CTL3538 Patronage and Art Market
Classical Chinese Arts in the Hong Kong Art Market Group 4 KUM Ka Yan, Meg KWOK Man King, Renee LAU Kai Yu, Natalie LI Wai Man, Jasmine MENG Qian Yu, Isabel
(52605582) (52609060) (52649150) (52473022) (52208564)
Agenda 1. Introduction of this project (Definition and background of Classical Chinese arts in HK ) 2. Classic Chinese art’s current situation in Hong Kong art market 3. Opportunity of Classical Chinese arts in HK art market 4. Challenges of Classical Chinese arts in HK art market 5. Suggestions for HK art market
Part A 1. Introduction of this project 2. Definition of Classical Chinese arts 3. Development of Classical Chinese arts in HK Meng Qian Yu, Isabel
Defining Classical Chinese arts Categorizing classical Chinese artworks according to material: Pottery and Jade : • since Neolithic period, the earliest form of Chinese art • Pottery later developed into more refined forms such as porcelain and ceramics
Defining Classical Defining ClassicalChinese Chineseart arts Porcelain and ceramics: • since early imperial China • From as sophisticated utensils for imperial court to an affordable production on industrial scale • Artworks from Ming and Qin dynasty widely available in contemporary art market, with special departments for this type of artwork in auction houses
Defining Classical Defining ClassicalChinese Chineseart arts Porcelain and ceramics: • One special type of Chinese art under this category: Buddhist sculpture • Tang sculpture as an unique yet lost style • Unlike western art, sculptures except religious sculptures are not widely found in classical Chinese art
Defining Classical Defining ClassicalChinese Chineseart arts Bronze: • Emerged since and flourished in Shang Dynasty • Bronze vessels carrying motifs used as imperial ritual utensils
Defining Classical Chinese Defining Classical Chineseart art Other decorative arts: • Apart from jade, porcelain and bronze, decorative artworks in silk, gold and silver, rhinoceros horns, silk, ivory, enamel can also be found
Defining Classical Chinese Defining Classical Chineseart art Painting and calligraphy • • • •
Became highly appreciated art in court circles since imperial China Flourished later on through all dynasties Have the most various genres and styles Silk=> paper
Defining Classical Chinese Defining Classical Chineseart art There was a traditional “system of the arts”… (where) an artist or artisan was a skilled maker or practitioner, a work of art was the useful product of skilled work, and the appreciation of the arts was integrally connected with their role in the rest of life. ------ Larry Shiner, The Invention of Art: A Cultural History (2003)
Defining Classical Chinese Defining Classical Chineseart art Our focus: painting and calligraphy • “highest art forms in traditional Chinese visual culture” (Audrey Wang, Chinese Antiquities, 2012) Genres and style: • Characterized by brush painting using ink and paper Theme: • bird and flower, beauty, landscape
Means of artistic expressions: • elaborate-style painting, liberal-style painting, and the elaborateliberal-style painting
Characteristics as opposed to western paintings: • spirit, expressiveness, the void and the solid
A dilemma in definition Easily defined:
Classical Chinese art include: All art work that pre-date 1911 (the ancient, imperial China)
• But how about these? Are they classical or are they modern Chinese art?
Fu Baoshi
Zhang Daqian
Dilemma: modern Chinese artist’s using traditional painting technique and format • Zhang Daqian, Xu Beihong, Qi Baishi, Shi Lu, Fu Baoshi, Zhao Shao‘ang, Lu Yanshao and Lin Fengmian
•Post-1911 artists • “Using traditional painting techniques and format” or the “modern Chinese artists” (Michael Sullivan)?
