Ban Edilbi Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning & Preservation Architecture & Urban Design
May 2018
This portfolio is a culmination of my design work developed at Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation for the Master in Architecture and Urban Design Program. It is a reflection of my interest in urban issues at multiple scales: local, regional and global. It draws parallels between multiple geographic locations to solve global issues. It embraces risk and uncertainty, and adopts time as a factor, allowing projects to transform and adapt through time. To articulate this pedagogical approach, the following portfolio is divided into three chapters: Local, Regional and Global. Each chapter contains a design project as well as research and mapping exercises that question the subjectivity of the map and its role in formulating an argument.
S UD UD
UD
E E
E
4
Data from ESRI Open Source Map
E
E
E
E E E
S
UD
Urban Design Studio
UD
Urban Design Seminar
S
Elective
E
5
New York City
1: Bronx River 2: Ctrl + T 3: Weave City
4: NYC Street Tree Census
Data from ESRI Open Source Map
8
CONTENTS
+
The Bronx River
10
+
Ctrl + T
14
+
New York City Street Tree Census
24
9
THE BRONX RIVER Hunts Point, New York City Columbia GSAPP, Summer 2017 Critics: Kaja Kuhl, Brian Baldor, Thaddeus Pawlowski, Pippa Brashear, Ben Brady, James Khamsi Team: Zenan Guo, Meng Li, Saritza Martinez Rodriguez Through our research of Hunts Point, we focused specifically on the Bronx River as an ecological asset that was turned into an industrial sewer. Through a series of sections, we were able to understand the multiple activities that are taking place along the river, from ecological ‘natural’ zones such as the Bronx Zoo and Botanical Garden, to the industrial zones that include Hunts Point and its Food Distribution Center. We summed up the research into 4 categories: Contamination from Littering, Waste from Automobiles, Biodiversity and Health. The categories allowed us to simultaneously compare the quality of the river and the quality of life, tracing each aspect back to its main driver and the implications it is causing.
ZONING CATEGORY -- PERCENT OF TOTAL AREA
Residential - 44%
RESIDENTIAL - 44%
Parks/ Open Space - 27%
PARKS/OPEN SPACE - 27%
Manufacturing - 13%
MANUFACTURING - 13%
Other/ Not Zoned - 12%
OTHER / NOT ZONED - 12%
Commercial - 3%
COMMERCIAL - 3%
TOPOGRAPHIC CONTOURS TOPOGRAPHIC DRAINAGE DIVIDE COUNTY BOUNDARY
Interruption by Transportation
7
6
Lack of Connection between Parks 5
4
Industry along the Riverside
ZONING CATEGOR
RESIDENTIA 3
PARKS/OP
MANUFACT OTHER /
COMMERCIA
TOPOGRAPH
Industry along the Riverside
TOPOGRAPH
COUNTY B 1
2
12
Urban Design Studio I
Concrete Plant Park
Bronx Zoo
26 26 372 1970 1687 23 49 82 35 291
Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam
Bronx Botanical Garden Botanical Garden
PS811X Sound View Park
Sound View Park Concrete Plant Park
Concrete Plant Park Bronx Zoo
Bronx Zoo
Botanical Garden
Botanical Garden
PS811X
PS811X
995 175 351 56 1261
164 Plastic caps, utensils and lids 56 Plastic Bags 8 Plastic caps, utensils and lids 16 Water Bottle 0 Plastic Bags Small Styrofoam 0 Water 22 Large Bottle and Med Styrofoam 20 Small Styrofoam 1 Large and Med Styrofoam 8 Plastic caps, utensils and lids 0 Plastic Bags Plastic caps, utensils and lids 026 Water Bottle 26 Plastic Bags 20 Small Styrofoam 372 Water 1 Large andBottle Med Styrofoam 1970 Small Styrofoam 1687 Large and Med Styrofoam 26 Plastic caps, utensils and lids 26 Plastic Bags 23 utensils and lids 372 Plastic Watercaps, Bottle 49 1970 Plastic SmallBags Styrofoam 82 1687 Water LargeBottle and Med Styrofoam 35 Small Styrofoam 291 Large and Med Styrofoam 23 Plastic caps, utensils and lids 49 Plastic Bags 82 Water Bottle 35 Small Styrofoam 291 Large and Medutensils Styrofoam 995 Plastic caps, and lids 175 Plastic Bags 351 Water Bottle 56 Small Styrofoam 1261 Large and Med Styrofoam 995 Plastic caps, utensils and lids 175 Plastic Bags 351 Water Bottle 56 Small Styrofoam 164 Plastic caps, utensils and lids 1261 Large and Med Styrofoam 56 Plastic Bags 16 Water Bottle 0 Small Styrofoam 22 Large and Med Styrofoam 164 Plastic caps, utensils and lids 56 Plastic Bags 16 Water Bottle 0 Small Styrofoam 22 Large and Med Styrofoam
Residential Boston Rd. River Park Fish ladder Bronx River Dam
Sound View Park
8 Plastic caps, utensils and Expy lids W. Farms Rd. Sheridan Train 0 0 20 1
Concrete Plant Park
Bronx Zoo
Botanical Garden
PS811X
Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam
26 26 372 1970 1687 23 49 82 35 291
Bronx River
7 - Bronx Botanical Gardens
Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam
Bronx Zoo
6 - Bronx Zoo
W. Farms Rd. Sheridan Expy Starlight Park Bronx River
Train
Residential
5 - Starlight Park
Concrete Plant Park
Bronx River
Automobile Repair
4 - Concrete Plant Park
Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam
995 175 351 56 1261
164 56 16 0 22
Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam
Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam
Edgewater Rd.
