BIOMES
A BBY Y TZ E N
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ARTIST STATEMENT 02 WHAT IS A BIOME? 04 CONSERVATION STATUS 06 TUNDRA 08 TAIGA 12 DECIDUOUS FOREST 16 GRASSLAND 20 DESERT 24 SAVANNA 28 RAINFOREST 32 WETLAND 36 MARINE 40 CONTRIBUTIONS 44 WORKS CITED 45
ARTIST I looked to the natural world and found what I was looking for. God has created in me a sensitivity to His creation, instilling in me a sense of awe and insatiable curiosity. I am amazed by the unbelievable scope of the earth’s ecosystems, yet His careful attention to detail and His sense of humor. I did not endeavor to create the world, for it already existed. I employed line, bold color, and playful icons to illustrate my interactions with the world. “When design distills something to its absolute essence, it reveals its pure truth, leaving the viewer thinking, ‘Of course.’ I love that, I call it uber-simplicity,” Steve Watson, owner of Turnstyle design firm Seattle, Washington. The challenge of my work was to create meaningful simplifications that communicated truth about the world, generalizations that were informative instead of stifling. The better the understanding of complexity, the more poignant and truthful the simplification. My illustration works on many levels. The piece is first encountered from a distance, the viewer standing back taking it in as a whole. The breadth of the illustration and consequently the breadth of the earth is awe inspiring and perhaps overwhelming. Bright colors and bold icons invite viewers to enter in. The playful and seemingly unexpected interactions within the illustration encourage a youthful curiosity.
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STATEMENT My goal for this project is accessibility. I want my design to cross generational, educational and aesthetic lines. I endeavored to create a world that all people can approach and enjoy—a world that is just as accessible and exciting for a young child as it is for an adult. “If we don’t have a sense of humor we lack a sense of purpose,” Wayne Thiebaud. There is playfulness in nature that I find exciting, and I have sought to capture that element of play. I have begun a dialogue within each biome; animals interacting with each other and with their environment in playful ways. This project was born out of my desire to connect art to the world around me. I wanted to use my passion for design to create something meaningful. There is no prerequisite to this show. All you need to interact with my work is something we are all born with, a curious spirit and a sense of humor.
Abby Ytzen 2010
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WHAT IS A “A biome is a large geographical area of distinctive plant and animal groups, which are adapted to that particular environment. The climate and geography of a region determines what type of biome can exist in that region. Major biomes include deserts, forests, grasslands, tundra, and several types of aquatic environments. Each biome consists of many ecosystems whose communities have adapted to the small differences in climate and the environment inside the biome
All living things are closely related to their environment. Any change in one part of an environment, like an increase or decrease of a species of animal or plant, causes a ripple effect of change in through other parts of the environment.�
-blueplanetbiomes.org.
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BIOME? TERRESTRIAL BIOMES ecosystems on land identified by: dominant vegetation, climate and location
TUNDRA TAIGA DECIDUOUS FOREST GRASSLAND DESERT SAVANNA RAINFOREST
AQUATIC BIOMES identified by: water depth, fresh or salt water, and if the water is moving or standing
WETLAND MARINE
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CONSERVATION
the likelihood of a species remaining in existence
EXTINCT no reasonable doubt that species has died out
EXTINCT IN WILD only surviving in captivity or in an introduced population outside of natural range
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED extremely high risk of extinction in wild based on: population loss of 80% or more, range reduced to 38.6 square miles, 50% probability for extinction within 10 yrs
ENDANGERED extremely high risk of extinction in wild based on: population loss of 50% or more, range reduced to 1,930 square miles, 20% probability for extinction within 20 yrs
VULNERABLE very high risk of extinction in wild based on: population loss of 30% or more, range reduced to 7,722 square miles, 10% probability for extinction within 100 yrs
NEAR THREATENED does not qualify for one of the above categories now but is close to qualifying or likely to qualify in near future
LEAST CONCERN is currently widespread or abundant
DATA DEFICIENT not sufficient information for assessment
Based on the categories of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
STATUS
The IUCN seeks to help the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. Founded in 1948, it is the oldest and today’s largest global conservation network. It has 60 offices around the world, and the headquarters are located in Gland, near Geneva, Switzerland.
IUCN:
International Union for Conservation of Nature
MISSION “Our mission is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.”