Shi Lu
Dilemma: modern Chinese artist’s using traditional painting technique and format Pro: • Defined according to style: • “Traditional painting technique and format” as in classical Chinese art category
• Defined according to its nature as antiquity: • All art work that pre-date 1911 • An antique which is considered as an “important relic”, in which case the cut off date is 1949, • Any object which is deemed important to the heritage of an ethnic minority group, in which case it must not predate 1966 Definition of “antiquities”, Relic protection law, China’s Cultural Relics Bureau, 2007
Dilemma:modern modernChinese Chineseartist’s artist’susing Dilemma: paintingspainting in old style traditional technique and format Against: • Defined according to time of creation: (Traditional/Ancient Chinese art?) • 20th Century art as modern art • Defined in today’s auction house: Christie’s catalogue: -Fine Chinese Classical Painting
and Calligraphy v.s. -Fine Chinese Modern Painting
Developmentof of Classical Classical Chinese Development Chinese Arts ArtininHong HongKong Kong auction auction houses houses • Before the time of “auction house”: Shanghai was the cosmopolitan centre of China for artist and art dealers in 20th Century • Classical Chinese art entered auction house: Sotheby’s London began auction of Chinese antiquities in 1922, and Christie’s in 1966 • Hong Kong became an important source of Chinese antiquities from the late 1970s, as previously unknown artifacts and other early pre-Ming ceramics started to appear in a small group of galleries on Hollywood Road. “Hollywood road antique market” • Dealers from the West trawled this area in the 1980s, buying stock to take back to their galleries in Europe and America.
Hollywood Road in 1970s
Development of Classical Chinese Arts in Hong Kong auction houses • Hong Kong, Sotheby’s and Christie’s began auction activities in 1973 and 1986 respectively. • “A boom period” for auction house in Hong Kong till 1990s when art market began to take shape in post-Mao China • Chinese Communist Party’s brand of state-controlled capitalism affected the 21 st art market • 1949- post Chinese communist party socialist policies banned art dealing in mainland China
Summarized from: Audrey Wang, Chinese Antiquities: An Introduction to the Art Market, 2012
Developmentof of Classical Classical Chinese Development Chinese Arts ArtininHong HongKong Kong auction auction houses houses • Interesting phenomenon: • Hong Kong auction market as the battlefield for Chinese people’s nationalistic feeling? • 1860, Yuanmingyuan and repatriation of national treasures
• The imperial invasion into China and imperial treasures removed and sent to Europe • Feelings of patriotism caused the drama today in Chinese art and antiquities market • The fountainheads “lost” China’s cultural Three offeredrelics for
• auction in Hong Kong in 2000 causing a furore: Chinese cultural treasures sold by western auction house on Chinese soil?!
• “Lost Treasures from the Qing Palaces” Sotheby’s Hong Kong 2007, Staley Ho and the horse head: a huge success
Part B Classic Chinese art’s current situation in Hong Kong art market 1.
Analysis on stakeholders (players)
2.
Analysis on market share:
How well these classical Chinese art are received in the Hong Kong art market Recent trends of the sales Whether there are more sales or less sales, changes in the buyers
Kwok Man King, Renee
Art Market Simple classification
classical Chinese art
The source of Classical Chinese arts Sino-Japanese War (1937) - the establishment of PRC (1949) •Source: the shanghai-based art dealers •HK art market emerged The late of 1970s to now •Source 1: a small group of galleries •Hollywood Road: mainly unknown artefacts and other early pre-Ming ceramics •Source 2: auction houses Sotheby's (1973) & Christie’s (1986) e.g. collections from Edwards T. Chow, R.HR. Palmer, T. Y. Chao, Frederick Knight & Jingguantang Collection •HK important source of Chinese art
Who is middleman ? • Auction house: Sotheby’s, Christie’s • Provide specialists for the buyers • Most dealers tend to specialize in Chinese art, building a reputation for themselves as experts in their designated fields. e.g. C.K. Cheung in Sotheby
Strategy of auction houses In the beginning •Sotheby’s and Christie’s sent specialists from London •e.g. Henry Howard-sneyd at Sotheby’s, and James spencer and Colin sheaf at Christie's Recently •Hong Kong the hub of Chinese art •Appoint the ethnic Chinese as department heads •Allow a more on-the-ground understanding of the needs of Chinese buyers •New collectors feel comfortable dealing with someone from the same culture and speaking the same language e.g. Anthony Lin at Christie's and Jason Tse at Sotheby's
The current situation of Classical Chinese paintings
Qi Baishi’s “Album of Mountains and Rivers,” 1922
Sources of Classical Chinese Paintings Recently •Source: auction houses Sotheby's & Christie’s e.g. From the Song Detang Collection, the Ping Y. Tai Foundation, the Luo Jialun Collection, and the Yang Ang Tang Collection of Lingnan Paintings •Artwork: Fu Baoshi, Zhang Daqian, Qi Baishi, Xu Beihong •Contributions to the different schools within Chinese Modern art, innovating and changing the landscape of Chinese art, culture and history **Compare to mainland market (Shanghai & Beijing), the amount of Hong Kong market is less.