Metal Management
Bronx River
Empty Lot
Colgate Ave. Residential
3 - Metal Recycling Center Sound View Park
Concrete Plant Park
Bronx Zoo
8 0 0 20 1
Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam
26 26 372 1970 1687 23 49 82 35 291
Ryawa Ave.
Botanical Garden
PS811X
Viele Ave.
Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam
Hunts Point Wastewater Treatment Plant 995 175 351 56 1261
164 56 16 0 22
Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam
East River
2- Wastewater Treatment Plant
Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam
Barreto Point Park
1 - Barretto Point Park Hunts Point, NYC
Floating Pool
East River
13
FEED ME !
Yes
No
CTRL + T Hunts Point, New York City Columbia GSAPP, Summer 2017 Critics: Kaja Kuhl, Brian Baldor, Thaddeus Pawlowski, Pippa Brashear, Ben Brady, James Khamsi Team: Niharika Kannan, Duolin Kong, Noor Malik, Yinzhu Shen Waste as a system is critical to New York City, considering how it was disposed of 100 years ago. More than 3 million tons of waste is transported to neighboring states such as Philadelphia and Ohio, causing larger environmental impacts. This is especially critical as the consumer persists to throw everything in the landfill waste rather than recycle. With Hunts Point as a focus, this research considers the importance of waste and the impact of the Food Distribution Center’s organic waste that is produced yearly. It proposes a pneumatic tube system that can collect and transport the waste to an empty lot in Hunts Point that can be used as a community garden by the residents. It would allow them to grow their own food, and eventually reduce the impact of environmental justice that is observed in Hunts Point.
262 175 9
WHERE DOES WASTE GO?
Material
641
82 68 8
299 240 21
1765
Refuse Paper Met, Glass, Plastic Asbestos; Construction and Demolition Met, Glass, Plastic Paper Refuse
Urban Design Studio I 3030
16
117126 9
2589
284 254 15
1680
Material
Hunts Point, NYC
Refuse Paper Met, Glass, Plastic Asbestos; Construction and Demolition 17 Met, Glass, Plastic Paper Refuse
262 175 9 1765
WASTE RECYCLED AND DIVERSION RATES
26.5%
19.3%
22.5
22.5%
24.8% 13.8% 26.9%
17.8%
29.6%
20.9%
82 68 8
14.7%
19.3%
24.8%
641
17.9%
19.4%
13.2%
20.5%
18
Urban Design Studio I
117126 9
16.2% 20.3%
1680
13.2%
11.5%
16.0%
10.5%
14.2%
13.1%
9.3% 18.4%
9.2%
14.1%
6.5%
12.3%
11.4%
284 254 15
16.9%
17.9%
26.1% 19.6% 14.2%
21.7%
5% 13.7%
17.6% 24.2%
13.5%
10.9%
15.7%
20.8%
2589
14.6%
299 240 21
19.8%
18.4%
13.8%
20.6%
15.2% 8.3%
9.6%
11.7% 13.3%
14.5%
3030
15.1%
11.3%
17.9%
%
Hunts Point, NYC
19
TYPE OF WASTE PRODUCED
Common Area Wa Material that falls off pushed off the docks w produce is delivered or taken aw
13,000 tons annua
Public Collection Hunts Point Residential Area 800 tons of waste annually
P Hunt 2
Waste f prepari bought cre
2,15
20
Urban Design Studio I
Dock Waste aste Waste cleaned up by ff or is when individual vendor - wet or heavy spoiled produced packaged in way cardboard ally 10,000 tons annually
8%
Recyclable Plastic
13% Wood
1%
Other
78% Organics suitable for composting
Private Collection ts Point Produce Market 23,000 tons of waste annually
Private Collection Hunts Point Fish Market 4,800 tons of waste annually 17%
Recyclable Plastic
Food Packaging from cutting and Most packaging is bought ing fish, which is along sold fish, but some by compaies to be packaging waste is resulted eate pet food from smaller sales
50 tons annually
2,600 tons annually
12% Wood
10% Other
61%
Organics suitable for composting
Hunts Point, NYC
21
PNEUMATIC TUBE STRATEGY
22
Urban Design Studio I
COMPOST STATION AND GARDEN STRATEGY
Hunts Point, NYC
23
NEW YORK CITY: STREET TREE CENSUS New York City, NY Columbia GSAPP, Fall 2017 Critics: Leah Meisterlin, Grga Basic
As part of the Geographic Information Systems course taken in Fall 2017, we were required to perform a study using the Street Tree Census data provided by the Department of Parks and Recreation and recommend areas which are in dire need of investment towards street trees. Through the research, I could identify several city council districts that lack street trees overall; such areas include Districts 11, 13, 31 and 46. However, most of these areas, when overlaid and compared to Google Maps, contain either parks or an airport (For example, district 31 is home to John F. Kennedy Airport, while district 11 contains Van Cortlandt Park). The area in dire need of investments in regard to street trees, based on my understanding of the calculations and maps produced, is City Council District 26, which is set in Queens and contains Sunnyside (1.95), Woodside (1.21), Long Island City (1.41), and Astoria (2.06). This is driven by the fact that the area around Long Island City has been witnessing new developments, after years of being an industrial site and home to many factories and warehouses. This has led to new residents moving into the area at a fast pace, making Long Island City the “fastest-growing neighborhood� in NYC. Businesses are moving into Long Island City, causing more workers to decide to live closer to their work. However, the area still has the characteristics of an industrial area: wider streets, empty sidewalks, and low walk-ability rate. Therefore, to provide the newly moved citizens a better walking experience and the chance to spend time outdoors, the previously industrial area on the waterfront should be restudied to include more street trees.