WHAT DOES ICUN DO? KNOWLEDGE: develop and support conservation science, specifically on biodiversity and ecosystems and how they affect human wellbeing ACTION: conducts thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments INFLUENCE: supports governments, NGOs, international conventions, UN organizations, companies and communities to develop laws, policy and best-practice. EMPOWERMENT: helps implement laws, policy and best-practice by mobilizing organizations, providing resources and training, and monitoring results.
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Protected areas and threatened species could most effectively be safeguarded if local people considered it in their own interest to do so. Working with rather than against local people became a major working principle for IUCN. –Page 61
Information taken from the IUCN website: www.iucn.org
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TUNDRA
the earth’s youngest and coldest biome
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE average annual temperature -18° F winter low: -94° F (night lasting weeks) summer: 37–54° F
AVERAGE PRECIPITATION 6–10 inches annual precipitation includes melting snow
LOCATION The tundra is located in the northern hemisphere, encircling the north pole and extending south to the coniferous forests of the taiga.
THE TUNDRA HAS 48 species of land mammals 1,700 species of plants 50–60 day growing season (where the sun shines 24 hours a day)
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PERMAFROST Permafrost is the foundation for much of the tundra’s unique ecosystem. Permafrost is a layer of frozen soil and dead plants that extends approximately 1,476 feet under the surface. Much of the tundra is frozen year round. In southern regions the surface melts during the summer, forming shallow lakes that invite animal life. Insects swarm around the bodies of water bringing migratory birds to come to feed on them.
Polar Bear
Snow Bunting
Scientific: Ursus maritimus Location: arctic regions Diet: seals Size: 7.25–8.25 ft Weight: 900–1,600 lbs
Scientific: Plectrophenax nivalis Location: Iceland, Scandinavia, North Scotland, arctic and subarctic Asia and N. America Diet: seeds Size: 6.25 in Weight: 0.8–1.6 oz
Snowy Owl
Arctic Fox
Scientific: Bubo scandiaca Location: circumpolar: arctic Canada, Greenland, North Eurasia Diet: small mammals Size: 20.5–25.5 in Weight: 3.5–6.5 lbs
Scientific: Alopex lagopus Location: arctic regions of Europe, Asia, North America Diet: birds, rodents Size: body 18–26.75 in; tail 13.75 in Weight: 6.5–17 lbs
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN:
PERMAFROST “A major concern is that the melting of the permafrost is contributing to global warming. Estimates suggest that about 14% of the Earth’s carbon is tied up in the permafrost. Until recently, the tundra acted as a carbon sink and captured huge amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as part of photosynthesis. This process helped keep the amount of this greenhouse gas from accumulating in the atmosphere. Today, however, as the permafrost melts and dead plant material decomposes and releases CO2, the tundra has flipped from a carbon sink to a carbon contributor.” -national geographic
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TAIGA
the biome of the needleleaf forest
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE below freezing for 6 months winter: -65–30° F summer: 20–70° F
AVERAGE PRECIPITATION 12–33 inches rainfall annually comes in form of rain and snow, mostly as rain in summer
LOCATION The taiga is located just south of the tundra, stretching over Eurasia and North America.
THE TAIGA HAS as many trees as rainforests one third of the earth’s trees 130 day growing season
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Taiga is the Russian word for forest and is the largest terrestial biome
Bald Eagle
River Otter
Scientific: Haliaeetus leucocephalus Location: North America Diet: fish, rodents Size: body 34–43 in; wingspan 6–8 ft Weight: 6.5–14 lbs
Scientific: Lutra canadensis Location: North America Diet: fish, amphibians, turtles, crayfish Size: body 22–31.5 in; tail 12–20 in Weight: 11–30 lbs
Long-eared Owl
European Red Squirrel
Scientific: Asio otus Location: North America Diet: small mammals, birds Size: body 13.8–15.7 in; wingspan 35–39 in Weight: 7.8–15.3 oz
Scientific: Sciurus vulgaris Location: Europe, Asia Diet: conifer cones, fungi, fruit Size: body 8–9.5 in; tail 6–8 in Weight: 14 oz–1.8 lb
Moose
Red Fox
Scientific: Alces alces Location: Northern Europe & Asia, North America Diet: plants Size: at shoulder 5–6.5 ft Weight: 1,800 lbs
Scientific: Vulpes vulpes Location: North America, Europe, Asia, Northern Africa Diet: rodents, rabbits, birds Size: body 18–34 in; tail 12–22 in Weight: 6.5–24 lbs
Blackpoll Warbler Scientific: Dendroica striata Location: North America Diet: insects, spiders Size: body 5.5 in; wingspan 8.3–9.1 in Weight: 0.4–0.5 oz
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN:
LOGGING Extensive logging in taiga forests may lead to their disappearance. In Canada, less than 8% of the taiga is protected and over 50% is allocated for logging. The main form is “clearcutting,” where most or all trees are removed. Some of the products from logged forests include toilet paper, copy paper, newsprint, and lumber. Over 80% of taiga forest products from Canada are exported for consumption in the United States.
