offerings and certificate programs in gerontology,

edge of the baby boom will live alone by age 65, compared to

personal enrichment and civic engagement programs for older

between one fifth and one quarter of their parents’ generation

learners and re-training for older workers. They also target the

(Easterlin, 1996).

younger cohort and give them the option of receiving training in geriatric care. A key finding in the admission of students in

In many industrialized countries of Europe and North America,

Community Colleges was that sixteen percent of 11.5 million

the provision of care for the elderly has been accepted as a

college students are above the age of forty.

responsibility of the state and not so much on the person’s family. In the USA, every state should have Aging Services

Traditional systems of care for persons as they advance in age

Divisions to provide assistance ranging from home health

vary from one society to the next. While one may treat older

aides, skilled nursing care to counseling and legal aid. Future

people with great reverence, another sees them as unproductive

public health policies should continue to amend their initiatives

and “difficult” (M. Goldstein and Beall 1981; Stenning 1958;

and create new ones where health and wellness promotion is

Tonkinson 1978). In traditional African territories, the older

concerned.

Such programs will enable the community and

the individual became the higher were his chances for gaining

residents of all ages who dwell therein to become productive

upward mobility in the social hierarchy. Politically powerful

and independent participants in the demographics.

positions were secured when one reached a certain age and a greater degree of social security during old age was felt. As time

Recent studies have shown that community colleges are now

progressed, changes in economic, social and political avenues

playing an active role in the cognitive development of persons as

found the perception of the elderly changing from them being

they age. Initiatives started as far back as 1999 showed schools

revered and respected to being marginalized. This was also true

RANK Figure 1.6 Graph showing the Comparisons in Countries with the highest aging figures and the USA. Source: highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0073404268/622359/ Schaefer_Aging_7e.pdf

Figure 1.7 Source: qzprod.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/robotelderly.jpg?w=1160

for the United States. “Until relatively recently, the old more than

Tokai University explains that “longevity is desirable, it has

any other age group, controlled power, assumed leadership, and

resulted in a new phenomenon called “elderly-to-elderly care”

set the examples for others. In the early centuries of American

where the elderly have to care for one another.”

History, in nearly every aspect of community, family and work life, old people reigned. Only during the 20th century have they

Technological advances in robotics have found the government

temporarily been knocked to the mat, viewed largely as a social

in support of the development of robots with limited functions

burden.” Says Ken Dychtwald, author of the book Age power:

for specific nursing care tasks according to the article entitled

How the 21st Century Will Be Ruled by the New Old (New York,

‘Japan pushing for low-cost nursing home robots to care for

1999)

elderly’ published on April 29, 2013 on the Japan Daily Press website. They will be designed to assist elderly people in

In Japan, the family was traditionally the primarily caregivers

daily activities, thereby reducing the burden on nursing home

for the elderly. Daughters-in-law were expected to take care

workers. Yumi Wada, a caregiver at Fuyouen home for the

of parents, and wives would care for their husbands. Similar

aged, said, “If robots will be developed while giving thorough

to the United States, Japan’s elderly population is gradually

consideration as to how to have them collaborate with human

increasing and it is becoming more difficult for them to rely

beings, I think there is a possibility that they can widen the

solely on families. Figure 1.6 cites Japan as the country with

scope of nursing care services we can offer.” There are many

the world’s highest longevity and average life expectancy which

who counter the validity of robots and firmly believe that they

has increased by over thirty years between 1947 and 2005.

can never truly replace human care.

According to an article posted on the New Statesman website entitled Caring for Japan’s Elderly, Professor Manami Hori of

An article on bankrate.com’s Retirement Blog section; Japan’s

Way of Caring for the Elderly published on August 30, 2011 by Jennie Phipps revealed the findings of an extensive study on the Japanese long-term care system by John Creighton Campbell, professor emeritus of political science at the University of Michigan and a visiting researcher at the Tokyo University Institute of Gerontology. It requires everyone between the ages of 40 and 65 to pay a one percent tax on their income and everyone ages sixty-five and over with a disability is eligible to use its services. The system covers 90 percent of the needs of most frail elderly and covers care management where individuals in the system are assigned a care manager who advocates for him/her and ensures that the daycare or home care participant receives is satisfactory. The plan also covers Adult day care facilities where people are to outside day care two to four times a week. While there, they get lunch, light rehabilitation and exercise among other activities. Finally, they facilitate small-scale residential care. Here, people who can no longer live at home are able to reside in free-standing residences with nine residents each with his or her own bedroom, a living room, a kitchen and a staff of at least four persons. â&#x20AC;&#x192;

Social Integration Image retrived from a web document on Febrary 18, 2014

Seniors and Community Involvement

“Human beings are not meant to live solitary lives. Computer buffs would say that we are “hard-wired,” genetically programmed, to develop and function by interacting with others. Talking, touching, and relating to others is essential to our well-being. These facts are not unique to children or to older men and women; they apply to all of us, from birth to death.” —J. W. Rowe and R. L. Kahn, Successful Aging.

“Human beings are not meant to live solitary lives. Computer

however, have brought about Aging Communities and Centers

buffs would say that we are “hard-wired,” genetically

geared solely for persons over a certain age and not so much

programmed, to develop and function by interacting with

for everyone but with a direct focus on the elderly. Integration

others. Talking, touching, and relating to others is essential

of the elderly however is a key role in promoting the sharing of

to our well-being. These facts are not unique to children or to

knowledge and culture through generations on a larger scale.

older men and women; they apply to all of us, from birth to

Older persons have more traditional skills and knowledge,

death.” —J. W. Rowe and R. L. Kahn, Successful Aging. In Booth,

security bestowed by property rights, civil and political power

Edwards, and Johnson’s (1991) framework, a key component of

and information control.

social integration involves “the degree to which an individual is embedded in a broader network of social relations.” As such,

How the aged fit into the context of communities or

integration “involves the formation and maintenance of a set of

neighborhoods.

relations in which a person gives and receives affective support and social approval. Isolation or reduced social integration can

The saying ‘no man is an island’ stands true. Human beings

be as a result of geographic distances, loss of network members

were never designed to abide in isolation. From infancy to

through death, declining health or loss of work load.

adulthood and beyond, we are inclined to develop relationships on various levels with other people. Through talking, touching

Community care is a preferred location for the provision of

and other interactions, we achieve a greater sense of being.

long-term care services for the elderly as it is less costly than

(Rowe & Kahn, Succesful Aging, 1997) One would almost

institutional care and allows the elder to still be connected to

think that as one increases in age, the need to not be alone

one’s family and friends. Recent developments in Eldercare

becomes even greater and the comfort in an environment that

promotes integration is most desirable.

leisure-time activities often differ from those of the rest of society. If that is so, one could begin to look at the activities and

“The older one gets, the more frightened one is of being senile

see how similar they are.

or showing other presumably age-related negative traits. This fear is likely to motivate older people to distance themselves

“Social integration” involves the entire set of an individual’s

psychologically from older people with difficulties such as

connections to others in his or her environment. (Pillemer, Social

forgetfulness, by evaluating them as negatively as possible

Integration in the Second Half of Life, 2000) Ernest Haeckel’s

and thereby making them very different from themselves. ”

Tree of Life (Figure 1.5) depicts the diversified evolutionary

declare Psychologists Ellen Langer and Judith Rodin.

relationships among living organisms. He explains that all life

What level of respect are elderly given and are there active

evolved from a common origin that divided into three and

measures in place to keep them involved in community

continually subdivided over time . This idea can be applied

activities?

to the concept of a neighborhood as a place where multiple activities and people of varied nature are all connected and can

Opinions may vary on the level of respect are elderly given.

holistically grow together. As a physical and social organizational

While some agree that they face prejudice and discrimination

structure, neighborhoods should offer a balanced mix of

especially in the workforce. Unless one voluntarily decides to

facilities that provide daily needs. Opportunities for social

retire earlier, there is a stipulated age and subsequent period

engagement are facilitated by pedestrian-oriented streets and

by which one is expected to retire. The elderly share physical

strategically positioned community spaces within comfortable

characteristics that distinguish them from younger people.

walking distances.