STREET TREES PER BLOCK
STREET TREES PER COMMUNITY DISTRICT
26
Geographic Information Systems
STREET TREES PER HEALTH AREA
STREET TREES PER CENSUS TRACT
New York City, NY
27
Regional
2: Resilient Hudson 1: Saving Place 4: Collapsing Central Valley
3: Houston Change Maps
Data from ESRI Open Source Map
30
CONTENTS
+
Saving Place
32
+
Resilient Hudson
44
+
Collapsing Central Valley
52
31
SAVING PLACE Poughkeepsie, NY Columbia GSAPP, Fall 2017 Critics: Lee Altman, Michael Murphy, Justin Moore Team: Jack Bai, Donovan Dunkley, Linda Schilling, Meng Li The city of Poughkeepsie, one of the most ethnically diverse cities within the MidHudson region, has witnessed several waves of immigration. Through studying the networks of the local and immigrant communities in Poughkeepsie the proposal focuses on churches, as one of the driving forces of establishment for a set of individuals. Churches were very essential to the agency of these community networks because they provided spaces for social interaction beyond the individual. As a result these centers have been associated with safety for centuries and their existence is a sure sign of stability. But the stability for generations past and current is under threat. The Archdiocese of New York, since 2010 is conducting a parish reform named “Making all things new�, which will close the door of 10% of all churches in NY state due to smaller congregations sizes and changing demographics. The churches and spaces left behind that once played an important role in these communities can once again be essential through preservation and adaptive reuse in a way that transcends the religious identity. Through the implementation of localized, decentralized programming, we are able to replace those parts of social infrastructure that have been taken away from residents through the loss of these collective spaces. By providing built typology of infrastructure to be used on newly neutralized sites of interaction we create new spaces of collaboration that work through shared time schedules and consolidated resources that allow for cultural production and opportunities for income that would ultimately establish permanent community centers.
E
E
E E EE EE E E E E E
E The crosses in Magenta are the churches currently being closed by the Archdiocese of New York, while the crosses in lightEpink are the churches the congregation is being E merged with. The crosses in white with a pink outline are churches currently on the National Register. E EE
Poughkeepsie 0 hr, 0 min
E Marlboro
E
E E E E
Beacon
E E EEE
0 hr, 23 min Newburgh
0 hr, 15 min
E E
E
E
E
E
E
E E E E
E
E
E
E
E
E E
EE Peekskill 0 hr, 15 min
E E E
Haverstraw
E E
E E
E
E
E
E
E
E E
E
1 hr, 2 min
E
E 0 hr, 41 min Croton-Harmon
Yonkers
E
E
E
Tarrytown 1 hr, 7 min E E E Irvington 1 hr, 31 min E E E E
EE E E E E EEEE E E E E EE EE EE E E E
EE EE E E
E E E E E E E E EE E E EE E E EEE E E E E E EE 1 hr, 35 min Manhattan EE E E EE E E E EE EE E EEE E E E EE EE E EE E E E E E E E E EE E E E E E E E E EE E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E EE E E E Staten Island E E
EE E E EE E E E E E
E E E
E
E
E
E
REGIONAL & CITY ANALYSIS
Analysis of assets within residents’ networks: Churches, schools, hair salons, restaurants and community centers within the Italian, Mexican, Jamaican and African American, and Chinese networks within Poughkeepsie
Poughkeepsie, NY
35
36
Urban Design Studio II
was “ Iback
“ My church does a lot
of community outreach by providing food and clothing
I go to m
“
“
“
“ My church does a lot
of community outreach by providing food and clothing
“ bI was able
“
“ My
church does a lot of co outreac mmunity h by food an providing d clothi ng
I was ab “ ba le to fin dm
“
“
d
;mther e’s side an; th s a good in d a ba . As there’ it’ ascogr d stide edresi,de . As ell much to like a baea as e hcom eas w It’s nd re ason comnoctoto me here, there’s a to e come as sid great ot to well it’s ason n re
“
“
“
“
ck thro y way I go to. ugh the Churc Pough h my safe keepsie is there’s a good haven
It’s like a coin; side and a bad side. As much as it’s great to come here, there’s reason not to come as well
“
“ It’s like eareco’sina guocoh as
“
“
ack to fi I go through nd my way to. P the C o my s ughkee hurch p afe have sie is n
a good n; there’s ch as side. As mu there’s ome here, well to come as
“
It’s like a coin; there’s a good side and a bad side. As much as it’s great to come here, there’s reason not to come as well
“
t
“
doviding y by hpro g unit outreacchhurc m m thingovidin d oclo Myd an “foo of c by pr thing ch lo a c e d outr od an fo
“
It’s like a coin; there’s a good side and a bad side. As much as it’s great to come here, there’s reason not to come as well
“
“
es a lot
“ My church do ity lot of commun es a
“
“
way my rch ind u to f he Ch is le ie t s ab gh eps I wa k throu ughke en bac to. Po fe hav a o s g I my way to find my I was able urch gh the Ch back throu hkeepsie is ug I go to. Po haven my safe
Interaction with the residents to identify the main assets within their networks and the main problems they face within Poughkeepsie
Poughkeepsie, NY
37
PAST St. Mary’s Church
New Hope COGIC
St. Joseph’s Church
Second Baptist Church
PRESENT St. Mary’s Church
38
New Hope COGIC
St. Joseph’s Church
Urban Design Studio II
Second Baptist Church
PROPOSED St. Mary’s Church
New Hope COGIC
St. Joseph’s Church
ge
tora nt S
nt ane
ane
m Per
m Per
g
r
e rais
dFun
d Foo
nter
i in W
in Spr n i ry
n
che
it pK
Sou
Second Baptist Church
all nF
mer
t Pan
a
uetz
g uela aG
i rket a M er’s
um in S
m Far
L New
Hop e
Chu
rch o
fG od i
nC
St.
hris
t
ch hur
Jose
C ph’s
Seco n
dB apt
ist C
ch hur
sC ary’ M St.