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DECIDUOUS well-defined seasons with distinct winters
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE moderate climate varies from -22°–86° F 4–6 frost free months
AVERAGE PRECIPITATION 30–60 inches rainfall annually evenly distributed throughout the year
LOCATION Temperate forests occur in Eastern North America, Northeast Asia, and West and Central Europe.
PLANT AND ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS animals store up fat and hibernate during winter trees shed leaves in the winter to stop transpiration and retain water during winter
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FOREST
The temperate deciduous forest biome has four seasons of winter, fall, summer and spring
Black Bear
Red Fox
Scientific: Ursus americanus Location: North America Diet: fruit, nuts, fish, small mammals Size: 5–6 ft Weight: 200–600 lbs
Scientific: Vulpes vulpes Location: North America, Europe, Asia, North Africa Diet: rodents, rabbits, birds Size: body 18–34 in; tail 12–22 in Weight: 6.5–24 lbs
Tawny Owl
Gray Squirrel
Scientific: Strix aluco Location: Europe, Asia Diet: rodents Size: body 4.5–17 in; wingspan 32–38 in Weight: 1.1 lb
Scientific: Sciurus carolinensis Location: North America Diet: seeds, acorns, walnuts Size: body 9–12 in; tail 7.5–10 in Weight: 14–20 oz
White-tailed Deer
N. American Beaver
Scientific: Odocoileus virginianus Location: North, Central & South America Diet: wetland vegetation Size: 5–6.5 ft Weight: 90–300 lbs
Scientific: Castor canadensis Location: North America Diet: leaves, bark, twigs, roots, aquatic plants Size: body 23–39 in; tail 7.75–12 in Weight: 33–77 lbs
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN:
DEFORESTATION In the last 5,000 years, humans have reduced forests from roughly 50% of the earth's land surface to less than 20%. If deforestation continues at present rates, Thailand will have no forest left in 25 years, the Philippines in less than 20 years, and Nepal in 15 years. In fact, in most places the rate of deforestation is increasing.
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GRASSLAND
large rolling terrain of grasses, flowers and herbs
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE two seasons: growing and dormant winter low: -40° F summer high: 100° F
AVERAGE PRECIPITATION 20–35 inches rainfall annually occurs in late spring and early summer
LOCATION Grasslands are located on every continent with the exception of Antarctica. Most lie in the drier portions of the countries’ interior.
GRASSLANDS HAVE 800 species of animals 300 species of birds hundreds of species of plants
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CLASSIFICATION Grasslands are found where there is not enough rainfall to support the growth of a forest but enough rain that it does not form a desert.
California Quail
Long-tailed Field Mouse
Scientific: Callipepla californica Location: North America Diet: seeds, leaves, flowers, acorns Size: body 9.4–10.6 in; wingspan 12.6–14.6 in Weight: 4.9–8.1 oz
Scientific: Apodemus sylvaticus Location: Europe, North Africa Diet: seeds, snails, insects Size: body 2.5–6 in; tail 2.5–6 in Weight: 0.82 oz
Burrowing Owl
American Pronghorn
Scientific: Athene cunicularia Location: North & South America Diet: insects, small mammals, birds Size: body 7.5–9.8 in; wingspan 21.7 in Weight: 5.3 oz
Scientific: Antilocapra americana Location: North America Diet: plants Size: height at shoulder 2.5–3 ft Weight: 80–150 lbs
Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel Scientific: Spermophilus tridecemlineatus Location: Central U.S., Canada Diet: seeds, fruit, forbs, insects Size: 6.5–11.5 in; tail 2.5–5.5 in Weight: 4–9.5 oz
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN:
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Because of their incredibly rich soil and open treeless expanses, many grasslands have been turned into farms or ranches. Agricultural consumption and overuse have led to habitat fragmentation and decreased biodiversity. In North America, most grasslands have been converted to agricultural fields. Wild grazers have been replaced by cattle, sheep, and goats.