In addition, it is thought that their cultural preferences and

“By contrast, buildings have been designed for homogeneous

services for the elderly as it allows the connection to one’s

user populations: physically fit adults.” Essentially, building for

family and friends to be maintained. Recent developments in

the older cohort means building for every one as greater housing

‘Eldercare’ however, have brought about Aging Communities

comfort will be achieved. “It’s just about making life easier for

and Centers geared only for persons over a certain age and

all ages and physical abilities.” Additionally, ensuring greater

subsequently confine them to social integration with only their

flexibility and adaptability in housing due to unpredictability

peers. Integration of the elderly on a larger scale however is a

of changes in persons as they age, thereby designing for all

key role in promoting the sharing of knowledge and culture

outcomes, decreases the likelihood of displacement. This, when

through generations.

applied to social public spaces encourages access to integration of all abilities. The inclusion of shared spaces of varied sizes

Many people do not see the immediate relation of eldercare

which facilitate numerous types of activities play a crucial role

facilities to their lives. In their minds, it is not something that

in initial encounters and the development of relationships

affects them and the reality is often never understood until

between the users. Additionally, visual connections should be

one draws closer to that age. Even then it is still met with some

carefully considered.

degree of resistance. Perhaps if given the opportunity to share in the experiences of the elderly, this perception can change.

A key component of social integration involves “the degree to which an individual is embedded in a broader network of social relations.” (Booth, Edwards, & Johnson, 1991) In the realm of aging societies, community care-centered organizations are often preferred locations for the provision of long-term care

Image by Author

Place-making: What makes a ‘house’ a ‘home’?

Image retrived from: http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/images/stories/large/2010/10/30/HomeHand_2.jpg

Studies indicate that persons are more likely to express the

are in a new environment where they feel they will not be in

desire to remain in their homes for as long as is possible,

total control.

especially after they reach a certain age. Unfortunately, most houses lack the necessary supportive features and contain both

Another reason is Place Attachment. This refers to the

hazards and barriers. (Pynoos, 2011) The option of moving and

emotional connections that one has with a particular location.

relocating away from the communities that they have invested

It is essentially â&#x20AC;&#x153;the bonding of people to place.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; (Altman & Low,

in is far from appealing as a certain level of comfort and stability

1992) Though moving disrupts this attachment and may bring

has been established in their surroundings. So intent are these

about a sense of helplessness, many do not realize that it is

persons on aging in place, that they are willing to receive

possible to create place attachment for a new location. Figure

intensive home care services to aid them when they begin to

2 explains the concept of Place Attachment as a composition

lose function. One possible reason, and factor to consider in

of three factors: the person and their level of attachment,

a design intervention, is the poor public perceptions of senior

the psychological process: regarding behaviors towards this

housing. These models are often perceived as care provided

attachment and thirdly the characteristics of the object of

in settings that force the residents to leave their homes and

attachment. An understanding of these factors will result in a

communities or force them to lose their independence as they

set of guidelines that will ensure that the architecture facilitates

a quick transition so that negative emotional repercussions can be decreased.

The design intent for the Hospice of Lancaster County in Pennsylvania was for the building to look like a patient’s home and not mimic a typical healthcare facility, thus improving the psychological acceptance of living there. The facility, whose focus is on care ‘to the very last breath,” successfully resolves the challenge of providing each room with meaningful access to daylight and outdoor spaces. Despite the design being a hospice and indicative of short term use by an individual, the key design points and considerations can be applied to a more long term care facilities so that they will be desirable spaces to be in at all times of the year and throughout the rest of the resident’s aging process.

Figure 1.8 Diagram showingThe Tripartite model of place attachment. Sourced from: http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/45403/media/image1.jpeg

Conclusion Towards an Integrated Senior Community With more opportunities available for overcoming the challenges of an aging society than in previous decades, more measures should be implemented to encourage active lifestyles. The new demands of ‘Baby Boomers, who ‘value access and activity

Trends in senior living: •Optimizing resident privacy and dignity •Introducing hospitality design concepts •Expanding individual choice •Using technology to enhance senior living •Expanding urban options •Seeking more sustainable environments

over retreat and retirement’ (Coughlin 2010), have made it necessary for the architecture that they will engage with to fulfill this need to be active. After further analysis of the current structures, new ways of enhancing available facilities should be derived and means by which they can be more accessible and affordable than they currently are must be addressed so that as many people as possible can benefit. Additionally, recognizing the major short comings of existing models; their exclusive nature, is a stepping stone to finding innovative ways

of re-imaging the aging population and how they fit into the

The design should address the issues and create an environment

context of the wider community. Ideally, this thesis will use

that will make it easier for people to adapt to it faster. Models

architecture to identify a sense of purpose and meaning in the

such as the Lancaster, provides each room with meaningful

older cohort and utilize their skills and expertise to ultimately

access to daylight and outdoor spaces and creates flexible

achieve social integration.

spaces that can be reconfigured as needs change. Another important aspect will be on placing emphasis on “expression,

It is evident that humans have an innate need to be engaged

engagement and personal growth” . In thinking of our elderly

in the company of others. As one ages, the need heightens

as a “Research tool” Elderhostel and college based co-housing

especially as one gets anxious about growing old and what

models can be improved on to achieve more integration.

will happen to them in their later years. Current models create age segregated places rather than compounds with strong community ties. Also, many facilities do not accommodate their residents beyond a certain age, thus forcing them to relocate.

NOTES

Image by Author

i Quick facts from the US Census Bureau Retrieved from:

vii Jacoby, Susan. Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of

quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html

the New Old Age, Page 7, 1st ed. New York: Pantheon Books,

ii According to the 2011 US Population Census, the population

2011.

above sixty-five years of age numbered 41.4 million, an increase

viii New Approaches to Housing for the Second Half of Life.

of 6.3 million or 18% since 2000 and is projected to increase to

Living Concepts 2. Basel ; Boston : Zürich: Birkhäuser ; ETH,

79.7 million by 2040.

2008. According to the book, the term seemed more appealing

iii A term defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as persons born

for many than referring to the transition as a step towards old

Post–World War II between the years 1946 and 1964.

age.

iv Retirement age information retrieved from: ssa.gov/pubs/

ix Jacoby, Susan. Never Say Die: The Myth and Marketing of

ageincrease.htm

the New Old Age, Page 7, 1st ed. New York: Pantheon Books,

v Characteristics of our Aging Population, retrieved from Trans-

2011.

generational Design Matters – Retrieved from transgenerational.

x U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical

org/aging/demographics.htm#ixzz2iQeY3k64

activity and health: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta,

vi Administration on Aging data retrieved from: aoa.gov/

GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National

AoAroot/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2011/ index.aspx

Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.

1986.

retirement/japans-way-of-caring-for-elderly/

xi The State of Aging and Health in America Retrieved from: cdc.

xvii Friedan, Betty. The Fountain of Age. New York: Simon &

gov/physicalactivity/ everyone/guidelines/olderadults.html.

Schuster, 1993.

Butler, Robert N. Why Survive? Being Old in America. New York:

xviii In this instance, the work community refers only to the

Harper & Row, 1985.

parameters of the Co-housing facility.

xii Jerome, John. On Turning Sixty-five: Notes from the Field. 1st

xix Friedan, Betty. The Fountain of Age. 225. New York: Simon

ed. New York: Random House, 2000.

& Schuster, 1993.

xiii Friedan, Betty. The Fountain of Age. 225. New York: Simon

xx Ball, M. Scott. Livable Communities for an Aging Population:

& Schuster, 1993.

Urban Design Solutions for Longevity. 11. Hoboken, N.J: John

xiv Social Integration in the Second Half of Life. 29. Baltimore:

Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2012

Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.

xxi Howell, Sandra C. Designing for Aging: Patterns of Use.

Ibid. 23

Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1980

xv Elder Care Directory. Retrieved from: eldercaredirectory.org/

xxii Ball, M. Scott. Livable Communities for an Aging Population:

state-resources.htm

Urban Design Solutions for Longevity. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley

xvi Occasional Papers No. 3. The Role of Community Colleges in

& Sons, Inc, 2012

an Aging Society. AARP Office of Academic Affairs. September

xxiii AARP Selected Findings of Images of Aging in America

2007. Retrieved from: assets.aarp.org/www.aarp.org_/articles/

2004 Retrieved from:

research/CommunityCollegeReport.pdf

images_aging_selected.pdf

xvi Japanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Way of Caring for Elderly, Jennie L. Phipps published

xxiv Friedan, Betty. The Fountain of Age. 58. New York: Simon

on august 30, 2011, Retrieved from: bankrate.com/financing/

& Schuster, 1993

assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/

xxv (P422) Friedan, Betty. The Fountain of Age. New York: Simon

Architectural Research), and American Occupational Therapy

& Schuster, 1993

Association. Design for Aging: Strategies for Collaboration

xxvi Elderburbia, aging with a sense of place in America. 14.