Poughkeepsie, NY
39
hur ch
SHARED TIME SCHEDULES La Guelaguetza Cuneen Hackett Arts Center Poughkeepsie Middle School First Friday Vassar College Catharine Street Community Center
12 1
11
HR Heatlhcare Hellenic Community Center Italian Community Center German Community Center Arts Mid Hudson
10
1
2
La Guelaguetza Cuneen Hackett Arts Center Poughkeepsie Middle School First Friday Vassar College Catharine Street Community Center
9
3
HR Heatlhcare Hellenic Community Center Italian Community Center
8
German Community Center Arts Mid Hudson
7
5 6
3
Project Video on Vimeo
4
40
5
4
2
Urban Design Studio II
DECENTRALIZED PROGRAMMING
Classroom Ages 5-7
Classroom Ages 7-9 Homework space After-school Education Program by Catharine Street Community Center
Modular furniture as theater seating
Slides and movie projections on back wall Black History Month Lecture Series by Vassar College
Poughkeepsie, NY
41
42
Urban Design Studio II
Poughkeepsie, NY
43
RESILIENT HUDSON Hudson, NY Columbia GSAPP, Fall 2017 Critics: Kate Orff, Morana Stipisic, Jason Loiselle Team: Piyawut Koomsiripithuck The city of Hudson is located in the Upper Hudson Valley and has a population of 6,713, which has been declining since the 1990s. The city is known for its industry, specifically the mining industry; many mining companies such as Holcim own quarries inland, a port on the Hudson River, and a road connecting both (which is in use two times per week). Due to its health impact, the route the mining company takes to the port has been relocated from the inner city to the south, where it will cross through wetlands that have already been shrinking in size due to urban encroachment and industrial activities. The site chosen is located by Basilica Hudson, an arts and performance venue that occupies a 19th century industrial building, which is also within close proximity to Hudson’s downtown, its railway station and the mining port. The site is a freshwater wetland that is home to many endangered species, such as the American Goldfinch. The proposal aims to revive and protect the wetlands by engaging the existing stakeholders; Basilica Hudson and Holcim. As the site is currently under the pressure of getting a road constructed, we propose to incorporate multiple functions on to the road by raising it and creating a pedestrian walkway along it to minimize the impact on the wetland. Basilica Hudson will extend its program to include the wetland area by creating a sculpture park along the newly constructed infrastructure, where residents can use the park for recreational purposes.
Hudson in Regional Scale
REGIONAL CONTEXT
Hudson in Regional Scale Hudson in Hudson in Regional Regional Scale Scale
Rensselaer Albany
A - Basilica Hudson B - Mining Port C -Industrial Area Upper Hudson ValleyD - Cruise Line Company A - Basilica Hudson E - Hudson Amtrak B - Mining Port
C -Industrial Area A - Basilica Hudson D Cruise Line Company AMining - Basilica PortHudson EB --BHudson Amtrak - Mining Port C -Industrial Area -Industrial Area D -CCruise Line Company D - Cruise Line Company E - HudsonCity Amtrak of Hudson E - Hudson Amtrak
Greene Columbia
D
B D
B
A B A
Urbanization and Location Decreasing Urbanization and Wetland Urbanization and Urbanization Decreasingand Decreasing Decreasing Wetland Wetland Wetland
A
within the Upper Hudson Valley
Wetland Density Far Below Average
Far Above Average
Urbanization High Low
City of Hudson
Loss of Wetland compared to Urbanization
DEC Freshwater Wetlands Check Zone The "check zone" is an area around the mapped wetland in which the actual wetland may occur. DEC Freshwater Wetlands Check Zone Freshwater Wetlands ChecktheZone TheDEC "check zone" is an area around mapped The "check zone" an area aroundmay the occur. mapped wetland in which theisactual wetland wetland in which the actual wetland may occur.
DEC Freshwater Wetlands Check Zone The "check zone" is an area around the map wetland in which the actual wetland may o
46
Ecological Infrastructure
CITY CONTEXT Flood Vulnerable Area Cruise Line Company
A - Basilica Hudson B - Mining Port C -Industrial Area Mining D - Cruise Line Company E - Hudson Amtrak
Hudson Amtrak
Port
Industrial Area
D E B
A
C
DEC Freshwater Wetlands Check Zone The "check zone" is an area around the mapped Basilica Hudson wetland in which the actual wetland may occur.
Declining Wetlands and Flood Vulnerability
Hudson, NY
DEC Freshwater Wetlands Check Zone - indicating where the wetland may occur
47
Flood Protection Landform
REACTIVATING THE CITY BY ART
Viewing Deck
Constructed Wetland Park
Down
Wetland Sculpture Park
48
Ecological Infrastructure
Elevated Driveway
m
ntown
Holcim US Mining Company
Road Expansion Project
Hudson, NY
49
50
Ecological Infrastructure
REVIVING WETLANDS
Hudson, NY
51
COLLAPSING CENTRAL VALLEY Sacramento, California Columbia GSAPP, Fall 2017 Critics: Lee Altman, Michael Murphy, Justin Moore Team: Jesse Hirakawa, Fatma Mhmood, Linda Schilling The Central Valley and Sacramento city have developed hand in hand since the middle of the nineteenth century. The logic behind the development of both scales has been large-scale - single function infrastructure that through extractive logic and binomial operations to secure food and energy, has depleted the water table of a once lush marshland; a wetland area that has lost 95% of its surface. The exhaust of the water table has impacted both agriculture and drinking water for urban settlements nearby, but the effect that poses a bigger threat to the ecological systems that occupy the valley is one that does not meet the eye. Collapsing grounds at the Delta due to levees is allowing salinity from the Pacific to enter into fresh water courses disrupting habitat for fauna and humans. This subsidence is a reflection of a crisis in the man-made landscape built 100 years ago, which relied upon the large-scale - single function infrastructure, without taking into account that systems have more than one function and could work at multiple scales. Various state and federal policies were set in place in order to engineer this landscape; at present-day, several programs are attempting to mitigate. The current situation needs decades and centuries to reverse... Until then, the Delta won’t rise again.