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DESERT
covers about one fifth of the earth’s surface
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE hot and dry deserts: annual temperature range 68–77° F maximum temperature range 115–120° F
AVERAGE PRECIPITATION rainfall is less than 20 in annually most water that hits the ground evaporates within minutes
LOCATION Arid deserts occur at low latitudes in N. and S. America, Africa and S. Asia. Semi-arid deserts are locatated N. America, Europe, Russia and N. Asia. Costal deserts are located in moderately warm to cool regions.
DESERT ANIMALS have adapted in ways to help keep cool and use less water many are nocturnal and live in underground tunnels
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TYPES OF DESERTS Far from being barren wastelands, deserts are biologically rich habitats with a vast array of animals and plants that have adapted to the harsh conditions there. Desert biomes can be classified according to several characteristics. There are four major types of deserts: hot and dry, semi-arid, costal, and cold.
Meerkat
Desert Kangaroo Rat
Scientific: Suricata suricatta Location: South Africa Diet: insects, lizards, snakes, scorpions, spiders, eggs Size: 10–14 in Weight: 1.6 lbs
Scientific: Dipodomys deserti Location: Southwest U.S. and North Mexico Diet: seeds, grasses Size: body 3.5–5.5 in; tail 5.5–6.5 in Weight: Up to 4.5 oz
Elf Owl
Egyptian Cobra
Scientific: Micrathene whitneyi Location: Southwest U.S. Central Mexico, Baja California Diet: moths, scorpions, beetles Size: 5 in; wingspan 9 in Weight: 1–1.5 oz
Scientific: Naja haje Location: North and Central Africa Diet: small mammals, amphibians, birds Size: 5–8 ft Weight: up to 20 lbs
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN:
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE It may seem surprising that global climate change affects the Earth’s deserts. But small changes in temperature or precipitation can drastically impact plants and animals living in the desert. Global warming increases the occurrence of drought, drying up water holes. Higher temperatures cause an increasing number of wildfires that alter desert landscapes by eliminating slow-growing trees and shrubs. In some cases global warming is predicted to increase the area of deserts, which already cover a 25% of Earth. -national geographic
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SAVANNA
rolling grassland scattered with shrubs and isolated trees
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE distinct dry and wet season: winter: 68–78° F summer: 78–86° F
AVERAGE PRECIPITATION 20–50 inches rainfall annually rainfall is concentrated in 6 or 8 months
LOCATION Savannas are found on both sides of the equator on the edges of tropical rainforests. They cover almost half the surface of Africa and large areas of Austrailia, South America and India.
SAVANNA ANIMALS many have long legs for longdistance migration or to scan distances for predators savannas harbor the largest mammalian herbivore on the planet
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WET AND DRY SEASON Savannas are also known as tropical grasslands and are warm year round. The dry season (winter) is very long and is followed by a very wet season (summer). During the dry season only about 4 inches of rain fall, while during the summer wet season gets very hot and humid. The humid air rises and collides with cooler air and turns into rain. During the summer afternoons the rain pours for hours.
Giraffe
African Elephant
Scientific: Giraffa camelopardalis Location: Africa Diet: leaves, buds, fruit Size: 9–13 ft Weight: 1800–2600 lbs
Scientific: Loxodonta africana Location: South Africa Diet: herbs, tree and shrubbery leaves Size: 8–13 ft Weight: 5,000–14,000 lbs
Grey Crowned Crane
African Lion
Scientific: Balearica regulorum Location: Eastern and Southern Africa Diet: grass, seeds, insects Size: 3.3 ft Weight: 7.7 lbs
Scientific: Panthera leo Location: Africa, Northwest Asia Diet: antelope, zebras, wildebeast Size: body 4.5–6.5 ft; tail 26.25–39.5 in Weight: 265–420 lbs
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN:
POACHING & CLEARING Some environmental concerns for savannas are poaching, overgrazing and clearing of the land for crops. Poachers often start fires to clear away grass in order to better see their prey. In many parts of the African savannas people have begun using the land for cattle grazing. If the herd remains in the same areas they will clear it of all grasses. Without vegetation the savanna will become a desert. Large portions of savannas are lost to the Sahara Desert every year because of overgrazing and farming.
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RAINFOREST tall trees and yearound warmth
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE varies little throughout the year temperature range 68–93° F average humidity 77–88%
AVERAGE RAINFALL 50–260 inches annually there aretwo seasons, rainy and dry
LOCATION Rainforests mostly occur near the equator, within the area bounded by latitudes 23.5° N and 23.5° S.