The buyers of Classical Chinese paintings Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s market for classical Chinese painting is largely confined to the greater china region, with the majority of collectors being of Chinese descent. ------Audrey Wang < Chinese Antiquities: an introduction to the art market > â&#x20AC;˘ Chinese buyers favor fine Chinese painting in report 2012 (traditional, Modern and contemporary).
Buyer demographics for Chinese classical painting auctions at Christieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s CHINESE BUYERS
Buyers in Classical Chinese paintings Buyers of classical painting: 1) Ethnic Chinese like connoisseurs in China, HK, TW Reason: •The ability to appreciate classical painting •Rooted in Chinese philosophy, literature and history 2) Chinese people who buy art for investment Reasons: •Some classical painting is inexpensive and undervalued •Many good examples available for sale at art auction & gallery
Sale totals at Christie’s and Sotheby’s of classical Chinese art
Very low
Average lot prices of classical Chinese art at Christie & Sothebyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Increasing
Market share within Christieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s international by auction location (classical Chinese painting)
The proportion is Hong Kong
Market Share The auction houses in china dominate the market in sales of classical paintings, while there is only Christie's holds sales of classical Chinese painting in Hong Kong. Therefore, the classical Chinese painting for sale is generally low in Hong Kong. ------- Audrey Wang < Chinese Antiquities: an introduction to the art market >
â&#x20AC;˘ Comparing to other genres, the market share of classical Chinese painting is low in Hong Kong. â&#x20AC;˘ However, the market share of classical Chinese painting in Hong Kong is still more than western markets.
Trends of classical Chinese painters
• The soaring rank of traditional Chinese painters’ starts from 2009 stable • e.g. Qi Baishi, Zhang Daqian, Xu Beihong and Fu Baoshi • take over four positions of the top ten auction turnover in global ranking in the past year • Zhang’s highest bid during last year was $21.8 million for Lotus and Mandarin Ducks on May 31 2011(Sotheby’s Hong Kong)
Part C 1. Opportunity of Classical Chinese arts in HK art market
Case Study: The Guardian Auction Company stationed in HK
What roles is Hong Kong art market playing in terms of sales of Classical Chinese art in a global perspective? What’s its advantage? Li Wai Man, Jasmine
China Guardian • Established in May 1993, by Chen Dongsheng • The oldest auction house in Mainland China • Specializing in the sale of Chinese artwork of all varieties • Ranking 4th in the world in overall sales (behind Christie, Sotheby and China's Beijing Poly International Auction Co) • 7.8% of the world’s art auction revenue • its sales totalled 11.2 billion RMB in 2011 (1.77 billion USD)
China Guardian China Guardian • First independent auction outside Mainland China • 7 October 2012 in Hong Kong • A strong focus on Chinese paintings, calligraphy and furniture • Featuring two sessions “Chinese Paintings and Calligraphy from the Four Seas” and “Classic Furniture and Garden Ornaments of Ming and Qing Dynasties”
• Generate a total of 455 million HKD/ 58.6 million USD, more than doubling the pre-sale estimate of HKD 185 million (USD 23.9 million)
China Guardian China Guardian “We pay particular attention to Hong Kong because it has easy contacts with international markets and very close relations with mainland China” “It is the first stop for us and we’ve been keeping an eye as early as 10 years ago.” Kou Qin, Director and vice president of China Guardian, 2013
Why Hong Kong?
HK’s Advantages • Hong Kong is the world’s 3rd largest art market by auction sales after New York and London Artprice’s Art Market Report 2011: “since 2011, 45% of the proceeds from worldwide auctions of contemporary art have been achieved in Asia … a large proportion of these sales are made in Beijing and Hong Kong (76%)”.
• Hong Kong is now providing Christie’s with 21% of its contemporary art sales and Sotheby’s with 29%.