4.8 MW
7 MW
24.4 MW
E
42.4 MW 151 MW
E
SACRAMENTO COUNTY
E
CITRUS HEIGHTS 1 MW
25 MW 2.5 MW 0.9 MW
3 MW
241 MW
FOLSOM 3 MW
E
SACRAMENTO
16.6 MW
1 MW
3.9 MW
RANCHO CORDOVA
176.6 MW
DAVIS
2 MW
3 MW
8.4 MW
164 MW
10 MW
4.2 MW
3 MW 2.7 MW
1.5 MW 13 MW
E
E
17.2 MW
11.5 MW
215.1 MW
77 MW 1 MW
1 MW
2 MW
E
E 11 MW
1 MW 10 MW 109 MW
1 MW
ELK GROVE 17 MW 15 MW 15 MW 1 MW
503 MW 40 MW
17.8 MW
4 MW
E
2.9 MW 2.9 MW
GALT
E
27.7 MW
23.3 MW 1.5 MW 1 MW
3.2 MW
E 10.5 MW
49.3 MW 257 MW
E
2.8 MW
LODI 45 MW 4 MW
4.2 MW
BRENTWOOD
STOCKTON
2.7 MW
E 1.3 MW
E
4 MW
4.2 MW
O 18.5 MW
Legend Project Levee System Non-Project Levee System County Boundary Water System
E
0
54
10.5 MW
46 MW
25 MW 1.5 MW
320.1 MW
2 MW 182.2 MW 112 MW
1.5 MW
Hydroelectric Power Plant Solar Panels Natural Gas Power Plant Biomass Power Plant Wind Turbines Energy Generated 5 10 Miles
19.9 MW
Urban Design Studio II
E
1 MW
98.1 MW
Solar 9.6%
Hydro-Electric 14.5%
E
Nuclear 9.5% Wind 6.9% Geothermal 6.3% Biomass 3.0%
Natural Gas 49.0%
Electricity generation in California Public Interest in Solar Public Interest in Solar Energy supply 74,892 MW Energy supply Electricity usage 74,892 MW 261.2 million MW Electricity usage 261.2 million MW
17 15
15
13
13
11
11
9
California 15.42 cents / kwh California 15.42 cents / kwh
2014
2012 2016
2010 2014
2008 2012
2006
2008
2010
2002
2004
2006
Threatened
15000
Drought
Endangered
5000
2016
2014
2012 2016
2010 2014
2008 2012
2006 2010
2004 2008
2002 2006
2000 2004
1998 2002
1996 2000
1994 1998
1992 1996
1994
1990
1988 1992
1986 1990
1984 1988
1986
1976 1978
1976
0
1982
0
5000
1980
15000 10000
Drought Endangered
10000
1984
20000
U.S. 10.41 cents / kwh
Threatened
20000
1978
25000
1982
30000
U.S. 10.41 cents / kwh
Electricity Usage in California
Winter Run 30000 Chinook Salmon Winter Run 25000 Chinook Salmon
1980
35000
2000
1998
35000
2004
1994
1992
1990
9
2002
9 1996
11
2000
11
1998
13
1992
13
1996
15
15
1990
17
1994
17
9
2016
17
Winter Run Chinook Salmon in California declining in numbers due to drought and loss of habitat from dam construction
Sacramento, CA
55
80% salmon spawning areas blocked
Dams: The Central Valley Project put in place in 1933 marked their beginning
River Salmon Pacific Flyway
144 hydro power plants in Central Valley
95% historic marshland gone
Levees: 35 critical locations with potential for flood - $50 million to repair
Subsidence: Sinking 1-3� per year Forming 155 islands near the delta
56
Urban Design Studio II
75% fish species will be extinct by 2117
Residential areas: Flood risk to critical levees in next 50 years by 6.5 earthquake Pacific Flyway: 7 million water flow + 300,000 shorebirds
River Salmon: Biggest economic impact amongst fish species in Central Valley ($1,776). Loss of Habitat from agriculture and urban sprawl
65% privately owned
Agriculture: 1,150 sq. miles delta agriculture lands. 95% California's rice is grown in Central Valley
Rice Fields: Land subjected to Habitat Restoration efforts for Chinook Salmon
Sacramento, CA
57
Global
1: Representing the Urban Condition
2: Jordan Valley
3: The Mesopotamian Marshes 4: Public Spaces & Power 5: Varanasi in Flux
Data from ESRI Open Source Map
60
CONTENTS
+
Representing the Urban Condition
62
+
Jordan Valley
64
+
The Mesopotamian Marshes
66
+
Public Spaces and Power
74
+
Varanasi in Flux
80
61
REPRESENTING THE URBAN CONDITION The map depicts the end of Western Europe in relation to the Atlantic Ocean, but at the same time criticizes the World Urban Map in terms of the classification ‘urban’ or ‘non-urban’, blurring the boundaries between land and water. Data from ESRI Open Source Map
0
150
300
600
LEGEND RO M E
LO N D O N
Wo r l d ’ s 2 n d L a r g e s t C i t i e s
World’s 2nd Largest Cities
Wo r l d ’ s L a r g e s t C i t i e s
World’s Largest Cities
Wo r l d U r b a n A r e a s
World Urban Areas
Wo r l d Ro a d s
World Railroads
Wo r l d R a i l ro a d s
World Railroads
62
0
Urban Design Studio III
150
300
600
900
Miles 1,200
900
Miles 1,200
COPENHAGEN
HAMBURG
DUBLIN
BERLIN
LON DON BRUSSELS
PRAGUE PARIS VIENNA
MUNICH
MILAN
ROME
BARCELONA MADRID
ALGIERS
COPENHAGEN
CASABLANCA
RABAT TRIPOLI HAMBURG
DUBLIN
BERLIN
WARSA
LONDON BRUSSELS PRAGUE Varanasi, India
63
PARIS MUNICH
VIENNA BUDAPEST
THE JORDAN VALLEY This map represent the Jordan Valley, a valley that geographically lies between Jordan and Israel/Palestine. It highlights it as a site where these two frontiers meet, a site of political tension, but also a site of crossing for many Palestinians returning back into their homeland. The map intends to reveal its hidden value as an agricultural belt that produces fruits and vegetables for an ever growing population due to conflict and war. Data from USGS Earth Explorer
64
65