RAINFORESTS cover less than 6% of the earth estimated to contain over half earth’s plants and animal species produce over 40% of the earth’s oxygen length of daylight is 12 hours
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TRANSPIRATION The rainforest is nearly self-watering. Plants release water into the air through a process called transpiration. Each canopy tree can release about 200 gallons of water each year. The moisture helps create the thick cloud cover that hangs over most rain forests. Even when it is not raining, these clouds keep the rain forest humid and warm. -national geographic
Chimpanzee
Keel-billed Toucan
Scientific: Pan troglodytes Location: Africa: Guinea to Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania Diet: fruit, nuts, leaves, shoots, bark, eggs, insects Size: 4–5.5 ft Weight: 70–130 lbs
Scientific: Ramphastos sulfuratus Location: Central and South America Diet: small fruit, insects Size: body 7–22 in; bill 5–6 in Weight: 20 oz
Lar Gibbons
Red-eyed Tree Frog
Scientific: Hylobates lar Location: Southeast Asia Diet: fruit, leaves, bark, flowers, insects Size: 3 ft Weight: 15 lbs
Scientific: Agalychnis callidryas Location: Mexico, Central and South America Diet: insects, smaller frogs Size: 1–1.7 in Weight: 0.2–0.5 oz
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN:
HABITAT LOSS Over half of tropical rainforests have already been destroyed. In Brazil, which contains 30% of the remaining tropical rainforest, more than 50,000 square miles of rainforests were lost to deforestation between 2000 and 2005. Deforestation and increased road building in the Amazon rainforest are significant concerns. Some rainforests, including the Amazon, began experiencing drought in the 1990s. “Scientific research has established a clear link between the health of the Amazon and the integrity of the global environment, but still only a fraction of its biological richness has been revealed.” –WWF
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WETLAND
second only to rainforest in amount of biodiversity
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE temperatures vary greatly depending on location many of the world’s wetlands are in temperate zones
AVERAGE PRECIPITATION amount of rainfall depends on global location
LOCATION Wetlands are found in areas ranging from the tundra to the tropics and on every continent except Antarctica.
WETLANDS are vital feeding and nesting grounds for birds 43% of all endangered species spend part of their lives in wetland habitat are the most widespread biome throughout the world
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TYPES OF WETLANDS There are a wide varity of wetlands due to differences in soil, topography, climate, water and vegetation. There are two general categories: coastal or tidal wetlands and inland or non-tidal wetlands. Tidal (coastal) marshes occur along coastlines and are influenced by tides. Tidal freshwater marshes lack salt which allows for a greater diversity of plants. Inland wetlands are most common on floodplains along rivers, in depressions surrounded by dry land, along the margins of lakes and ponds, and in other low-lying areas.
American Bullfrog
N. American Beaver
Scientific: Rana catesbeiana Location: North America Diet: small mammals, frogs, invertebrates, insects Size: 3.5–6 in Weight: 1.1 lbs
Scientific: Castor canadensis Location: North America Diet: leaves, bark, twigs, roots, aquatic plants Size: body 23–39 in; tail 7.75–12 in Weight: 33- 77 lbs
Great Blue Heron
Red-winged Blackbird
Scientific: Ardea herodias Location: North and Central America, West Indies, Galápagos Islands Diet: fish, frogs Size: body 36–55 in; wingspan 66–79 in Weight: 4.4–8 lbs
Scientific: Agelaius phoeniceus Location: North & Central America Diet: seeds, insects Size: 6.7–9 in; wingspan 12–15.7 in Weight: 1.2–2.2 oz
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN:
HABITAT LOSS Wetlands have often been seen as obstacles to development and have been drained, filled or dredged. The United States once had about 340,000 square miles of wetlands. Today the number is closer to 150,000 square miles. It is estimated that we are losing about 500 square miles a year. In California 90% of all wetlands have been drained. In a 1997 report, the Sierra Club estimated that Americans are paying $7 billion per year in subsidies for federal programs that destroy wetlands.
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MARINE
continuous body of water covering over 70% of Earth’s surface
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE because of the ocean’s heat retention capacity, marine climates are more moderate average temperature of all oceans is about 39° F
AVERAGE PRECIPITATION over half of the rain that falls on the Earth falls over the marine biome.
LOCATION As the largest of all ecosystems, oceans dominate the Earth’s surface. Geographers divide the ocean into four sections: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Arctic.
