Income and Poverty in the United States 2013 by Barbados Labour Party

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 Current Population Reports By Carmen DeNavas-Walt and Bernadette D. Proctor Issued September 2014 P60-249

U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU census.gov

Acknowledgments Carmen DeNavas-Walt, with the assistance of Melissa A. Kollar and Jessica L. Semega, prepared the income sections of this report under the direction of Edward J. Welniak, Jr., Chief of the Income Statistics Branch. Bernadette D. Proctor prepared the poverty section under the direction of Trudi J. Renwick, Chief of the Poverty Statistics Branch. Charles T. Nelson, Assistant Division Chief for Economic Characteristics, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division, provided overall direction. David E. Adams, Vonda M. Ashton, Susan S. Gajewski, Demographic Surveys Division, and Tim J. Marshall and Lisa Cheok, Associate Directorate Demographic Programs, processed the Current Population Survey 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement file. Christopher J. Boniface, Kirk E. Davis, Matthew Davis, Raymond E. Dowdy, Van P. Duong, Thy K. Le, Chandararith R. Phe, and Nora P. Szeto programmed and produced the historical, detailed, and publication tables under the direction of Hung X. Pham, Chief of the Tabulation and Applications Branch, Demographic Surveys Division. Matthew Herbstritt and Rebecca A. Hoop, under the supervision of David V. Hornick, all of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division, conducted sample review. Greg Weyland, Tim J. Marshall, Lisa Cheok, and Aaron Cantu, Associate Directorate Demographic Programs, and Roberto Picha, Agatha Jung, and Johanna Rupp, Technologies Management Office, prepared and programmed the computer-assisted interviewing instrument used to conduct the Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Additional people within the U.S. Census Bureau also made significant contributions to the preparation of this report. Marjorie Hanson, John Hisnanick, Joshua W. Mitchell, Laryssa Mykyta, Jonathan L. Rothbaum, Bereket T. Shibeshi, Kathleen S. Short, and Bruce H. Webster, Jr. reviewed the contents. Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers collected the data. Without their dedication, the preparation of this report or any report from the Current Population Survey would be impossible. Linda Chen of the Census Bureau’s Center for New Media and Promotion and Donna Gillis and Anthony Richards of the Public Information Office provided publication management, graphics design and composition, and editorial review for print and electronic media. Don Meyd of the Census Bureau’s Administrative and Customer Services Division provided printing management.

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

Issued September 2014 P60-249

U.S. Department of Commerce Penny Pritzker, Secretary Bruce H. Andrews, Deputy Secretary Economics and Statistics Administration Mark Doms, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs U.S. CENSUS BUREAU John H. Thompson, Director

Suggested Citation DeNavas-Walt, Carmen and Bernadette D. Proctor, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-249, Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2014.

ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS ADMINISTRATION

Economics and Statistics Administration Mark Doms, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU John H. Thompson, Director Nancy A. Potok, Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer Enrique Lamas, Associate Director for Demographic Programs Victoria Velkoff, Chief, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division

Contents TEXT Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 ��1 Introduction ��1 Source of Estimates ��1 Statistical Accuracy ��2 Supplemental Poverty Measure ��2 State and Local Estimates of Income and Poverty ��3 Dynamics of Economic Well-Being ��4 Income in the United States ��5 Highlights ��5 Household Income ��7 Type of Household ��7 Race and Hispanic Origin ��7 Age of Householder ��7 Nativity ��8 Region ��8 Residence ��8 Income Inequality ��8 Equivalence-Adjusted Income Inequality ��9 Earnings and Work Experience ��10 Poverty in the United States ��12 Highlights ��12 Race and Hispanic Origin ��12 Age ��14 Sex ��15 Nativity ��15 Region ��15 Residence ��15 Work Experience ��15 Families ��16 Depth of Poverty ��16 Ratio of Income to Poverty ��16 Income Deficit ��18 Shared Households ��18 Alternative/Experimental Poverty Measures ��19 National Academy of Sciences (NAS)-Based Measures ��19 Research Files ��20 CPS Table Creator ��20 Comments ��20

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Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 iii

TEXT TABLES Table 1. Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2012 and 2013 ��6 Table 2. Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and EquivalenceAdjusted Income: 2012 and 2013 ��9 Table 3. People in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2012 and 2013 ��13 Table 4. Families in Poverty by Type of Family: 2012 and 2013 ��16 Table 5. People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by Selected Characteristics: 2013 ��17 Table 6. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status: 2013 ��19

FIGURES Figure 1. Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2013 ��5 Figure 2. Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers 15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 2013 ��10 Figure 3. Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers With Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 2013 ��11 Figure 4. Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2013 ��12 Figure 5. Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2013 ��14 Figure 6. Poverty Rates by Age by Sex: 2013 ��15 Figure 7. Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees of Poverty: 2013 ��18

iv Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

APPENDIXES Appendix A. Estimates of Income �� 21 How Income Is Measured �� 21 Recessions �� 21 Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) Using Current Methods All Items: 1947 to 2013 �� 22 Cost-of-Living Adjustment �� 22 Poverty Threshold Adjustment �� 22 Appendix B. Estimates of Poverty �� 43 How Poverty Is Calculated �� 43 Poverty Thresholds for 2013 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years �� 43 Weighted Average Poverty Thresholds in 2013 by Size of Family �� 43 Appendix C. Replicate Weights �� 57 Appendix D. Description of the Split Panel Test of the Current Population

Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) Income Redesign �� 59

Appendix E. Additional Data and Contacts �� 61 Customized Tables �� 61 The CPS Table Creator �� 61 Data Ferrett �� 61 Public Use Microdata �� 61 CPS ASEC �� 61 Taxes and Noncash Benefits �� 61 Research Files �� 61 Topcoding �� 61

APPENDIX TABLES Table A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2013 �� 23 Table A-2. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013. �� 30 Table A-3. Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013 �� 36 Table A-4. Number and Real Median Earnings of Total Workers and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Sex and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2013 �� 40 Table B-1. Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013 �� 44 Table B-2. Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013 �� 50 Table B-3. Poverty Status of Families, by Type of Family: 1959 to 2013 �� 56

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Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 v

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 INTRODUCTION This report presents data on income and poverty in the United States based on information collected in the 2014 and earlier Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplements (CPS ASEC) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. Summary of findings: •

Real median household income in 2013 was not statistically different from the 2012 median income.1

•

The official poverty rate decreased between 2012 and 2013, while the number in poverty in 2013 was not statistically different from 2012.

For most groups, the 2013 income estimates were not statistically different from 2012 estimates. There were a few exceptions. Real median household income increased for Hispanic households, households maintained by a noncitizen, and households maintained by a householder aged 15 to 24 or aged 65 and older. The 2013 poverty rates decreased for all people and for these groups: Hispanics, males and females, children under age 18, the foreign born, people outside metropolitan statistical areas, all families, and married-couple families. 1 “Real” refers to income after adjusting for inflation. All income values are adjusted to reflect 2013 dollars. The adjustment is based on percentage changes in prices between 2013 and earlier years and is computed by dividing the annual average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) for 2013 by the annual average for earlier years. The CPI-U-RS values for 1947 to 2013 are available in Appendix A and on the Internet at <www.census.gov/hhes/www /income/data/incpovhlth/2013/CPI-U-RS -Index-2013.pdf>. Consumer prices between 2012 and 2013 increased by 1.5 percent.

U.S. Census Bureau

Source of Estimates The data in this report are from the 2014 Current Population Survey (CPS) Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC). The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of data for this report is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. Estimates published in this report and the corresponding income and poverty detailed tables available on the Internet may vary from estimates based on the full sample. A description of the split panel test and the income redesign are available in Appendix D. Data from the CPS ASEC were collected in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The data do not represent residents of Puerto Rico and U.S. Island Areas.* The 2013 estimates in this report are controlled to independent national population estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin for March 2014. Beginning with 2010, population estimates are based on 2010 Census population counts and are updated annually taking into account such things as births, deaths, emigration, and immigration. The CPS is a household survey primarily used to collect employment data. The sample universe for the basic CPS consists of the resident civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. People in institutions, such as prisons, long-term care hospitals, and nursing homes, are not eligible to be interviewed in the CPS. Students living in dormitories are included in the estimates only if information about them is reported in an interview at their parents’ home. Since the CPS is a household survey, persons who are homeless and not living in shelters are not included in the sample. The sample universe for the CPS ASEC is slightly larger than that of the basic CPS since it includes military personnel who live in a household with at least one other civilian adult, regardless of whether they live off post or on post. All other Armed Forces are excluded. For further documentation about the CPS ASEC, see <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs -surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf>. * U.S. Island Areas include American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands of the United States.

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 1

This report contains two main sections—one focuses on income and the other on poverty. Each section presents estimates by characteristics such as race, Hispanic origin, nativity, and region.2 Other topics, such as earnings and family poverty rates are included only in the relevant section.

2 Federal surveys give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-incombination concept). The body of this report (text, figures, and tables) shows data using the first approach (race alone). The appendix tables show data using both approaches. Use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. In this report, the terms “White, not Hispanic” and “non-Hispanic White” are used interchangeably and refer to people who are not Hispanic and who reported White and no other race. The Census Bureau uses non-Hispanic Whites as the comparison group for other race groups and Hispanics. Since Hispanics may be any race, data in this report for Hispanics overlap with data for race groups. Being Hispanic was reported by 14.5 percent of White householders who reported only one race, 5.3 percent of Black householders who reported only one race, and 1.8 percent of Asian householders who reported only one race. The small sample size of the Asian population and the fact that the CPS does not use separate population controls for weighting the Asian sample to national totals contribute to the large variances surrounding estimates for this group. As a result, we are unable to detect statistically significant differences between some estimates for the Asian population. The American Community Survey (ACS), based on a much larger sample size of the population, is a better source for estimating and identifying changes for small subgroups of the population. The householder is the person (or one of the people) in whose name the home is owned or rented and the person to whom the relationship of other household members is recorded. If a married couple owns the home jointly, either the husband or the wife may be listed as the householder. Since only one person in each household is designated as the householder, the number of householders is equal to the number of households. This report uses the characteristics of the householder to describe the household. Data users should exercise caution when interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic population or for race groups because these populations consist of many distinct groups that differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture, and recent immigration status. Data were first collected for Hispanics in 1972 and for Asians and Pacific Islanders in 1987. For further information, see <www.census.gov/cps>.

Statistical Accuracy Most of the data from the CPS ASEC were collected in March (with some data collected in February and April). The estimates in this report (which may be shown in text, figures, and tables) are based on responses from a sample of the population and may differ from actual values because of sampling variability or other factors. As a result, apparent differences between the estimates for two or more groups may not be statistically significant. All comparative statements have undergone statistical testing and are significant at the 90 percent confidence level unless otherwise noted. In this report, the variances of estimates were calculated using both the Successive Difference Replication (SDR) method and the Generalized Variance Function (GVF) approach. (See Appendix C for a more extensive discussion of these methods.) Further information about the source and accuracy of the estimates is available at <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249sa.pdf>.

Supplemental Poverty Measure In 2010, an interagency technical working group (which included representatives from the Bureau of Labor Statistics [BLS], the Census Bureau, the Economics and Statistics Administration, the Council of Economic Advisers, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the Office of Management and Budget) issued a series of suggestions to the Census Bureau and the BLS on how to develop the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM). Their suggestions drew on the recommendations of a 1995 National Academy of Sciences report and the extensive research on poverty measurement conducted over the subsequent 15 years. The new measure based on these suggestions serves as an additional indicator of economic well-being and provides a deeper understanding of economic conditions and policy effects. The new measure creates a more complex statistical picture incorporating additional items such as tax payments and work expenses in its family resource estimates. Thresholds used in the new measure are derived from Consumer Expenditure Survey expenditure data on basic necessities (food, shelter, clothing, and utilities) and are adjusted for geographic differences in the cost of housing. The new thresholds are not intended to assess eligibility for government programs. The Census Bureau published preliminary poverty estimates using the new approach in November 2011, November 2012, and November 2013. Poverty rates were lower for children and higher for those aged 18 to 64 and 65 years and older than under the official poverty measure. They can be found at <www.census.gov/library/publications/2013/demo /p60-247.html>. SPM estimates for 2013 will be published in fall 2014.

2 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

State and Local Estimates of Income and Poverty The U.S. Census Bureau presents annual estimates of median household income and poverty by state and other smaller geographic units based on data collected in the American Community Survey (ACS). Single-year estimates are available for geographic units with populations of 65,000 or more. The ACS produces estimates of income and poverty for counties and places with populations of 20,000 or more by pooling 3 years of ACS data. Five-year income and poverty estimates are available for all geographic units, including census tracts and block groups, from pooling 5 years of ACS data. The Census Bureau’s Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) program produces annual estimates of a select set of income and poverty measures. Using statistical models, SAIPE produces estimates of median household income and poverty for states and all counties, as well as population and poverty estimates for school districts. The SAIPE approach combines data from a variety of sources, including administrative records, population estimates, the decennial census, and the ACS, to provide consistent and reliable single-year estimates. In general, SAIPE estimates have lower variances than ACS estimates but are released later because they incorporate ACS data in the models. The income and poverty estimates for 2012 are available at <www.census .gov/did/www/saipe/index.html>. Estimates for 2013 will be available later this year.

The CPS is the longest-running survey conducted by the Census Bureau. The CPS ASEC asks detailed questions categorizing income into over 50 sources. The key purpose of the CPS ASEC is to provide timely and detailed estimates of income and poverty and to measure change in these nationallevel estimates. The CPS ASEC is the official source of the national poverty estimates calculated in accordance with the Office of Management and

U.S. Census Bureau

Budget’s Statistical Policy Directive 14 (Appendix B). The Census Bureau also reports income and poverty estimates based on data from the American Community Survey (ACS). The ACS is part of the 2020 Census program and eliminates the need for a long-form census questionnaire. The ACS offers broad, comprehensive information on social, economic, and housing topics and provides this information at many levels of geography.

Since the CPS ASEC produces more complete and thorough estimates of income and poverty, the Census Bureau recommends that people use it as the data source for national estimates. Estimates for income and poverty and other economic characteristics at the state level can be found on the American FactFinder Web site at <factfinder2.census.gov> and in forthcoming reports based on 2013 ACS data. For more information on state and local estimates, see the text box “State and Local Estimates of Income and Poverty.” The CPS ASEC provides reliable estimates of the net change, from one year to the next, in the overall distribution of economic characteristics of the population, such as income and earnings, but it does not show how those characteristics change for the same person, family, or household. Longitudinal measures of income and poverty that are based on following the same people over time are available from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Estimates derived from SIPP data answer questions such as: •

What percentage of households move up or down the income distribution over time?

•

How many people remain in poverty over time?

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 3

The text box “Dynamics of Economic Well-Being” provides more information about the SIPP. The income and poverty estimates shown in this report are based solely on money income before taxes and do not include the value of noncash benefits, such as those provided by the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Medicare, Medicaid, public housing, or employer-provided fringe benefits. Since the publication of the first official U.S. poverty estimates in 1964, there has been a continuing debate about the best approach to measuring

income and poverty in the United States. Recognizing that alternative estimates of income and poverty can provide useful information to the public as well as to the federal government, the U.S. Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB) Chief Statistician formed the Interagency Technical Working Group on Developing a Supplemental Poverty Measure. This group asked the Census Bureau, in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), to develop a new measure that allows an improved understanding of the economic wellbeing of American families and how federal policies affect those living

Dynamics of Economic Well-Being The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) provides monthly data about labor force participation and income sources and amounts. The data yield insights into the dynamic nature of these experiences and the economic mobility of U.S. residents. For example, the data demonstrate that using a longer time frame to measure poverty (e.g., 4 years) yields, on average, a lower poverty rate than the annual measures presented in this report, while using a shorter time frame (e.g., 2 months) yields higher poverty rates. Some specific findings include: •

The proportion of households in the bottom quintile in 2004 that moved up to a higher quintile in 2007 (30.9 percent) was not statistically different from the proportion of households in the top quintile in 2004 that moved to a lower quintile in 2007 (32.2 percent).

•

Households with householders who had lower levels of education were more likely to remain in or move into a lower quintile than households whose householders had higher levels of education.

4 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

in poverty. In November 2011, the Census Bureau released the first sets of estimates for the Supplemental Poverty Measure.3 These and additional current estimates are available at <www.census.gov/hhes/povmeas /methodology/supplemental/index .html>. The text box “Supplemental Poverty Measure” provides more information about this initiative.

3 See <www.census.gov/hhes/povmeas /methodology/supplemental/research/Short _ResearchSPM2010.pdf>.

•

During the 3-year period from 2009 to 2011, approximately 31.6 percent of the population had at least one spell of poverty lasting 2 or more months.

•

Chronic poverty over the 3-year period from 2009 to 2011 was relatively uncommon, with 3.5 percent of the population living in poverty during all 36 months.

More information based on these data is available in the Census Bureau’s P70 Series Reports, as well as in table packages and working papers. For more information, see <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/sipp /publications.html>. The U.S. Census Bureau recently reengineered the SIPP. The redesigned survey was fielded in early 2014, collecting data for calendar year 2013. The survey changed to a design that reduces respondent burden and cost by collecting data in an annual format rather than the three-times per year format of the prior SIPP panels. The redesigned SIPP addresses the same topic areas as the earlier SIPP panels, combining the topical module and core content into an integrated instrument. For more information, see <www.census.gov/sipp/>.

U.S. Census Bureau

INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES Highlights •

Median household income was $51,939 in 2013, not statistically different in real terms from the 2012 median of $51,759 (Figure 1 and Table 1). This is the second consecutive year that the annual change was not statistically significant, following two consecutive years of annual declines in median household income.

•

In 2013, real median household income was 8.0 percent lower than in 2007, the year before the most recent recession (Figure 1 and Table A-1).

•

Changes in real median incomes between 2012 and 2013 for family and nonfamily households

were not statistically significant (Table 1). •

•

The real median income of Hispanic households increased by 3.5 percent between 2012 and 2013. For non-Hispanic White, Black, and Asian households the 2012-2013 changes in real median household income were not statistically significant (Table 1). The real median income of households maintained by a noncitizen increased by 6.0 percent between 2012 and 2013. The median incomes of households maintained by a native-born or foreign-born naturalized citizen in 2013 were not statistically

different from their respective 2012 incomes (Table 1).4 •

For the Northeast, Midwest, South, and West, the 2012-2013 changes in real median household income were not statistically significant (Table 1).

•

The number of men and women working full time, year round with earnings increased by 1.8

4 Native-born households are those in which the householder was born in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Island Areas of Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, or the Virgin Islands of the United States or was born in a foreign country but had at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. All other households are considered foreign born regardless of the date of entry into the United States or citizenship status. The CPS does not interview households in Puerto Rico. Of all householders, 85.7 percent were native born; 7.7 percent were foreign-born, naturalized citizens; and 6.6 percent were noncitizens.

Figure 1.

Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2013 80,000

Recession

2013 dollars

70,000

$67,065 Asian

60,000

$58,270 White, not Hispanic

50,000

$51,939

All races

40,000

$40,963

Hispanic (any race)

$34,598

30,000 Black 20,000 10,000 0 1959

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010 2013

Note: Median household income data are not available prior to 1967. For more information on recessions, see Appendix A. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <ftp://ftp2.census.gov /programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

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Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 5

Table 1.

Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2012 and 2013 (Income in 2013 dollars. Households and people as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf. Standard errors calculated using replicate weights) 2012 Characteristic

Median income (dollars) Number (thousands)

HOUSEHOLDS All households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percentage change* in real median income (2013 less 2012)

20131 Median income (dollars)

Estimate

90 percent C.I.2 (±)

Number (thousands)

Estimate

90 percent C.I.2 (±)

Estimate

90 percent C.I. 2 (±)

122,459

51,759

348

122,952

51,939

455

0.3

1.05

Type of Household Family households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Married-couple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Female householder, no husband present. . . . . . . . . . . . . Male householder, no wife present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonfamily households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Female householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Male householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

80,902 59,204 15,469 6,229 41,558 21,810 19,747

64,984 76,794 34,496 49,341 31,329 26,394 37,527

783 621 998 1,581 482 594 761

81,192 59,669 15,193 6,330 41,760 22,266 19,494

65,587 76,509 35,154 50,625 31,178 26,425 36,876

643 674 832 1,503 518 795 937

0.9 –0.4 1.9 2.6 –0.5 0.1 –1.7

1.59 1.20 3.78 4.28 2.18 3.75 3.06

Race3 and Hispanic Origin of Householder White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White, not Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

97,705 83,792 15,872 5,560

54,487 57,837 33,805 69,633

640 600 1,318 3,154

97,774 83,641 16,108 5,759

55,257 58,270 34,598 67,065

699 1,006 1,198 2,830

1.4 0.7 2.3 –3.7

1.64 1.90 5.09 5.77

Hispanic (any race). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15,589

39,572

892

15,811

40,963

908

*3.5

3.33

Age of Householder Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

94,535 6,314 20,017 21,334 24,068 22,802 27,924

58,186 31,049 52,128 64,553 67,376 59,478 34,340

513 1,101 606 1,530 1,003 1,374 640

94,223 6,323 20,008 21,046 23,809 23,036 28,729

58,448 34,311 52,702 64,973 67,141 57,538 35,611

958 1,808 1,489 1,620 1,265 1,662 722

0.4 *10.5 1.1 0.7 –0.3 –3.3 *3.7

1.82 7.22 2.93 3.52 2.33 3.45 2.83

Nativity of Householder Native born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Naturalized citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not a citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

104,909 17,550 9,192 8,358

52,556 46,136 53,786 38,269

391 790 1,962 1,050

105,328 17,624 9,491 8,133

52,779 46,939 54,974 40,578

754 1,037 2,898 1,113

0.4 1.7 2.2 *6.0

1.56 2.85 6.98 3.90

Region Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22,125 27,093 45,938 27,303

55,421 51,213 48,731 55,958

1,625 789 869 1,037

22,053 27,214 46,499 27,186

56,775 52,082 48,128 56,181

1,426 1,160 1,104 1,190

2.4 1.7 –1.2 0.4

3.82 2.72 2.66 2.76

Residence Inside metropolitan statistical areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside principal cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outside principal cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outside metropolitan statistical areas 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

102,784 41,152 61,631 19,676

53,758 46,570 59,634 41,796

728 806 943 1,046

103,573 41,359 62,213 19,379

54,042 46,778 59,497 42,881

790 892 1,090 1,238

0.5 0.4 –0.2 2.6

1.90 2.55 2.46 3.02

59,009 44,042

50,116 38,340

780 602

60,769 45,068

50,033 39,157

404 596

–0.2 2.1

1.64 2.24

EARNINGS OF FULL-TIME, YEAR-ROUND WORKERS Men with earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women with earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

* An asterisk preceding an estimate indicates change is statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. 1 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. For more information, see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo /p60-249sa.pdf>. 3 Federal surveys give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately. 4 The “Outside metropolitan statistical areas” category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. For more information, see “About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas” at <www.census.gov/population/metro/>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2013 and 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

6 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

million and 1.0 million, respectively, between 2012 and 2013 (Table 1).5 â&#x20AC;˘

â&#x20AC;˘

The changes in the real median earnings of men and women who worked full time, year round between 2012 and 2013 were not statistically significant (Table 1). The 2013 female-to-male earnings ratio was 0.78, not statistically different from the 2012 ratio (Table 1 and Figure 2).

Household Income Median household income was $51,939 in 2013, not statistically different from the 2012 median in real terms, 8.0 percent lower than the 2007 (the year before the most recent recession) median ($56,436), and 8.7 percent lower than the median household income peak ($56,895) that occurred in 1999 (Figure 1 and Table A-1).6 Type of Household Real median incomes in 2013 for family households, $65,587, and nonfamily households, $31,178, were not statistically different from their respective 2012 medians (Table 1). Among the specific types of family and nonfamily households, the changes in real income between 2012 and 2013 were also not statistically significant. Annual increases in median household income were last experienced in 2007 for family households and in 2009 for nonfamily households. For family households, married-couple households had the highest median 5 The difference between the 2012-2013 increases in the number of male and female fulltime, year-round workers with earnings is not statistically significant. 6 The difference between the 1999 and 2007 median household incomes was not statistically significant. The difference between the 20072013 and 1999-2013 percentage changes (8.0 and 8.7 percent, respectively) was not statistically significant.