Between Architects and Occupational Therapists. 8. Washington,

Phillip B. Stafford (Santa Barbra: ABC-CLIO, 2009)

D.C: The Council, 1993.

xxvii Ball, M. Scott. Livable Communities for an Aging Population:

xxxxv Manny Gonzales, principal with KTGY Architects, California

xxviii Urban Design Solutions for Longevity. 126. Hoboken, N.J:

xxxvi

John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2012.

xxxviiPopulation: Urban Design Solutions for Longevity. 26.

xxix Retrieved from <http://www.roadscholar.org/>

Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2012.

xxx Opinion: Why We Canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t Ignore College-Based Senior Co-

xxxviii Retrieved from: http://www.peabody.org.uk/home

housing. Senior Housing News. September 30, 2013. Retrieved

xxxxiv bdcnetwork.com/10-top-design-trends-senior%C2%A0l

from:

iving-facilities#sthash.xmnWdsIZ.dpuf

seniorhousingnews.com/2013/09/30/opinion-why-we-

Ball, M. Scott. Livable Communities for an Aging

cant-ignore-college-based-senior-cohousing/ xxxi Building Type Basics for Senior Living. Building Type Basics Series. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2004. xxxii Howell, Sandra. Designing for Aging: Patterns of Use. 8. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1980 xxxiii Ball, M. Scott. Livable Communities for an Aging Population: Urban Design Solutions for Longevity. 125. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2012. xxxiv Aging Design Research Program (AIA/ACSA Council on

CHAPTER

REGIONAL DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

Image by Author

An Aging Demography:

According to the Coastal region of Georgia, Area Agency on Aging, the aging cohort in Chatham County is expected to see the largest increase of all the other counties in Georgia, with projections of 84, 891 senior citizens in 2015 and 105,443 in 2030. It is expected that by 2030, Chatham County will be the home to 42% of the seniors in the region. Savannah is one of the most diverse cities where age is concerned. The Savannah Development Authority (SEDA) reported that in 2012, 23.4% of Savannah’s population was above the age of fifty-five. The majority of the city’s senior facilities are located further south and to the west side of the site’s location. However, there are many residential areas on the East Side that could benefit from an additional option that is located nearer to them.

Chart showing age diversity in Savannah

Data collected from 2012 Census Bureau

Huber, Andreas. New Approach es to Housing for the Second Half of Life. 22. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2008

Figure 2.1 Sourced from the 2012 Cencus Bureau

Savannahâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Districts Neighborhoods The surrounding areas are primarily residential districts with small to medium businesses dispersed within. The design seeks to foster integration with the elderly who will reside on the site and the persons living in the neighboring communities.

Figure 2.2 upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Chatham_County_Georgia_I ncorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Savannah_Highlighted.svg

North Historic District

Blackshear

South Historic District

Hillcrest Area

Beach Institute

Winter Gardens/Brightwood

Hitch Village/ Fred Wessel Homes

Gordonston

Eastside

Twickenham

Dixon Park

Savannah Gardens

East Victorian District

Pine Gardens

Thomas Square

East Savannah

Midtown

Avondale

Baldwin Park

Victory Heights

Live Oak

Victory Manor/East Hill/Donwood

Benjamin Van Clark Park Figure 2.3 Map highlighting the Neighborhoods of Savannah Source: https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSV2LTPPvxeo-6W9uW0iUl0mQ8hyx7tXYLt4TfJ2j8l AxfiCQratxkrTs8

Along the Corridor BENJAMIN VAN CLARK NEIGHBORHOOD Savannah is known for its rich history. It is filled with many neighborhoods that have existed since General Oglethorpe laid out his city plan. One of the main criteria for the site selection was choosing an area that had great potential for development. A careful search led to a 45 square block area known as the Benjamin Van Clark Neighborhood, in east Savannah, about a mile from downtown. It consists mainly of single family detached houses, bounded on the north by Wheaton Street, on the east by Bee Road, on the south by Anderson street and on the west by Harmon street. The area has a rich and unique history. It was greatly impacted by a number of events including the introduction of mass transportation in the late 19th century, the desegregation of Savannah and subsequent segregation of the neighborhood Figure 2.4 Benjamin Van Clark Neighborhood, Savannah, 1956,â&#x20AC;? GHS Map Collection, #443 SAV, GHS.

during the mid-20th century.

History of Wheaton Street Wheaton Street is the main access road to the site. Originally an

buildings, with many instances of several units being on a single

Indian trail that led to the south bank of the Savannah River, it is

lot.

the oldest street within the Neighborhood of study and follows its own path, unlike the linear street network developed by the Oglethorpe Plan. The area predominantly consisted of farm lots and until the 1910’s, there was very little development. With the imminent growth of the city, the area became populated and attracted a mixture of immigrants, working-class white and African-American laborers. This Street acted as a boundary for many of the neighborhoods such as Eastville, the oldest named neighborhood. It’s irregular street pattern was as a result of the irregular line of Wheaton Street bounding it on the north. The dwellings in that area were small, one-story frame wooden

Figure 2.5 Large Property Owners before Wagner Heights “City of Savannah,” (1868), MS 1018 Waring Map Collection, Vol. 2, Plate 30, GHS.

Haynes Ward The area boasted a variety of privately owned businesses which were clustered mainly along Wheaton Street. It remained this way up until the 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s when larger commercial centers south of the downtown area began attracting business away from the locally owned stores. At present, the site is surrounded by a restaurant, small convenience store and a bar. Beyond those extents are a variety of housing types.

The site which has consistently remained undeveloped over the years is located in Haynes Ward. Adjacent to it is the Frank W. Spencer Elementary School which was once a farm until 1955, when the decision was taken to create an educational facility for African Americans. At present, there is still a large undeveloped area in Haynes Ward where the land is very low Figure 2.6 Haynes Ward - 1937 Map

and is drained by the Jones Canal to the east.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;It was like a family neighborhood. Everybody knew each other and persons, older persons, looked out for the younger ones. ... There were about three or four what you call mom and pop grocery stores in the area. And then it was really an integrated neighborhood. There were various ethnic groups living in that particular area.â&#x20AC;? Rosemary McBride Banks Resident

Savannahâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Districts

Zoning, Legal Constraints & Flood Zones The property falls within several zoning codes, namely: Light Industrial (I-L), Multi-family Residential (R-M-25), General business (G-B), Neighborhood business (B-N), Recreational conservation (C-R), Agricultural Conservation (C-A),

Planned

Urban

Development

multi-family

(PUD-M-16), One Family Residential (R-6), ResidentialFigure 2.7 Existing Zoning - Adapted from http://www.thempc.org/References/References. htm#Zoning

Business-Conservation (R-B-C), Residential Business (R-B1), Residential Institutional Professional (RIP). They permit all if the activities specified in the programming of the site.

Though the site does not fall within the 500 or 100 year flood planes as seen in Figure , it is located close to areas that would be affected. The proposed development would therefore be elevated in order to alieviate the effects Figure 2.8 Proposed Zoning - Adapted from http://www.newzo.org/uzotool/index.html

of flooding. This would also provide an opportunity to

create a series of stairs and ramps that will add to the dynamic nature of the site as well as pathways that provide opportunities for the residents to gain various form of exercise through walking.

Figure 2.9 Savannah Flood Zone Map Retrived from http://www. sagis.org/app/

Regional Description Climatic Analysis Savannah is located on a coastal plain and is surrounded by flat low marshland towards the north-eastern end and a significantly different geography of higher land to the south and western side. It is home to woodlands and swampy areas. Its semi-tropical location results in an average day time temperature of 92.3oF as seen in Figure 2.12. The months of June to September, known in many places as the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;hurricane seasonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, bring higher levels of precipitation as seen in Figure 2.11. These statistics signify a need to consider storm water runoff options. As well as adequate shading options to provide a comfortable Figure 2.10 Savannah Sun Path Diagram Retrieved from http://www.gaisma.com/en/location/savannahgeorgia.html

environment for its users.