THE MESOPOTAMIAN MARSHES Ahwar, Southern Iraq Columbia GSAPP, Fall 2017 Critics: Leah Meisterlin, Grga Basic Team: Fatma Mhmood Through manipulation of dams along Tigris and Euphrates River, can we recover the wetlands lost in the Mesopotamian Marshes? The Ahwar of Southern Iraq and the Relict Landscape of the Mesopotamian Cities is a mixed serial heritage property located in the southern region of the Republic of Iraq. It is one of the most important freshwater ecosystems located in an extremely arid environment. After the Iraqi-Iranian war ended in 1990, a mega-program was initiated by the government to establish dams, roads and other infrastructure. As a result, the Ahwar totally dried up, with the climax reached during the second Gulf War in 1991. The government diverted the natural river channels and their branches for military and political reasons, while justifying the actions as land rehabilitation programs. The drainage affected soils of the area by forming vast salt lakes, relative temperatures increased due to the degradation of vegetation cover. The scope aims to evaluate the possibility of a full recovery of the Mesopotamian Marshes through studying the wetland loss of the area from 1990-present. The research will include identifying the location of the dams, which are along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Turkey and Syria, which interrupt the flow of water, sediments and nutrients from the source of the rivers to the mouth. It will also consider the amount of electricity generated from each dam, and the possibility of releasing 30% of the water in order to recover the marshes at a steady rate, while also considering solar energy as an alternative for electricity generation as opposed to hydroelectricity generated from the dams retaining water.
1990
2000
2017
Wetland and Vegetation Water
68
Geographical Information Systems
MAPPING LOSS & GAIN 1990 to 2000
2000 to 2017
Wetland and Vegetation Gain Wetland and Vegetation Loss
Ahwar, Iraq
69
INTERRUPTION OF FLOW
E E
E E E
E E E E E E E
Legend
E
Dam locations Iraq Administrative Boundaries
E E
Marshes
Stream (Seconday to Primary)
0
1 2 3 4 5
30
60
120
180
Miles 240
Legend
Dam locations Locations Legend E Dam
Iraq Administrative Boundaries Boundaries Dam locations E Administrative Marshes Marshes Iraq Administrative Boundaries Stream (Seconday to Primary) Marshes Streams (Secondary to Primary) 1 Stream (Seconday to Primary) 2 1 13 224 335 44 55
0
00
70
30
60
30 60 30 60
120
180
120 120
180 180
Miles 240 Miles 240
Miles 240
Geographical Urban Design Information Studio Systems III
E E
E E
E
DAMS, ELEVATION & WATERSHEDS
Mosul Dam E E
Dokan Dam E
E
E
Legend Dams Dam E Adhaim Barbandikhan Dam E Darbandikhan Dam E E E Dokan Dam Hemrin Dam Adhaim E Dam E E Mosul Dam E E samarra Dam Samarra Dam
Legend Dams
E E E E E E E E
Adhaim Dam Darbandikhan Dam
E
Hemrin Dam
Legend
LegendAdhaimsamarra Dam Dams Darbandikhan Dam
1 3 2 4 3 5
3 4 5
Iraq Administrative Dokan watershed Boudnaries Adhaim watershed Hemrin Watershed Dokan watershed Mosul watershed
Iraq Administrative Boudnaries
Hemrin SamarraWatershed Watershed Mosul watershed
Adhaim watershed
Samarra Watershed
0
30
60
90
30
60
90
Dokan watershed
15
30
4
Dams
2
15
3
Legend
5 Adhaim watershed
0
60
Hemrin Watershed
E E E E E E
5 Adhaim Dam
Iraq Administrative Boudnaries
Darbandikhan Dam
Adhaim watershed
Dokan Dam
Dokan watershed
Hemrin Dam
Hemrin Watershed
Mosul Dam
Mosul watershed
samarra Dam
Samarra Watershed
Miles 120 Miles 120
Miles Streams 120
0
1
Mosul watershed
15
90
60
3 4
15
30
2
Samarra Watershed
0
E
2
Dam
4 Iraq Administrative Boudnaries
0
E
1
Dam E Adhaim Dokan Dam E Darbandikhan Hemrin Dam Dam Dokan Dam E Mosul Dam Streams E Hemrin samarra Dam Dam E Mosul Dam Streams E samarra1Dam 1
Streams
Mosul Dam
Dams
Streams2
Hemrin Dam
E
Dokan Dam
Miles 120
5
60Iraq Administrative Boudnaries 90
30
Adhaim watershed Dokan watershed Hemrin Watershed Mosul watershed Samarra Watershed
Varanasi, Ahwar, Iraq India 0
15
30
71
60
90
Miles 120
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RECOVERY By Identifying change in vegetation and wetlands in 1990, 2000 and 2017, we found that the amount of water held by the dams is the main factor that led to change of wetlands and vegetation. We noticed a significance decrease in the area of vegetation and wetlands from 1990 to 2000 as the dams caused wetlands to dry and therefore we noticed a decrease in both, the level of water and the wetland area. We also observed that there is a small gain in wetlands and vegetations where the dams are located. The maps generated above clearly shows that while most of these dams are located within the administrative boundaries of Iraq, their watersheds reach beyond. Most of these dams are located on the Northeast region of Iraq, where the elevation is higher. This can also explain why these dams are selected to generate electricity for the region. Our research concludes that by manipulating dams and restoring the lost volume of water, the Mesopotamian Marshes will be recovered at a faster rate. Existing hydroelectric dams can release 30% of the water that is currently stored in the reservoirs in order to provide the study rates while also producing enough electricity. If the water stored is reduced by 30% then the flow of water will also be reduced, which will lead in lower electricity production. To provide a solution to meet the electricity demand, we are proposing to introduce solar farms into the area since Iraq has more than 3200 hours of sun per year. While one MW would require 9290 m2 of land, this would require a large area to provide the require electricity production. We identified potential areas that could work as sites for solar farms based on their proximity to the dams and hence proximity to existing demand. Another aspect that was taken into consideration was the elevation of the sites, where sites are generally flat and south of the mountains, hence would not be in the shadows of the mountains.