U.S. Census Bureau

income in 2013 ($76,509), followed by households maintained by men with no wife present ($50,625). Those maintained by women with no husband present had the lowest income ($35,154). Race and Hispanic Origin The real median income of Hispanic households increased by 3.5 percent between 2012 and 2013, from $39,572 to $40,963. For non-Hispanic White, Black, and Asian households, the 2012-2013 changes in real median household income were not statistically significant (Table 1). Before 2013, Hispanic households had not experienced an annual increase in median income since 2000. NonHispanic White and Black households last experienced an annual increase in median incomes in 2007, and Asian householdsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; last annual increase in median income was in 1999. Among the race groups, Asian households had the highest median income in 2013 ($67,065). The median income for non-Hispanic White households was $58,270, and it was $34,598 for Black households (Table 1 and Figure 1). For Hispanic households, the median income was $40,963. The real median household income for each of the race and Hispanic-origin groups has not yet recovered to its pre-2001-recession median household income peak. Household income in 2013 was 5.6 percent lower for non-Hispanic Whites (from $61,733 in 1999), 13.8 percent lower for Blacks (from $40,131 in 2000), 11.1 percent lower for Asians (from $75,423 in 2000), and 8.7 percent lower for

Hispanics (from $44,867 in 2000) (Table A-1). 7 Comparing the 2013 income of nonHispanic White households with that of other households shows that the ratio of Asian to non-Hispanic White income was 1.15, the ratio of Black to non-Hispanic White income was 0.59, and the ratio of Hispanic to non-Hispanic White income was 0.70. Between 1972 and 2013, the change in the Black to non-Hispanic White income ratio was not statistically significant.8 Over the same period, the Hispanic to non-Hispanic White income ratio declined from 0.74 to 0.70. Income data for the Asian population was first available in 1987. The 2013 Asian to non-Hispanic White income ratio was not statistically different from the 1987 ratio. Age of Householder Households maintained by a householder aged 15 to 24 years or aged 65 and older experienced significant increases in real median income between 2012 and 2013. Median income increased by 10.5 percent for households maintained by a householder aged 15 to 24 years, from $31,049 to $34,311(Table 1). The last time young householders experienced an annual increase in income was in 2006 (Table 1). The median income of households maintained by a householder aged 65 and older increased by 3.7 percent, from $34,340 to

7 The differences between the declines for Asian households and Black and Hispanic households were not statistically significant. The difference between the declines for non-Hispanic White households and Hispanic households was also not statistically significant. For non-Hispanic White households, the $61,733 income peak in 1999 was not statistically different from their 2000 median of $61,715. For Blacks, the $40,131 income peak in 2000 was not statistically different from their 1999 median of $39,019. For Hispanics, the $44,867 income peak in 2000 was not statistically different from their 2001 median of $44,164. 8 1972 was the first year that income data for the Hispanic and non-Hispanic White populations were collected in the CPS ASEC.

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 7

$35,611.9 This was their first increase since 2009. Households maintained by a householder aged 45 to 54 had the highest median income in 2013 ($67,141), followed by those with a householder aged 35 to 44 ($64,973), those with a householder aged 55 to 64 ($57,538), and those with a householder aged 25 to 34 ($52,702). Households maintained by a householder aged 15 to 24 years and aged 65 and older had the lowest median incomes, $34,311 and $35,611, respectively, not statistically different from each other. Nativity The real median income of households maintained by a noncitizen increased 6.0 percent between 2012 and 2013, from $38,269 to $40,578. The median incomes of households maintained by a native-born or foreign-born naturalized citizen in 2013 were not statistically different from their respective 2012 incomes (Table 1). In 2013, the median income of households maintained by a naturalized citizen ($54,974) was not statistically different from the income of households maintained by a nativeborn person ($52,779). Both types of households had incomes higher than households maintained by a noncitizen ($40,578) (Table 1).

9 The difference between the 2012-2013 percentage changes in median household income of households maintained by a householder aged 15 to 24 years and aged 65 years and older was not statistically significant. The differences were not statistically significant between the following median household incomes: the 2013 incomes of households maintained by a 15- to 24-yearold and those maintained by a person 65 years and older, and the 2013 income of households maintained by a 15- to 24-year-old and the 2012 income of households maintained by a person 65 years and older.

Region10 In 2013, households with the highest median household incomes were in the Northeast ($56,775) and the West ($56,181), followed by the Midwest ($52,082) and the South ($48,128).11 None of the regions had a statistically significant change in median household income between 2012 and 2013 (Table 1). Residence In 2013, households within metropolitan areas but outside principal cities had the highest median income ($59,497), while households outside metropolitan areas had the lowest ($42,881). Between 2012 and 2013, the changes in the real median incomes of households for the four residential categories shown in Table 1 were not statistically significant. Income Inequality The Census Bureau traditionally reports two measures of income inequality: (1) the shares of aggregate household income received by quintiles and (2) the Gini index. In addition to these measures, the Census Bureau also produces estimates of the ratio of income percentiles; the Theil index, which is similar to the Gini index in that it is a single statistic that summarizes the dispersion of income across the entire income distribution; the mean logarithmic deviation of income (MLD), which measures the gap between median and average income; and the Atkinson measure, which is 10 The Northeast region includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The Midwest region includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The South region includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia, a state equivalent. The West region includes Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 11 The difference between the median household incomes for the Northeast and the West was not statistically significant.

8 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

useful in determining which end of the income distribution contributed most to inequality.12 Changes in income inequality between 2012 and 2013 were not statistically significant as measured by the shares of aggregate household income by quintiles, the Gini index, the MLD, the Theil index, and the Atkinson measures (Table 2 and A-2). Households in the lowest quintile had incomes of $20,900 or less in 2013. Households in the second quintile had incomes between $20,901 and $40,187, those in the third quintile had incomes between $40,188 and $65,501, and those in the fourth quintile had incomes between $65,502 and $105,910. Households in the highest quintile had incomes of $105,911 or more. The top 5 percent had incomes of $196,001 or more. The Gini index was 0.476 in 2013, not statistically different from 2012. Since 1993, the earliest year available for comparable measures of income inequality, the Gini index was up 4.9 percent (Table A-2).13,14 Comparing changes in household income at selected percentiles shows that income inequality has increased between 1999 (the year that household income peaked before the 2001 recession) and 2013 (Table A-2). Incomes at the 50th and 10th percentiles declined by 8.7 percent and 14.3 percent, respectively, while there was no statistically significant decline in income at the 90th percentile 12 An article by Paul Allison, “Measures of Inequality,” American Sociological Review, 43, December 1977, pp. 865-880, provides an explanation of inequality measures. 13 Exercise caution when making direct comparisons with years earlier than 1993 because of substantial methodological changes in the 1994 CPS ASEC. In that year, the Census Bureau introduced computer-assisted interviewing and increased income reporting limits. 14 For further discussion of how high incomes reported in the CPS ASEC affect income distribution measures, see Jessica Semega and Ed Welniak, “Evaluating the Impact of Unrestricted Income Values on Income Distribution Measures Using the Current Population Survey’s Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC),” April 2007, <www.census.gov/hhes/www/income /publications/unrestrict-tables/index.html>.

U.S. Census Bureau

between 1999 and 2013. In 2013, the 90th to 10th percentile income ratio was 12.10, not statistically different from the 2012 ratio. Since 1999, the 90th to 10th percentile income ratio increased 16.1 percent, from 10.42 to 12.10. Equivalence-Adjusted Income Inequality

$30,000 for a single-person household and a family household similarly, while the equivalence-adjusted income of $30,000 for a single-person household would be more than twice the equivalence-adjusted income of $30,000 for a family household with two adults and two children. The equivalence adjustment used here is

based on a three-parameter scale15 that reflects: 1. On average, children consume less than adults. 2. As family size increases, expenses do not increase at the same rate. 15 The three-parameter scale used here is the same as the one used in the report The Effect of Taxes and Transfers on Income and Poverty in the United States: 2005, Current Population Reports, P60-232, U.S. Census Bureau, March 2007, <www.census.gov/library /publications/2007/demo/p60-232.html>. The three-parameter scale was applied to the incomes of families and unrelated individuals and assigned to each family member or unrelated individual living within the household. For details on the derivation of the three-parameter scale, see Kathleen Short, Experimental Poverty Measures: 1999, Current Population Reports, P60-216, U.S. Census Bureau, October 2001, <www.census.gov/library/publications/2001 /demo/p60-216.html>.

Another way to measure income inequality is to use an equivalenceadjusted income estimate that takes into consideration the number of people living in the household and how these people share resources and take advantage of economies of scale. For example, the money-incomebased distribution treats an income of

Table 2.

Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income: 2012 and 2013 (For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps /techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

2012 Money income Measure

Shares of Aggregate Income by Percentile Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Middle quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality. . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . . . Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percentage change2,*

20131

Equivalenceadjusted income

Money income

Equivalenceadjusted income

Money income

90 percent C.I.3 Estimate (±)

3.2 8.3 14.4 23.0 51.0 22.3

3.4 9.0 14.8 22.9 49.9 22.1

3.2 8.4 14.4 23.0 51.0 22.2

3.5 9.1 14.9 22.9 49.6 21.8

0.06 0.10 0.13 0.18 0.41 0.49

–0.6 0.8 0.3 –0.2 –0.1 –0.6

2.06 1.57 1.22 1.02 1.00 2.83

*2.7 0.9 0.4 Z –0.5 –1.5

2.53 1.40 1.16 1.04 1.05 2.82

0.05 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.32 0.43

0.06 0.08 0.12 0.17 0.35 0.43

0.05 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.40 0.49

0.477 0.0033 0.586 0.0112 0.423 0.0097

0.463 0.0036 0.629 0.0119 0.405 0.0102

0.476 0.0041 0.578 0.0130 0.415 0.0111

0.459 0.0042 0.620 0.0136 0.392 0.0110

–0.2 –1.4 –1.9

1.09 2.81 3.37

–0.8 –1.5 –3.3

1.16 2.80 3.50

0.101 0.0019 0.198 0.0029 0.300 0.0038

0.097 0.0019 0.192 0.0031 0.298 0.0040

0.100 0.0022 0.196 0.0035 0.298 0.0046

0.095 0.0022 0.188 0.0036 0.293 0.0047

–1.3 –0.9 –0.8

2.76 2.26 1.92

–2.6 –2.1 –1.6

2.87 2.37 2.01

* An asterisk preceding an estimate indicates change is statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. Z Represents or rounds to zero. 1 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2 Calculated estimate may be different due to rounded components. 3 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. For more information, see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249sa.pdf>. Source: U. S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2013 and 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 9

3. The increase in expenses is larger for a first child of a single-parent family than the first child of a two-adult family. Table 2 shows several income inequality measures, including aggregate income shares and the Gini index, using both money income and 足equivalence-adjusted income for 2012 and 2013. For both 2012 and 2013, the Gini index was lower when based on an equivalence-adjusted income estimate than on the traditional money-income estimate, suggesting a more equal income distribution. Generally, the shares of income in the lower quintiles are higher with 足equivalence-adjusted income than money income while the reverse is true for the higher quintiles. This redistribution would be expected because the lower end of the income

distribution has a higher concentration of single-person households and smaller family sizes than those at the upper end of the distribution. Thus, equivalence adjusting increases the relative income of people living in lower-income groups.

0.095 and 0.293 with e=0.75 in 2013. Table A-3 shows equivalence-adjusted measures of income distribution as well as the Gini index, MLD, Theil index, and Atkinson measure for income years 1967 to 2013.

Based on equivalence-adjusted income, changes in inequality between 2012 and 2013 were not statistically significant as measured by the Gini index, the MLD, the Theil index, and the Atkinson measures (Table 2). The share of aggregate equivalenceadjusted income in the lowest quintile increased 2.7 percent between 2012 and 2013; the changes in the other quintiles were not statistically significant. The Gini index was 0.459 in 2013. The MLD was 0.620, the Theil index was 0.392, and the Atkinson measure calculated with e=0.25 was

Earnings and Work Experience In 2013, the real median earnings of men ($50,033) and women ($39,157) who worked full time, year round were not statistically different from their respective 2012 medians (Table 1 and Figure 2). Neither group has experienced a significant annual increase in median earnings since 2009. The 2013 female-to-male earnings ratio was 0.78, not statistically different from the 2012 ratio. The female-to-male earnings ratio has not experienced a significant annual increase since 2007.

Figure 2.

Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers 15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 2013 Earnings in thousands (2013 dollars), ratio in percent

Recession

90 80

78 percent

Female-to-male earnings ratio

60 50

$50,033 Earnings of men

$39,157 Earnings of women

30 20 10 0 1959

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010 2013

Note: Data on earnings of full-time, year-round workers are not readily available before 1960. For more information on recessions, see Appendix A. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1961 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

10 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

Figure 3.

Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers With Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 2013 90

Numbers in millions

Recession 83.6 million

74.5 million 70 60

60.8 million

Male workers

50 45.1 million

Male full-time, year-round workers

Female workers

Female full-time, year-round workers

20 10 0 1959

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010 2013

Note: Data on number of workers are not readily available before 1967. Data are for people aged 15 and older beginning in 1980 and people aged 14 and older for previous years. Before 1989, data are for civilian workers only. For more information on recessions, see Appendix A. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

The changes between 2012 and 2013 in the number of men and women with earnings, regardless of work experience, were not statistically significant. However, the number of men and women working full time, year round with earnings increased by 1.8 million and 1.0 million, respectively, between 2012 and 2013, suggesting a shift from part-year, part-time work status to full-time, year-round work

U.S. Census Bureau

status (Figure 3 and Table A-4).16 An estimated 72.7 percent of working men with earnings and 60.5 percent of working women with earnings worked full time, year round in 2013, both percentages higher than the 16 The difference between the 2012-2013 increases in the number of men and women full-time, year-round workers was not statistically significant. A full-time, year-round worker is a person who worked 35 or more hours per week (full time) and 50 or more weeks during the previous calendar year (year round). For school personnel, summer vacation is counted as weeks worked if they are scheduled to return to their job in the fall. For detailed information on work experience, see Table PINC-05, “Work Experience in 2013—People 15 Years Old and Over by Total Money Earnings in 2013, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex” at <www.census.gov/hhes /www/cpstables/032014/perinc/toc.htm>.

2012 estimates of 71.1 percent and 59.4 percent, respectively. Between 2010 (the year following the most recent recession) and 2013, the number of workers with earnings, regardless of work experience, increased by 4.5 million to 158.1 million. For those working full time, year round, the increase was 6.4 million, to 105.8 million. While the number of all workers in 2013 was not statistically different from the peak that occurred in 2007, the number of full-time, yearround workers in 2013 was less than the 2007 peak of 108.6 million.

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 11

POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES 17 Highlights •

•

In 2013, the official poverty rate was 14.5 percent, down from 15.0 percent in 2012 (Figure 4 and Table 3). This was the first decrease in the poverty rate since 2006.

•

In 2013, there were 45.3 million people in poverty. For the third consecutive year, the number of people in poverty at the national level was not statistically different from the previous year’s estimate (Figure 4 and Table 3).

•

The 2013 poverty rate was 2.0 percentage points higher than in 2007, the year before the most recent recession (Figure 4).17

The Office of Management and Budget determined the official definition of poverty in Statistical Policy Directive 14. Appendix B provides a more detailed description of how the Census Bureau calculates poverty. 17

The poverty rate for children under 18 fell from 21.8 percent in 2012 to 19.9 percent in 2013 (Table 3 and Figure 5).18

•

The poverty rate for people aged 18 to 64 was 13.6 percent, while the rate for people aged 65 and older was 9.5 percent. Neither of these poverty rates was statistically different from its 2012 estimates (Table 3 and Figure 5).

•

Both the poverty rate and the number in poverty decreased for Hispanics in 2013 (Table 3).

•

Despite the decline in the national poverty rate, the 2013 regional poverty rates were not

statistically different from the 2012 rates. Race and Hispanic Origin Hispanics were the only group among the major race and ethnic groups to experience a statistically significant change in their poverty rate and the number of people in poverty. For Hispanics, the poverty rate fell from 25.6 percent in 2012 to 23.5 percent in 2013, while the number of Hispanics in poverty fell from 13.6 million to 12.7 million. The poverty rate for non-Hispanic Whites was 9.6 percent in 2013.19 Non-Hispanic Whites accounted for 62.4 percent of the total population and 41.5 percent of people in poverty. For Blacks, the 2013 poverty rate was 27.2 percent, and there were

18 Since unrelated individuals under 15 are excluded from the poverty universe, there are 430,000 fewer children in the poverty universe than in the total civilian noninstitutionalized population.

19 The poverty rate for non-Hispanic Whites was not statistically different from the poverty rate for Asians.

Figure 4.

Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2013 50

Recession

Numbers in millions

45.3 million

45 40

Number in poverty

35 30 25 20 25

Percent

Poverty rate

14.5 percent

15 10 5 0

1959

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010 2013

Note: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. For information on recessions, see Appendix A. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

12 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

Table 3.

People in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2012 and 2013 (Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) 2012

20131

Below poverty Characteristic

Change in poverty (2013 less 2012) 2,*

Below poverty

Percent

90 percent C.I.3 (±)

Total

Number

90 percent C.I.3 (±)

Percent

90 percent C.I.3 (±)

Number

Percent

Total

Number

90 percent C.I.3 (±)

310,648

46,496

899

15.0

0.3

312,965

45,318

1,014

14.5

0.3

– 1,178

*–0.5

Family Status In families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252,863 Householder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,944 Related children under age 18. . . . . . . . . . . 72,545 Related children under age 6. . . . . . . . . . 23,604 1,599 In unrelated subfamilies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reference person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 Children under age 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 56,185 Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33,198 9,520 15,437 5,769 740 278 440 12,558

823 230 431 221 99 36 65 344

13.1 11.8 21.3 24.4 46.3 43.3 51.4 22.4

0.3 0.3 0.6 0.9 4.9 4.6 5.3 0.5

254,988 81,217 72,573 23,585 1,413 595 714 56,564

31,530 9,130 14,142 5,231 608 246 340 13,181

845 247 445 225 114 48 69 414

12.4 11.2 19.5 22.2 43.0 41.3 47.7 23.3

0.3 0.3 0.6 1.0 6.3 6.4 6.7 0.6

*–1,669 *–390 *–1,295 *–538 –132 –32 *–99 *623

*–0.8 *–0.5 *–1.8 *–2.3 –3.3 –2.0 –3.7 *1.0

Race4 and Hispanic Origin White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242,147 White, not Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,112 40,125 Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,417 Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30,816 18,940 10,911 1,921

709 595 422 191

12.7 9.7 27.2 11.7

0.3 0.3 1.1 1.1

243,085 195,167 40,615 17,063

29,936 18,796 11,041 1,785

816 722 506 176

12.3 9.6 27.2 10.5

0.3 0.4 1.3 1.0

–880 –144 130 –136

–0.4 –0.1 Z –1.2

Hispanic (any race). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53,105

13,616

458

25.6

0.9

54,145

12,744

513

23.5

0.9

*–871

*–2.1

Sex Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,058 Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,590

20,656 25,840

464 529

13.6 16.3

0.3 0.3

153,361 159,605

20,119 25,199

568 573

13.1 15.8

0.4 0.4

–537 –641

*–0.5 *–0.5

Age 73,719 Under age 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aged 18 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,642 43,287 Aged 65 and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16,073 26,497 3,926

447 522 174

21.8 13.7 9.1

0.6 0.3 0.4

73,625 194,833 44,508

14,659 26,429 4,231

455 648 227

19.9 13.6 9.5

0.6 0.3 0.5

*–1,415 –68 *305

*–1.9 –0.1 0.4

Nativity Native born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270,570 40,078 Foreign born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Naturalized citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,193 Not a citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,885

38,803 7,693 2,252 5,441

827 304 159 254

14.3 19.2 12.4 24.9

0.3 0.6 0.8 1.0

271,968 40,997 19,147 21,850

37,921 7,397 2,425 4,972

943 373 173 311

13.9 18.0 12.7 22.8

0.3 0.8 0.9 1.2

–882 –296 173 *–469

–0.4 *–1.2 0.3 *–2.1

Region 55,050 Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,337 Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,957 73,303 West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7,490 8,851 19,106 11,049

302 388 686 409

13.6 13.3 16.5 15.1

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

55,478 66,785 116,961 73,742

7,046 8,590 18,870 10,812

437 430 706 434

12.7 12.9 16.1 14.7

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6

–444 –261 –236 –237

–0.9 –0.5 –0.3 –0.4

Residence Inside metropolitan statistical areas . . . . . . . . 262,949 Inside principal cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,225 Outside principal cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161,724 47,698 Outside metropolitan statistical areas5 . . . . . .

38,033 19,934 18,099 8,463

914 610 669 639

14.5 19.7 11.2 17.7

0.3 0.5 0.4 0.9

265,915 102,149 163,767 47,050

37,746 19,530 18,217 7,572

1,007 842 738 665

14.2 19.1 11.1 16.1

0.4 0.7 0.4 1.0

–287 –404 118 *–891

–0.3 –0.6 –0.1 *–1.6

Work Experience Total, aged 18 to 64. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,642 All workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,814 Worked full-time, year-round . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,715 Less than full-time, year-round. . . . . . . . . . . 47,099 47,828 Did not work at least 1 week. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26,497 10,672 2,867 7,805 15,825

522 294 133 233 369

13.7 7.3 2.9 16.6 33.1

0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.6

194,833 146,252 100,855 45,397 48,581

26,429 10,736 2,771 7,965 15,693

648 347 155 322 515

13.6 7.3 2.7 17.5 32.3

0.3 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.9

–68 64 –96 160 –132

–0.1 Z –0.2 *1.0 –0.8

Disability Status6 Total, aged 18 to 64. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,642 14,996 With a disability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . With no disability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177,727

26,497 4,257 22,189

522 161 478

13.7 28.4 12.5

0.3 0.9 0.3

194,833 15,098 178,761

26,429 4,352 22,023

648 233 567

13.6 28.8 12.3

0.3 1.2 0.3

–68 95 –166

–0.1 0.4 –0.2

PEOPLE Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Z Represents or rounds to zero. *An asterisk preceding an estimate indicates change is statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. 1 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2 Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. 3 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. For more information see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249sa.pdf>. 4 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination c oncept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately. 5 The “Outside metropolitan statistical areas” category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. For more information, see “About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas” at <www.census.gov/population/metro>. 6 The sum of those with and without a disability does not equal the total because disability status is not defined for individuals in the Armed Forces. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2013 and 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 13

11.0 million people in poverty. For Asians, the 2013 poverty rate was 10.5 percent, which represented 1.8 million people in poverty. Age In 2013, both the poverty rate and the number in poverty decreased for children, defined as those under age 18. The poverty rate fell from 21.8 percent to 19.9 percent. The number of children in poverty fell from 16.1 million to 14.7 million. Children represented 23.5 percent of the total population and 32.3 percent of people in poverty. The poverty rate for children was higher than the rates for people aged 18 to 64 and those aged 65 and older. Neither the poverty rate nor the number of people in poverty aged 18 to 64 were statistically different in 2013 than 2012, at 13.6 percent and 26.4 million in 2013 (Table 3 and Figure 5). The number of people aged 65 and older in poverty increased from 3.9

million in 2012 to 4.2 million in 2013. The 2013 poverty rate for this group was 9.5 percent, which was not statistically different from the 2012 poverty rate. Related children are people under age 18 related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption who are not themselves householders or spouses of householders.20 The poverty rate and the number in poverty for related children under age 18 were 19.5 percent and 14.1 million in 2013, down from 21.3 percent and 15.4 million in 2012. For related children in families with a female householder, 45.8 percent were in poverty in 2013, not statistically different from 2012. The poverty rate for related children in married-couple

20 Official poverty estimates for children are compiled in two waysâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;estimates for all children and estimates for related children. In 2013, estimates for all children included an additional 1.1 million children. About 714,000 were members of unrelated subfamilies.

families decreased from 11.1 percent in 2012 to 9.5 percent in 2013.21 About 1 in 5 related children under age 6 were in poverty in 2013. The poverty rate and the number in poverty for these children were 22.2 percent and 5.2 million in 2013, down from 24.4 percent and 5.8 million in 2012. Among related children under age 6 in families with a female householder, more than half (55.0 percent) were in poverty.22 This was more than five times the rate for related children in married-couple families (10.2 percent).