The Following maps were sourced from the Housing Authority of Savannah: Figure 2.11 Average Precipitation in Savannah Retrieved from http:// www.rssweather.com/climate/Georgia/Savannah/

Figure 2.13

Street Networks

Figure 2.14

Bike â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Pedestrian Infrastructure

Figure 2.15

Bus Transit Network

Figure 2.16

Plans+ Proposals

Figure 2.17

Population Over 65 In 2010

Figure 2.18

Recreation and Entertainment

Figure 2.12 Average Temperatures in Savannah Retrieved from http:// www.rssweather.com/climate/Georgia/Savannah/

SOURCE

Image compilation by Author - Aided by Google Maps

CHAPTER

SITE ANALYSIS

Forsyth Park

Project Location:

1210 Wheaton Street, Savannah GA, USA

Area of site:

267,963S sf or 6.15 acres

Buildable area:

157,821 sf

Building Footprint:

60,950 sf

(Zoning Regulations specify that there be no more than 40 Units per acre.

Therefore, a maximum of 240 number of units is allowed)

Figure 3.1 Image compilation by Author - Aided by Google Maps

Reasons for Site Selection

Based on a residential market survey prepared for the Housing

permitted by the zoning stipulations.

Authority of Savannah, there is a demand for the development of senior oriented rental units both with and without additional

The site is located along the bus line, providing easy access

subsidies in that area.

to necessary amenities. It is also within close proximity to the

downtown area.

Presently, the majority of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s senior facilities are located further south and to the west side of the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s location.

There is also an opportunity to develop the empty lot across from the site into an area that can initiate interaction between

The area along Wheaton Street where the site is located has

the people who will be residing in the new development and

always been void of much construction.

their neighbors.

Developing the selected site will increase the density in the area and give life to an otherwise quiet area of Savannah. The site is large enough to accommodate a variety of uses

LEGEND Low Density Residential (Single Family) Mid-High Density Residential (2+ Family) Commercial (Strip Center, Hotel, OďŹ&#x192;ce) Institutional In (schools, Churches, Utilities) Open Space (Marsh) Vancant/Undeveloped Desirable view towards church and existing neighborhood

Figure 3.2 Context description. Images and Map by Author

Elementary school located beside site however there is no strong visual connection

View from site towards rear. Existing neighborhood is also partially hidden

The site is relatively flat with a maximum elevation of 4â&#x20AC;&#x2122;-0â&#x20AC;? It does however have irregular contours that can be used within the site to create ramps and thereby enhance the user paths and overall experience. Figure 3.3 Site Birds Eye View retrived from Bing Maps

SECTION A-A Through Site Figure 3.4 Site Section by Author

SECTION B-B Through Site Figure 3.5 Site Section by Author

Spencer Elementary School

View of Wheaton Street View of Wheaton Street

B A

View from across site

Front view of Site Front View of Site

IMAGE A - View from Restaurant parking lot towards existing neighborhood

Image A - View from restaurant towards existing neighborhood Figure 3.6 Views Towards and Arround Site - Images by author

IMAGE B - View from site looking towards south

Image B - View from Site Looking towards South

VERNACULAR These were predominantly One-story frame dwellings with gabled or hipped roofs. Almost all of the homes had front porches, many of which remain today.

QUEEN ANNE & ITALIANATE Many of these were built during 1891 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1940. They featured domes, projecting bays, and stained glass. Many had unique and elaborate porches.

COLONIAL & NEOCLASSICAL REVIVAL These were often built on a four square plan, with low pitched roof, central dormer, and full front porch.

CRAFTSMAN BUNGALOW This style comprised of bracketed eaves, prominent porch supports. Material used were shingle as well as natural products such as stone.

Figure 3.7 Housing Types sourced from http:// www.savannahga. gov/DocumentCenter/ View/3025

Figure 3.8 Present Day Benjamin van Clarke Neighborhood - Images by author

• Active community engagement • Meaningful work opportunities • Priority for aging issues

Promote Social and Civic Engagement

• Affordable housing • Safety • Access to services • Customized housing

Address a Wide Range of Needs

Maximize Independence

• Supportive services • Accessible transportation

Optimize physical and Mental Health and Wellbeing

• Access to preventative health services • Access to health elated information • Activities to enhance well‐being

‐

Four Domains of an Elder‐Friendly Community

FigureAdapted from Stafford, Philip B. Elderburbia: Aging with a Sense of Place in America. 33. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger, 2009. 4.1 Adapted from Staford, Phillip B, Elderburbia: Aging with a Sense of Place in america. 33. Santa Barbra, Calif. Praeger, 2009

CHAPTER Parking

PROGRAM ANALYSIS

Entry

Community Garden

Way Finder Technology Center Gym Projection Room Meeting Room

Clinic & Pharmacy

Lounge

Reception Rest Rooms ms Mech Rm Service access Storage

Playhouse Workshop

Maintenance Jantors Closet Laundry

Offices Community Kitchen & Dining Area

Meditation Room Residential Units

Bubble Diagram image by Author

71 Special Care

Model Behavior Review of Existing Senior Communities Retirement homes are

often advertised as “permanent

hospital-like institutions to more community-like settings,

vacations”. They offer activities that lack meaningfulness and are

current senior living developments have tended to be age-

usually tower-like structures that are very reclusive. However,

segregated. Rather than compounds with strong connections

many allow for customization of individual spaces; a feature that

to the existing neighborhood, they have been designed as

will be expressed in the final design solution.

impenetrable, isolated compounds. Housing designed solely for a specific tenant population segregates them from others in

A major issue in many facilities is that they cannot accommodate

the community and prohibits the sharing of knowledge within

persons beyond a certain stage of their lives based on their

generations.

capabilities. The residents are then forced to once again uproot themselves after reaching that stage and try to adjust to a new

A case study of the Silver Sage Village Senior Co-housing in

environment. This static nature of the building program limits

Colorado noted that the design facilitated the trend of the co-

the users and usage and results in a building that is ill-adapted

housing community as an opportunity for adults to find support

to changes in use over time.

within the ‘community’ rather than having to go outside. This resulted in a very internal structure despite the close proximity

Though the evolution of senior facilities has shifted from

of other housing units. Ironically, the resident’s mission

statement is “nurturing and encouraging people’s desire to keep

persons as having much influence in today’s society. Fifty percent

learning, growing and participating.” This was also the case with

of the respondents thought that their influence was too little.

Fun City, an age-centered planned community with the average

Instead of promoting integration and independence, current

resident age being sixty-five. Though envisioned as an activity-

developments promote an increase in segregation. Many

centered community, it had one major flaw; the entire city is

developments regulate the amount of non-senior residents and

isolated from other urban life. “Leave this locale and there is

the duration of stays of non-senior visitors; thereby encouraging

only the unreal feeling of desolation and isolation.” (Jacobs,

isolation.

1974) The defined boundaries of a neighborhood’s edge should do so without segregating it from the larger community. Ideally,

For situations where multiple people and personalities are

it “should be porous and continue the surrounding street, path

expected to utilize a particular area, the need for spaces that

and green space networks to the greatest extent possible.”

provide opportunities for differentiation should be considered. This may be achieved either by providing a number of smaller

An American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) survey

congregational spaces at various locales or subdividing large

on perceptions of the influence of retired older Americans in

spaces in such a way that they can be used by distinct groups

today’s society revealed that many persons did not see elderly

interchangeably but are still within close proximity. (Ball, 2012)

Savannah Gardens - 501 Pennsylvania Ave Care Type Provided: Senior Home

Rose of Sharon Apartments - 322 E Taylor St. Care Type Provided: Retirement Home

The Veranda - 1414 East Anderson St. 84 one bedroom units and 16 two bedroom units

Horace Stillwell Towers - 5100 Waters Ave. Senior Care Types Provided: One bedroom Senior Housing Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Edge - 6206 Waters Ave. Senior Care Types Provided: Independent Living, 55+ Lifestyles Entrance is very reclusive; does not have an open and welcoming nature.

Figure 4.2 Map Of Existing Senior Housing Around Savannah - Comiled by author with the aid of googlemaps.com

Case Studies Ideal Adaptable Solutions

WALKING TRAIL Figure 4.3 Retrieved from http://www.extension.umn.edu/ garden/landscaping/design/healinggardens.html

FLEXIBLE INTERIORS Figure 4.4 Hospice of Lancaster OCunty

An example of this application is seen in Jackson Square, New

urban space.”

Orleans.