72
Geographical Information Systems
Legend Name
E E E E E E
Adhaim Dam
E
Darbandikhan Dam Dokan Dam Hemrin Dam Mosul Dam Samarra Dam
Streams (Secondary to Primary)
E
1 2 3 4 5
Recommended Areas for Solar Farms Recommended Areas
E
E E
0
15
30
60
90
E
Miles 120
3267523909.1845 Cubic Meter
11729735822.24 Cubic Meter 2293374228.8271 Cubic Meter
00
Ahwar, Iraq
10 55 10
Miles 2020 Miles
73
1950s BEFORE 1950Before1950 BEFORE 695,686
695,686
1950-1975 1950-1975 1950-1975 1,437,134 1,437,134
1975-1997 1975-1997 1975-1997
2000s2000 2000
3,647,023 3,647,023
15,732,000 15,732,000
PUBLIC SPACE AND POWER Delhi, India Columbia GSAPP, Spring 2018 Critics: David Grahame Shane Team: Betsy Daniel, Deeksha Kalra, Janki Shah
The following research took into consideration Delhi’s multiple cities. Unlike many older cities, the city grew as multiple patches across Delhi, rather than an organic center that sprawled out. It took into consideration the 7 eras the city has gone through, starting from the Rajputs, to the Sultanate and the Mughals, to the British era and ending with the post-independent state of India. Through each era, the city’s center of power was mapped out and related to its current use as a public space, while also exploring what the public space at that time was.
RAJPUTS 700 - 1200
DELHI SULTANATE ARCHI CITTA
1200 - 1500
MUGHALS 1500- 1850
BRITISH RAJ 1850- 1947
CINE CITTA POST INDEPENDENCE 1947 - 2000
TELE CITTA 76
CONTEMPORARY 2000 - 2018
77
RAJPUTS 700 - 1200 Tomar Dynasty Chauhan Dynasty Ghurid Dynasty Slave Dynasty
DELHI SULTANATE ARCHI CITTA
1200 - 1500
MUGHALS 1500- 1850
BRITISH RAJ 1850- 1947
CINE CITTA POST INDEPENDENCE 1947 - 2000
700 - 1200: Lal Kot & Qila Rai Pithora GA TE
TELE CITTA
RAJPUTS CONTEMPO700RARY - 1200
ER
ET
RIM
PE
LAL KOT / QILA RAI PITHORA
DELHI SULTANATE ARCHI CITTA
ER
NT
CE
2000 - 2018
CITY OF FAITH
1200 - 1500
MUGHALS 1500- 1850 Shergarh Shajahanabad - Old city Bazaar
BRITISH RAJ 1850- 1947
CINE CITTA POST INDEPENDENCE 1947 - 2000
1500 - 1850: Red Fort & Walled Old Delhi GA TE
TELE CITTA
CONTEMPORARY RAJPUTS
ER
NT
CE
2000 - 2018 700 - 1200
ER
ET
RIM
PE
RED FORT CITY OF FAITH
DELHI SULTANATE ARCHI CITTA
1200 - 1500
MUGHALS 1500- 1850
Shergarh Shajahanabad - Old city Bazaar
BRITISH RAJ 1850- 1947
CINE CITTA POST INDEPENDENCE 1947 - 2000
1500 - 1850: Hauz Khas Village TELE CITTA
78
CONTEMPORARY 2000 - 2018
Recombinant Urbanism
GA TE
ER
NT
CE
ER
ET
RIM
PE
HAUZ KHAS VILLAGE CITY OF FAITH
RAJPUTS 700 - 1200
DELHI SULTANATE ARCHI CITTA
1200 - 1500
MUGHALS 1500- 1850
BRITISH RAJ 1850- 1947 Railway Central Planned Delhi
CINE CITTA POST INDEPENDENCE 1947 - 2000
1911: New Delhi Master Plan RAJPUTS 700 - 1200
TELE CITTA
LE
CONTEMPORARY
PO
2000 - 2018 LE
PO
DELHI SULTANATE ARCHI CITTA
B
A
INDIA GATE
1200 - 1500
CITY OF MACHINE
MUGHALS 1500- 1850
BRITISH RAJ 1850- 1947
CINE CITTA POST INDEPENDENCE 1947 - 2000 Refugee Colonies Ring Roads 1st Master Plan 1962 1st mall - Ansal Plaza
1950s: Refugee Colonies PERIMETER ENCLAVE
TELE CITTA
CONTEMPORAJPUTS 700 -RARY 1200 2000 - 2018 ARMATURE
REFUGEE COLONIES
DELHI SULTANATE ARCHI CITTA
CITY OF ORGANISM
1200 - 1500
MUGHALS 1500- 1850
BRITISH RAJ 1850- 1947
CINE CITTA POST INDEPENDENCE 1947 - 2000
TELE CITTA
CONTEMPORARY
2000s: Satellite Cities
PERIMETER ENCLAVE
2000 - 2018 Metro Satellite Cities Malls
Delhi, India
ARMATURE
SATELLITE CITIES CITY OF ORGANISM
79