HK’s Advantages HK’s Advantages • Hong Kong is the world’s 3rd largest art market by auction sales after New York and London • A selection of world-class international auction houses/galleries attracting buyers from around the world • •
Sotheby’s and Christie’s Gagosian Gallery(US), White Cube (UK) and Edouard Malingue Gallery (France)
• Both Sotheby’s and Christie’s have achieved recordbreaking sales in Hong Kong •
•
Zeng Fanzhi ’s “The Last Supper” sold for a record-breaking USD23.3 million at Sotheby’s Hong Kong 40th Anniversary Evening Sale (2013) Zhang Daqian’s “Lotus” sold for a world auction record US$10.4 million) at Christie’s Hong Kong on May 28
HK’s Advantage HK’s Advantages • Low and simple tax • • • • • •
Corporate profit tax: max. 16.5% Personal salary tax: max. 15% No value added and sales tax Without tax burden for both the buyer and seller Free port: No import and export duty, No restrictions Facilitate the exchange of art products China (Beijing): complex tax import duties on artefacts: 6% another 17% of value-added tax on imported works Import rate reaches about 30% Chinese law forbids the free trade of relics except through certified stores and auctions. The law also prohibits cultural relics dated before 1911 from leaving the country
HK’s Advantage HK’s Advantages • More open regulatory environment • • • • • •
free market policies No barriers to trade (no tariffs, no quotas, no exceptions) No restrictions on investments inward or outward No foreign exchange controls No nationality restrictions on corporate or sectorial ownership Easily set up a corporate in Hong Kong China: growing scrutiny Clamping down on tax evasion/fakes/money laundry Under the restriction of auction law, foreign auction houses are forbidden to operate independently in Mainland China
HK’s Advantage HK’s Advantages • An international logistics and shipping hub • World-leading sea and air cargo system • Hong Kong International Airport: one of the world’s busiest international airports • Natural deep water port: one of the world’s major international sea and air cargo hubs
• Reducing transportation time • High degree of security and safety
HK’s Advantage HK’s Advantages • Hong Kong is strategically located at the heart of Asia • Gateway to Mainland China • Directly accessible to people from Japan, Taiwan and Southeast Asia • Highly internationalized, convergence of collectors
• Long history of developed art market • Flourishing private patronage in Hong Kong • Regulated auction system established by foreign companies • Good gallery system in Central area • •
inherited from colonial period Foreigners are fond of classical Chinese art
• Give confidence to both buyers and sellers
China Guardian China Guardian • First independent auction in Hong Kong • A strong focus on Chinese paintings, calligraphy and furniture • “Chinese Paintings and Calligraphy from the Four Seas” (featuring 319 works of Chinese ink-painting and Calligraphy) • “Classic Furniture and Garden Ornaments of Ming and Qing Dynasties” (39 pieces of Chinese Classical furniture from the Ming and Qing dynasties) • Nearly 90% of this sales Classical Chinese Painting and Calligraphy
Qi Baishi “Album of Mountains and Rivers,” 1922 sold for 46 million HKD/ 5.9 million USD the top lot at China Guardian’s inaugural Hong Kong sale
Xu Beihong “The Eagle and the Pine Tree”, 1936 sold for 21,275,000 HKD/ 2.7 million USD
Wang Jian “Landscape after Dong Wenmin”, 1676 sold for 17,250,000HKD/ 2.2 million USD
Ren Yi, “Birds and Flowers”, 1891 sold for 17,250,000HKD/ 2.2 million USD
China Guardian China Guardian • Positioning itself different from western auction houses • Focusing their offerings on historical Chinese items such as paintings, antiques, furniture and jade • About 60% of its sales: ink-painting and calligraphy category, category followed by antiques and contemporary art • Selling items that Sotheby's and Christie's don't sell, • E.g. Chinese stamps, coins, first-edition books and vintage baijiu (a strong sorghum-based liquor)
• Conducting its Hong Kong sale in Mandarin • unlike the Western houses mostly use English
Classical Chinese Painting and calligraphy’s Opportunities • Fine Chinese painting and calligraphy total sales were $4.323 billion, i.e. 51.11% of the year’s Chinese art auction total sales
Art Market Report 2012 by Artprice
Classical Painting ClassicalChinese Chinese Painting and calligraphy’s and calligraphy’s Opportunities Opportunities • The highest market share of all auction categories The market still favors the traditional Chinese painting and calligraphy the most
Art Market Report 2012 by Artprice
Classical Painting ClassicalChinese Chinese Painting and calligraphy’s and calligraphy’s Opportunities Opportunities • Market share of traditional paintings • 1995-1996: successive climaxes • Mid-2003 – 2005: a secondary peak • 2006 -2008: declined • 2009: began to completely dominate the Chinese art auction market with