21 In the text of this report, families with a female householder with no husband present will be referred to as families with a female householder. Families with a male householder with no wife present will be referred to as families with a male householder. 22 The 2013 poverty rate for related children under age 6 in families with a female householder was not statistically different from their 2012 poverty rate.

Figure 5.

Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2013 50

Recession

Percent

45 40 35

Aged 65 and older

30 25

Under age 18

19.9 percent

13.6 percent

9.5 percent

Aged 18 to 64 5 0 1959

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010 2013

Note: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. Data for people aged 18 to 64 and 65 and older are not available from 1960 to 1965. For information on recessions, see Appendix A. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

14 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

Sex Between 2012 and 2013, poverty rates fell for both males and females. In 2013, 13.1 percent of males and 15.8 percent of females were in poverty, down from 13.6 percent and 16.3 in 2012 (Table 3). Gender differences in poverty rates were more pronounced for those aged 65 and older. The poverty rate for women aged 65 and older was 11.6 percent, while the poverty rate for men aged 65 and older was 6.8 percent. The poverty rate for women aged 18 to 64 was 15.3 percent, while the poverty rate for men aged 18 to 64 was 11.8 percent. On the other hand, for children under age 18, the poverty rate for girls (20.0 percent) was not statistically different from the poverty rate for boys (19.8 percent) (Figure 6). Nativity The foreign-born population was estimated to be 13.1 percent of the total population. In 2013, the poverty rate for the foreign born decreased from 19.2 percent in 2012 to 18.0 percent in 2013, while the number in poverty was not statistically different from 2012 at 7.4 million. In contrast, the 2013 poverty rate and the number in poverty for the native born were not statistically different from the previous year at 13.9 percent and 37.9 million (Table 3). Within the foreign-born population, 46.7 percent were naturalized citizens. The poverty rate and the number in poverty in 2013 were 12.7 percent and 2.4 million for foreignborn naturalized citizens, neither statistically different from 2012. On the other hand, both the poverty rate and the number in poverty fell for foreignborn noncitizens. The rate fell from 24.9 percent in 2012 to 22.8 percent in 2013, while the number fell from 5.4 million to 5.0 million.

Figure 6.

Poverty Rates by Age by Sex: 2013 (In percent) Female Aged 65 and older

6.8

15.3

Aged 18 to 64

11.8

20.0

Under age 18

19.8

Note: For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Region None of the four regions experienced a significant change in the poverty rate or the number in poverty between 2012 and 2013. In 2013, the poverty rate and the number in poverty were 12.7 percent and 7.0 million for the Northeast, 12.9 percent and 8.6 million for the Midwest, 16.1 percent and 18.9 million for the South, and 14.7 percent and 10.8 million for the West (Table 3). The South continued to have a higher poverty rate than the other three regions.23 Residence Inside metropolitan statistical areas, the poverty rate and the number of people in poverty were 14.2 percent and 37.7 million in 2013, which were not statistically different from 2012. Among those living outside metropolitan statistical areas, the poverty rate and the number in poverty decreased from 17.7 percent and 8.5 million in 2012 to 16.1 percent and 7.6 million in 2013.

23 The difference in the poverty rates for the Northeast and the Midwest was not statistically significant.

U.S. Census Bureau

Male

11.6

The 2013 poverty rate and the number of people in poverty for those living inside metropolitan areas but not in principal cities were 11.1 percent and 18.2 million. Among those who lived in principal cities, the 2013 poverty rate and the number in poverty were 19.1 percent and 19.5 million. Neither estimate was statistically different from 2012. Within metropolitan areas, people in poverty were more likely to live in principal cities in 2013. While 38.4 percent of all people living in metropolitan areas lived in principal cities, 51.7 percent of poor people in metropolitan areas lived in principal cities (Table 3). Work Experience In 2013, the percentage of workers aged 18 to 64 in poverty was 7.3 percent, not statistically different from 2012. For those who worked full time, year round, the poverty rate was 2.7 percent in 2013, which was not statistically different from 2012. One of the only major groups to experience higher poverty in 2013 than in 2012 was the group working less than full time, year round. The poverty rate for this group increased from 16.6

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 15

percent in 2012 to 17.5 percent in 2013 (Table 3). However, the number of workers who worked less than full time, year round fell from 47.1 million in 2012 to 45.4 million in 2013. Among those who did not work at least 1 week in 2013, the poverty rate and the number in poverty were 32.3 percent and 15.7 million in 2013, not statistically different from the 2012 estimates (Table 3). Those who did not work at least 1 week in 2013 represented 24.9 percent of all people aged 18 to 64, compared with 59.4 percent of people aged 18 to 64 in poverty (Table 3). Families The poverty rate for families fell from 11.8 percent in 2012 to 11.2 percent in 2013. The number of families in poverty fell from 9.5 million to 9.1 million over the same period (Table 4). For married-couple families, both the poverty rate and the number in poverty decreased to 5.8 percent and 3.5 million in 2013, down from 6.3 percent and 3.7 million in 2012. The poverty rate and the number in

poverty showed no statistical change in 2013 for other families. The poverty rate for families with a female householder was 30.6 percent, while the poverty rate for families with a male householder was 15.9 percent. There were 4.6 million female-householder families in poverty and 1.0 million male-householder families in poverty in 2013.

of 125 percent has income that is 25 percent above its poverty threshold. The income deficit or surplus shows how many dollars a family’s or an individual’s income is below (or above) their poverty threshold. For those with an income deficit, the measure is an estimate of the dollar amount necessary to raise a family’s or a person’s income to their poverty threshold.

Depth of Poverty Categorizing a person as “in poverty” or “not in poverty” is one way to describe his or her economic situation. The income-to-poverty ratio and the income deficit or surplus describe additional aspects of economic wellbeing. While the poverty rate shows the proportion of people with income below the relevant poverty threshold, the income-to-poverty ratio gauges the depth of poverty and shows how close a family’s income is to its poverty threshold. The income-to-poverty ratio is reported as a percentage that compares a family’s or an unrelated person’s income with the applicable poverty threshold. For example, a family with an income-to-poverty ratio

Ratio of Income to Poverty Table 5 presents the number and the percentage of people with specific income-to-poverty ratios—those below 50 percent of poverty (“Under 0.50”), those below 125 percent of poverty (“Under 1.25”), those below 150 percent of poverty (“Under 1.50”), and those below 200 percent of poverty (“Under 2.00”). In 2013, 19.9 million people lived in families with an income below onehalf of their poverty threshold. They represented 6.3 percent of all people and 43.8 percent of those in poverty. One in 5 people (19.2 percent) had a family income below 125 percent of their threshold, 1 in 4 people

Table 4.

Families in Poverty by Type of Family: 2012 and 2013 (Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. Families as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys /cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Characteristic

FAMILIES Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2012

20131

Below poverty

90 90 percent percent Total Number C.I.3 (±) Percent C.I.3 (±) 80,944

Type of Family Married-couple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,224 Female householder, no husband present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,489 Male householder, no wife present. . . 6,231

Change in poverty (2012 less 2013)2,*

90 90 percent percent Total Number C.I.3 (±) Percent C.I.3 (±) Number Percent

9,520

230

11.8

0.3

81,217

9,130

247

11.2

0.3

*–390

*–0.5

3,705

145

6.3

0.2

59,692

3,476

165

5.8

0.3

*–228

*–0.4

4,793 1,023

195 81

30.9 16.4

1.0 1.2

15,195 6,330

4,646 1,008

200 97

30.6 15.9

1.1 1.4

–147 –15

–0.4 –0.5

16 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

(24.3 percent) had a family income below 150 percent of their poverty threshold, while approximately 1 in 3 (33.9 percent) had a family income below 200 percent of their threshold (Table 5).

at this poverty level (6.3 percent) (Table 5).

•

The demographic makeup of the population differs at varying degrees of poverty (Figure 7). In 2013, children represented:

Of the 19.9 million people with a family income below one-half of their poverty threshold, 6.5 million were children under age 18, 12.2 million were aged 18 to 64, and 1.2 million were aged 65 years and older. The percentage of people aged 65 and older with an income below 50 percent of their poverty threshold was 2.7 percent, less than one-half the percentage of the total population

•

23.5 percent of the overall population.

•

32.6 percent of the population below 50 percent of their poverty threshold.

•

27.5 percent of people with an income between 100 percent and 200 percent of their poverty threshold.

20.4 percent of the people with an income above 200 percent of their poverty threshold (Figure 7).

By comparison, people aged 65 and older represented: •

14.2 percent of the overall population.

•

6.1 percent of people below 50 percent of their poverty threshold.

•

17.3 percent of people between 100 percent and 200 percent of their poverty threshold.

•

14.4 percent of people with an income above 200 percent of their poverty threshold (Figure 7).

Table 5.

People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by Selected Characteristics: 2013 (Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses.1 Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) Income-to-poverty ratio2 Under 0.50 Characteristic

Total Number

90 percent C.I.3 (±)

Percent

90 percent C.I.3 (±)

Under 1.25

Under 1.50

Under 2.00

Number

90 percent C.I.3 (±)

90 percent Per- C.I.3 cent (±) Number

90 percent Per- C.I.3 cent (±)

Number

90 percent Per- C.I.3 cent (±)

All people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312,965

19,870

587

6.3

0.2

60,215

1,129

19.2

0.4

76,077

1,244

24.3

0.4

106,024 1,422

33.9

0.5

Age Under age 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,625 Aged 18 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,833 Aged 65 and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,508

6,484 12,165 1,221

310 391 143

8.8 6.2 2.7

0.4 0.2 0.3

19,215 34,298 6,702

473 778 284

26.1 17.6 15.1

0.6 0.4 0.6

23,656 43,073 9,348

502 851 327

32.1 22.1 21.0

0.7 0.4 0.7

31,364 538 59,911 1,002 14,749 386

42.6 30.7 33.1

0.7 0.5 0.9

Sex Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,361 Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,605

8,816 11,054

358 349

5.7 6.9

0.2 0.2

26,816 33,399

627 639

17.5 20.9

0.4 0.4

34,193 41,885

670 720

22.3 26.2

0.4 0.5

48,629 57,395

770 781

31.7 36.0

0.5 0.5

Race4 and Hispanic Origin White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243,085 White, not Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,167 Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,615 Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,063 Hispanic (any race). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,145

12,861 8,383 4,963 882 5,114

506 5.3 434 4.3 336 12.2 113 5.2 306 9.4

0.2 0.2 0.8 0.7 0.6

40,577 25,420 13,825 2,507 17,112

958 811 574 231 581

16.7 13.0 34.0 14.7 31.6

0.4 0.4 1.4 1.3 1.1

52,127 33,332 16,551 3,274 21,310

1,017 895 575 275 629

21.4 17.1 40.8 19.2 39.4

0.4 0.5 1.4 1.6 1.2

75,228 1,228 49,843 1,068 20,610 555 4,792 306 28,680 685

30.9 25.5 50.7 28.1 53.0

0.5 0.5 1.4 1.7 1.3

Family Status In families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254,988 Householder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,217 Related children under age 18. . . . . . 72,573 Related children under age 6 . . . . 23,585 1,413 In unrelated subfamilies. . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,564

12,967 3,901 6,135 2,521 377 6,526

506 5.1 169 4.8 299 8.5 173 10.7 96 26.7 302 11.5

0.2 0.2 0.4 0.7 5.9 0.5

42,874 12,375 18,634 6,652 722 16,619

965 298 457 234 116 443

16.8 15.2 25.7 28.2 51.1 29.4

0.4 0.4 0.6 1.0 6.1 0.7

54,850 15,924 23,003 8,109 830 20,397

1,068 339 492 237 119 505

21.5 19.6 31.7 34.4 58.7 36.1

0.4 0.4 0.7 1.0 5.4 0.7

78,035 1,252 22,922 417 30,579 527 10,639 261 1,045 134 26,944 577

30.6 28.2 42.1 45.1 73.9 47.6

0.5 0.5 0.7 1.1 4.6 0.7

1 The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of data for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2 The estimates for people with income below 100 percent of their poverty thresholds (under 1.00) can be found in Table 3. 3 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. For more information see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249sa.pdf>. 4 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately. Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 17

Figure 7.

Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees of Poverty: 2013 (In percent) Total

23.5

62.3

14.2

Population with income-to-poverty ratios 200% and above Between 100% and 199%

20.4

65.2

27.5

Between 50% and 99%

32.1

Below 50%

32.6 Children under age 18

55.2 56.1 61.2 People aged 18 to 64

14.4 17.3 11.8 6.1 People aged 65 and older

Income Deficit The income deficit for families in poverty (the difference in dollars between a family’s income and its poverty threshold) averaged $9,834 in 2013, which was not statistically different from the inflation-adjusted 2012 estimate. The average income deficit was larger for families with a female householder ($10,691) than for married-couple families ($9,013) and families with a male householder ($8,717) (Table 6).24 For families in poverty, the average income deficit per capita for families with a female householder ($3,183) was higher than for married-couple families ($2,442) and families with a male householder ($2,841).25 For 24 The income deficit for married-couple families was not statistically different from families with a male householder. 25 The income deficit per capita is computed by dividing the average deficit by the average number of people in that type of family. Since families with a female householder were smaller on average than married-couple families, the larger per capita deficit for female householder families reflects their smaller average family size as well as their lower average family income.

unrelated individuals, the average income deficit for those in poverty was $6,422 in 2013. The $6,041 deficit for women was lower than the $6,905 deficit for men. Shared Households Shared households are defined as households that include at least one “additional” adult, a person aged 18 years or older who is not the householder, spouse, or cohabiting partner of the householder. Adults aged 18 to 24 years who are enrolled in school are not counted as additional adults. In 2014, the number and percentage of shared households was higher than in 2007, prior to the recession.26 In 2007, there were 19.7 million shared households, representing 17.0 percent of all households; by 2014, there were 23.5 million shared households 26 While poverty estimates are based on income in the previous calendar year, estimates of living arrangements, including shared households, reflect household composition at the time of the survey. The CPS ASEC is collected during the months of February, March, and April of each year.

18 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

representing 19.1 percent of all households. The number of adults in shared households grew from 61.7 million (27.7 percent) in 2007 to 73.9 million (30.9 percent) in 2014. Between 2013 and 2014, the change in the number and percentage of shared households was not statistically significant. However, the number of additional adults residing in shared households increased by 1.8 million (0.6 percentage points) between 2013 and 2014. In 2014, an estimated 10.7 million adults aged 25 to 34 (25.2 percent) were additional adults in someone else’s household. Of these young adults, 6.1 million (14.4 percent) lived with their parents. The change between 2013 and 2014 in the number and percentage of additional adults in this age group living in their parents’ household was not statistically significant. Further, there has been no significant annual change since 2011 in the number or percent of adults aged 25 to 34 living with their parents. It is difficult to assess the precise impact of household sharing on overall poverty rates. In 2014, adults aged 25 to 34 living with their parents had an official poverty rate of 9.3 percent (when the entire family’s income is compared with the threshold that includes the young adult as a member of the family). However, if poverty status were determined using only the additional adult’s own income, 43.7 percent of those aged 25 to 34 would have been below the poverty threshold for a single person under age 65. Moreover, although 9.0 percent of families including an adult child of the householder aged 25 to 34 years of age were poor, 14.0 percent of these families would be poor if the young adult was not living in the household.

U.S. Census Bureau

Table 6.

Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status: 2013 (Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses.1 Numbers of families and unrelated individuals in thousands, deficits and surpluses and their confidence intervals [C.I.] in dollars. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, n onsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) Deficit or Average deficit surplus per or surplus capita (dollars) (dollars)

Size of deficit or surplus

Estimate

90 percent C.I.2 (±)

Estimate

90 percent C.I.2 (±)

Characteristic $1,000 $2,500 $5,000 $7,500 $10,000 $12,500 $15,000 or to to to to to to Under more Total $1,000 $2,499 $4,999 $7,499 $9,999 $12,499 $14,999 Below Poverty Threshold, Deficit All families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,130 Married-couple families. . . . . . . . . . 3,476 Families with a female householder, no husband present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,646 Families with a male householder, no wife present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,008 Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,181

651 322

790 330

1,400 598

1,171 438

1,131 464

806 276

884 347

2,298 700

9,834 9,013

188 308

2,848 2,442

65 83

228

342

658

620

516

436

471

1,376 10,691

270

3,183

101 1,353

119 2,137

143 2,706

112 1,483

151 1,207

94 4,295

65 Z

572 154

2,841 6,422

218 154

72,086 56,215

593 286

1,119 570

1,783 988

1,842 1,024

1,815 962

2,004 1,234

1,865 1,149

61,064 74,667 1,158 24,087 50,002 83,767 1,349 26,600

394 442

10,548

258

428

554

653

596

546

481

7,033 37,245 1,250 12,511

456

5,322 43,384

49 1,065

120 1,587

241 3,454

166 2,837

258 3,054

224 2,196

235 2,369

222 Z

8,717 6,422

Above Poverty Threshold, Surplus All families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Married-couple families. . . . . . . . . . Families with a female householder, no husband present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Families with a male householder, no wife present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,029 52,717 3,480 18,668 1,250 26,821 34,066 816 34,066 816

Z represents or rounds to zero. 1 The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of data for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. For more information see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249sa.pdf>. Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Alternative/Experimental Poverty Measures The poverty estimates in this report compare the official poverty thresholds to money income before taxes, not including the value of noncash benefits. The money income measure does not completely capture the economic well-being of individuals and families, and there are many questions about the adequacy of the official poverty thresholds. Families and individuals also derive economic wellbeing from noncash benefits, such as food and housing subsidies, and their disposable income is determined

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by both taxes paid and tax credits received. The official poverty thresholds developed more than 40 years ago do not take into account rising standards of living or such things as childcare expenses, other workrelated expenses, variations in medical costs across population groups, or geographic differences in the cost of living. Poverty estimates using the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) address many of these concerns. SPM estimates for 2012 were published in November 2013 <www.census.gov /library/publications/2013/demo /p60-247.html>. SPM estimates for

2013 will be released in fall 2014. For more details, see the text box “Supplemental Poverty Measure” on page 2. National Academy of Sciences (NAS)Based Measures The Census Bureau also computes alternative poverty measures based on the 1995 recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance. The NAS-based measures, which use both alternative poverty thresholds and an expanded income definition, provide a consistent time series available from

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 19

1999 to the present (www.census .gov/library/publications/2001/demo /p60-216.html).27 The Census Bureau will release estimates for these alternative measures for 2013 in fall 2014. Estimates for 2012 for the NAS-based measures can be found at <www .census.gov/hhes/www/povmeas /tables.html>.

and income estimates using their own combinations of threshold and resource definitions and to see the incremental impact of the addition or subtraction of a single resource element. For example: •

In 2013, the number of people aged 65 and older in poverty would be higher by 14.7 million if social security payments were excluded from money income, more than quadrupling the number of elderly people in poverty.

•

If unemployment insurance benefits were excluded from money income, 1.2 million more people would be counted as in poverty in 2013.

Research Files The Census Bureau makes available microdata research files that provide the variables used to construct SPM estimates and NAS-based alternative measures at <www.census.gov/hhes /povmeas/data/public-use.html>. An expanded version of the CPS ASEC public use file includes estimates of the value of taxes and noncash benefits at <http://thedataweb.rm.census .gov/ftp/cps_ftp.html>. Microdata files are currently available for 2012. Data for 2013 will be released later this year. CPS Table Creator CPS Table Creator is a Web-based tool designed to help researchers explore alternative income and poverty measures. The tool is available from a link on the Census Bureau’s poverty Web site at <www.census.gov/cps/data /cpstablecreator.html>. Table Creator allows researchers to produce poverty 27 Many of the elements of these measures are no longer being updated.

•

If SNAP benefits were counted as income, almost 3.7 million fewer people would be categorized as in poverty in 2013. Taking account of the value of the federal earned income tax credit would reduce the number of children classified as in poverty in 2012 by 2.9 million.28

Researchers can also estimate poverty rates using alternative poverty 28 At this time, Table Creator can calculate these estimates for 2012. Data for 2013 from the 2014 CPS ASEC will be added to the Table Creator later this year when the enhanced CPS ASEC file with estimates of noncash benefits, tax credits, and tax liabilities is released to the public.

20 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

thresholds. Many other countries use relative poverty measures with thresholds that are based on a percentage of median or mean income.29 The Table Creator allows researchers to estimate poverty rates using a relative poverty threshold calculated as any percentage of mean or median equivalenceadjusted income. For example, using poverty thresholds based on 50 percent of median income rather than the official poverty thresholds would increase the overall poverty rate from 15.0 percent to 22.9 percent in 2012.

COMMENTS The Census Bureau welcomes the comments and advice of data and report users. If you have suggestions or comments on the income and poverty data, please write to: Charles T. Nelson Assistant Division Chief, Economic Characteristics Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division U.S. Census Bureau Washington, D.C. 20233-8500 or send e-mail to <charles.t.nelson@census.gov>

29 For example, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) uses a poverty threshold of 50 percent of median income. The European Union defines poverty as an income below 60 percent of the national median equalized disposable income after social transfers.

U.S. Census Bureau

APPENDIX A. ESTIMATES OF INCOME

How Income Is Measured For each person 15 years and older in the sample, the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) asks questions on the amount of money income received in the preceding calendar year from each of the following sources: 1. Earnings 2. Unemployment compensation 3. Workersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; compensation 4. Social security 5. Supplemental security income 6. Public assistance 7. Veteransâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; payments 8. Survivor benefits 9. Disability benefits

Recessions Peak month

Year

Trough month

Year

November

1948

October

1949

July

1953

May

1954

August

1957

April

1958

April

1960

February

1961

December

1969

November

1970

November

1973

March

1975

January

1980

July

1980

July

1981

November

1982

July

1990

March

1991

March

2001

November

2001

December

2007

June

2009

Source:â&#x20AC;&#x192; National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge, MA 02138 <www.nber.org>

10. Pension or retirement income 11. Interest 12. Dividends 13. Rents, royalties, and estates and trusts 14. Educational assistance 15. Alimony 16. Child support 17. Financial assistance from outside of the household 18. Other income It should be noted that although the income statistics refer to receipts during the preceding calendar year, the demographic characteristics, such as age, labor force status, and household composition, are as of the survey date. The income of the household does not include amounts received by people who were members during all or part of the previous year if these people no longer resided in the household at the time of the interview. The ASEC collects income data for people who are current residents but did not reside

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in the household during the previous year. Data on income collected in the ASEC by the U.S. Census Bureau cover money income received (exclusive of certain money receipts such as capital gains) before payments for personal income taxes, social security, union dues, Medicare deductions, etc. Therefore, money income does not reflect the fact that some families receive noncash benefits, such as Supplemental Nutrition Assistance/ food stamps, health benefits, subsidized housing, and goods produced and consumed on the farm. In addition, money income does not reflect the fact that noncash benefits are also received by some nonfarm residents, which often take the form of the use of business transportation and facilities, full or partial payments by business for retirement programs, medical and educational expenses, etc. Data users should consider these elements when

comparing income levels. Moreover, readers should be aware that for many different reasons there is a tendency in household surveys for respondents to underreport their income. Based on an analysis of independently derived income estimates, the Census Bureau determined that respondents report income earned from wages or salaries more accurately than other sources of income, and that the reported wage and salary income is nearly equal to independent estimates of aggregate income. Recessions Business cycle peaks and troughs used to delineate the beginning and end of recessions, as shown in the text box above, are determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research, a private research organization. The data points in the time series charts in this report use July as a reference.