THE OCEAN holds about 320 million mi3 of water, roughly 97% of Earth’s water supply the water is 3.5% salt and contains traces of all chemicals found on Earth
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OCEAN ZONES The ocean is separated into zones: Intertidal, Pelagic, Benthic and Abyssal. Each zone has a great diversity of species. The Interidal zone is where ocean meets land. The Pelagic zone is open ocean. Below it lies the Benthic zone which includes the sediment of the ocean floor and the waters near it. The Abyssal zone is deep ocean and remains in perpetual darkness.
Butterfly Fish
Green Sea Turtle
144 species of butterflyfish Location: tropical reefs throughout the world Diet: coral feeders Size: 8 in
Scientific: Chelonia mydas Location: tropical and subtropical coastal waters Diet: sea grasses, algae Size: up to 5 ft Weight: up to 700 lbs
Emperor Penguin
Alantic Puffin
Scientific: Aptenodytes forsteri Location: Antarctica–between 66° and 77° south latitudes Diet: fish, crustaceans Size: 45 in Weight: up to 90 lbs
Scientific: Fratercula arctica Location: North Atlantic Ocean Diet: fish, mollusks, crustaceans Size: 11–13 in; wingspan 20–24 in Weight: 17.5 oz
Blue Crab
Humpback Whale
Scientific: Callinectes sapidus Location: Atlantic Ocean, Pacific coast of Central America, Gulf of Mexico Diet: bivalves, annelids, small fish, plants Size: 4 in long; 9 in wide Weight: 1–2 lbs
Scientific: Megaptera novaeangliae Location: migrate annually from the poles to warmer winter waters closer to the Equator Diet: krill, plankton, small fish Size: 48–62.5 ft Weight: 80,000 lbs
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN:
HUMAN ACTIVITIES Human activities greatly impact the ocean. Discarded nets lethally snare fish, birds and marine animals and ships spill oil and garbage. Mangrove forests are cleared and are in danger of extinction due to costal developments. More than half of the U.S population lives in costal areas and dumps garbage and sewage into the ocean. Fertilizer runoffs from farms turn portions of the ocean into “dead zones,” including a New Jersey-sized area in the Gulf of Mexico. Freshwater from melting glaciers threatens to alter ocean currents. Currents drive global weather patterns and act as a heater or air conditioner. -national geographic
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CONTRIBUTIONS & THANKS I would like to thank everyone who has helped me make this endeavor possible. To my professor and design mentor Tim Ferguson-Sauder: His feedback and guidance over the years has been an essential part of my growth as a designer and the success of my current work. To my advisor Jim Zingarelli: Z has been my advisor during my four years at Gordon. His continual support and guidance has helped shaped me into the person I am today. To Bruce Herman: Over the course of this semester I had privilege of working with and getting to know Bruce Herman. Through conversations and critiques, Bruce has enriched my journey as an artist. To Dr. Greg Keller: This semester I had a wonderful opportunity to work with Dr. Keller in bringing together art and science. He was an integral part to the scientific accuracy of this project. To the Gordon College Design Center: Throughout the semester I have relied on their critique, encouragement and support. Thank you Steve, Becca, Matt, Neal, Alex, Drew, Mike and Amy. I have enjoyed working with you this semester and will miss you all. To my friends and family: Through the joys and struggles that this project has brought, my friends and family have surrounded me with support and encouragement. To my Mother: One of the strongest women I know, she has raised me, supported me and believed in me. To my friend and roommate Emily Purinton: in these last few years I have had the privilege of sharing life with Emily. She has been essential to my sanity and my grammatical accuracy throughout this project. To my vendors: Without my vendors these walls would be empty. Thank you Gordon College Design Center, ImageXP, Birch Tree Promotions, Modern Heat, Solid Solutions, and Ponoko.
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WORKS CITED
All About BIrds. April, 2010. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. www.allaboutbirds.org Biodiversity and Conservation. 2005. darwin.bio.uci.edu Mark McGinley. The Encyclopedia of Earth. November 2007. www.eoearth.org/article/biome The International Union for Conservation of Nature. April 23, 2010. www.iucn.org The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. April 8, 2010. www.iucnredlist.org MGBnet. 2005. Missouri Botanical Garden. www.mbgnet.net National Geographic. April 2010. www.nationalgeographic.com The World Biomes. March, 2007. UCMP. www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/index.php World Biomes. www.blueplanetbiomes.org/world_biomes.htm The World Wildlife Fund. 2010. www.worldwildlife.org
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