Continuing Care retirement communities (CCRC’s) models aim

“Hedges, fences and streets that are closed to traffic to delineate

to create engaging relationships with the nearby community.

and layer enough space to allow very diverse users in close

They try to understand the changing needs of persons as they

proximity. Everything from boisterous street performances to

age and constantly integrate new ideas to support them. Hope

tranquil gatherings are successfully comingled in a confined

House at Hope Meadows in Illinois offers communal living with

HOPE MEADOWS

Figure 4.5 In Design for Aging Review/ AIA Design for Aging Knowledge Community, 174 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 187. 10th ed.: 2008. The Images Publishing Group Pty Ltd., 2011.

home and community-based services. The community values

center which offers a mix of health, day care, housing social

their elders, placing them at the center and ensuring that they

and educational services. Resources include: a comprehensive

maintain strong connections and still play active roles in the

outreach service that hosts a range of activities and events for

larger community as they age.

anyone over the age of fifty, a drop in resource center dedicated to meeting the needs of the local community aged twenty-five

Located in the heart of a diverse community, Peabody Trust:

and over with an emphasis on services for people ages fifty

The Sundial Centre in Tower Hamlets, London is a community

and over, A range of social events, classes and activities such

as theatre trips, art, fitness, exercising, all led by local partners,

large screen viewing in a public setting, miniature golf courses

intergenerational work with older people and local primary/

that will attract persons of different age groups and workshop

secondary schools, Care services, including day-care and

spaces where seniors can share their interests with each other

personal care services for persons in need of it. The center also

and the wider community. Figure 8 shows a list of features which

encourages user-led and volunteer opportunities for residents.

could also be analyzed and included in the scheme such as wellrun parks and centers, more opportunities to meek and make

DeVries Place Senior apartments in California by HKIT architects

friends, adult education opportunities and cultural activities.

is one such example of a model that seeks to incorporate the

The concept of 24/7 buildings could also be introduced. While

community. By repurposing an existing structure as a civic

still maintaining privacy for senior living spaces, facilities can

amenity, they were able to create a space that could be used

offer spaces usable at different times of the day.

for public gathering and rented out to persons within the

Trends in senior living include:

community. It was also strategically placed in close proximity

Optimizing resident privacy and dignity, creating homelike

to other existing elements; the library and Health Center. The

settings, introducing hospitality design concepts, expanding

design also sought to achieve varied forms of interaction on

individual choice, using technology to enhance senior living,

micro and macro levels.

filling in the continuum, Taking the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Râ&#x20AC;&#x2122; out of CCRC, expanding urban options, seeking more sustainable environments,

The introduction of new typologies and activities which are

capitalizing on globalization

atypical of senior facilities but can be used by them could be a

These concepts when combined could create successful

means of pulling in the younger generations. Examples include:

communities that can support the lifestyles of the growing aging

an IMAX Theater that attracts persons of all ages and offers

population.

American Institute of Architects Design for Aging Center. “Case

American Institute of Architects Design for Aging Center.

Study: Silver Sage Village Senior Co-housing, Boulder, Colorado.”

“Hospice of Lancaster County.” In Design for Aging Review/

In Design for Aging Review/ AIA Design for Aging Knowledge

AIA Design for Aging Knowledge Community, 30 – 36. 10th ed.:

Community, 46 – 55. 10th ed.: 2008. The Images Publishing

2008. The Images Publishing Group Pty Ltd., 2011.

Group Pty Ltd., 2011.

This case study identifies a senior co-housing community for a

The design intent was for the building to look like a patient’s

mixed income target market in an urban setting. It was designed

home and not mimic a typical healthcare facility, thus improving

for persons to be able to age in place, in their community. It

the psychological acceptance of living there. It successfully

is environmentally friendly, accessible and provides good

resolves the challenge of providing each room with meaningful

connections with its immediate surroundings

access to daylight and outdoor spaces.

Figure 4.6 hRetrieved from: secondjourney.org/itin/12_Sum/images/ Glass3(Silver).jpg

Figure 4.7 hRetrieved from: www.derckandedson.com/wp-content/ uploads/Hospice-Pergola-Perspective-1030x526.jpg

American Institute of Architects Design for Aging Center. “Hope

Huber, Andreas. “Am Bahnhof ‘Living Spaces,’ Meckenbeuren.”

House at Hope Meadows.” In Design for Aging Review/ AIA

In New Approaches to Housing for the Second Half of Life, 99–

Design for Aging Knowledge Community, 174 – 187. 10th ed.:

112. Living Concepts 2. Basel ; Boston : Zürich: Birkhäuser ; ETH,

2008. The Images Publishing Group Pty Ltd., 2011.

2008.

This facility type accommodates communal living with home

This is an example of a multi-generational communal housing

and community-based services. It was designed to allow senior

development consisting of seventy-nine units. It is a good

citizens to have greater control and interaction with the larger

model for a self-help system which incorporates young and

community which it connects to. The projects offers a diversity

old. Its location is close to the city center and anchored in the

of housing options for various stages of the aging process.

community; a key design feature that I would like to exemplify. This case study also includes the results of a survey of the resident’s evaluation of the building, units and location.

Refer to Figure 4.5

CHAPTER

QUANTITATIVE PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

SITE Comunity Garden 1 2 Green Spaces 3 Gathering Clusters 4 Parking

5 6 *1

*2 B

8 9 10 C 11 12 13 *3 D

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 E 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 *4

F 30 31 32

EXTERIOR

SITE Comunity Garden 2 Green Spaces 3 Gathering Clusters 4 Parking 2

Public Mural Space Building Entrance 3 6 The scenic Route *1 7 *2 B LOBBY 8 The Wayfinder 9 Lounge 4 10 Public Restrooms ADMINISTRATION C 11 Offices 12 Reception 13 Storage *3 D SERVICES 14 Banking 15 Clinic 16 Janitors Closet 17 Laundry Room Maintenance Room 18 Mechanical Room 19 20 Service Entry 21 Pharmacy ACTIVITY AREAS E Community Kitchen 22 Technology Center 23 24 Gym 25 Projection Room 26 Meditation Room 27 Meeting Room 28 Playhouse/Theater 29 Workshop Space *4 F RESIDENTIAL SPACES 30 Single Occupancy Multiple Occupancy 31 32 Special Care INTERIOR

EXTERIOR

INTERIOR

PROGRAM PROGRAM ANALYSISANAL

SENIORCOMMUNITY INTEGRATED ACTIVE COMMUNITY SENIOR INTEGRATED ACTIVE

Public Mural Space Building Entrance 3 The scenic Route LOBBY The Wayfinder Lounge 4 Public Restrooms ADMINISTRATION Offices Reception Storage SERVICES Banking Clinic Janitors Closet Laundry Room Maintenance Room Mechanical Room Service Entry Pharmacy ACTIVITY AREAS Community Kitchen Technology Center Gym Projection Room Meditation Room Meeting Room Playhouse/Theater Workshop Space RESIDENTIAL SPACES Single Occupancy Multiple Occupancy Special Care

TARGET AGES TARGET AGES Mid fifties. Childeren arehouse grownsoup and out of the house so t - Mid fifties. Childeren are- grown up and out of the their parents move into smallerparents houses.move into smaller houses. Retirees who want a new experience - Retirees who want a new-experience KEY

KEY Mandatory Desirable Neutral Negative

Mandatory Desirable Neutral Negative

NOTES NOTES 1 Provide spaces to rest 1 Provide spaces to rest 2 Harmonize with green 2 Harmonize with green spaces and outdoor seatingspaces and outdoor seating clustersenvironment. to create a more pleasing environment. clusters to create a more pleasing Building should be closely connected to public 3 Building entrance should3 be closelyentrance connected to public muralspaces. space, parking mural space, parking and green It shouldand alsogreen give spaces. It should also give clear passage to the ‘way finder’ and lounge. clear passage to the ‘way finder’ and lounge. 4 The lounge the main gathering space from which the 4 The lounge is the main gathering spaceis from which the other services be the connected and will house the major other services can be connected and willcan house majority of users at any given time. of users at any given time.

*1 Walking trailtohas no main connection to indoor servic *1 Walking trail has no main connection indoor services and can be a visual connection only. and can be a visual connection only. *2 Lobby should located near parking for easy *2 Lobby area should be located neararea parking forbeeasy access to main entry. access to main entry. List includesrelated. Public and Maintenance related. *3 List includes Public and*3Maintenance -Services suchmaintenance as the mechanical -Services such as the mechanical room, room room, maintenance roo janitors closet, should be in close proximity to each and janitors closet, shouldand be in close proximity to each may also needdirectly to be another clustering direc other. There may also needother. to beThere another clustering in the residential quarters.in the residential quarters. *4 While the residential spaces are mostly private, they *4 While the residential spaces are mostly private, they should access to parking and green spaces. should have access to parking andhave green spaces.