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 21

Cost-of-Living Adjustment Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) Using Current Methods All Items: 1947 to 2013 Year 1947 �� 1948 �� 1949 �� 1950 �� 1951 �� 1952 �� 1953 �� 1954 �� 1955 �� 1956 �� 1957 �� 1958 �� 1959 �� 1960 �� 1961 �� 1962 �� 1963 �� 1964 �� 1965 �� 1966 �� 1967 �� 1968 �� 1969 �� 1970 �� 1971 �� 1972 �� 1973 �� 1974 �� 1975 �� 1976 �� 1977 �� 1978 �� 1979 �� 1980 ��

CPI-U-RS1 index (December 1977 = 100)

Year

37.5 1981 �� 40.5 1982 �� 40.0 1983 �� 40.5 1984 �� 43.7 1985 �� 44.5 1986 �� 44.8 1987 �� 45.2 1988 �� 45.0 1989 �� 45.7 1990 �� 47.2 1991 �� 48.5 1992 �� 48.9 1993 �� 49.7 1994 �� 50.2 1995 �� 50.7 1996 �� 51.4 1997 �� 52.1 1998 �� 52.9 1999 �� 54.4 2000 �� 56.1 2001 �� 58.3 2002 �� 60.9 2003 �� 63.9 2004 �� 66.7 2005 �� 68.7 2006 �� 73.0 2007 �� 80.3 2008 �� 86.9 2009 �� 91.9 2010 �� 97.7 2011 �� 104.4 2012 �� 114.4 2013 �� 127.1

CPI-U-RS1 index (December 1977 = 100) 139.2 147.6 153.9 160.2 165.7 168.7 174.4 180.8 188.6 198.0 205.1 210.3 215.5 220.1 225.4 231.4 236.4 239.7 244.7 252.9 260.0 264.2 270.1 277.4 286.7 296.1 304.5 316.2 315.0 320.2 330.3 337.2 342.1

1 The Census Bureau uses the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) for 1977 through 2013. The Census Bureau derived the CPI-U-RS for years before 1977 by applying the 1977 CPI-U-RS-to-CPI-U ratio to the 1947-to-1976 CPI-U. Note: Data users can compute the percentage changes in prices between earlier years’ data and 2013 data by dividing the annual average CPI-U-RS for 2013 by the annual average for the earlier year(s). For more information on the CPI-U-RS, see <www.bls.gov/cpi/cpiurs.htm>.

22 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

In order to accurately assess changes in income and earnings over time, an adjustment for changes in the cost of living is required. The Census Bureau uses the research series of the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U-RS), provided by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1977 through 2013, to adjust for changes in the cost of living. The indexes used to make the constant dollar conversions are shown in the text box “Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) Using Current Methods All Items: 1947 to 2013.” Poverty Threshold Adjustment The Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB) Statistical Policy Directive 14 directs the Census Bureau to use the CPI-U to update the poverty thresholds each year for changes in the cost of living. These thresholds are compared to current year (unadjusted for inflation) money income. If alternatively, the CPI-U-RS index were used to inflation-adjust money income in previous years and this income were compared to the current year thresholds, poverty rates would be higher in earlier years. This is because the CPI-U-RS results in a smaller cost of living adjustment over time than the CPI-U used to adjust the thresholds. For example, the official poverty rate for 1978 was 11.4 percent. Using the CPI-U-RS to adjust 1978 income to 2013 dollars and the 2013 thresholds, the poverty rate for 1978 would be 12.8 percent.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 23

Number (thousands)

ALL RACES 122,952 20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,459 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,084 20102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,927 20093. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,538 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,181 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,783 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,011 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,384 20044. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113,343 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,000 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,278 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,297 5 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108,209 6 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,434 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,874 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,528 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,018 19957. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,627 19948. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,990 19939. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,107 10 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,426 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,669 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,312 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,347 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,830 198711 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,124 1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89,479 198512 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,458 13 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,789 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,407 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,918 1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,527 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,368 197914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,776 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,330 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,030 15 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,142 16 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,867 197416,17. . . . . . . . . . . . 71,163 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,859 197218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,251 197119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,676 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,778 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,401 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,214 20 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,813 See footnotes at end of table.

Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Total 12.7 12.8 13.1 12.8 11.8 11.8 11.5 11.1 11.6 11.9 11.7 11.4 10.9 10.7 10.5 11.3 11.9 12.3 12.1 13.0 13.4 13.4 13.1 12.7 12.4 13.0 13.3 13.6 13.9 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.2 13.9 13.5 13.2 13.6 13.8 14.1 13.5 13.5 14.2 14.8 14.8 14.6 15.0 16.3

Under $15,000 11.3 11.6 11.3 11.5 11.2 11.1 10.6 10.6 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.6 10.5 10.1 10.4 10.5 11.0 11.2 11.7 12.0 11.7 11.8 11.2 10.9 10.7 11.0 10.9 10.9 11.5 11.7 12.1 11.9 12.2 11.7 11.2 11.7 12.3 12.1 12.4 11.5 11.5 11.3 11.3 10.8 10.7 11.3 11.4

$15,000 to $24,999 10.4 10.6 10.6 10.5 10.6 10.5 10.2 10.5 9.8 10.2 10.2 10.4 10.3 9.9 10.3 9.9 10.3 10.3 10.5 10.5 10.8 10.6 10.7 10.5 10.4 10.4 10.3 10.8 10.6 11.3 11.4 11.6 11.7 11.6 11.0 11.0 10.9 11.3 11.2 11.4 10.2 10.7 11.2 11.3 11.0 10.9 11.6

$25,000 to $34,999 13.6 13.5 13.9 13.3 13.8 13.6 13.0 13.7 13.7 13.9 13.4 13.6 13.8 13.7 13.4 14.2 13.7 14.3 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.7 14.8 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.8 14.5 15.3 15.2 15.7 15.7 15.4 15.2 15.2 15.1 15.7 15.8 16.6 16.4 15.9 16.3 17.0 17.4 17.5 19.3 19.8

$35,000 to $49,999 17.6 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.4 17.2 17.9 17.5 18.0 17.5 17.8 17.7 17.9 18.4 18.1 18.3 18.7 18.6 19.0 18.5 18.5 19.0 19.6 20.2 19.7 19.6 19.8 20.0 20.3 20.3 20.3 20.8 20.9 21.5 21.6 21.6 21.9 22.6 22.4 22.7 22.8 22.8 23.6 23.7 24.4 23.9 23.1

$50,000 to $74,999

Percentage distribution

11.9 11.7 11.5 11.8 12.3 12.6 12.3 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.5 13.0 12.9 12.9 13.0 13.1 13.0 13.1 12.8 12.5 12.6 12.9 12.7 13.1 13.3 13.3 13.1 13.1 12.5 12.6 12.4 12.1 12.6 13.1 13.6 13.7 13.2 12.9 12.5 12.9 13.3 12.9 12.1 12.1 12.1 11.5 10.1

12.4 12.6 12.3 12.9 13.1 13.3 14.1 13.6 13.5 13.3 13.9 13.8 13.8 14.1 14.1 13.7 13.0 12.4 12.2 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.8 11.8 12.2 12.0 11.9 11.4 10.9 10.4 9.7 9.4 9.6 9.5 9.8 9.7 9.0 8.6 8.0 8.6 9.3 8.5 7.5 7.4 7.3 6.1 5.5

5.3 5.1 5.3 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.1 5.4 5.2 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.4 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.3

$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to to $99,999 $149,999 $199,999 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.9 5.1 4.9 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.3 3.9 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9

$200,000 and over 51,939 51,759 51,842 52,646 54,059 54,423 56,436 55,689 55,278 54,674 54,865 54,913 55,562 56,800 56,895 55,497 53,551 52,471 51,719 50,148 49,594 49,836 50,249 51,735 52,432 51,514 51,121 50,488 48,761 47,866 46,425 46,751 46,877 47,668 49,225 49,362 47,523 47,224 46,453 47,702 49,262 48,287 46,304 46,759 47,124 45,435 43,558

Value 276 212 260 347 231 148 157 239 185 242 238 180 170 179 266 328 247 265 299 228 232 236 242 264 288 252 241 262 264 218 211 211 246 245 233 200 179 175 189 183 187 184 180 171 174 164 159

Standard error

Median income (dollars)

72,641 72,310 72,166 72,001 73,824 74,029 75,957 76,912 75,584 74,569 74,812 74,910 76,588 77,287 76,524 74,007 71,910 69,666 68,204 67,041 65,766 63,182 63,253 64,624 66,243 64,365 63,575 62,375 60,009 58,648 56,463 56,342 56,002 56,693 58,474 58,098 56,375 55,548 54,244 55,784 56,971 56,200 53,254 53,542 53,613 51,403 48,717

Value

499 427 381 385 264 262 265 297 285 281 274 281 305 304 397 400 402 390 373 361 356 265 260 273 288 288 261 253 237 216 211 209 204 207 221 223 172 171 169 175 173 174 169 171 169 164 159

Standard error

Mean income (dollars)

(Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. Before 2010, standard errors were calculated using the generalized variance function. For information on confidentiality protection, Âsampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2013â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Con.

Table A-1.

24 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

Number (thousands)

WHITE ALONE21 20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,774 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,705 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,964 20102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,306 20093. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,489 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,297 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,112 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,705 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,588 20044. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,880 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,962 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,645 WHITE22 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,682 20005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,030 6 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,893 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,212 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,106 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,059 19957. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,511 19948. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,737 19939. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,387 10 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,795 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,675 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,968 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,163 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,734 198711 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,519 1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,284 198512 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,576 13 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,328 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,376 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,182 1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,845 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,872 197914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,766 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,028 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,934 15 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,353 16 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,392 197416, 17. . . . . . . . . . . . 62,984 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,965 197218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,618 197119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,463 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,575 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,248 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,394 20 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,188 See footnotes at end of table.

Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year 11.0 11.0 11.2 10.9 10.1 10.3 9.9 9.6 10.0 10.3 10.1 10.0 9.5 9.5 9.0 9.6 10.3 10.5 10.4 11.2 11.4 11.4 11.0 10.8 10.5 11.1 11.3 11.8 12.2 12.1 12.3 12.8 12.4 12.1 11.9 11.7 12.1 12.3 12.6 12.1 12.2 12.8 13.4 13.5 13.3 13.7 14.9

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Under $15,000

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Total

10.2 9.8 10.1 10.0 10.6 10.9 11.2 11.5 11.2 11.3 10.8 10.5 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.9 11.1 11.6 11.3 11.6 11.0 10.6 11.2 11.5 11.4 11.8 10.9 10.8 10.6 10.7 10.2 9.9 10.4 10.6

10.9 11.2 10.8 11.2 10.9 10.8 10.3 10.1 10.4 10.5 10.3 10.2

$15,000 to $24,999

10.0 9.6 10.2 9.6 10.1 10.1 10.4 10.4 10.6 10.5 10.6 10.4 10.3 10.3 10.2 10.5 10.4 11.1 11.2 11.4 11.5 11.4 10.8 10.8 10.6 11.1 11.0 10.9 9.9 10.3 10.9 10.8 10.5 10.5 11.2

10.1 10.6 10.5 10.3 10.3 10.2 10.0 10.2 9.7 10.0 10.0 10.1

$25,000 to $34,999

13.6 13.7 13.4 14.1 13.7 14.4 14.4 14.5 14.7 14.8 15.0 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.8 14.5 15.4 15.4 16.0 15.9 15.5 15.4 15.3 15.2 15.8 15.8 16.6 16.5 15.8 16.4 17.1 17.5 17.5 19.6 20.1

13.5 13.5 14.1 13.4 13.8 13.4 12.9 13.7 13.8 13.7 13.4 13.3

$35,000 to $49,999

18.1 18.5 18.4 18.7 19.0 19.0 19.4 19.0 19.2 19.5 20.1 20.7 20.2 20.3 20.5 20.6 21.0 21.1 21.1 21.5 21.7 22.3 22.3 22.2 22.7 23.2 23.1 23.5 23.5 23.7 24.5 24.6 25.4 25.0 24.2

18.1 17.8 18.0 17.9 17.8 17.6 18.2 17.8 18.3 17.9 18.0 18.0

$50,000 to $74,999

Percentage distribution

13.4 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.5 13.6 13.4 13.1 13.3 13.6 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.0 13.8 13.9 13.2 13.3 12.9 12.7 13.3 13.8 14.3 14.4 14.0 13.6 13.1 13.6 14.1 13.5 12.8 12.8 12.9 12.1 10.7

12.7 12.3 12.0 12.3 12.7 13.1 12.8 13.0 13.1 13.0 13.0 13.6 14.5 14.8 14.8 14.4 13.7 13.1 12.9 12.5 12.3 12.2 12.6 12.5 12.9 12.7 12.7 12.1 11.6 11.0 10.3 10.1 10.3 10.1 10.4 10.3 9.6 9.2 8.6 9.2 9.9 9.1 8.0 7.9 7.7 6.5 5.8

13.0 13.3 12.9 13.7 13.8 14.0 14.8 14.3 14.1 14.1 14.6 14.6 5.4 5.7 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.1 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.4

5.6 5.5 5.7 5.3 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.4

$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to to $99,999 $149,999 $199,999

5.2 5.2 5.2 4.7 4.3 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.3 2.8 2.7 2.9 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.0

5.2 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.4 5.3 4.9 5.1 4.9

$200,000 and over

58,574 59,406 59,172 58,390 56,397 54,939 54,284 52,889 52,323 52,395 52,656 53,960 55,153 54,458 53,861 53,079 51,424 50,497 48,685 48,944 49,528 50,290 51,611 51,315 49,974 49,469 48,579 49,888 51,629 50,658 48,433 48,702 49,180 47,307 45,424

55,257 54,487 54,079 55,246 56,323 56,597 58,550 58,545 57,936 57,540 57,795 58,380

Value

275 262 299 293 357 284 284 297 305 254 255 247 268 322 271 258 275 254 220 223 229 258 245 226 210 205 177 187 197 194 185 187 180 176 165

425 390 233 270 167 164 173 170 253 226 227 237

Standard error

Median income (dollars)

79,620 80,153 79,305 77,364 75,109 72,432 70,923 69,996 68,714 66,035 65,923 67,231 69,002 67,111 66,292 64,973 62,472 61,068 58,806 58,665 58,349 58,981 60,780 60,251 58,577 57,684 56,248 57,850 59,174 58,386 55,182 55,416 55,601 53,251 50,498

75,839 75,497 75,413 75,228 76,613 77,022 79,016 79,843 78,708 77,582 78,004 77,906

Value

342 344 449 455 457 429 411 407 397 294 287 301 319 316 286 278 262 237 229 229 221 226 242 242 189 186 185 187 187 189 180 182 185 176 171

544 471 437 433 295 296 301 333 326 319 313 317

Standard error

Mean income (dollars)

Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2013â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Con.

Table A-1.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 25

Number (thousands)

WHITE ALONE, NOT HISPANIC21 20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,641 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,792 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,573 20102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,314 20093. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,158 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,884 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,765 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,675 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,003 20044. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,628 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,148 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,166 WHITE, NOT HISPANIC22 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,818 20005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,527 6 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,819 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,577 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,936 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,240 19957. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,932 19948. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,004 19939. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,697 10 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,107 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,625 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,035 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,495 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,067 198711 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,120 1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,067 198512 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,540 13 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,586 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,648 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,214 1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,996 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,106 197914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,203 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,836 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,721 15 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,365 16 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,533 197416, 17. . . . . . . . . . . . 60,164 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,236 197218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,005 BLACK ALONE OR IN COMBINATION 20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,855 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,559 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,165 2 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,909 3 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,212 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,056 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,976 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,709 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,399 4 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,151 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,969 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,778 See footnotes at end of table.

Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year

10.2 10.1 10.5 10.1 9.4 9.6 9.3 9.0 9.5 9.8 9.6 9.5 9.1 9.1 8.5 8.9 9.5 9.8 9.6 10.5 10.8 10.8 10.5 10.3 10.0 10.5 10.8 11.3 11.7 11.6 11.8 12.4 12.1 11.8 11.7 11.5 11.9 12.0 12.4 11.9 12.1 12.7 22.7 23.7 24.8 24.1 21.8 21.4 21.6 21.0 21.8 22.4 21.4 21.0

Under $15,000

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Total

14.7 15.1 14.8 14.2 14.2 13.8 13.3 13.9 14.8 13.3 13.8 14.1

9.8 9.3 9.7 9.6 10.2 10.4 10.6 11.1 10.8 10.9 10.5 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.5 10.8 11.3 11.0 11.4 10.8 10.4 11.0 11.3 11.2 11.5 10.6 10.6 10.3

10.4 10.6 10.2 10.7 10.3 10.3 9.8 9.7 9.8 10.0 9.8 9.7

$15,000 to $24,999

12.7 12.0 11.9 12.4 13.4 12.8 12.2 12.9 11.4 12.2 12.4 12.2

9.6 9.3 9.7 9.3 9.7 9.7 10.0 10.2 10.3 10.2 10.3 10.2 10.0 10.1 10.0 10.4 10.3 10.9 11.1 11.3 11.4 11.2 10.6 10.6 10.4 10.9 10.9 10.8 9.6 10.1

9.6 10.1 10.0 9.7 9.8 9.7 9.5 9.8 9.3 9.5 9.6 9.7

$25,000 to $34,999

14.8 14.3 13.6 14.4 14.6 15.7 14.0 14.9 14.7 15.6 14.2 15.4

13.2 13.3 13.0 13.7 13.4 14.2 14.2 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.8 14.5 14.5 14.4 14.6 14.4 15.3 15.4 15.9 15.8 15.4 15.3 15.1 15.0 15.6 15.7 16.5 16.3 15.6 16.2

13.0 13.1 13.6 13.1 13.6 12.9 12.5 13.3 13.3 13.3 12.9 12.9

$35,000 to $49,999

14.8 14.9 15.3 15.2 15.3 15.4 16.5 15.6 16.3 15.3 16.7 15.7

18.1 18.4 18.4 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.8 19.2 19.4 19.7 20.2 20.8 20.3 20.5 20.8 20.8 21.2 21.2 21.3 21.7 21.8 22.5 22.4 22.3 22.8 23.4 23.3 23.6 23.5 23.9

18.3 17.9 18.1 18.0 17.9 17.7 18.1 17.7 18.2 17.7 18.0 18.0

$50,000 to $74,999

Percentage distribution

8.2 8.6 8.2 8.5 9.5 9.1 9.4 9.2 8.9 9.9 9.3 9.5

13.6 13.6 13.9 14.1 14.0 14.0 13.9 13.4 13.7 14.0 13.7 14.0 14.3 14.3 14.1 14.2 13.5 13.5 13.2 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.6 14.7 14.3 13.8 13.4 13.9 14.4 13.8

13.0 12.7 12.4 12.7 13.1 13.6 13.0 13.4 13.5 13.4 13.3 13.9

7.8 7.7 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.9 8.6 8.2 8.0 7.5 8.5 7.9

15.2 15.4 15.4 15.1 14.4 13.7 13.5 13.0 12.8 12.7 13.0 13.0 13.3 13.1 13.2 12.5 12.0 11.4 10.6 10.4 10.5 10.4 10.7 10.5 9.8 9.5 8.8 9.5 10.2 9.4

13.8 14.1 13.7 14.6 14.5 14.8 15.7 15.0 14.8 14.9 15.3 15.3

2.5 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.4

5.7 6.1 5.7 5.5 5.2 5.0 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.3 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.2

6.0 5.9 6.1 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.2 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.7

$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to to $99,999 $149,999 $199,999

1.7 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.9

5.6 5.5 5.6 5.0 4.6 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.4 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.5

5.7 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.3 5.5 5.3

$200,000 and over

34,775 34,208 33,522 34,355 35,568 37,158 38,301 37,124 36,935 37,287 37,603 37,780

60,927 61,715 61,733 60,569 58,720 57,342 56,427 54,596 54,249 54,154 53,914 55,194 56,339 55,958 55,342 54,286 52,581 51,546 49,937 49,764 50,243 51,180 52,338 52,282 50,965 50,477 48,945 50,314 52,084 51,380

58,270 57,837 57,392 58,185 59,146 60,078 61,702 60,567 60,597 60,318 60,513 60,729

Value

700 810 573 502 454 475 522 275 352 342 472 497

253 248 390 348 307 393 294 289 317 335 265 257 276 329 308 280 268 286 251 250 256 108 290 275 287 294 260 247 244 244

612 364 340 477 303 243 277 217 205 276 293 238

Standard error

Median income (dollars)

49,706 48,860 49,203 48,611 50,262 50,502 52,614 52,560 50,983 50,266 51,063 52,227

82,162 82,592 81,905 79,842 77,515 74,623 73,236 71,779 70,525 67,712 67,337 68,721 70,384 68,481 67,588 66,262 63,688 62,129 60,351 59,527 59,084 59,756 61,482 60,962 59,302 58,425 56,937 58,502 59,835 59,063

79,340 78,974 78,780 78,349 79,541 80,172 82,219 82,891 81,859 80,479 80,917 80,430

Value

871 749 801 670 560 528 575 645 555 534 541 609

372 371 485 488 N N 439 426 421 312 300 311 345 322 314 304 289 278 258 255 246 269 269 262 280 261 276 256 253 264

631 522 495 491 325 328 331 366 362 350 343 342

Standard error

Mean income (dollars)

(Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. Before 2010, standard errors were calculated using the generalized variance function. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2013—Con.

Table A-1.

26 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

Number (thousands)

BLACK ALONE23 20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,108 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,872 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,583 20102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,265 20093. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,730 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,595 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,551 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,354 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,002 20044. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,809 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,629 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,465 BLACK22 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,315 20005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,174 6 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,838 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,579 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,474 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,109 19957. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,577 19948. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,655 19939. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,281 10 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,269 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,083 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,671 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,486 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,561 198711 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,192 1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,922 198512 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,797 13 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,480 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,236 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,916 1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,961 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,847 197914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,586 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,066 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,977 15 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,776 16 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,489 197416, 17. . . . . . . . . . . . 7,263 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,040 197218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,809 197119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,578 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,180 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,053 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,870 20 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,728 See footnotes at end of table.

Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year 22.9 23.8 24.9 24.4 21.9 21.5 21.6 21.1 21.9 22.5 21.5 21.1 20.3 19.3 20.2 22.8 22.6 23.8 23.8 25.9 27.5 28.2 28.3 27.1 26.6 27.8 28.4 28.3 27.8 28.3 29.5 29.2 29.5 27.8 26.7 26.5 25.5 26.2 27.1 25.9 24.7 26.8 27.3 26.8 26.0 26.8 29.6

Under $15,000

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Total

13.4 13.1 13.2 14.0 14.2 14.3 15.4 15.0 15.2 15.9 14.1 14.4 14.2 15.4 14.8 14.6 15.9 16.5 16.3 16.8 16.9 17.1 16.3 16.0 18.8 17.4 17.6 16.6 17.9 17.3 17.2 16.3 17.3 18.9 18.8

14.8 15.3 14.8 14.2 14.3 13.8 13.4 14.0 14.9 13.4 13.7 14.2

$15,000 to $24,999

12.3 12.6 12.5 12.1 12.3 12.1 12.0 11.8 12.5 11.2 11.6 12.1 11.7 11.3 11.7 12.4 12.3 13.4 13.4 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.4 13.1 13.4 13.4 12.7 15.3 13.1 13.6 14.5 15.3 15.7 15.0 15.5

12.7 11.9 11.9 12.3 13.4 12.8 12.3 13.0 11.4 12.3 12.4 12.3

$25,000 to $34,999

15.3 14.6 13.8 15.0 14.6 14.7 14.6 14.2 14.5 14.4 14.2 13.6 14.5 14.5 15.3 14.3 14.4 14.4 14.2 14.3 14.2 14.0 14.6 14.9 15.5 15.1 16.7 15.9 16.2 16.2 16.5 16.2 17.0 17.4 16.5

14.7 14.3 13.6 14.4 14.6 15.7 13.9 14.9 14.7 15.6 14.3 15.4

$35,000 to $49,999

16.9 18.0 16.7 15.4 16.8 15.9 16.4 15.2 14.4 15.2 16.2 16.4 16.0 14.3 14.5 15.4 15.5 14.0 14.3 15.6 14.9 15.5 15.9 16.2 15.4 16.9 15.7 15.9 17.3 15.3 15.5 15.8 15.5 14.0 12.6

14.8 14.9 15.3 15.4 15.2 15.4 16.6 15.5 16.3 15.1 16.6 15.6

$50,000 to $74,999

Percentage distribution

10.1 9.5 9.9 9.3 9.7 10.0 8.3 8.4 7.6 7.9 7.9 8.6 8.1 8.3 7.8 8.0 7.7 7.5 7.1 7.1 6.9 7.4 8.0 7.8 6.7 6.9 6.5 7.0 6.3 7.2 5.9 6.1 5.5 5.1 4.2

8.2 8.6 8.2 8.5 9.4 9.1 9.5 9.2 8.9 9.8 9.2 9.5 8.4 8.8 8.8 7.9 6.9 6.6 7.2 6.6 6.1 5.3 5.6 5.8 6.8 6.3 5.4 5.2 5.2 4.7 4.5 3.2 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.8 3.9 3.6 3.2 2.9 3.6 2.9 2.7 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.2

7.7 7.5 7.1 7.2 7.4 7.8 8.5 8.1 7.9 7.4 8.5 7.8 2.1 2.7 3.3 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4

2.4 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.3

$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to to $99,999 $149,999 $199,999

1.3 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 Z 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 Z 0.2

1.8 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.9 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.8

$200,000 and over

38,776 40,131 39,019 36,181 36,250 34,716 33,987 32,682 31,008 30,509 31,369 32,268 32,801 31,044 30,742 30,580 30,595 28,767 27,628 27,739 27,793 28,972 30,302 30,838 29,490 29,415 29,163 29,669 30,391 29,569 28,609 29,643 29,727 27,896 26,374

34,598 33,805 33,380 34,321 35,387 37,021 38,104 36,935 36,821 37,114 37,547 37,584

Value

457 532 727 567 624 683 580 608 613 623 659 736 668 647 588 600 595 553 518 445 467 546 553 652 396 365 429 358 473 443 426 407 438 405 439

728 801 527 533 428 477 534 278 359 386 489 506

Standard error

Median income (dollars)

51,641 52,996 53,771 48,723 47,702 47,989 46,139 45,477 43,225 41,400 41,771 42,873 43,524 42,530 41,509 41,028 39,919 38,366 36,746 36,498 36,510 37,601 38,881 39,410 37,785 37,583 36,403 36,898 37,739 37,352 35,451 36,196 35,390 33,975 31,692

49,629 48,431 48,943 48,032 50,007 50,345 52,389 52,138 50,658 50,110 50,829 51,808

Value

545 537 772 651 684 937 789 653 718 561 545 579 591 621 571 558 518 472 453 457 442 463 478 514 336 335 323 328 375 398 364 391 376 358 354

885 764 832 669 570 539 584 645 550 543 545 598

Standard error

Mean income (dollars)

Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2013â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Con.

Table A-1.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 27

Number (thousands)

ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION 20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,111 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,872 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,705 20102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,550 20093. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,940 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,805 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,715 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,664 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,500 20044. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,346 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,235 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,079 ASIAN ALONE24 1 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,759 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,560 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,374 2 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,212 20093. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,687 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,573 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,494 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,454 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,273 4 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,123 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,040 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,917 ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER22 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,071 20005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,963 19996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,742 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,308 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,125 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,998 7 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,777 19948. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,040 19939. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,233 199210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,262 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,094 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,958 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,988 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,913 11 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . N See footnotes at end of table.

Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year

10.9 10.2 10.5 10.1 11.0 10.8 9.6 8.9 10.2 9.6 12.1 9.4 11.0 10.4 10.3 10.3 11.0 11.0 9.6 9.0 10.3 9.6 12.2 9.3

9.4 8.4 9.6 10.0 10.5 11.3 11.0 10.7 13.1 11.0 10.9 9.5 9.1 9.0 10.9

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Under $15,000

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Total

7.0 6.8 7.2 7.8 8.0 7.5 10.0 10.1 9.4 9.9 8.2 8.1 8.1 11.0 11.0

7.8 7.3 8.7 8.8 7.0 7.8 7.4 7.2 7.8 7.5 8.6 7.3

7.5 7.2 8.8 8.8 7.1 7.8 7.3 7.1 7.7 7.5 8.6 7.3

$15,000 to $24,999

8.1 7.3 7.5 7.5 7.5 8.1 6.4 7.1 8.8 8.3 9.6 8.8 7.9 8.1 7.9

7.6 7.6 7.9 7.6 8.3 7.7 7.5 8.1 6.5 7.2 5.5 8.6

7.6 7.6 7.8 7.8 8.4 7.7 7.4 7.9 6.4 7.2 5.8 8.6

$25,000 to $34,999

11.8 11.0 11.3 12.7 11.2 11.6 12.4 12.9 12.2 11.8 12.5 11.5 12.1 12.1 11.1

11.6 10.8 11.1 9.7 10.0 11.3 9.5 9.5 9.2 11.0 9.8 11.9

11.7 11.1 11.1 10.2 10.3 11.5 9.7 9.6 9.5 11.1 9.8 11.8

$35,000 to $49,999

17.0 16.4 16.6 18.1 19.4 19.5 19.6 17.8 14.6 19.1 18.0 19.4 20.2 19.2 19.1

16.9 17.1 17.1 18.1 16.0 14.1 16.6 16.6 18.1 17.8 16.5 17.1

16.9 17.2 16.9 18.1 15.7 14.1 16.6 16.8 18.0 17.8 16.7 17.4

$50,000 to $74,999

Percentage distribution

13.5 13.9 13.0 12.0 14.4 12.0 14.2 13.9 14.0 13.2 14.2 13.5 15.1 13.9 12.9

11.3 12.8 12.9 11.3 12.7 12.9 12.6 12.9 12.3 13.3 14.2 12.8

11.5 12.6 12.9 11.4 12.6 13.1 12.8 13.1 12.3 13.5 14.2 12.8

17.0 18.3 16.3 18.9 16.6 17.9 15.0 15.9 17.9 16.3 15.1 18.0 16.7 16.0 17.1

16.4 16.5 17.3 16.6 16.7 17.4 19.0 17.5 18.4 17.2 17.0 18.0

16.6 16.4 17.2 16.5 16.6 17.4 18.6 17.5 18.5 17.1 16.9 17.9

8.2 9.3 9.4 6.9 7.3 7.5 6.1 6.2 5.6 6.0 7.0 6.6 4.8 6.6 6.9

8.9 8.9 7.2 9.5 8.9 9.4 9.6 10.5 8.0 8.7 8.8 7.9

8.8 8.8 7.1 9.2 8.8 9.1 9.7 10.5 7.9 8.8 8.7 7.8

$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to to $99,999 $149,999 $199,999

8.1 8.5 9.0 6.1 5.2 4.6 5.3 5.5 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.7 6.1 4.1 3.1

8.4 8.7 7.5 8.1 9.5 8.3 8.3 8.8 9.5 7.7 7.4 7.3

8.5 8.7 7.7 7.9 9.4 8.3 8.2 8.5 9.4 7.5 7.2 7.1

$200,000 and over

70,571 75,423 71,244 66,560 65,481 63,979 61,642 62,921 60,875 61,492 60,796 66,433 65,485 61,054 63,214

67,065 69,633 67,456 68,654 71,101 71,013 74,265 74,218 72,899 70,916 70,547 68,143

67,366 69,173 67,317 67,872 70,671 70,938 74,010 73,827 72,845 70,848 69,993 67,701

Value

1,684 1,286 2,511 1,853 1,820 2,293 1,547 2,384 2,994 1,775 1,962 1,968 1,770 2,509 2,350

1,720 1,917 1,623 1,683 1,376 1,500 1,556 1,934 850 1,507 1,386 1,193

1,822 1,762 1,620 1,565 1,558 1,529 1,557 1,868 870 1,428 1,560 1,024

Standard error

Median income (dollars)

96,260 98,473 94,210 85,929 85,221 83,599 83,822 81,697 79,761 76,212 77,190 80,190 81,407 76,331 N

90,752 92,728 88,704 90,369 98,624 93,244 95,516 102,010 95,573 94,364 88,626 90,701

91,332 93,036 88,850 89,439 97,862 93,394 95,003 101,126 95,455 93,888 87,915 89,961

Value

2,272 2,044 2,388 2,482 2,641 2,998 3,382 2,911 3,211 2,095 2,275 2,270 2,369 2,280 N

2,306 1,863 2,147 1,812 2,004 1,626 1,685 2,195 1,686 1,825 1,569 1,769

2,265 1,922 2,126 1,718 1,922 1,609 1,625 2,117 1,666 1,772 1,512 1,711

Standard error

Mean income (dollars)

(Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. Before 2010, standard errors were calculated using the generalized variance function. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2013—Con.

Table A-1.

28 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

Number (thousands)

Total

15.9 16.6 16.1 16.4 15.0 15.2 14.2 13.9 14.1 14.4 13.7 13.5 12.9 12.8 13.4 16.7 18.1 18.2 19.6 19.8 19.0 19.0 17.7 17.7 17.7 18.9 19.0 18.5 19.8 20.1 20.8 19.8 17.5 17.9 16.4 16.1 16.4 18.7 18.2 15.2 14.4 14.6

Under $15,000

13.8 14.5 14.4 14.0 14.4 14.2 13.5 13.4 14.2 13.8 13.8 13.4 13.7 13.4 13.9 14.0 14.7 15.6 16.9 16.0 15.9 15.5 15.1 15.6 13.6 14.5 15.1 16.2 16.5 14.8 15.8 16.6 15.6 15.6 14.3 14.9 15.7 16.7 17.1 16.4 15.9 16.6

$15,000 to $24,999

13.3 13.6 13.4 13.8 13.6 13.8 13.3 13.2 12.0 13.5 13.7 13.9 13.1 12.1 13.9 12.7 13.4 13.9 14.1 12.5 13.8 13.7 13.5 12.8 13.0 12.7 12.4 13.3 12.2 14.2 13.2 14.1 13.5 14.4 14.4 14.2 14.4 14.0 14.9 15.2 14.9 15.0

$25,000 to $34,999

16.2 15.6 16.9 15.0 15.5 16.4 15.8 16.3 17.4 16.5 17.1 16.5 16.8 16.9 16.6 17.3 15.7 16.1 15.5 16.2 17.0 17.0 16.6 16.2 16.2 16.6 17.3 15.2 16.6 15.4 17.6 16.9 18.4 17.4 17.6 18.3 19.5 18.4 18.7 18.9 19.3 22.0

$35,000 to $49,999

17.1 17.2 17.2 17.8 17.5 16.9 18.6 18.5 18.7 18.9 17.8 18.4 18.3 19.9 18.5 17.3 18.3 17.2 16.0 16.7 16.8 16.8 18.4 19.2 18.2 18.0 17.1 18.2 18.1 18.6 17.5 17.9 19.0 18.5 20.3 20.5 19.9 19.6 19.7 21.2 22.5 19.5

$50,000 to $74,999

Percentage distribution

10.5 9.7 9.2 9.9 10.1 9.9 11.2 10.5 10.2 9.8 10.5 10.9 11.5 10.9 10.3 10.0 9.0 9.0 9.1 8.8 8.5 9.0 9.1 9.3 11.0 9.9 9.9 9.2 8.7 9.4 8.7 8.3 9.2 9.5 9.3 9.7 8.4 8.1 7.2 7.8 7.9 7.4

8.6 8.1 7.9 8.4 9.0 8.8 9.0 9.1 8.6 8.4 8.9 8.8 8.9 9.3 9.3 8.2 7.2 6.7 6.2 6.9 6.4 6.3 6.9 6.6 7.0 6.4 6.3 7.3 6.4 5.8 5.2 4.9 5.3 5.1 6.0 5.0 4.7 3.7 3.1 4.3 4.5 3.6

2.7 2.7 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.1 2.7 3.2 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.7 3.0 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.6 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.7

$75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to to $99,999 $149,999 $199,999

1.8 1.9 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.8 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5

$200,000 and over

40,963 39,572 40,004 40,205 41,312 41,018 43,455 43,650 42,917 42,264 41,793 42,863 44,164 44,867 42,984 40,433 38,534 36,821 34,696 36,403 36,331 36,759 37,848 38,581 39,762 38,522 37,929 37,215 36,058 36,286 35,357 35,179 37,602 36,743 39,001 38,676 37,281 35,621 34,899 37,942 38,165 38,229

Value

54,644 54,198 54,222 54,909 56,722 55,796 57,104 58,432 56,247 56,577 56,322 58,122 58,398 59,489 56,467 54,633 51,927 50,273 47,355 49,088 48,086 46,885 48,158 48,329 50,774 49,183 48,620 46,992 45,055 45,120 43,055 43,416 45,154 44,879 47,188 45,685 43,997 42,094 41,430 43,953 44,342 43,940

Value

737 708 615 705 622 578 601 670 566 692 623 777 738 856 1,002 1,162 1,048 1,163 1,062 1,225 1,011 737 771 797 872 1,043 900 773 733 880 827 881 863 894 948 924 679 685 736 716 722 747

Standard error

Mean income (dollars)

(Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. Before 2010, standard errors were calculated using the generalized variance function. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

552 542 567 622 545 526 584 583 426 592 581 624 561 647 625 779 687 714 756 676 730 760 787 791 771 976 824 969 842 910 896 929 1,030 996 1,124 937 655 759 772 831 867 747

Standard error

Median income (dollars)

Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2013—Con.

Table A-1.

HISPANIC (ANY RACE)25 20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,811 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,589 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,939 20102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,435 20093. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,298 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,425 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,339 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,973 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,519 20044. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,178 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,693 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,339 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,499 5 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,034 6 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,579 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,060 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,590 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,225 19957. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,939 19948. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,735 19939. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,362 10 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,153 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,379 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,220 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,933 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,910 198711 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,642 1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,418 198512 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,213 13 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,883 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,326 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,085 1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,980 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,906 197914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,684 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,291 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,304 15 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,081 16 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,948 197416,17. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,897 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,722 18 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,655 See footnotes at end of table.

Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year

(Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. Before 2010, standard errors were calculated using the generalized variance function. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2013—Con.

Table A-1.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 29

Number (thousands) Total

Under $15,000

$15,000 to $24,999

$25,000 to $34,999

$35,000 to $49,999

$50,000 to $74,999

Percentage distribution $75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to to $99,999 $149,999 $199,999

$200,000 and over Value

Standard error

Median income (dollars) Value

Standard error

Mean income (dollars)

N Not available. Z Represents or rounds to zero. 1 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is the por tion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2 Implementation of Census 2010-based population controls. 3 Median income is calculated using $2,500 income intervals. Beginning with 2009 income data, the Census Bureau expanded the upper income inter vals used to calculate medians to $250,000 or more. Medians falling in the upper open-ended interval are plugged with “$250,000.” Before 2009, the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a plug of “$100,000” was used. 4 Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 5 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 6 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls. 7 Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race. 8 Introduction of 1990 census sample design. 9 Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999; child suppor t and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 10 Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 11 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 12 Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design. 13 Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design. 14 Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from 51 possible sources of income. 15 First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear inter polation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 16 Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data, which were derived using linear interpolation. 17 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 18 Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. 19 Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls. 20 Implementation of new CPS ASEC processing system. 21 Beginning with the 2003 CPS, respondents were allowed to choose one or more races. White alone refers to people who repor ted White and did not repor t any other race categor y. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing the data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who repor ted more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people repor ted more than one race in Census 2010. 22 For the year 2001 and earlier, the CPS allowed respondents to repor t only one race group. 23 Black alone refers to people who repor ted Black and did not repor t any other race category. 24 Asian alone refers to people who repor ted Asian and did not repor t any other race category. 25 Because Hispanics may be any race, data in this repor t for Hispanics overlap with data for racial groups. Being Hispanic was repor ted by 14.2 percent of White householders who repor ted only one race, 4.6 percent of Black householders who repor ted only one race, and 2.6 percent of Asian householders who repor ted only one race. Data users should exercise caution when interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic population and for race groups because these populations consist of many distinct groups that differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture, and recency of immigration. Data were first collected for Hispanics in 1972. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 through 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year

Table A-2.

Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013—Con. (Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) Measures of income dispersion

20131

2012

2011

20102

20093

2008

2007

2006

2005

20044

MEASURE Household Income at Selected Percentiles 10th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12,401 20,900 40,187 51,939 65,501 105,910 150,000 196,000

12,414 20,898 40,342 51,759 65,520 105,609 148,122 193,934

12,429 20,986 39,896 51,842 64,664 105,211 148,742 192,645

12,672 21,368 40,599 52,646 65,706 106,870 148,269 192,829

13,163 22,213 41,867 54,059 67,118 108,603 149,473 195,487

13,157 22,409 42,194 54,423 67,863 108,451 149,628 194,744

13,664 22,797 43,928 56,436 69,656 112,348 152,793 198,856

13,864 23,147 43,642 55,689 69,321 112,106 153,662 201,045

13,469 22,884 42,956 55,278 68,802 109,425 150,455 198,077

13,450 22,798 42,763 54,674 68,112 108,527 149,056 193,806

Household Income Ratios of Selected Percentiles 90th/10th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.10 9.38 3.78 2.04 5.07 0.40

11.93 9.28 3.75 2.04 5.05 0.41

11.97 9.18 3.72 2.03 5.01 0.40

11.70 9.02 3.66 2.03 5.00 0.41

11.36 8.80 3.62 2.01 4.89 0.41

11.37 8.69 3.58 1.99 4.84 0.41

11.18 8.72 3.52 1.99 4.93 0.40

11.08 8.69 3.61 2.01 4.84 0.42

11.17 8.66 3.58 1.98 4.78 0.41

11.08 8.50 3.54 1.98 4.76 0.42

Mean Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top 5 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11,651 30,509 52,322 83,519 185,206 322,343

11,657 30,127 51,923 83,291 184,548 322,674

11,640 30,247 51,623 82,941 184,380 322,571

11,746 30,484 52,530 84,272 180,977 306,844

12,546 31,774 53,796 85,464 185,542 320,801

12,611 31,934 54,238 86,293 185,068 318,849

12,978 33,077 56,138 88,880 188,712 322,654

13,115 33,248 55,714 88,187 194,296 343,608

12,714 32,644 55,248 86,898 190,420 335,484

12,633 32,326 54,769 86,359 186,758 325,447

Shares of Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top 5 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2 8.4 14.4 23.0 51.0 22.2

3.2 8.3 14.4 23.0 51.0 22.3

3.2 8.4 14.3 23.0 51.1 22.3

3.3 8.5 14.6 23.4 50.3 21.3

3.4 8.6 14.6 23.2 50.3 21.7

3.4 8.6 14.7 23.3 50.0 21.5

3.4 8.7 14.8 23.4 49.7 21.2

3.4 8.6 14.5 22.9 50.5 22.3

3.4 8.6 14.6 23.0 50.4 22.2

3.4 8.7 14.7 23.2 50.1 21.8

0.476 0.578 0.415

0.477 0.586 0.423

0.477 0.585 0.422

0.470 0.574 0.400

0.468 0.550 0.403

0.466 0.541 0.398

0.463 0.532 0.391

0.470 0.543 0.417

0.469 0.545 0.411

0.466 0.543 0.406

0.100 0.196 0.298

0.101 0.198 0.300

0.097 0.191 0.293

0.097 0.190 0.288

0.096 0.188 0.285

0.095 0.185 0.281

0.099 0.192 0.289

0.098 0.192 0.289

0.097 0.190 0.286

STANDARD ERROR Household Income at Selected Percentiles 10th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

172 217 318 276 501 717 751 2,267

220 242 339 212 523 613 938 1,396

17 183 371 260 483 587 994 1,529

140 127 140 347 464 179 946 1,207

92 117 177 231 189 338 693 955

90 116 171 148 289 332 630 998

91 125 141 157 301 337 662 963

95 127 206 239 189 423 653 1,157

92 127 150 185 301 384 641 1,333

91 128 160 242 223 384 606 1,130

0.167 0.133 0.045 0.014 0.051 0.004

0.211 0.114 0.031 0.013 0.056 0.004

0.082 0.094 0.030 0.012 0.042 0.003

0.130 0.076 0.026 0.010 0.031 0.003

0.095 0.063 0.022 0.010 0.030 0.003

0.091 0.063 0.023 0.010 0.029 0.003

0.089 0.064 0.021 0.009 0.031 0.003

0.090 0.069 0.025 0.011 0.032 0.003

0.090 0.076 0.028 0.010 0.031 0.003

0.088 0.069 0.025 0.011 0.032 0.003

Mean Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

121 233 356 492 1,897 5,938

107 188 253 392 1,644 5,230

120 188 265 401 1,371 4,362

109 211 293 433 1,352 4,290

45 39 51 82 914 2,880

45 39 52 81 895 2,801

45 42 53 84 905 2,847

47 40 52 85 1,091 3,586

46 41 52 82 1,022 3,281

46 40 53 81 1,010 3,292

Shares of Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.03 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.24 0.30

0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.20 0.26

0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.17 0.23

0.03 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.18 0.23

0.02 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.33 0.30

0.02 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.33 0.30

0.02 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.33 0.29

0.02 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.34 0.31

0.02 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.34 0.31

0.0025 0.0079 0.0067

0.0020 0.0068 0.0059

0.0018 0.0067 0.0050

0.0019 0.0066 0.0049

0.0028 0.0064 0.0001

0.0027 0.0063 0.0001

0.0027 0.0062 0.0001

0.0028 0.0063 0.0002

0.0029 0.0063 0.0001

0.0013 0.0022 0.0028

0.0011 0.0018 0.0023

0.0010 0.0016 0.0021

0.0011 0.0018 0.0024

0.0011 0.0017 0.0023

0.0011 0.0018 0.0024

0.0014 0.0021 0.0027

0.0013 0.0020 0.0026

Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table.

30 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-2.