Art Market Report 2012 by Artprice
ClassicalChinese Chinese Painting and calligraphy’s Classical Painting and calligraphy’s Opportunities Opportunities • The painting and calligraphy market showed a relatively conservative trend • Greater demand for and reliance on quality items
Art Market Report 2012 by Artprice
Classical Painting ClassicalChinese Chinese Painting and calligraphy’s and calligraphy’s Opportunities Opportunities • As unique Chinese category • combining inner meanings with aesthetic standards specific to traditional Chinese culture in a single work • linked with Chinese social shifts and cultural development • Having characteristically distinct sub-category and schools Abundant survival and market circulation potential
Classical Painting ClassicalChinese Chinese Painting and calligraphy’s and calligraphy’s Opportunities Opportunities • As “safe havens” in the art market • Acting as a pricing benchmark structuring the painting and calligraphy category
• As hard currency • Reliable and stable
Due to its rarity, scarcity and artistic value Example: “ 書畫的最高段位在宋元” in the art market
Classical Painting ClassicalChinese Chinese Painting and calligraphy’s and calligraphy’s Opportunities Opportunities • As the main object of Chinese collectors’ investments • a distinct tendencies of Chinese collectors towards traditional aesthetic tastes since the emergence of new Chinese wealth “80% of its buyers at its Hong Kong sales are from mainland China.” Hu Yanyan, Hong Kong president of Guardian
The Hong Kong auction specializing in classical Chinese painting and calligraphy will favor the taste of majority of the Chinese buyers
Part D 1.
Challenges of Classical Chinese arts in HK art market
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Case Study: Counterfeit/Fake arts Issue of Classical Chinese paintings Its competition from art markets elsewhere, such as Shanghai, Beijing
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Lau Kai Yu, Natalie
Internal Challenges of Hong Kong Arts Market 1. The Fake Issue
The issue of counterfeiting the masterpieces of the classical Chinese paintings were never be eliminated in the arts market, whatever in Hong Kong or mainland China. ------ By Zhu Shaoliang
Internal Challenges of Hong Kong Arts Market Reason for the occurrence of the fakes in arts market 1. There was a practices of counterfeiting the masterpieces in ancient China traditionally and historically, if people want to became an artist, they need to copy the masterpieces. e.g.: The handed down classical paintings of Zhao Mengfu were mainly painted by another artist in the Ming Dynasty. e.g.: Developed a systematic method to learn how to imitate a painting, which is called 摹、临、仿、造 . A common phenomenon in the ancient cultural context But caused the spring up of fakes
2. Investment and gain $$$
Internal Challenges of Hong Kong Arts Market 3. Lacking of relevant rules and regulations e.g.: the auction houses are not responsible for the authenticity of the artworks on sale. • arts market is still not very mature Problems may caused by Fake arts: •Affect the reputation of Hong Kong arts market •Due to the fakes and forgery appear in the arts market, the possibility of the classical Chinese paintings to gain high hammer prices is very low
Internal Challenges of Hong Kong Arts Market 2. Difficult to find the high quality objects It’s difficult to find the high quality and high appreciation value lots (objects) of classical Chinese paintings in the market, because most of the collectors are very cherishing their collections and unwilling to resell them in the market. ------ By Specialist from Sotheby, HK
• The origination of Classical Chinese arts and paintings in HK art market are mainly from Mainland China, or overseas’ private collectors. • The amount of the real classical Chinese paintings: small
Internal Challenges of Hong Kong Arts Market 3. Compete with other arts in local art Market Competition: • Contemporary arts: Zeng Fanzhi, Zhang Xiaogang, Zao Wou-ki • Modern Chinese paintings (old master) : Zhang Daqian, Qi Baishi • more popular in Hong Kong art market Reason: for investment • • • • •
The raise of Chinese Contemporary ink paintings Promoted by museums, galleries, auction houses e.g.: the Ploy Auction Hong Kong Established the Chinese Contemporary Ink Paintings Department in 2013 Help to diversify its market and enrich its auction categories
Internal Challenges of Hong Kong Arts Market
Zeng Fanzhi, ‘The Last Supper’, 2001, oil on canvas, 220 x 395 cm. Image courtesy Sotheby’s.
Internal Challenges of Hong Kong Arts Market
Zao Wou-ki, ’15.01.82′, 1982, oil on canvas triptych, 195 x 390 cm. Image courtesy Sotheby’s.