Layout - Clusters with strong connecting routes General Layout - Clusters General with strong connecting routes that offerinteraction views, restand andactivities. promote interaction and activiti that offer views, rest and promote

Figure 5.1 Program Matrix Diagram - Image by author

10 Public Restrooms

500

ADMINISTRATION 11 Offices 12 Reception 13 Storage

2,200 700 500 1,000

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

SERVICES Banking Clinic Pharmacy Janitor's Closet Laundry Room Maintenance Room Mechanical Room Service Entry

2,950 350 1,000 300 150 250 100 800 ‐

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

ACTIVITY AREAS Community Kitcken + dining Technology Center Gym Projection Room Meditation RoomS (x2) Meeting Rooms Playhouse/Theater Workshop Spaces

5,450 1,300 450 600 500 300 700 1,000 600

SITE AREA SITE AREAA

(sf) 267,963

SITE 1 Community Garden SITE 8,800 2 Green Spaces Community Garden 2,000 Green Spaces3 Gathering Clusters600 4 Parking Gathering Clusters 200 5 Public Mural Space Parking 6,000 6 Building Entrance ‐ Public Mural Space 7 The Scenic Route ‐ Building Entrance

(sf) (acres) 267,963 6.2 (acres) 6.2 8,800 Buildable area 2,000 600 200 6,000 ‐ ‐ ‐

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Scenic Route ‐ B LOBBY 8 The Wayfinder 1,550 B LOBBY 8 The Wayfinder9 Lounge 50 10 Public Restrooms1,000 9 Lounge

1,550 50 1,000 500

10 Public Restrooms C ADMINISTRATION 500 11 Offices C ADMINISTRATION 2,200 12 Reception 11 Offices 700 12 Reception 13 Storage 500

2,200 700 500 1,000

13 Storage D

1,000 SERVICES SERVICES 14 Banking 2,950 15 Clinic Banking 350 16 Pharmacy Clinic 1,000 Pharmacy 17 Janitor's Closet 300 18 Laundry Room 150 Janitor's Closet 19 Laundry Room Maintenance Room 250 20 Mechanical Room 100 Maintenance Room 21 Service Entry Mechanical Room 800 D

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Service Entry ‐ E ACTIVITY AREAS 22 Community Kitcken + dining E ACTIVITY AREAS 5,450 23 Technology Center 22 Community Kitcken + dining 1,300 24 Gym 23 Technology Center 450 24 Gym 82 25 Projection Room 600 26 Meditation RoomS (x2) 25 Projection Room 500

2,950 350 1,000 300 150 250 100 800 ‐ 5,450 1,300 450 600 500 300

Buildable area

E 157,821

157,821

RESIDENTIAL UNITS 30 Single Occupancy 31 Multiple Occupancy 32 Special Care TOTAL

40,000 16,000 12,000 12,000 60,950

2‐3 Bedroom Units Nurses station with shower and breakroom + offic

PUBLIC Public Mural Space Community Garden Greenhouse Gathering Clusters The Scenic Route Main Entrance Green Spaces Community Kitchen Technology Center Projection Room Meeting Rooms Playhouse Workshops Lobby Banking Pharmacy Clinic

GOALS Elderburbia– Phillip B. Stafford

• Affordable and flexible Senior Housing Options that

thatthe second half • Affordable senior housing options Facilitates people as they transition through facilitates people as tehy transition through the

of life. second half of life.

• Strengthen neighborhood connections

GOALS

• Efficient Energy Use • Meditation Room Living Areas Special Care Storage Offices

PRIVATE Emphasis on public domains to promote interation

• • • •

• Strengthen neighborhood connections Promote Small businesses to make the neighborhood viable • Efficient energy use • Promote local small businesses to make Adaptable the neighborhood more viable • Adaptable Stimulating and Interactive Design • Stimulating and interactive design Freedom and Security Guaranteed Beguinage –Berlin, Germany, 2007 • Freedom and security • Communality and individuality Ibid. Community settings with individuality Emphasized • Transparency and privacy

• Transparency and Privacy

Figure 5.2 Emphasis on Public Domains To Promote Interaction - Image by author

Programming Description of Spaces by residents and community members. This wall would be SITE

symbolic of the unity that is hope to exist along the corridor.

Community Garden - The concept of ‘eat what you grow’

The Scenic Route - Walking trail to provide exercise. It will be

promotes interaction with residents and community members

linked with gathering clusters and green spaces.

as they are able to work together to grow and harvest produce . Green Spaces - These areas are dedicated to landscaping in

LOBBY

various sizes and are along the walking path. This provides rest for the weary walker and an opportunity tio sit and watch other

The Way-finder - Signage system for easy identification of spaces

activities taking place from that vantage point.

Lounge - A public ‘living-room’ for residents

Gathering Clusters - Similar to green spaces, they are aimed at

Banking Services - Offered through the provision of ATM Units

acomodating larger groups of interaction.

placed in the lobby for easy access and greater security.

Public Mural - This is intended to be an art installation created

Clinic - Provides immediate health care to residents and

neighboring communities.

Projection Room - Specializes in displaying Audio/Visual projections.

Pharmacy - Gives residents/community access to needed medication and medical products.

Meditations Rooms - Quiet areas dispersed throughout the site that can be used for personal reflection.

Resident Support Offices - Provides administrative assistance for current and prospective residents on site

Meeting Rooms - Four small to medium sized group activities

ACTIVITY AREAS

Playhouse - Black-box styled theater for staged events put on by residents and community members.

Community Kitchen - For group cooking and potlucks Workshop spaces - Activity spaces for classes. Intended as a Tech center - Computer lab where classes may be offered and

well lit open plan space for flexibility.

residents can keep connected via the world wide web

Gym - Exercise room and fitness area. This may also be conducted in one of the gathering clusters.

Aquatic Center - Open plan with pools for hydro therapy

CHAPTER

SCHEMATIC SITE AND BUILDING DESIGN

PARTI DIAGRAM OF GENERAL LAYOUT

RESIDENTIAL

COMMON PATH ACCESSIBLE GREEN ACTIVITY AREAS

MIXED USE

Figure 6.1 Parti Diagram of General Layout - Image by author

In this scheme, the residential units are arranged in an organic pattern to create pockets of negative space that can be used as green spaces and gathering clusters of varied sizes. The activity and service centers are centrally located and form the core from which the rest of the program revolves. Wheaton

Street

and

the

parochial road at the east side of the lot will be used as the main access paths to the site.

SCHEME 1 Figure 6.2 Scheme 1 - Image by author

Courtyard

and

outdoor

spaces are more defined and structured. Building masses are grouped and broken up within

ROAD NETWORK

main buildings.

SCHEME 2 Figure 6.3 Scheme 2 - Image by author

Scheme

combines

the

previous two proposals and similar to scheme two, seeks to create gathering clusters of varied sizes. The activity centers are dispersed throughout the site in order to create a more organic

programmatic

feel

while still maintaining linear paths that will help with easy orientation.

SCHEME 3 Figure 6.4 Scheme 3 - Image by author

SITE MODELS

Physical Model Showing Site Context

Figure 6.5 Physical Model Showing context - Image and model by author

Figure 6.6 Physical Model Showing context - Image and model by author

Figure 6.7 Physical Model Showing context - Image and model by author

Figure 6.8 Physical Model Showing context - Image and model by author

CHAPTER

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Figure 7.13-D Site Model Image by Author

Building Code Analysis Occupancy Group/Area and Height Limits (Reference: The Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Studio Companion, 5th edition, by E. Allen and J. Iano)

OVERVIEW:

The Integrated Senior Community consists of a mixture of detached residential units which vary from one to three floors, for independent living as well as specialized care units totaling 40,000 sq. ft. The program also consists of public gathering spaces, as well as service and activity areas for its users totaling 12,150 sq. ft. These are inclusive of a clinic, pharmacy, laundry rooms, an administrative section, a community kitchen and dining area, gym,aquatic center for therapy, meeting rooms and workshop spaces.

OCCUPANCY GROUPS AND CLASSIFICATIONS

The majority of the buildings on site will fall into five categories; assembly, business, institutional, mercantile and residential as they fit the criteria stated below. A‐2/A‐3

ASSEMBLY

Social, recreational, entertainment and civic gathering of 50 or more persons.