VARANASI IN FLUX Varanasi, India Columbia GSAPP, Spring 2018 Critics: Kate Orff, Dilip da Cunha, Geeta Mehta, Julia Watson Team: Huanyu Chen, Fatma Mhmood, Xianyao Xia What if all public spaces in Varanasi become resilient, flexible and adaptable Maidans ? Varanasi is a city in constant flux; with a population that shifts from 1.2 million residents to an additional 6 million tourists and pilgrims during festivals, fairs and religious activities. This flux can also be observed through the landscape and its relationship to the water, reflecting cycles of monsoon, migration, cultivation, and celebration. We believe that this impermanence in Varanasi leads to an opportunity of synthesizing the relationship between these cycles at both a macro scale and a micro scale to prepare Varanasi as a city that could better absorb the flux that is projected in the future. By intervening in selected trajectories we have identified in Varanasi, we propose to introduce an infrastructural system made from locally available materials at locations along these trajectories as resilience strategies. This infrastructure includes loosely programed “maidan� spaces along the ghats as well as inside the city for temporary shelters, markets and natural habitats. By challenging the formal notions of reading a city as a stagnant and permanent entity, we look at Varanasi as an oscillating city in relation to time; with people, fauna, flora and water all in dynamic Flux throughout the year.
vem No
ber
December
CYCLES OF FLUX
Jan u
ary
Marigold Mustard Wheat
M M arigo Ric ustar ld ea d
8.4mm
ber
Oc to
r Feb aw ali Dev De ep
S
hi vra
a Ma gh
Pausa
na a Agh
Ashvin
ra
Mo n
Shravan M as
mm
9.6
sseh
ra
e Ric Jute igold r Ma
mer Sum Du
September
ad Bh
n soo
Sprin g
ha sht Jye Ashadha Shr aav ana
206mm
March
ga
rtik
Ka
Autum n
una alg Ph Chaitra Vai sak ha
n Ga
m
W i
er
30.3m
tr i
La
utumn te-A
nt
Ramlila
M ah a
gu Au
st
Ri
ce
m
6m
31 27.6m
m
y Ma
m
June
547m
Jul y
People Fauna Flora Water
82
y
eat Wh umber Cuc lant .4mm p 8 Egg
1.2m
uar
Urban Design Studio III
Ap ri
l
BENEFICIAL TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN THE ELEMENTS
Varanasi, India
83
THE CONCEPT OF MAIDAN
Current Approach to Planning
Proposed Approach to Creating Urban Spaces
Expansive Network of Maidans
84
Urban Design Studio III
SITES AS MAIDANS
Varanasi, India
85
3 SITE T YPOLOGIES
Abandoned Kunds
Chakra Tal
Enclosed Parks
Beniya Park
Ganga’s Dynamic Edge
Ganga’s Dynamic Edge
DESIGN STRATEGY
PERMANENT INFRASTRUCTURE
Chosen Sites Chakra Tal
Beniya Park
Ganga’s Dynamic Edge
INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE
MAKAR SANKRANTRI
Permanent Infrastructure Chakra Tal
Beniya Park
Ganga’s Dynamic Edge
INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE
SHRAVAN MAS
Makar Sankrantri Chakra Tal
Beniya Park
Ganga’s Dynamic Edge
INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE
DEV DEEPAWALI
Shravan Mas Chakra Tal
Beniya Park
Ganga’s Dynamic Edge
Dev Deepawali
86
Chakra Tal
Beniya Park
Urban Design Studio III
Ganga’s Dynamic Edge
PERMANENT & TEMPORARY INFRASTRUCTURE
Providing Access Through Wayfinding
Manipulating the Landscape
Extractive & Additive Operations
Varanasi, India
87
INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SOCIAL SPACE
Creating Built Inhabitable Spaces
Attaching Temporary Infrastructure
88
Urban Design Studio III
REVIVING ABANDONED TALABS
Engaging locals in maintenance & operation
Chakra Tal during Dev Deepawali
Chakra Tal during Shravan Mas
Varanasi, India
89
CREATING MICRO-ECONOMICS
Facilitating nomad’s mobility through SoCCs
Beniya Park during Dev Deepawali
Beniya Park during Shravan Mas
90
Urban Design Studio III
ESTABLISHING OUTLETS
Establishing outflows for people and water at Ganga’s dynamic edge
Ganga during Dev Deepawali
Ganga during Shravan Mas
Varanasi, India
91
Chakra Tal Crops
Agricultural Fields
Religious Objects Desilting
Silt Extraction Water
Waste Bi
Outflow D
AN EXPANISVE NETWORK OF MAIDANS
Sandbag
Silt Remova
Crops
Religious Objects
Beniya Park
Crops
Ganga’s Dynamic Edge Fence Removal Extending Access Religious Objects Water
People
Agricultural Fields
Birds
Religious Objects
Crops
in Set up
Docks
gs
al
Ground Preparation for Aarti
Water
Religious Objects People
Ban Edilbi be2265@columbia.edu (+1) 917 443 2739 New York, NY