2003

2002

2001

20005

19996

1998

1997

1996

19957

19948

MEASURE Household Income at Selected Percentiles 10th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13,345 22,778 43,063 54,865 68,968 110,023 149,708 195,203

13,751 23,199 43,218 54,913 68,837 108,788 147,758 194,230

14,060 23,644 43,834 55,562 69,736 109,867 149,508 198,022

14,314 24,241 44,639 56,800 70,576 110,606 151,503 196,440

14,464 23,957 44,625 56,895 70,439 110,769 150,678 198,521

13,844 23,001 43,398 55,497 68,987 107,040 144,575 188,675

13,335 22,286 42,256 53,551 66,568 103,469 141,329 183,133

13,172 21,833 41,040 52,471 65,058 100,553 136,086 176,727

13,168 21,856 40,849 51,719 63,748 98,842 133,105 171,505

12,478 20,868 39,168 50,148 62,327 97,673 131,933 170,694

Household Income Ratios of Selected Percentiles 90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.22 8.57 3.56 2.01 4.83 0.42

10.75 8.37 3.54 1.98 4.69 0.42

10.63 8.38 3.56 1.98 4.65 0.43

10.58 8.10 3.46 1.95 4.56 0.43

10.42 8.29 3.49 1.95 4.62 0.42

10.44 8.20 3.40 1.93 4.65 0.41

10.60 8.22 3.42 1.93 4.64 0.42

10.33 8.10 3.37 1.92 4.61 0.42

10.11 7.85 3.32 1.91 4.52 0.42

10.57 8.18 3.40 1.95 4.68 0.42

Mean Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top 5 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12,661 32,522 55,207 87,386 186,284 320,744

12,936 32,889 55,422 87,178 186,126 325,020

13,336 33,510 56,090 87,944 192,063 342,711

13,739 34,306 57,129 88,810 192,449 341,423

13,861 34,036 56,970 88,667 189,084 328,647

13,163 33,237 55,614 86,011 182,010 317,243

12,791 31,978 53,799 83,328 177,654 311,763

12,707 31,190 52,462 81,196 170,775 297,483

12,666 30,958 51,764 79,574 166,058 286,593

11,989 29,879 50,336 78,328 164,670 284,504

3.4 8.7 14.8 23.4 49.8 21.4

3.5 8.8 14.8 23.3 49.7 21.7

3.5 8.7 14.6 23.0 50.1 22.4

3.6 8.9 14.8 23.0 49.8 22.1

3.6 8.9 14.9 23.2 49.4 21.5

3.6 9.0 15.0 23.2 49.2 21.4

3.6 8.9 15.0 23.2 49.4 21.7

3.6 9.0 15.1 23.3 49.0 21.4

3.7 9.1 15.2 23.3 48.7 21.0

3.6 8.9 15.0 23.4 49.1 21.2

Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.464 0.530 0.397

0.462 0.514 0.398

0.466 0.515 0.413

0.462 0.490 0.404

0.458 0.476 0.386

0.456 0.488 0.389

0.459 0.484 0.396

0.455 0.464 0.389

0.450 0.452 0.378

0.456 0.471 0.387

0.095 0.187 0.283

0.095 0.186 0.279

0.098 0.189 0.282

0.096 0.185 0.275

0.092 0.180 0.268

0.093 0.181 0.271

0.094 0.183 0.272

0.093 0.179 0.266

0.090 0.175 0.261

0.092 0.180 0.268

STANDARD ERROR Household Income at Selected Percentiles 10th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

91 127 206 238 239 404 641 902

92 133 202 180 287 297 582 924

97 131 201 170 279 318 567 994

97 138 220 179 257 325 657 1,259

97 133 161 266 213 346 632 1,105

95 140 221 328 356 334 547 1,094

100 132 277 247 309 459 584 957

93 133 267 265 340 350 630 870

94 122 223 299 281 371 577 1,019

87 121 234 228 288 318 583 967

Household Income Ratios of Selected Percentiles 90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.091 0.062 0.021 0.011 0.032 0.003

0.083 0.062 0.022 0.009 0.030 0.003

0.083 0.063 0.023 0.010 0.029 0.003

0.085 0.070 0.026 0.009 0.029 0.003

0.083 0.065 0.024 0.010 0.029 0.003

0.082 0.069 0.024 0.010 0.032 0.003

0.091 0.065 0.022 0.011 0.034 0.003

0.087 0.063 0.022 0.011 0.032 0.003

0.084 0.064 0.023 0.010 0.031 0.003

0.087 0.066 0.024 0.010 0.031 0.003

Mean Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top 5 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46 42 53 83 958 3,073

46 41 53 81 1,005 3,254

47 42 54 83 1,134 3,730

48 43 54 83 1,123 3,688

48 43 55 84 988 3,113

47 44 55 81 1,030 4,722

46 43 52 79 1,058 4,916

43 42 52 76 1,030 4,829

44 42 50 76 968 4,505

44 41 50 77 972 4,534

0.02 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.34 0.30

0.02 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.34 0.31

0.03 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.35 0.32

0.03 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.35 0.31

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.35 0.44

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.35 0.45

0.03 0.07 0.11 0.17 0.35 0.45

0.03 0.07 0.11 0.17 0.35 0.44

0.03 0.07 0.11 0.17 0.36 0.45

0.0028 0.0054 0.0001

0.0029 0.0052 0.0001

0.0030 0.0051 0.0002

0.0030 0.0049 0.0002

0.0041 0.0059 0.0001

0.0042 0.0069 0.0002

0.0043 0.0067 0.0002

0.0043 0.0064 0.0002

0.0043 0.0063 0.0002

0.0042 0.0061 0.0002

0.0012 0.0018 0.0024

0.0012 0.0020 0.0025

0.0014 0.0022 0.0027

0.0013 0.0021 0.0026

0.0013 0.0021 0.0027

0.0015 0.0023 0.0029

0.0016 0.0025 0.0030

0.0016 0.0024 0.0030

0.0015 0.0024 0.0029

0.0015 0.0023 0.0028

Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 31

Table A-2.

19939

199210

1991

1990

1989

1988

198711

1986

198512

MEASURE Household Income at Selected Percentiles 10th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12,201 20,585 39,177 49,594 61,583 95,725 129,761 166,111

12,200 20,497 39,269 49,836 61,653 94,361 126,152 161,078

12,380 21,001 40,031 50,249 61,832 94,672 126,570 160,792

12,647 21,597 40,883 51,735 62,546 95,382 128,028 163,703

13,060 21,941 41,720 52,432 64,121 97,424 130,517 166,425

12,420 21,536 40,681 51,514 63,398 95,729 126,774 162,043

12,234 21,185 40,212 51,121 62,771 94,868 125,157 158,747

12,131 20,779 39,746 50,488 61,685 93,245 122,381 156,360

12,175 20,524 38,616 48,761 59,821 89,970 118,007 148,658

Household Income Ratios of Selected Percentiles 90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.64 8.07 3.35 1.93 4.65 0.42

10.34 7.86 3.23 1.89 4.60 0.41

10.22 7.66 3.20 1.88 4.51 0.42

10.12 7.58 3.16 1.84 4.42 0.42

9.99 7.59 3.17 1.86 4.44 0.42

10.21 7.52 3.15 1.86 4.45 0.42

10.23 7.49 3.11 1.86 4.48 0.41

10.09 7.53 3.10 1.85 4.49 0.41

9.69 7.24 3.05 1.85 4.38 0.42

Mean Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top 5 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11,682 29,616 49,644 77,149 160,736 275,877

11,804 29,575 49,827 76,490 148,211 235,237

12,053 30,274 50,286 76,655 146,994 229,395

12,381 31,152 51,455 77,579 150,553 239,739

12,686 31,564 52,467 79,363 155,140 250,653

12,232 30,875 51,639 78,059 149,024 235,033

12,028 30,570 51,109 77,254 146,916 231,467

11,710 30,119 50,402 75,929 143,716 225,141

11,591 29,372 48,755 73,337 136,992 211,317

3.6 9.0 15.1 23.5 48.9 21.0

3.8 9.4 15.8 24.2 46.9 18.6

3.8 9.6 15.9 24.2 46.5 18.1

3.8 9.6 15.9 24.0 46.6 18.5

3.8 9.5 15.8 24.0 46.8 18.9

3.8 9.6 16.0 24.2 46.3 18.3

3.8 9.6 16.1 24.3 46.2 18.2

3.8 9.7 16.2 24.3 46.1 18.0

3.9 9.8 16.2 24.4 45.6 17.6

Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.454 0.467 0.385

0.433 0.416 0.323

0.428 0.411 0.313

0.428 0.402 0.317

0.431 0.406 0.324

0.426 0.401 0.314

0.426 0.414 0.311

0.425 0.416 0.310

0.419 0.403 0.300

0.092 0.178 0.266

0.080 0.160 0.242

0.078 0.156 0.237

0.078 0.156 0.236

0.080 0.158 0.239

0.078 0.155 0.236

0.077 0.155 0.238

0.077 0.155 0.237

0.075 0.151 0.231

STANDARD ERROR Household Income at Selected Percentiles 10th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

87 123 234 232 341 359 453 825

87 123 242 236 311 312 416 815

89 128 239 242 262 343 454 822

97 133 247 264 261 367 491 924

96 137 262 288 288 302 787 888

96 135 233 252 331 336 515 1,006

96 136 234 241 274 325 453 740

97 137 236 262 254 362 558 653

93 135 223 264 287 295 502 1,240

Household Income Ratios of Selected Percentiles 90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.085 0.063 0.022 0.011 0.033 0.003

0.081 0.062 0.021 0.010 0.032 0.003

0.082 0.061 0.021 0.011 0.032 0.003

0.087 0.063 0.022 0.010 0.032 0.003

0.095 0.062 0.021 0.009 0.031 0.003

0.089 0.066 0.023 0.010 0.032 0.003

0.088 0.060 0.020 0.010 0.033 0.003

0.093 0.059 0.018 0.011 0.034 0.003

0.085 0.077 0.028 0.010 0.032 0.003

Mean Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top 5 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43 41 49 75 972 4,592

42 42 49 72 539 1,920

43 42 49 72 513 1,823

45 43 49 73 567 2,064

45 44 51 74 627 2,360

44 43 50 73 568 2,132

45 44 52 72 557 2,185

45 43 51 71 526 1,820

45 42 49 69 478 1,635

0.03 0.07 0.11 0.17 0.36 0.45

0.03 0.07 0.12 0.18 0.35 0.38

0.03 0.07 0.12 0.18 0.34 0.37

0.03 0.07 0.12 0.18 0.35 0.39

0.03 0.07 0.12 0.18 0.35 0.40

0.03 0.07 0.12 0.18 0.35 0.38

0.03 0.07 0.12 0.19 0.35 0.41

0.03 0.08 0.13 0.19 0.35 0.37

0.0042 0.0061 0.0002

0.0038 0.0055 0.0001

0.0038 0.0056 0.0001

0.0039 0.0053 0.0001

0.0040 0.0053 0.0001

0.0041 0.0055 0.0001

0.0038 0.0055 0.0001

0.0038 0.0057 0.0001

0.0037 0.0056 0.0001

0.0015 0.0024 0.0029

0.0007 0.0013 0.0019

0.0007 0.0012 0.0018

0.0007 0.0013 0.0018

0.0008 0.0014 0.0019

0.0008 0.0014 0.0020

0.0007 0.0013 0.0018

0.0007 0.0012 0.0018

0.0006 0.0011 0.0017

Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table.

32 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-2.

1984

198313

1982

1981

1980

197914

1978

1977

197615

MEASURE Household Income at Selected Percentiles 10th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12,166 20,287 37,968 47,866 58,497 88,365 116,233 146,279

11,686 19,892 36,989 46,425 56,770 85,794 112,288 141,152

11,730 19,469 37,028 46,751 56,576 84,366 111,259 139,264

11,944 19,720 36,864 46,877 57,017 84,296 110,113 135,660

12,112 20,128 37,747 47,668 57,869 84,731 110,094 136,358

12,276 20,933 38,875 49,225 59,811 86,721 112,256 140,129

12,514 20,703 39,145 49,362 59,229 86,141 111,412 137,807

12,262 20,078 37,817 47,523 57,642 84,037 107,182 133,058

12,113 20,120 37,486 47,224 57,104 82,156 105,347 130,288

Household Income Ratios of Selected Percentiles 90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.55 7.21 3.06 1.85 4.36 0.42

9.61 7.10 3.04 1.85 4.31 0.43

9.49 7.15 2.98 1.80 4.33 0.42

9.22 6.88 2.89 1.80 4.28 0.42

9.09 6.78 2.86 1.78 4.21 0.42

9.15 6.69 2.85 1.76 4.14 0.43

8.90 6.66 2.79 1.75 4.16 0.42

8.74 6.63 2.80 1.77 4.19 0.42

8.70 6.48 2.76 1.74 4.08 0.43

Mean Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top 5 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11,608 28,913 47,915 72,145 132,656 200,250

11,232 28,216 46,649 70,002 128,525 194,187

11,101 28,094 46,503 69,162 126,849 191,671

11,311 28,174 46,673 69,572 124,277 184,674

11,601 28,873 47,645 70,192 125,150 187,023

11,980 29,797 49,127 72,092 129,380 197,318

12,076 29,656 48,966 71,728 128,061 194,923

11,678 28,743 47,549 69,667 124,233 190,054

11,735 28,728 47,244 68,608 121,423 185,011

4.0 9.9 16.3 24.6 45.2 17.1

4.0 9.9 16.4 24.6 45.1 17.0

4.0 10.0 16.5 24.5 45.0 17.0

4.1 10.1 16.7 24.8 44.3 16.5

4.2 10.2 16.8 24.7 44.1 16.5

4.1 10.2 16.8 24.6 44.2 16.9

4.2 10.2 16.8 24.7 44.1 16.8

4.2 10.2 16.9 24.7 44.0 16.8

4.3 10.3 17.0 24.7 43.7 16.6

0.415 0.391 0.290

0.414 0.397 0.288

0.412 0.401 0.287

0.406 0.387 0.277

0.403 0.375 0.274

0.404 0.369 0.279

0.402 0.363 0.275

0.402 0.364 0.276

0.398 0.361 0.271

0.073 0.147 0.225

0.072 0.147 0.226

0.072 0.146 0.226

0.070 0.141 0.220

0.069 0.140 0.216

0.070 0.141 0.216

0.069 0.139 0.213

0.068 0.137 0.211

STANDARD ERROR Household Income at Selected Percentiles 10th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

92 122 233 218 268 314 400 731

94 125 201 211 250 284 495 675

94 125 212 211 260 314 427 803

141 127 220 246 287 251 412 755

138 132 229 245 238 296 467 723

136 142 236 233 249 250 450 774

137 143 208 200 271 319 369 753

131 140 216 179 237 246 507 652

131 143 218 175 238 284 370 750

Household Income Ratios of Selected Percentiles 90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.079 0.056 0.020 0.010 0.030 0.003

0.088 0.056 0.019 0.010 0.031 0.003

0.084 0.062 0.021 0.010 0.032 0.003

0.114 0.059 0.020 0.009 0.030 0.003

0.110 0.057 0.019 0.010 0.031 0.003

0.108 0.059 0.020 0.009 0.031 0.003

0.102 0.059 0.020 0.010 0.033 0.003

0.102 0.056 0.018 0.009 0.032 0.003

0.099 0.059 0.020 0.010 0.032 0.004

Mean Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top 5 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45 41 48 70 421 1,335

45 40 47 67 407 1,256

45 41 47 66 408 1,285

46 40 48 64 383 1,208

46 42 48 64 414 1,408

47 43 51 65 461 1,504

48 45 51 66 460 1,486

49 44 49 65 470 1,583

48 45 50 62 467 1,596

0.03 0.08 0.13 0.19 0.35 0.36

0.03 0.08 0.13 0.19 0.36 0.36

0.03 0.08 0.13 0.20 0.36 0.36

0.03 0.08 0.13 0.20 0.35 0.35

0.03 0.08 0.14 0.20 0.36 0.36

0.04 0.08 0.14 0.20 0.36 0.35

0.04 0.09 0.14 0.21 0.37 0.35

0.04 0.09 0.14 0.21 0.37 0.36

0.04 0.09 0.15 0.21 0.37 0.36

0.0037 0.0055 0.0001

0.0037 0.0056 0.0001

0.0038 0.0057 0.0001

0.0038 0.0056 0.0001

0.0036 0.0051 0.0001

0.0038 0.0050 0.0001

0.0039 0.0054 0.0001

0.0041 0.0054 0.0001

0.0006 0.0011 0.0016

0.0006 0.0011 0.0017

0.0006 0.0010 0.0016

0.0006 0.0011 0.0017

0.0006 0.0011 0.0016

0.0006 0.0011 0.0017

Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 33

Table A-2.

197516

197416,17

1973

197218

197119

1970

1969

1968

196720

MEASURE Household Income at Selected Percentiles 10th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12,046 19,684 36,942 46,453 55,823 80,151 102,748 126,483

12,385 20,705 38,406 47,702 56,751 82,364 106,204 130,364

12,302 20,606 39,623 49,262 58,626 84,410 108,957 135,668

11,747 20,167 38,841 48,287 57,405 82,164 105,568 132,234

11,017 19,490 37,154 46,304 54,674 77,960 100,014 123,802

10,847 19,744 37,824 46,759 55,014 78,490 99,980 124,071

11,100 20,082 38,535 47,124 55,730 78,082 99,074 122,459

10,820 19,499 36,968 45,435 52,987 74,452 93,887 116,478

9,940 18,294 35,674 43,558 50,632 72,201 91,715 115,863

Household Income Ratios of Selected Percentiles 90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.53 6.43 2.72 1.73 4.07 0.42

8.58 6.30 2.73 1.73 3.98 0.43

8.86 6.58 2.75 1.71 4.10 0.42

8.99 6.56 2.74 1.70 4.07 0.42

9.08 6.35 2.67 1.68 4.00 0.42

9.22 6.28 2.65 1.68 3.98 0.42

8.93 6.10 2.60 1.66 3.89 0.43

8.68 5.97 2.56 1.64 3.82 0.43

9.23 6.33 2.66 1.66 3.95 0.42

Mean Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top 5 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11,453 28,131 46,155 67,064 118,407 179,688

11,855 29,466 47,491 68,586 121,518 184,706

11,899 29,917 49,072 70,592 126,309 194,555

11,369 29,366 47,925 68,802 123,520 191,450

10,730 28,360 45,978 65,368 115,825 177,656

10,663 28,888 46,519 65,571 116,085 178,177

10,852 29,301 46,821 65,581 115,270 177,425

10,595 28,415 45,065 62,864 109,235 167,009

9,755 27,031 43,158 60,384 108,669 171,414

4.3 10.4 17.0 24.7 43.6 16.5

4.3 10.6 17.0 24.6 43.5 16.5

4.2 10.4 17.0 24.5 43.9 16.9

4.1 10.4 17.0 24.5 43.9 17.0

4.1 10.6 17.3 24.5 43.5 16.7

4.1 10.8 17.4 24.5 43.3 16.6

4.1 10.9 17.5 24.5 43.0 16.6

4.2 11.1 17.6 24.5 42.6 16.3

4.0 10.8 17.3 24.2 43.6 17.2

0.397 0.361 0.270

0.395 0.352 0.267

0.400 0.355 0.270

0.401 0.370 0.279

0.396 0.370 0.273

0.394 0.370 0.271

0.391 0.357 0.268

0.386 0.356 0.273

0.397 0.380 0.287

0.067 0.136 0.210

0.067 0.134 0.207

0.068 0.136 0.210

0.070 0.140 0.216

0.068 0.138 0.214

0.067 0.135 0.209

0.067 0.135 0.208

0.071 0.143 0.220

STANDARD ERROR Household Income at Selected Percentiles 10th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th percentile limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

125 145 217 189 246 340 465 681

132 176 224 183 264 233 383 860

131 175 240 187 285 271 394 617

130 173 234 184 235 321 531 833

126 168 222 180 231 380 285 498

131 175 228 171 245 203 322 616

134 178 225 174 226 216 381 758

131 175 212 164 222 242 504 523

127 170 202 159 232 285 678 492

Household Income Ratios of Selected Percentiles 90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.097 0.059 0.019 0.010 0.035 0.004

0.096 0.068 0.022 0.009 0.036 0.004

0.100 0.063 0.018 0.010 0.037 0.004

0.109 0.070 0.021 0.010 0.038 0.004

0.107 0.060 0.016 0.011 0.040 0.004

0.115 0.064 0.017 0.008 0.037 0.004

0.113 0.066 0.020 0.008 0.036 0.004

0.115 0.060 0.016 0.009 0.036 0.004

0.136 0.065 0.016 0.010 0.040 0.004

Mean Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Top 5 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49 44 48 62 467 1,647

51 46 47 65 472 1606

50 50 50 66 512 1734

51 49 49 65 536 1892

50 47 47 62 508 1842

53 49 46 62 522 1904

52 51 46 61 533 1965

53 49 44 58 500 1839

50 49 43 57 543 1981

0.04 0.09 0.15 0.21 0.38 0.36

0.04 0.09 0.15 0.22 0.39 0.38

0.04 0.10 0.16 0.22 0.39 0.38

0.04 0.10 0.16 0.23 0.40 0.39

0.04 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.40 0.39

0.04 0.10 0.17 0.23 0.41 0.41

0.0056 0.0059 0.0001

0.0066 0.0058 0.0001

0.0040 0.0057 0.0001

0.0069 0.0060 0.0001

0.0063 0.0061 0.0001

0.0078 0.0060 0.0001

0.0066 0.0058 0.0001

0.0042 0.0057 0.0001

0.0044 0.0060 0.0001

0.0007 0.0012 0.0018

0.0006 0.0011 0.0017

0.0007 0.0012 0.0017

0.0007 0.0013 0.0018

0.0007 0.0013 0.0019

0.0008 0.0014 0.0020

0.0007 0.0012 0.0018

0.0008 0.0014 0.0020

Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes on next page.

34 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

1 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2 Implementation of Census 2010-based population controls. 3 Medians are calculated using $2,500 income intervals. Beginning with 2009 income data, the Census Bureau expanded the upper income intervals used to calculate medians to $250,000 or more. Medians falling in the upper open-ended interval are plugged with "$250,000.â&#x20AC;? Before 2009, the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a plug of "$100,000" was used. 4 Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 5 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 6 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls. 7 Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race. 8 Introduction of 1990 census sample design. 9 Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veteransâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 10 Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 11 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 12 Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design. 13 Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design. 14 Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. 15 First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 16 Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data, which were derived using linear interpolation. 17 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 18 Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. 19 Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls. 20 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 35

36 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

See footnotes at end of table.

Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.0019 0.0039 0.0001 0.0008 0.0013 0.0016

0.0018 0.0041 0.0001 0.0008 0.0012 0.0016

0.0018 0.0042 0.0001 0.0009 0.0014 0.0017

0.0018 0.0043 0.0001 0.0009 0.0013 0.0017 0.0009 0.0014 0.0017 0.0008 0.0012 0.0016 0.0007 0.0012 0.0015 0.0011 0.0017 0.0023

0.0010 0.0016 0.0023

0.0010 0.0016 0.0022

0.0012 0.0019 0.0024

0.0013 0.0022 0.0028

0.04 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.48 0.0018 0.0042 0.0001

0.04 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.49 0.0018 0.0042 0.0001

0.04 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.49 0.0018 0.0043 0.0001

0.04 0.09 0.15 0.23 0.49

0.0021 0.0069 0.0053

0.04 0.09 0.15 0.23 0.49

0.0019 0.0080 0.0048

0.04 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.48

0.0019 0.0073 0.0053

0.04 0.09 0.15 0.23 0.49

0.0022 0.0072 0.0062

0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.21

0.0026 0.0083 0.0067

0.03 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.18

0.04 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.25

STANDARD ERRORS Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.18

0.089 0.174 0.267 0.090 0.176 0.272 0.091 0.179 0.276 0.092 0.181 0.280 0.093 0.182 0.278

0.089 0.175 0.271

0.091 0.180 0.278

0.094 0.186 0.289

0.093 0.185 0.290

0.097 0.191 0.297

0.097 0.192 0.298

0.095 0.188 0.293

0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.21

0.443 0.523 0.373

4.0 9.6 15.2 22.7 48.4

2002

0.445 0.548 0.373

3.9 9.5 15.2 22.8 48.6

2003

0.447 0.559 0.380

3.8 9.6 15.2 22.7 48.7

20043

0.450 0.571 0.386

3.8 9.5 15.1 22.6 49.1

2005

0.452 0.557 0.393

3.8 9.4 14.9 22.5 49.3

2006

0.444 0.548 0.368

3.8 9.5 15.3 22.9 48.5

2007

0.450 0.568 0.377

3.7 9.4 15.1 22.8 48.9

2008

0.456 0.605 0.390

3.6 9.3 15.0 22.9 49.4

2009

0.456 0.617 0.382

3.4 9.2 15.0 23.1 49.2

20102

0.463 0.626 0.404

3.4 9.0 14.8 22.8 50.0

2011

0.463 0.629 0.405

3.4 9.0 14.8 22.9 49.9

2012

0.459 0.620 0.392

3.5 9.1 14.9 22.9 49.6

20131

MEASURES Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Measures of income dispersion

(Beginning with 2009, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Income Distribution: 1947â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1998. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov /programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013

Table A-3.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 37

See footnotes at end of table.