A‐2 Dining Hall

A‐3: Recreational, amusement and worship uses not specifically falling under other Assembly groups. Lobby, Lounge, Community Dining Area, Workshop Spaces, Meeting Rooms B

BUSINESS

Gathering spaces less than 750 sq. ft. or accommodating fewer than 50 persons are treated as GROUP B, business occupancies or, when located within other occupancies, as part of the surrounding occupancy. This includes the outpatient clinic and administrative offices.

I‐I

INSTITUTIONAL

Facilities where occupants cannot fully care for themselves, including residential care, day care,

assisted living and health care. I-I: 24-hour residential care facilities for 17 or more occupants, in which occupants are capable of responding to an emergency without physical assistance from facility staff

MERCANTILE

Display and sale of retail and wholesale goods. The Pharmacy could be classified under this occupancy group

R-4

RESIDENTIAL

Facilities where people live and sleep when not in a supervised setting that would be classified as an Institutional Occupancy. This residential core or assisted living facility should accommodate between 6 and 16 occupants above the age of 2 Â˝ years.

OCCUPANT LOADS (Egress System Capacity) Sleeping Areas USE

FLOOR AREA PER OCCUPANT

Accessory Storage Area

300 ft2 gross

Assembly Occupancy Gaming Floors

11 ft2 gross

Concentrated seating

7 ft2 net

Standing space

5 ft2 net

Unconcentrated seating

15 ft2 net

120 ft2 gross

Kitchen, Commercial

200 ft2 gross

Libraries, Reading Rooms

50 ft2 net

Mechanical Equipment Room

300 ft2 gross

Storage

300 ft2 gross

Educational occupancy Classroom areas

20 ft2

Shops and vocational areas

50 ft2 net

Exercise Areas

50 ft2 gross

Institutional occupancy

Sleeping Areas

120 ft2 gross

Kitchen, Commercial

200 ft2 gross

Libraries, Reading Rooms

50 ft2 net

Mechanical Equipment Room

300 ft2 gross

HEIGHT AND AREA LIMITATIONS CONSTRUCTION TYPES 3-HOUR NONCOMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION Requires a fire-resistance rating of 3 hours for columns and bearing walls and 2 hours for floor construction.

Structural Steel Columns, beams, joists and decking must be protected to these values with applied fireproofing materials or an approximately fireresistive ceiling of plaster, gypsum board or fibrous panels

ORDINARY CONSTRUCTION Consists of non-combustible exterior walls and interior structure that is usually wood light framing but may also be of concrete or steel. It allows the structures of the building to remain exposed or to be furnished with materials that do not have a sufficient fireresistance rating to satisfy a higher classification of construction, such as wood paneling or the gypsum board.

100

KEY

UA – Unlimited area

UH – Unlimited height

Spr – With Approved Sprinkler System

Unspr – Without approved sprinkler System

Maximum area for any single floor: 14,000

Occupancy Group A-2: Assembly Construction Type – 3-hour Type 1-A Spr -

Maximum Height: UH Maximum Area for all floors: UH

Occupancy Group A-3: Assembly Construction Type – 3-hour Type 1-A Spr -

Maximum Height: UH Maximum Area for all floors: UH

Maximum area for any single floor: UA Unspr - Maximum height: 75’

Maximum Area for all floors: UH

Maximum Area for all floors: UA

Maximum area for any single floor: UA

Construction Type – III-A, Ordinary 1-Hour

Construction Type – III-A, Ordinary 1-Hour Spr – Maximum Height: 85’

Spr – Maximum Height: 85’ Maximum area for any single floor: 42,000 Unspr – Maximum Height: 65’

Maximum Area for all floors: 1 floor – 56,000, 2 floors –84,000 Maximum area for any single floor: 42,000 Unspr – Maximum Height: 65’

Maximum area for any single floor: 14,000

Occupancy Group A-3: Assembly Construction Type – 3-hour Type 1-A

101

Maximum area for any single floor: 28,500

Occupancy Group I-I: Institutional Construction Type – 3-hour Type 1-A

Maximum Area for all floors: 1 floor – 14,000, 2 floors –28,000

Spr -

Maximum Height: UH Maximum Area for all floors: UH

Maximum area for any single floor: 14,000

Maximum area for any single floor: UA Resi - Maximum height: 60’

Occupancy Group B: Business

Spr*

Construction Type – 3-hour Type 1-A Spr -

Maximum Area for all floors: UA Maximum area for any single floor: UA

Maximum Height: UH Maximum Area for all floors: UH Max area for any single floor: UA

Unspr - Maximum height: 75’

* Residential class sprinkler system NFPA 13R

Construction Type – III-A, Ordinary 1-Hour Spr – Maximum Height: 85’ Maximum Area for all floors: 1 floor – 68,000, 2 floors –99,000, 3 floors – 148,500

Maximum Area for all floors: UA

Maximum area for any single floor: 49,500

Maximum area for any single floor: UA

Resi - Maximum height: 60’ Spr*

Construction Type – III-A, Ordinary 1-Hour

Maximum Area for all floors: 1 floor – 16,500, 2 floors – 33,000, 3 floors – 49,500 Maximum area for any single floor: 16,500

Spr – Maximum Height: 85’ Maximum area for any single floor: 85,500 Unspr – Maximum Height: 65’ Maximum area for any single floor: 28,500

* Residential class sprinkler system NFPA 13R

Occupancy Group M: Mercantile Construction Type – 3-hour Type 1-A Spr -

Occupancy Group I-I: Institutional Construction Type – 3-hour Type 1-A Spr -

Maximum Height: UH

Maximum Height: UH Maximum area for any single floor: UA

Unspr - Maximum height: 75’ Maximum area for any single floor: 24,000

Maximum Area for all floors: UH

102

Maximum area for any single floor: UA

Resi - Maximum height: 60’

Construction Type – III-A, Ordinary 1-Hour

Construction Type – 3-hour Type 1-A Spr -

Maximum Height: UH Maximum area for any single floor: UA

Unspr - Maximum height: 75’ Maximum area for any single floor: 24,000

Construction Type – III-A, Ordinary 1-Hour Spr – Maximum Height: 85’ Maximum area for any single floor: 55,500 Unspr – Maximum Height: 65’ Maximum area for any single floor: 18,500

Occupancy Group R:2 and R-4: Residential Construction Type – 3-hour Type 1-A Spr -

Maximum Height: UH Maximum Area for all floors: UH Maximum area for any single floor: UA

Unspr - Maximum height: 60 Maximum Area for all floors: UA Maximum area for any single floor: UA

Construction Type – III-A, Ordinary 1-Hour Spr – Maximum Height: 85’ Maximum Area for all floors: 1 floor – 96,000, 2 floors –144,000, 3 floors – 216,000

Maximum area for any single floor: 72,000 Unspr – Maximum Height: 60’ Maximum Area for all floors: 1 floor – 24,000, 2 floors –48,000, 3 floors – 72,000 Maximum area for any single floor: 24,000

103

Human Experience & Environment Creating a SUSTAINABLE Environment The Challenge: The Environment - An environmental strategy

various paths that encompass the site. These paths are designed

and appropriate environmental systems is important. Describe

to promote sustainable approaches to community development

(with diagrams, sections and text) how your design responds

while creating a desirable environment and user experience.

to its environment and the designs energy needs. This may

Additionally, extensive uses of materials and attractive storm

include, but not be limited to, site planning, space planning,

water management features will be applied These will ensure

building materials, methods of construction, passive or active

that water run off will be collected and reused. eliminate the

environmental systems, and building operations.

occurence of segregation from the rest of the community.

Give reasons for the strategy (e.g., energy conservation, sustainability, local climate, available resources, local customs,

Another main focus will be on finding sustainable materials as

building use, philosophy, design concept, integration with

building materials. These should compliment existing materials

design ideas, etc.) - Given by Prof. F Munilla

in the neighborhood and create a cohesive blend. Various systems for building curtain walls will be eplored in order to

One of the main means of enhancing the human experience and

cater to the site and create comfortable environments wherein

by extension create a sustainable environment is throught the

its users can feel â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;at homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

104

PRECEDENTS 1. Portland State University Street Planters Portland Statestormwater Universityrunoff Streetfrom Planters Managing the street through vegetated planters for flow and water quality benefit.

Managing storm-water runoff from the street through vegetated planters for flow and water quality benefit.