External Challenges: Competition with other regions Brief reminder: Cultural Revolution (1966-1976): In order to control the thoughts of people, most of the art works have been destroyed and confiscated during that period Chinese art Market were still very quite in Mainland China
However…… the attitude of the Central government towards arts has changed Want to built Beijing as the central cultural hub in Asian region May challenge the dominated position of Hong Kong
The Increasing Competition Ability of Beijing: • The Chinese government plans to turn Beijing into a key art hub in Asia by building an 83,000 square meter free port next to the Beijing Capital International Airport • Scheduled for completion in late 2013. Named as the Beijing Freeport of Culture • Expected to be tax exempt • in order to encourage collectors and corporations to stockpile their arts in Beijing. • Freeport : provide professionals who can provide value adding services such as… authentification, restoration, photography and insurance • well-developed facilitating supports • challenge Hong Kong’s supremacy as an art centre.
The Increasing competition ability of Shanghai: • Opened as a free trade zone on 29th September, 2013 • Christie’s held its first auction in Shanghai “The city’s free port is a tangible example of the continuing drive for openness and progression from the Shanghai government.” ------ By Jinqing Caroline Cai, the Managing Director of Christie’s China
Artist’s opinions: Feel optimistic about the future There is a large community of artists throughout the country, which is easy for them to exchange the ideals Larger space: easy for them to held exhibition and display their art works Source: Shanghai surprise? Christie’s in Shanghai – art world reaction, from Art Rader Asia, posted on 27-9-2013 .
External Challenges: Competition with other regions Analysis: • The origination of Classical Chinese arts and paintings in HK art market are mainly from Mainland China, or overseas’ private collectors. • The increasing advantages of Beijing and Shanghai will attract the artists, auction houses, art dealers . • If they do their art business in Beijing or Shanghai, the import of classical Chinese paintings and arts will ultimately decrease in HK Art Market.
External Challenges: Competition with other regions Summary: • Cultural policy of the Central government: openness • Central government’s relax the restriction and policy • Economically, • The establishment of the Shanghai Free trade zone and Beijing cultural hub • The tax incentives should appeal to art trade enterprises • The Beijing cultural center will become the world’s largest art trading venue in terms of total space, market coverage and functions. the development of the Classical Chinese paintings in Hong Kong arts Market is strongly influenced by the Central government policy The dominated position of HK will be gradually replaced by BJ, SH.
Part E 1. Suggestions for HK art market ď&#x192;&#x2DC; How to ensure the authenticity of the classical Chinese arts and maintain the position of HK? Kum Ka Yan, Meg
“It’s a morality problem, and the law cannot legislate on morality”. ------ By Zhang Yanhua, President of the Chinese Association for Auctioneers
Suggestions for HK art market 2 Levels:
Monitory manpower
Technology
Suggestions for HK art market 1. Cooperate with National Copyright Administration of China (NCAC) 6 working systems of NCAC: a.Copyright legislation b.Enforcement system for copyright protection c.Copyright public service d.Develop copyright industry e.Construction of an international copyright response system f.Coordinate with other governmental departments
Suggestions for HK art market 2. Establish authentication committee •Specialist is the major component To guard a pass of the imported classical Chinese art works
3. Education -------- Specialist Degree •1-3 years coursework •1 year internship
Suggestions for HK art market 4. International Association of Art Critics Hong Kong: Establishing workshop or publishing magazine to teach the basic concept of distinguishing forgery About AICAHK: •Established in 1996 •Under patronage of UNESCO •Composed if art critics, professors, curators •Aims to enhance artistic awareness in HK
Suggestions for HK art market
To establish workshop or publishing magazine to teach the basic concept of distinguishing forgery: ď&#x192; can be fulfilled the objectives of AICAHK
Suggestion Suggestions5for HK art market 5. Insert microchip into the art works To provide unique identification to the art work e.g.: tMG Art Store inserted : Radio Frequency Identification(RFID) is the wireless non-contact use of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data To ensure the authenticity of art works
6. Check the arts works through the X-Ray technology Types of paper, materials, preparatory sketches, changes to the composition, and other clues can be discovered through the use of an x-ray to prove the nature and origin of a painting. To detect surfaces of the art works (Esp. painting)
Suggestions for HK art market â&#x20AC;˘ Example applied in Western classical painting:
Maintain position of HK art market
Reference Reference books: 1.Audrey Wang, Chinese Antiquities: An Introduction to the Art Market, British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, 2012. 2.Iain Robertson & Derrick Chong, The Art Business, Routledge (Published in USA and Canada), 2008. 3.Iain Robertson, Understanding International Art Markets and Management, Routledge (London and New York), 2005. 4.China Guardian 2013 Autumn Auction Highlights: Chinese classical calligraphy and paintings catalogue. 5.Audrey Wang, Chinese Antiquities: An Introduction to the Art Market, 2012 6.Michael Sullivan, The Arts of China, 2000 7.Larry Shiner, The Invention of Art: A Cultural History, 2003 8.Christieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hong Kong Spring 2013 Chinese Paintings Sales Highlights, Christieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, May 2013
Journal articles:
Reference
1.Art Market Monitor of ARTRON: http://amma.artron.net/observation.php 2.Chinese Art? All Roads Lead to Hong Kong http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/travel/in-hong-kong-rare-chinese-art-at-auction.html?_r=1& (By DONALD FRAZIER, Published: March 22, 2012) 3.Sotheby’s Hong Kong art sales: A record- smashing time http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/1f9abea4-303c-11e3-9eec-00144feab7de.html#axzz2jHJxwUAU (By Susan Moore, Published: October 11, 2013 7:46 pm) 4.Beijing to get freeport to challenge Hong Kong’s supremacy http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Beijing+freeport+to+challenge+Hong+Kong%E2%80%99s+suprem (By Gareth Harris.Published online: 26 July 2012 ) 5.藝術品拍賣繁榮背後：誰來鑒定“贗品專家”？ http://zy.takungpao.com/2013/20_3_0204_4142.html ( 來源：《光明日報》 2013-02-04 16:50:25) 6.“ 亞洲藝術市場中心” 是怎樣煉成的？ http://zy.takungpao.com/2013/20_3_0626_4541.html ( 來源：《深圳特區報》 2013-06-26 10:59:46) 7.中國拍賣行兩大巨頭爭相擴張香港藝術品市 http://arts.takungpao.com/auction/q/2012/1212/1319480.html ( 來源：《投資有道》 201212-12 07:32) 8.Meeting the Challenges of China’s Growing Art Market: http://www.sothebys.com/fr/newsvideo/blogs/all-blogs/sothebys-at-auction/2012/05/meeting-challenges-china-growing-artmarket.html
Reference 9. Art Sales' Old Guard Gets Rival From Asia http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB100008723963904434933045780359811 46176160(By The Wall Street Journal, Published: October 4, 2012) 10. Rival Chinese Acution Houses Go Head-to-Head in Hong Kong http://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2013/10/04/poly-auction-china-guardian-competefor-collectors-in-hong-kong/ (By The Wall Street Journal, Published: October 4, 2013) 11. 中國書畫最高段位在宋元：價格要以億元計 http://www.twsj.com.tw/NewsInfo_tw_1_7836.html ( 來源：《世家藝術 網》 2013-7-02 08:18:49) 12. China Guardian’s Inaugural Auction in Hong Kong an Outstanding Debut http://english.cguardian.com/mediaC/2012-10-09/147.html (By China Guardian, Published: October 09, 2012)
Reference 13. China Guardian Auctions Co., Ltd: http://english.cguardian.com/about/profile/2011-10-19/7.html 14. Taking on art giants: Chinese auction houses hit Hong Kong – media round up http://artradarjournal.com/2012/12/03/battle-and-mutual-benefit-auctionhouses-converge-on-hong-kong-round-up/ (By Art Radar Asia, Published: December 03,2012) 15. Niche Auction Houses Thrive in Hong Kong http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/04/arts/international/niche-auction-housesthrive-in-hong-kong.html?_r=0 (By The New York Times, Published: October 03, 2013) 16. “The slowing economy doesn’t alarm us”: China Guardian’s Hong Kong director talks to Art Radar http://artradarjournal.com/2013/11/08/the-slowingeconomy-doesnt-alarm-us-china-guardians-hong-kong-director-talks-to-artradar/ (By Art Radar Asia, Published: November 08, 2013) 17. The Hong Kong Art Market: Part I – Auctions & Galleries http://postism.com/2013/04/04/the-hong-kong-art-market-part-i-auctions-galleries/ (By Post-ism, Published: April 04, 2013)
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