Figure 7.2 Portland State University Street Planters- Image by Author

105

PRECEDENTS New Seasons Market at SE 20th Below: Innovative sustainable storm-water solutions at New

SE Division Street New Seasons Market

New Seasons Market at SE 20 and Division Seasons. Right: Landscape planters in sidewalk area take streetand

the neighborhood association worked in partnership with Environmental Services to develop innovative runoff while beautifying a commercial/retail zone. sustainable stormwater solutions at New Seasons. th

Portland State University Street Plante

In partnership with Portland State University, BES transformed this site into an attractive stormwater facility.

Figure 7.3 Storm-Water Solutions- Image by Author

106

Figure 7.4 Street Runoff- Image by Author

Estimated cost = $33,000 This cost includes street and sidewalk improvements.

ELEMENTS: PAVING OPTIONS

SOURCE: NEVUE NGAN. ASSOCIATES

PRECEDENTS

Brick is often an attractive sidewalk material.

Paving Options: SW Montgomery Green Street SOURCE: WWW.AGRAYSON.TYPEPAD.COM

along Jamison Square in downtown

SOURCE: NEVUE NGAN. ASSOCIATES

ertain design elements will serve to unify the blocks into a legible corridor. Primary among these is the continuous stormwater planter as well as the choice of paving material. Paving material offers a wayfinding tool for pedestrians, autos, and bicyclists, but they also demarcate space. Paving choices contribute color, texture, sound, and can even help tell a story. For the SW Montgomery Green Street, a mixture of materials, styles, colors, and patterns is envisioned. Paving styles may differ from blockto-block to help create the character of individual blocks. Some paving elements should repeat along the entire corridor to create the feel of an interconnected pedestrian streetscape.

Westmoreland Permeable Pavement Project

EcoLock Pavers in Parking Strips A rhythm of colored concrete interlaced with planting. SE 20th & 21st Ave. between Knapp & Lambert

Change in pavers conveys water and separates parking and driving lanes.

SOURCE: NEVUE NGAN. ASSOCIATES

SOURCE: WWW.LANDSCAPEONLINE.COM

can easily accomodate all users of the an also support seating.

er colors can help defineFigure space. 7.5 EcolockAPavers curbless with bollards and by tactile strips separates sidewalk and parking. Instreet Parking Strip - Image Author

A highly decorative paving inscription tells the story of a watershed at the Baltimore Aquarium. 15

Figure 7.6 Paving Inscription at The Baltimore Aquarium- Image by Author T h e

S o u t h w e s t

M o n t g o m e r y

G r e e n

S t r e e t

107

108

109

Site Planning and Development

110

Figure 7.6 Paving Inscription at The Baltimore Aquarium - Image by Author

113 111

HOUSING

HE AT ON

ST R

114 112

Figure 7.8 Final Design Roof Plan View - Image by Author

MAIN ACTIVITY AREA

Figure 7.9 Final Design Plan - Image by Author

113

There are four main access points onto the site and one service route. Two are located on Wheaton Street, the ‘main gateway’ and the other two are along the secondary unnamed existing road. The ‘yellow’ areas are designated for parking in order to provide easy access to the block units. There are also allowances in each parking sector, for ADA accessibility. Figure 7.10 Site Access Diagram - Image by Author

SERVICE ENTRANCE MAIN ROADWAY

114

PARKING

The housing quarters on site facilitates six major areas namely; Independent Living, Assisted Living, End of Life Care, Visitor’s Lodging, Activity Areas and Utilities/ Services. The living units were strategically intermixed to allow for persons to be able to interact with persons regardless of the level of care needed. In that, Each of the five Housing Bocks accommodate a combination of Assisted Living Residents and Independent Living Residents. The End of Life Care were grouped together, however placed at the front of the site so that they do not have to feel physically alienated from the other residents and the community at large. The addition of small activity rooms gives the residents an opportunity to gather within their housing unit. It can facilitate a friendly card game or a ‘resident’s meeting’. Figure 7.11 Final Design Program - Image by Author

115

Sunken Garden Pharmacy & Clinic Lobby Projection Room Meeting Rooms Technology Centers Cafeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Community Dining Hall Aquatic Center

Figure 7.12 Plan To Section Relationship Diagram Image by Author

116

Figure 7.13 Living Units Floor Plans - Image by Author

117

GROUND FLOOR Figure 7.14Final Design Ground Floor Plan - Image by Author

118

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

Figure 7.15 Final Design First And Second Floor Plans - Image by Author

119

Figure 7.15 Final Design First And Second Floor Plans - Image by Author

120

Figure 7.17 Residential Block Sections - Image by Author

Interior and Exterior Renders

121

View of Interior Atrium. This space provides an area for the residents to meet and socialize with each other. There is also the potential to suspend artwork from the ceiling

122

View of Entry way and corridor to units. Shared raised planter beds are added to encourage the social activity of gardening

123

View from Sculpture garden looking towards the main lobby and clinic.

124

View from one of the interior social spaces between buildings. This scene features a small pond and shows how seating and landscaping features can add interest to a walking trail.

125

View from another outdoor area. A projection wall allows for the playing of movies and gives the residents yet another chance to enjoy each others company

126

View looking towards the community garden which would include raised planter beds. This will make the garden accessible to users in wheelchairs There is also a large deck that can accomodate tables and seating and act as outdoor eating areas for the cafe

127

Conclusion Towards an Integrated Senior Community

Figure 7.22. Exterior View of sunken courtyrad - Image by Author

128

The original intent of this thesis was to highlight older people as

With more opportunities available for overcoming the

an invaluable resource and show how architecture can be used

challenges of an aging society than in previous decades, more

to provide a means of keeping them connected with the wider

measures should be implemented to encourage active lifestyles.

community as they age. The architecture used would also aid

The new demands of ‘Baby Boomers, who ‘value access and

in the identification of a sense of purpose and meaning in the

activity over retreat and retirement’ (Coughlin 2010), have

older cohort and the utilization of their skills and expertise to

made it necessary for the architecture that they will engage

ultimately achieve social integration. I have seen firsthand the

with to fulfill this need to be active. After analyzing current

vigor and vitality that many older people possess, which many

structures, it was clear that at the end of the project, that new

take for granted or altogether fail to acknowledge. They are a

ways of enhancing available facilities should be derived as well

constant source of inspiration and hope for me as I watch them

as means by which these resources could be more accessible

ride the bus, enroll in school so that they can teach a remedial

and affordable than they currently are.

class and help ‘wayward’ youth achieve something with their lives. They lead clubs and organizations and are living proof that

My research confirmed that there were numerous means

‘age is just a num-ber’.

of maintaining active lifestyles and stressed the importance

129

of connectivity. As one ages, the inherent need to be in the company of others usually heightens especially as one gets anxious about growing old and what will happen to them in their later years. Current models create age segregated places rather than compounds with strong community ties. Also, many facilities do not accommodate their residents beyond a certain age, thus forcing them to relocate.

The design addresses the issues at hand and creates an environment that will make it easier for people to quickly adapt. Models such as the Lancaster, provides each room with meaningful access to daylight and outdoor spaces and creates flexible spaces that can be reconfigured as needs change. Another important aspect was on placing emphasis

130

on “expression, engagement and personal growth”. In thinking of our elderly as a “Research tool” Elderhostel and college based co-housing models were improved on to achieve more integration.

future development of the project. I have gained a wealth of knowledge during the past year and even more now that I am working at a practicing architecture firm. I still believe that there should be an ‘elder-friendly’ community that seeks to provide opportunities for older persons to socialize freely and

The inclusion of a central activity area provided a place for integration with the wider community who would have access to it. Private spaces were clearly delineated however, it did not

comfortably with persons of their own age and younger. This facility will also foster the nurturing of future generations and regain the respect that was once given to the older cohort.

seem disconnected from the scheme. A series of paths and gathering spots provided a sense of security and ensured that the entire site would be utilized throughout the day and night.

This is only the beginning of a long journey towards achieving my goal. I envision my progress thus far as a baseline for the

131

Final Presentation Boards

132

Image by Author

133

134

Image by Author

135

Bibliography

136

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Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. Harding, Ed. “Towards Lifetime Neighborhoods: Designing American Institute of Architects. Design for Aging: An Architect’s

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International Longevity Centre UK (November 19, 2007): 35.

Carpenter,

William

Modern

Sustainable

Residential

Design: A Guide for Design Professionals. Wiley Books on

Sustainable

Design.

Hoboken,

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