0.0025 0.0035 0.0001 0.0005 0.0009 0.0012

0.0024 0.0037 0.0001 0.0004 0.0008 0.0012

0.0024 0.0038 0.0001 0.0005 0.0008 0.0012

0.0027 0.0041 0.0001 0.0009 0.0015 0.0018 0.0010 0.0015 0.0019 0.0010 0.0015 0.0019 0.0010 0.0016 0.0020 0.0010 0.0016 0.0020

0.0010 0.0015 0.0019

0.0009 0.0014 0.0018

0.0009 0.0014 0.0017

0.0009 0.0014 0.0018

0.04 0.11 0.16 0.24 0.45 0.0027 0.0042 0.0001

0.04 0.11 0.16 0.24 0.45 0.0027 0.0044 0.0001

0.04 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.45 0.0028 0.0045 0.0001

0.04 0.10 0.16 0.23 0.48

0.0027 0.0047 0.0001

0.04 0.10 0.16 0.23 0.48

0.0027 0.0048 0.0001

0.04 0.10 0.16 0.23 0.48

0.0026 0.0046 0.0001

0.04 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.48

0.0019 0.0037 0.0001

0.04 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.48

0.0019 0.0039 0.0001

0.04 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.48

0.04 0.10 0.15 0.22 0.49

0.072 0.144 0.220 0.072 0.144 0.223 0.074 0.149 0.230 0.087 0.169 0.256 0.087 0.169 0.256

0.085 0.166 0.251

0.088 0.170 0.256

0.089 0.173 0.263

0.088 0.172 0.262

0.088 0.171 0.260

0.090 0.174 0.263

0.091 0.177 0.270

0.04 0.10 0.15 0.22 0.49

0.406 0.388 0.293

4.4 10.6 16.3 23.5 45.1

1990

0.406 0.402 0.289

4.3 10.6 16.5 23.7 45.0

1991

0.413 0.419 0.299

4.1 10.3 16.3 23.7 45.5

19929

0.436 0.472 0.363

3.9 9.8 15.6 23.0 47.7

19938

0.436 0.474 0.363

4.0 9.8 15.6 22.8 47.8

19947

0.433 0.463 0.356

4.1 9.9 15.6 22.8 47.6

19956

0.437 0.474 0.370

4.0 9.8 15.5 22.7 47.9

1996

0.440 0.500 0.374

4.0 9.8 15.4 22.6 48.3

1997

0.439 0.506 0.369

4.0 9.8 15.4 22.7 48.1

1998

0.441 0.492 0.366

4.0 9.7 15.3 22.6 48.4

19995

0.442 0.501 0.380

4.1 9.8 15.2 22.3 48.6

20004

0.446 0.527 0.386

4.0 9.6 15.2 22.4 48.8

2001

Measures of income dispersion

(Beginning with 2009, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov /programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013—Con.

Table A-3.

38 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

See footnotes at end of table.

Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.0023 0.0032 0.0001 0.0004 0.0007 0.0010

0.0023 0.0030 0.0001 0.0004 0.0007 0.0010

0.0022 0.0031 0.0001 0.0003 0.0006 0.0010

0.0023 0.0035 0.0001 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011

0.0004 0.0008 0.0011

0.0005 0.0008 0.0012

0.0006 0.0010 0.0013

0.0005 0.0009 0.0013

0.05 0.12 0.17 0.24 0.42 0.0023 0.0036 0.0001

0.05 0.12 0.17 0.24 0.42 0.0023 0.0035 0.0001

0.05 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.42

0.0024 0.0035 0.0001

0.05 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.43

0.0024 0.0035 0.0001

0.05 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.44

0.0024 0.0035 0.0001

0.05 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.44

0.0026 0.0036 0.0001

0.05 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.44

0.0025 0.0035 0.0001

0.05 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.44

0.04 0.11 0.16 0.23 0.45

STANDARD ERRORS Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.44

0.057 0.116 0.180 0.058 0.118 0.184 0.058 0.119 0.186 0.060 0.123 0.194 0.064 0.129 0.203

0.065 0.132 0.207

0.065 0.132 0.205

0.067 0.135 0.208

0.068 0.137 0.212

0.069 0.139 0.215

0.070 0.141 0.216

0.073 0.145 0.222

0.04 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.45

0.363 0.315 0.231

5.4 11.8 17.3 23.7 41.8

1978

0.366 0.322 0.234

5.3 11.7 17.2 23.8 41.9

197913

0.367 0.330 0.234

5.2 11.6 17.3 24.0 41.9

1980

0.373 0.352 0.241

5.0 11.4 17.2 24.0 42.4

1981

0.384 0.370 0.255

4.7 11.1 17.0 23.9 43.2

1982

0.389 0.373 0.260

4.6 11.0 16.9 24.0 43.5

198312

0.389 0.366 0.261

4.6 11.0 16.8 24.0 43.6

1984

0.394 0.369 0.269

4.6 10.9 16.7 23.7 44.1

198511

0.397 0.375 0.276

4.5 10.8 16.6 23.8 44.3

1986

0.399 0.381 0.281

4.4 10.8 16.7 23.8 44.4

198710

0.402 0.380 0.285

4.4 10.7 16.5 23.7 44.7

1988

0.408 0.393 0.298

4.4 10.5 16.3 23.4 45.4

1989

MEASURES Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted Incomes of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Measures of income dispersion

(Beginning with 2009, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov /programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013—Con.

Table A-3.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 39

0.05 0.12 0.17 0.24 0.42

0.0023 0.0032 0.0001 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011

0.0004 0.0007 0.0011

0.0024 0.0034 0.0001

0.06 0.12 0.17 0.24 0.42

0.056 0.114 0.176

0.359 0.306 0.227

5.6 11.9 17.3 23.6 41.6

197515

0.0004 0.0007 0.0011

0.0027 0.0032 0.0001

0.06 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.42

0.057 0.114 0.176

0.360 0.298 0.230

5.6 12.0 17.2 23.5 41.7

1973

0.0004 0.0007 0.0011

0.0029 0.0033 0.0001

0.06 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.42

0.057 0.115 0.177

0.362 0.302 0.233

5.6 11.9 17.2 23.4 41.9

197217

0.0004 0.0007 0.0011

0.0028 0.0032 0.0001

0.06 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.42

0.057 0.113 0.175

0.359 0.300 0.229

5.7 12.0 17.2 23.4 41.7

197118

0.0004 0.0007 0.0011

0.0035 0.0031 0.0001

0.06 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.42

0.056 0.113 0.175

0.357 0.299 0.228

5.7 12.1 17.3 23.4 41.5

1970

0.0004 0.0008 0.0011

0.0062 0.0030 0.0001

0.06 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.41

0.055 0.110 0.169

0.353 0.283 0.224

5.8 12.2 17.3 23.4 41.3

1969

0.0004 0.0007 0.0010

0.0070 0.0030 0.0001

0.06 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.41

0.054 0.109 0.169

0.351 0.285 0.220

5.8 12.3 17.4 23.4 41.1

1968

0.0005 0.0008 0.0011

0.0025 0.0031 0.0001

0.06 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.42

0.058 0.116 0.179

0.362 0.303 0.238

5.6 12.0 17.1 23.2 42.1

196719

Implementation of 1990 census population controls. Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design. 12 Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design. 13 Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. 14 First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 15 Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data which were derived using linear interpolation. 16 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 17 Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. 18 Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls. 19 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 11

0.0004 0.0007 0.0010

0.0026 0.0033 0.0001

0.06 0.12 0.17 0.24 0.41

0.055 0.110 0.171

0.354 0.295 0.221

5.8 12.1 17.3 23.6 41.2

197415, 16

0.056 0.113 0.177

0.057 0.116 0.180

0.06 0.12 0.17 0.24 0.41

0.359 0.311 0.227

5.6 11.8 17.4 23.8 41.5

197614

0.362 0.315 0.231

5.5 11.7 17.3 23.7 41.7

1977

MEASURES Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted Incomes of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Measures of income dispersion

(Beginning with 2009, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov /programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013—Con.

Table A-3.

Table A-4.

Number and Real Median Earnings of Total Workers and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Sex and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2013

(People 15 years and older beginning in 1980 and people 14 years and older as of the following year for previous years. Before 1989, earnings are for civilian workers only. Earnings in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. Before 2010, standard errors were calculated using the generalized variance function. See Appendix C for more information. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) Total workers Male Year

Number of workers (thousands)

Female Number of workers (thousands)

Median earnings (dollars)

Value 39,903 38,467 38,675

Standard error 437 420 172

Total 74,598 74,252 73,178

With earnings 74,545 74,188 73,094

Male Number of workers (thousands)

Median earnings (dollars)

Value 27,736 27,273 27,499

Standard error 364 139 137

Total 60,781 59,028 58,014

With earnings 60,769 59,009 57,993

Full-time, year-round workers Female Number of Median workers earnings (thousands) (dollars)

Value 50,033 50,116 49,924

Standard error 246 474 491

Total 45,081 44,059 43,702

With earnings 45,068 44,042 43,683

Median earnings (dollars)

Value 39,157 38,340 38,444

Standard error 363 366 160

Femaletomale earnings ratio 0.783 0.765 0.770

20131. . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . 2011. . . . . . .

Total 83,605 83,070 81,418

With earnings 83,555 83,003 81,366

20102. . . . . . . 20093. . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . 2005. . . . . . . 20044. . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . 2001. . . . . . .

80,893 81,979 84,088 84,532 83,980 82,987 81,503 80,554 80,548 80,300

80,856 81,934 84,039 84,482 83,928 82,934 81,448 80,508 80,500 80,209

39,300 39,457 39,563 41,159 41,453 40,986 40,059 40,591 40,978 41,268

170 128 116 119 124 335 199 100 106 104

72,789 73,063 74,600 74,382 73,761 72,544 72,016 71,446 71,500 71,308

72,716 72,972 74,538 74,295 73,683 72,476 71,930 71,372 71,411 71,232

28,316 28,269 27,751 29,073 28,267 27,533 27,447 27,870 27,747 27,435

140 101 105 102 177 171 97 103 97 104

56,294 56,072 59,875 63,000 63,070 61,515 60,103 58,784 58,774 58,728

56,283 56,053 59,861 62,984 63,055 61,500 60,088 58,772 58,761 58,712

51,231 51,181 50,165 50,684 48,826 49,383 50,311 51,509 51,055 50,361

522 160 157 169 102 107 111 114 316 339

43,184 43,253 44,163 45,640 44,682 43,369 42,414 41,922 41,900 41,651

43,179 43,217 44,156 45,613 44,663 43,351 42,380 41,908 41,876 41,639

39,411 39,399 38,673 39,436 37,566 38,014 38,526 38,914 39,108 38,440

156 114 115 115 214 97 97 105 104 217

0.769 0.770 0.771 0.778 0.769 0.770 0.766 0.755 0.766 0.763

20005. . . . . . . 19996. . . . . . . 1998. . . . . . . 1997. . . . . . . 1996. . . . . . . 19957. . . . . . . 19948. . . . . . . 19939. . . . . . . 199210 . . . . . . 1991. . . . . . .

80,572 79,360 77,323 76,731 76,165 74,681 74,326 73,287 73,142 72,064

80,494 79,322 77,295 76,694 76,121 74,619 74,264 73,198 73,120 72,040

41,868 42,052 41,039 38,845 38,120 37,971 36,768 35,628 35,630 36,457

106 203 333 177 182 240 288 208 187 183

71,758 71,153 68,950 67,851 66,744 65,657 64,803 63,808 62,535 61,959

71,657 71,053 68,846 67,736 66,661 65,557 64,706 63,660 62,408 61,796

27,415 25,780 25,284 24,190 23,696 23,255 22,262 22,059 22,005 21,490

104 226 230 156 161 155 204 216 218 208

59,619 58,318 56,957 54,933 53,801 52,675 51,597 49,838 48,554 47,987

59,602 58,299 56,951 54,909 53,787 52,667 51,580 49,818 48,551 47,888

50,391 50,876 50,444 48,730 47,521 47,803 47,956 48,270 49,122 49,073

137 190 190 465 170 175 193 186 185 369

41,744 40,890 38,819 37,715 36,457 35,502 34,182 33,552 33,296 32,491

41,719 40,871 38,785 37,683 36,430 35,482 34,155 33,524 33,241 32,436

37,148 36,791 36,910 36,139 35,053 34,145 34,513 34,523 34,771 34,282

138 158 168 224 245 208 171 152 166 163

0.737 0.723 0.732 0.742 0.738 0.714 0.720 0.715 0.708 0.699

1990. . . . . . . 1989. . . . . . . 1988. . . . . . . 198711 . . . . . . 1986. . . . . . . 198512 . . . . . . 198413 . . . . . . 1983. . . . . . . 1982. . . . . . . 1981. . . . . . .

72,380 72,093 70,496 69,624 68,783 67,852 66,513 65,216 64,827 65,362

72,348 72,045 70,467 69,545 68,728 67,809 66,454 65,138 64,730 65,233

37,185 38,774 39,001 38,875 38,087 36,706 36,358 35,726 35,631 37,014

176 189 214 284 282 279 203 196 202 211

61,946 61,586 60,873 59,557 57,932 56,592 55,596 53,413 52,299 52,504

61,732 61,338 60,658 59,359 57,686 56,296 55,226 53,108 51,820 51,940

21,165 21,288 20,995 20,832 20,311 19,258 18,525 18,294 17,814 17,749

138 141 149 137 168 194 179 133 130 128

49,181 49,698 48,303 47,048 45,912 44,952 43,836 41,548 40,135 41,811

49,171 49,678 48,285 47,013 45,912 44,943 43,808 41,528 40,105 41,773

47,821 49,575 50,437 50,895 51,216 49,952 49,581 48,639 48,851 49,791

358 203 221 212 219 291 254 222 206 174

31,758 31,428 31,334 29,982 28,493 27,470 26,587 25,288 23,845 23,488

31,682 31,340 31,237 29,912 28,420 27,383 26,466 25,166 23,702 23,329

34,248 34,045 33,313 33,172 32,916 32,257 31,562 30,931 30,163 29,494

219 229 238 155 172 169 186 189 204 123

0.716 0.687 0.660 0.652 0.643 0.646 0.637 0.636 0.617 0.592

1980. . . . . . . 197914 . . . . . . 1978. . . . . . . 1977. . . . . . . 197615 . . . . . . 197516 . . . . . . 197416, 17. . . . . 1973. . . . . . . 197218 . . . . . . 197119 . . . . . .

64,861 64,769 63,101 61,959 60,703 59,509 60,102 59,816 58,194 57,303

64,730 63,422 62,903 61,704 60,450 59,268 59,752 59,438 57,774 56,886

37,712 38,720 39,758 38,646 38,346 38,084 38,858 40,686 39,792 37,893

261 260 193 200 175 205 N N N N

51,988 51,462 49,214 47,333 45,659 43,725 43,694 42,835 40,723 39,910

51,448 49,839 48,398 46,194 44,565 42,926 42,650 41,583 39,470 38,485

17,829 17,874 17,200 16,366 15,992 15,562 15,179 15,315 15,845 15,315

145 153 157 144 149 165 N N N N

41,923 42,469 41,078 39,325 38,214 37,316 N 39,643 38,234 36,868

41,881 42,437 41,036 39,263 38,184 37,267 37,916 39,581 38,184 36,819

50,096 50,878 51,544 51,213 50,087 50,225 50,540 52,421 50,802 48,207

253 200 177 242 197 197 217 N N N

23,025 22,248 21,131 19,544 18,372 17,738 N 17,547 16,976 16,353

22,859 22,082 20,914 19,238 18,073 17,452 16,945 17,195 16,675 16,002

30,138 30,355 30,638 30,176 30,149 29,541 29,694 29,688 29,395 28,686

132 156 170 137 149 150 145 N N N

0.602 0.597 0.594 0.589 0.602 0.588 0.588 0.566 0.579 0.595

1970. . . . . . . 56,265 55,821 1969. . . . . . . 55,700 55,273 1968. . . . . . . 55,095 54,026 196720 . . . . . . 54,412 53,222 196621 . . . . . . 53,016 N 196522 . . . . . . N N 1964. . . . . . . 51,978 N 1963. . . . . . . 51,039 N 196223 . . . . . . 50,639 N 196124 . . . . . . 49,854 N 1960. . . . . . . 50,033 N See footnotes on next page.

38,290 38,754 37,801 36,710 37,122 34,947 34,611 36,819 33,157 32,138 30,975

N N N N N N N N N N N

39,682 39,060 38,279 36,971 35,295 N 33,146 32,188 31,418 30,433 30,585

38,273 37,737 35,695 34,391 N N N N N N N

14,616 14,403 14,740 14,336 14,866 14,997 14,052 13,531 13,239 12,750 12,590

N N N N N N N N N N N

36,193 37,055 37,099 36,695 N N N N N N N

36,132 37,008 37,068 36,645 N N N N N N N

48,001 46,214 44,972 43,796 43,115 41,311 40,730 39,801 38,825 38,128 36,950

N N N N N N N N N N N

15,805 15,678 15,336 15,141 N N N N N N N

15,476 15,374 15,013 14,846 N N N N N N N

28,498 27,958 26,153 25,307 24,815 24,755 24,091 23,461 23,023 22,591 22,419

N N N N N N N N N N N

0.594 0.605 0.582 0.578 0.576 0.599 0.591 0.589 0.593 0.592 0.607

40 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

N Not available. 1 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2 Implementation of Census 2010-based population controls. 3 Medians are calculated using $2,500 income intervals. Beginning with 2009 income data, the Census Bureau expanded the upper income intervals used to calculate medians to $250,000 or more. Medians falling in the upper open-ended interval are plugged with “$250,000.” Before 2009, the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a plug of “$100,000” was used. 4 The 2004 data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 5 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 6 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls. 7 Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race. 8 Introduction of 1990 census sample design. 9 Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 10 Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 11 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 12 Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design. 13 Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design. 14 Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. 15 First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 16 Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data, which were derived using linear interpolation. 17 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 18 Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. 19 Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls. 20 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 21 Questionnaire expanded to ask eight income questions. 22 Implementation of new procedures to impute missing data only. 23 Full implementation of 1960 census-based sample design and population controls. 24 Introduction of 1960 census-based sample design. Implementation of first hotdeck procedure to impute missing income entries. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1961 through 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 41

APPENDIX B. ESTIMATES OF POVERTY How Poverty Is Calculated Following the Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB) Statistical Policy Directive 14, the U.S. Census Bureau uses a set of dollar value thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who is in poverty (see the matrix below).

Poverty Thresholds for 2013 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years (Dollars) Related children under 18 years Size of family unit None

One

One person (unrelated individual): Under age 65 �� Aged 65 and older ��

12,119 11,173

Two people: Householder under age 65 �� Householder aged 65 and older ��

15,600 14,081

16,057 15,996

Three people �� Four people �� Five people �� Six people �� Seven people �� Eight people �� Nine people or more ��

18,222 24,028 28,977 33,329 38,349 42,890 51,594

18,751 24,421 29,398 33,461 38,588 43,269 51,844

Two

Three

Four

Five

Six

Seven

Eight or more

18,769 23,624 28,498 32,771 37,763 42,490 51,154

23,707 27,801 32,110 37,187 41,807 50,575

27,376 31,128 36,115 40,839 49,625

30,545 34,865 39,610 48,317

33,493 38,331 47,134

38,006 46,842

45,037

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

If a family’s total money income is less than the applicable threshold, then that family and every individual in it are considered in poverty. The official poverty thresholds are updated annually for inflation using the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U). The official poverty definition uses money income before taxes and tax credits and excludes capital gains and noncash benefits (such as Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits and housing assistance). The thresholds do not vary geographically. Example: Suppose Family A consists of five people: two children, their mother, their father, and their greataunt. Family A’s poverty threshold in 2013 was $28,498. Each member of Family A had the following income in 2013: Mother Father Great-aunt First child Second child Total:

U.S. Census Bureau

$11,000 8,000 10,000 0 0 $29,000

Since their total family income, $29,000, was higher than their threshold ($28,498), Family A would not be considered “in poverty.” While the thresholds, in some sense, represent the needs of families, they should be interpreted as a statistical yardstick rather than as a complete description of what people and families need to live. Many government assistance programs use different income eligibility cutoffs. While official poverty rates and the number of people or families in poverty are important, other poverty indicators are considered in the section “Depth of Poverty Measures” and other approaches to setting thresholds and defining resources are discussed in the section “Alternative Poverty Measures.” For a history of the official poverty measure, see “The Development of the Orshansky Poverty Thresholds and Their Subsequent History as the Official U.S. Poverty Measure” by Gordon M. Fisher, available at <www.census.gov/hhes/povmeas /publications/orshansky.html>.

Weighted average thresholds: Since some data users want a summary of the 48 thresholds to get a general sense of the “poverty line,” the following table provides the weighted average thresholds for 2013. The weighted average thresholds are based on the relative number of families of each size and composition and are not used in computing poverty estimates.

Weighted Average Poverty Thresholds in 2013 by Size of Family (Dollars) One person Two people Three people Four people Five people Six people Seven people Eight people Nine people or more

11,888 15,142 18,552 23,834 28,265 31,925 36,384 40,484 48,065

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 43

Table B-1.

Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) All people

People in families

Below poverty

Race, Hispanic origin, and year

Unrelated individuals

Families with female householder, no husband present

All families Below poverty

Below poverty

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

ALL RACES 20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

312,965 310,648

45,318 46,496

14.5 15.0

254,988 252,863

31,530 33,198

12.4 13.1

47,007 47,085

15,606 15,957

33.2 33.9

56,564 56,185

13,181 12,558

23.3 22.4

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

308,456 306,130 303,820 301,041 298,699

46,247 46,343 43,569 39,829 37,276

15.0 15.1 14.3 13.2 12.5

252,316 250,200 249,384 248,301 245,443

33,126 33,120 31,197 28,564 26,509

13.1 13.2 12.5 11.5 10.8

48,103 46,454 45,315 44,027 43,961

16,451 15,911 14,746 13,812 13,478

34.2 34.3 32.5 31.4 30.7

54,517 54,250 53,079 51,534 51,740

12,416 12,449 11,678 10,710 10,189

22.8 22.9 22.0 20.8 19.7

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

296,450 293,135 290,617 287,699 285,317

36,460 36,950 37,040 35,861 34,570

12.3 12.6 12.7 12.5 12.1

245,199 242,389 240,754 238,903 236,921

25,915 26,068 26,544 25,684 24,534

10.6 10.8 11.0 10.8 10.4

43,223 42,244 42,053 41,311 40,529

13,199 13,153 12,832 12,413 11,657

30.5 31.1 30.5 30.0 28.8

49,884 49,526 48,609 47,594 47,156

9,977 10,425 9,926 9,713 9,618

20.0 21.1 20.4 20.4 20.4

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

281,475 278,944 276,208 271,059 268,480

32,907 31,581 32,791 34,476 35,574

11.7 11.3 11.9 12.7 13.3

233,911 231,909 230,789 227,229 225,369

23,215 22,347 23,830 25,370 26,217

9.9 9.6 10.3 11.2 11.6

39,261 38,375 38,580 39,000 38,412

11,223 10,926 11,764 12,907 13,494

28.6 28.5 30.5 33.1 35.1

46,392 45,624 43,977 42,539 41,672

9,226 8,653 8,400 8,478 8,687

19.9 19.0 19.1 19.9 20.8

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19926 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

266,218 263,733 261,616 259,278 256,549

36,529 36,425 38,059 39,265 38,014

13.7 13.8 14.5 15.1 14.8

223,955 222,792 221,430 219,489 217,936

27,376 27,501 28,985 29,927 28,961

12.2 12.3 13.1 13.6 13.3

38,584 38,908 37,253 37,861 36,446

13,796 14,205 14,380 14,636 14,205

35.8 36.5 38.6 38.7 39.0

40,727 39,484 38,538 38,038 36,842

8,452 8,247 8,287 8,388 8,075

20.8 20.9 21.5 22.1 21.9

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

251,192 248,644 245,992 243,530 240,982

35,708 33,585 31,528 31,745 32,221

14.2 13.5 12.8 13.0 13.4

212,723 210,967 209,515 208,056 206,877

27,143 25,232 24,066 24,048 24,725

12.8 12.0 11.5 11.6 12.0

34,795 33,795 32,525 32,164 31,893

13,824 12,578 11,668 11,972 12,148

39.7 37.2 35.9 37.2 38.1

36,845 36,056 35,185 34,340 32,992

7,773 7,446 6,760 7,070 6,857

21.1 20.7 19.2 20.6 20.8

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

238,554 236,594 233,816 231,700 229,412

32,370 33,064 33,700 35,303 34,398

13.6 14.0 14.4 15.2 15.0

205,459 203,963 202,288 201,338 200,385

24,754 25,729 26,458 27,933 27,349

12.0 12.6 13.1 13.9 13.6

31,152 30,878 30,844 30,049 28,834

11,944 11,600 11,831 12,072 11,701

38.3 37.6 38.4 40.2 40.6

31,679 31,351 30,268 29,158 27,908

6,846 6,725 6,609 6,740 6,458

21.6 21.5 21.8 23.1 23.1

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

227,157 225,027 222,903 215,656 213,867

31,822 29,272 26,072 24,497 24,720

14.0 13.0 11.7 11.4 11.6

198,541 196,963 195,860 191,071 190,757

24,850 22,601 19,964 19,062 19,505

12.5 11.5 10.2 10.0 10.2

28,587 27,565 26,927 26,032 25,404

11,051 10,120 9,400 9,269 9,205

38.7 36.7 34.9 35.6 36.2

27,714 27,133 26,170 24,585 23,110

6,490 6,227 5,743 5,435 5,216

23.4 22.9 21.9 22.1 22.6

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

212,303 210,864 209,362 207,621 206,004

24,975 25,877 23,370 22,973 24,460

11.8 12.3 11.2 11.1 11.9

190,844 190,630 190,436 189,361 189,193

19,632 20,789 18,817 18,299 19,577

10.3 10.9 9.9 9.7 10.3

24,204 23,580 23,165 21,823 21,264

9,029 8,846 8,462 8,178 8,114

37.3 37.5 36.5 37.5 38.2

21,459 20,234 18,926 18,260 16,811

5,344 5,088 4,553 4,674 4,883

24.9 25.1 24.1 25.6 29.0

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

204,554 202,183 199,517 197,628 195,672

25,559 25,420 24,147 25,389 27,769

12.5 12.6 12.1 12.8 14.2

188,242 186,692 184,891 183,825 182,558

20,405 20,330 19,175 20,695 22,771

10.8 10.9 10.4 11.3 12.5

20,153 19,673 17,995 18,048 17,788

7,797 7,503 6,879 6,990 6,898

38.7 38.1 38.2 38.7 38.8

16,311 15,491 14,626 13,803 13,114

5,154 5,090 4,972 4,694 4,998

31.6 32.9 34.0 34.0 38.1

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

193,388 191,413 189,710 187,258 184,276

28,510 33,185 36,055 36,436 38,625

14.7 17.3 19.0 19.5 21.0

181,117 179,281 177,653 176,076 173,263

23,809 28,358 30,912 31,498 33,623

13.1 15.8 17.4 17.9 19.4

17,240 16,371 N N N

6,861 7,524 7,297 7,646 7,781

39.8 46.0 44.4 47.7 50.3

12,271 12,132 12,057 11,182 11,013

4,701 4,827 5,143 4,938 5,002

38.3 39.8 42.7 44.2 45.4

1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

181,277 179,503 176,557

39,628 39,851 39,490

21.9 22.2 22.4

170,131 168,615 165,858

34,509 34,925 34,562

20.3 20.7 20.8

N N N

7,252 7,247 7,014

48.1 48.9 49.4

11,146 10,888 10,699

5,119 4,926 4,928

45.9 45.2 46.1

See footnotes at end of table.

44 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

Table B-1.

Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) All people

People in families

Below poverty

Race, Hispanic origin, and year

Unrelated individuals

Families with female householder, no husband present

All families Below poverty

Below poverty

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

WHITE ALONE9 20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

243,085 242,147

29,936 30,816

12.3 12.7

197,001 196,378

19,944 21,328

10.1 10.9

28,795 28,707

8,404 8,691

29.2 30.3

44,998 44,509

9,544 8,940

21.2 20.1

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

241,334 239,982 242,047 240,548 239,133

30,849 31,083 29,830 26,990 25,120

12.8 13.0 12.3 11.2 10.5

196,709 195,441 197,938 197,763 195,944

21,456 21,543 20,701 18,558 17,141

10.9 11.0 10.5 9.4 8.7

29,636 28,032 28,163 27,010 27,159

8,999 8,721 8,283 7,340 7,188

30.4 31.1 29.4 27.2 26.5

43,295 43,324 43,010 41,810 41,931

8,809 8,971 8,580 7,982 7,505

20.3 20.7 19.9 19.1 17.9

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

237,619 235,430 233,741 231,866 230,376

24,416 24,872 25,327 24,272 23,466

10.3 10.6 10.8 10.5 10.2

196,061 194,277 193,024 192,074 190,823

16,644 16,782 17,445 16,740 16,043

8.5 8.6 9.0 8.7 8.4

27,057 25,943 26,139 25,536 24,903

7,160 7,021 6,892 6,530 5,992

26.5 27.1 26.4 25.6 24.1

40,461 40,164 39,712 38,913 38,575

7,334 7,718 7,416 7,225 7,105

18.1 19.2 18.7 18.6 18.4

WHITE10 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

229,675 227,846 225,361 222,837 221,200

22,739 21,645 22,169 23,454 24,396

9.9 9.5 9.8 10.5 11.0

190,413 188,966 187,833 186,184 185,147

15,369 14,692 15,353 16,549 17,258

8.1 7.8 8.2 8.9 9.3

24,619 24,166 23,913 24,211 23,773

5,972 5,609 5,947 6,674 7,296

24.3 23.2 24.9 27.6 30.7

38,294 37,699 36,441 35,563 34,858

6,996 6,454 6,411 6,386 6,593

18.3 17.1 17.6 18.0 18.9

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19926 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

219,656 218,028 216,460 214,899 213,060

24,650 24,423 25,379 26,226 25,259

11.2 11.2 11.7 12.2 11.9

184,119 183,450 182,546 181,330 180,409

17,621 17,593 18,474 18,968 18,294

9.6 9.6 10.1 10.5 10.1

23,744 23,732 22,713 23,224 22,453

7,073 7,047 7,228 7,199 6,907

29.8 29.7 31.8 31.0 30.8

34,247 33,399 32,569 32,112 31,170

6,463 6,336 6,292 6,443 6,147

18.9 19.0 19.3 20.1 19.7

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

210,133 208,611 206,853 205,235 203,605

23,747 22,326 20,785 20,715 21,195

11.3 10.7 10.0 10.1 10.4

177,619 176,504 175,857 175,111 174,488

17,268 15,916 15,179 15,001 15,593

9.7 9.0 8.6 8.6 8.9

21,608 20,845 20,362 20,396 20,244

6,806 6,210 5,723 5,950 5,989

31.5 29.8 28.1 29.2 29.6

31,207 30,833 29,993 29,315 28,290

5,872 5,739 5,063 5,314 5,174

18.8 18.6 16.9 18.1 18.3

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

202,282 200,918 198,941 197,496 195,919

22,183 22,860 22,955 23,984 23,517

11.0 11.4 11.5 12.1 12.0

174,024 172,863 171,839 171,407 170,748

16,393 17,125 17,299 18,377 18,015

9.4 9.9 10.1 10.7 10.6

20,163 20,105 19,727 19,256 18,374

6,171 5,990 5,866 6,017 5,686

30.6 29.8 29.7 31.2 30.9

27,143 27,067 26,094 25,206 24,300

5,198 5,299 5,181 5,189 5,041

19.2 19.6 19.9 20.6 20.7

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

194,504 192,912 191,742 186,450 185,254

21,553 19,699 17,214 16,259 16,416

11.1 10.2 9.0 8.7 8.9

169,868 168,756 168,461 165,193 165,385

16,127 14,587 12,495 12,050 12,364

9.5 8.6 7.4 7.3 7.5

18,795 17,642 17,349 16,877 16,721

5,600 4,940 4,375 4,371 4,474

29.8 28.0 25.2 25.9 26.8

23,913 23,370 22,587 21,257 19,869

5,061 4,760 4,452 4,209 4,051

21.2 20.4 19.7 19.8 20.4

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

184,165 183,164 182,376 181,185 180,125

16,713 17,770 15,736 15,142 16,203

9.1 9.7 8.6 8.4 9.0

165,571 165,661 166,081 165,424 165,630

12,500 13,799 12,181 11,412 12,268

7.5 8.3 7.3 6.9 7.4

15,941 15,577 15,433 14,303 13,739

4,463 4,577 4,278 4,003 3,770

28.0 29.4 27.7 28.0 27.4

18,594 17,503 16,295 15,761 14,495

4,213 3,972 3,555 3,730 3,935

22.7 22.7 21.8 23.7 27.1

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

179,398 177,376 175,349 173,732 172,038

17,780 17,484 16,659 17,395 18,983

9.9 9.9 9.5 10.0 11.0

165,184 163,875 162,779 161,777 160,720

13,566 13,323 12,623 13,546 14,851

8.2 8.1 7.8 8.4 9.2

13,502 13,226 12,285 12,190 12,131

4,099 3,761 3,577 3,551 3,453

30.4 28.4 29.1 29.1 28.5

14,214 13,500 12,570 11,955 11,318

4,214 4,161 4,036 3,849 4,132

29.6 30.8 32.1 32.2 36.5

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

170,247 168,732 167,313 165,309

19,290 22,496 24,957 25,238

11.3 13.3 14.9 15.3

159,561 158,255 156,898 155,584

15,430 18,508 20,716 21,149

9.7 11.7 13.2 13.6

12,261 11,573 N N

3,646 4,092 3,911 4,051

29.7 35.4 33.4 35.6

10,686 10,477 10,415 9,725

3,860 3,988 4,241 4,089

36.1 38.1 40.7 42.0

1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

162,842 160,306 158,863 156,956

26,672 27,890 28,309 28,484

16.4 17.4 17.8 18.1

153,348 150,717 149,458 147,802

22,613 23,747 24,262 24,443

14.7 15.8 16.2 16.5

N N N N

4,089 4,062 4,296 4,232

37.9 37.6 39.0 40.2

9,494 9,589 9,405 9,154

4,059 4,143 4,047 4,041

42.7 43.2 43.0 44.1

See footnotes at end of table.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 45

Table B-1.

People in families

Below poverty

Race, Hispanic origin, and year

Unrelated individuals

Families with female householder, no husband present

All families Below poverty

Below poverty

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

WHITE ALONE, NOT HISPANIC9 20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

195,167 195,112

18,796 18,940

9.6 9.7

155,119 155,395

10,710 11,387

6.9 7.3

18,889 19,180

4,325 4,655

22.9 24.3

39,245 38,822

7,758 7,202

19.8 18.6

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

194,960 194,783 197,164 196,940 196,583

19,171 19,251 18,530 17,024 16,032

9.8 9.9 9.4 8.6 8.2

155,982 155,723 158,646 159,344 158,703

11,562 11,509 11,211 10,138 9,553

7.4 7.4 7.1 6.4 6.0

19,909 18,914 19,033 18,799 19,179

4,746 4,689 4,532 4,046 4,099

23.8 24.8 23.8 21.5 21.4

38,003 38,211 37,757 36,848 36,909

7,222 7,351 6,946 6,539 6,155

19.0 19.2 18.4 17.7 16.7

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

196,049 195,553 195,098 194,595 194,144

16,013 16,227 16,908 15,902 15,567

8.2 8.3 8.7 8.2 8.0

159,572 159,204 159,221 159,215 158,764

9,676 9,604 10,323 9,658 9,389

6.1 6.0 6.5 6.1 5.9

19,349 18,899 19,009 18,792 18,664

4,353 4,278 4,116 3,959 3,733

22.5 22.6 21.7 21.1 20.0

35,642 35,626 35,141 34,683 34,614

6,021 6,393 6,237 6,015 5,947

16.9 17.9 17.7 17.3 17.2

WHITE, NOT HISPANIC10 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

194,538 193,691 192,565 192,754 191,859

15,271 14,366 14,735 15,799 16,491

7.8 7.4 7.7 8.2 8.6

159,178 158,838 158,550 159,301 158,796

9,122 8,664 9,013 10,061 10,401

5.7 5.5 5.7 6.3 6.5

18,365 18,196 17,892 18,547 18,474

3,661 3,412 3,545 4,074 4,604

19.9 18.8 19.8 22.0 24.9

34,603 33,943 33,189 32,573 32,049

5,882 5,356 5,412 5,352 5,632

17.0 15.8 16.3 16.4 17.6

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19926 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

191,459 190,951 192,543 190,843 189,001

16,462 16,267 18,110 18,882 18,202

8.6 8.5 9.4 9.9 9.6

159,044 159,402 161,254 160,062 159,102

10,553 10,599 12,118 12,756 12,277

6.6 6.6 7.5 8.0 7.7

18,597 18,340 18,186 18,508 18,016

4,339 4,183 4,743 4,724 4,640

23.3 22.8 26.1 25.5 25.8

31,410 30,586 30,157 29,681 28,775

5,455 5,303 5,500 5,570 5,350

17.4 17.3 18.2 18.8 18.6

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

189,116 188,129 186,979 185,961 184,936

17,741 16,622 15,599 15,565 16,029

9.4 8.8 8.3 8.4 8.7

158,850 158,394 158,127 157,687 157,785

11,998 11,086 10,723 10,467 11,051

7.6 7.0 6.8 6.6 7.0

17,609 17,160 16,827 16,828 16,787

4,710 4,284 3,922 3,988 4,075

26.7 25.0 23.3 23.7 24.3

29,215 28,688 28,055 27,552 26,439

5,261 5,002 4,466 4,746 4,613

18.0 17.4 15.9 17.2 17.4

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

184,119 183,455 182,469 181,393 181,903

17,244 17,839 18,300 19,538 19,362

9.4 9.7 10.0 10.8 10.6

157,665 157,106 156,930 156,719 157,818

12,078 12,706 13,234 14,437 14,271

7.7 8.1 8.4 9.2 9.0

16,739 16,749 16,742 16,369 15,830

4,350 4,136 4,193 4,448 4,161

26.0 24.7 25.0 27.2 26.3

25,525 25,544 24,671 23,894 23,329

4,668 4,789 4,659 4,746 4,701

18.3 18.7 18.9 19.9 20.2

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

180,909 179,798 178,814 174,731 173,563

17,987 16,365 14,419 13,755 13,802

9.9 9.1 8.1 7.9 8.0

157,330 156,633 156,567 154,321 154,449

12,903 11,568 10,009 9,798 9,977

8.2 7.4 6.4 6.3 6.5

16,323 15,358 15,410 15,132 14,888

4,222 3,699 3,371 3,390 3,429

25.9 24.1 21.9 22.4 23.0

22,950 22,455 21,638 20,410 19,114

4,769 4,474 4,179 3,957 3,825

20.8 19.9 19.3 19.4 20.0

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

173,235 172,417 171,463 170,488

14,025 14,883 13,217 12,864

8.1 8.6 7.7 7.5

155,324 155,539 155,764 155,330

10,066 11,137 9,854 9,262

6.5 7.2 6.3 6.0

14,261 13,809 13,763 12,731

3,516 3,570 3,379 3,185

24.7 25.9 24.6 25.0

17,912 16,879 15,699 15,158

3,959 3,746 3,364 3,602

22.1 22.2 21.4 23.8

BLACK ALONE OR IN COMBINATION 20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44,112 43,583

11,959 11,809

27.1 27.1

35,657 35,205

9,174 9,016

25.7 25.6

14,906 15,113

6,319 6,220

42.4 41.2

8,199 8,179

2,657 2,663

32.4 32.6

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42,648 42,385 40,876 40,097 39,564

11,730 11,597 10,575 9,882 9,668

27.5 27.4 25.9 24.6 24.4

34,495 34,347 33,330 32,818 32,427

9,012 8,891 8,184 7,768 7,668

26.1 25.9 24.6 23.7 23.6

15,282 15,362 14,463 14,332 14,396

6,500 6,269 5,755 5,782 5,702

42.5 40.8 39.8 40.3 39.6

7,986 7,730 7,368 7,123 7,036

2,635 2,587 2,285 2,042 1,968

33.0 33.5 31.0 28.7 28.0

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39,013 38,551 38,037 37,503 37,207

9,447 9,517 9,411 9,108 8,884

24.2 24.7 24.7 24.3 23.9

32,130 31,663 31,468 31,059 31,008

7,411 7,459 7,495 7,162 6,985

23.1 23.6 23.8 23.1 22.5

13,848 14,080 13,830 13,664 13,551

5,422 5,524 5,484 5,312 5,145

39.2 39.2 39.7 38.9 38.0

6,715 6,754 6,418 6,194 6,034

1,935 2,003 1,840 1,814 1,851

28.8 29.7 28.7 29.3 30.7

See footnotes at end of table.

46 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

Table B-1.

People in families

Below poverty

Race, Hispanic origin, and year

Unrelated individuals

Families with female householder, no husband present

All families Below poverty

Below poverty

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

BLACK ALONE11 20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40,615 40,125

11,041 10,911

27.2 27.2

32,564 32,122

8,390 8,251

25.8 25.7

13,816 13,931

5,871 5,735

42.5 41.2

7,842 7,841

2,536 2,549

32.3 32.5

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39,609 39,283 38,556 37,966 37,665

10,929 10,746 9,944 9,379 9,237

27.6 27.4 25.8 24.7 24.5

31,800 31,596 31,306 30,986 30,778

8,334 8,181 7,642 7,339 7,312

26.2 25.9 24.4 23.7 23.8

14,145 14,236 13,680 13,648 13,741

5,980 5,831 5,427 5,533 5,459

42.3 41.0 39.7 40.5 39.7

7,659 7,419 7,102 6,835 6,807

2,524 2,479 2,209 1,970 1,898

33.0 33.4 31.1 28.8 27.9

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37,306 36,802 36,426 35,989 35,678

9,048 9,168 9,014 8,781 8,602

24.3 24.9 24.7 24.4 24.1

30,621 30,154 30,065 29,727 29,671

7,072 7,164 7,153 6,870 6,761

23.1 23.8 23.8 23.1 22.8

13,244 13,481 13,244 13,118 13,030

5,180 5,303 5,247 5,115 4,980

39.1 39.3 39.6 39.0 38.2

6,545 6,521 6,217 6,034 5,858

1,897 1,949 1,792 1,781 1,800

29.0 29.9 28.8 29.5 30.7

BLACK10 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35,871 35,425 35,756 34,877 34,458

8,136 7,982 8,441 9,091 9,116

22.7 22.5 23.6 26.1 26.5

29,869 29,378 29,819 29,333 28,962

6,389 6,221 6,758 7,259 7,386

21.4 21.2 22.7 24.7 25.5

12,550 12,383 12,823 13,156 13,218

4,694 4,774 5,232 5,629 5,654

37.4 38.6 40.8 42.8 42.8

5,873 5,885 5,668 5,390 5,316

1,692 1,702 1,562 1,752 1,645

28.8 28.9 27.5 32.5 31.0

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19926 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34,110 33,740 33,353 32,910 32,411

9,694 9,872 10,196 10,877 10,827

28.4 29.3 30.6 33.1 33.4

28,933 28,777 28,499 28,106 27,790

7,993 8,189 8,447 9,242 9,134

27.6 28.5 29.6 32.9 32.9

13,193 13,604 12,926 13,132 12,591

6,123 6,553 6,489 6,955 6,799

46.4 48.2 50.2 53.0 54.0

4,989 4,756 4,649 4,608 4,410

1,606 1,551 1,617 1,541 1,569

32.2 32.6 34.8 33.4 35.6

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31,313 30,806 30,332 29,849 29,362

10,242 9,837 9,302 9,356 9,520

32.7 31.9 30.7 31.3 32.4

26,565 26,296 25,931 25,484 25,128

8,504 8,160 7,704 7,650 7,848

32.0 31.0 29.7 30.0 31.2

11,960 11,866 11,190 10,794 10,701

6,557 6,005 5,530 5,601 5,789

54.8 50.6 49.4 51.9 54.1

4,505 4,244 4,180 4,095 3,977

1,590 1,491 1,471 1,509 1,471

35.3 35.1 35.2 36.8 37.0

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28,871 28,485 28,087 27,678 27,216

8,983 8,926 9,490 9,882 9,697

31.1 31.3 33.8 35.7 35.6

24,910 24,620 24,387 24,138 23,948

7,410 7,504 8,104 8,376 8,355

29.7 30.5 33.2 34.7 34.9

10,175 10,041 10,384 10,059 9,699

5,473 5,342 5,666 5,736 5,698

53.8 53.2 54.6 57.0 58.8

3,714 3,641 3,501 3,287 3,051

1,431 1,264 1,255 1,338 1,229

38.5 34.7 35.8 40.7 40.3

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26,834 26,408 25,944 24,956 24,710

9,173 8,579 8,050 7,625 7,726

34.2 32.5 31.0 30.6 31.3

23,423 23,084 22,666 22,027 21,850

7,780 7,190 6,800 6,493 6,667

33.2 31.1 30.0 29.5 30.5

9,214 9,338 9,065 8,689 8,315

5,222 4,984 4,816 4,712 4,595

56.7 53.4 53.1 54.2 55.3

3,277 3,208 3,127 2,929 2,860

1,296 1,314 1,168 1,132 1,059

39.6 41.0 37.3 38.6 37.0

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24,399 24,089 23,699 23,512 23,144

7,595 7,545 7,182 7,388 7,710

31.1 31.3 30.3 31.4 33.3

21,840 21,687 21,341 21,328 21,116

6,576 6,533 6,255 6,560 6,841

30.1 30.1 29.3 30.8 32.4

7,926 7,679 7,483 7,188 7,125

4,415 4,168 4,116 4,064 4,139

55.7 54.3 55.0 56.5 58.1

2,559 2,402 2,359 2,183 2,028

1,019 1,011 927 828 870

39.8 42.1 39.3 37.9 42.9

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22,784 22,515 22,011 21,944 21,590 21,206 18,013

7,396 7,548 7,095 7,616 8,486 8,867 9,927

32.5 33.5 32.2 34.7 39.3 41.8 55.1

20,900 20,724 20,192 N N N N

6,530 6,683 6,245 6,839 7,677 8,090 9,112

31.2 32.2 30.9 33.7 38.4 40.9 54.9

6,398 6,225 5,537 N N N N

3,587 3,656 3,225 3,312 3,362 3,160 2,416

56.1 58.7 58.2 58.9 61.6 65.3 70.6

1,884 1,791 1,819 N N N 1,430

866 865 850 777 809 777 815

46.0 48.3 46.7 46.3 49.3 54.4 57.0

See footnotes at end of table.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 47

Table B-1.

People in families

Below poverty

Race, Hispanic origin, and year

Unrelated individuals

Families with female householder, no husband present

All families Below poverty

Below poverty

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION 20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19,023 18,173

1,974 2,072

10.4 11.4

16,642 15,751

1,305 1,467

7.8 9.3

1,923 1,756

323 374

16.8 21.3

2,333 2,334

660 580

28.3 24.8

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17,813 17,237 15,272 14,543 14,430

2,189 2,064 1,901 1,686 1,467

12.3 12.0 12.4 11.6 10.2

15,591 14,950 13,403 12,817 12,527

1,550 1,463 1,361 1,270 1,012

9.9 9.8 10.2 9.9 8.1

1,847 1,804 1,539 1,471 1,421

411 386 290 228 250

22.2 21.4 18.9 15.5 17.6

2,133 2,208 1,826 1,707 1,837

614 578 527 410 426

28.8 26.2 28.8 24.0 23.2

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14,331 13,731 13,291 12,891 12,487

1,447 1,501 1,295 1,527 1,243

10.1 10.9 9.7 11.8 10.0

12,463 11,931 11,661 11,266 10,742

984 1,039 876 1,116 816

7.9 8.7 7.5 9.9 7.6

1,210 1,223 1,190 1,184 1,146

220 220 170 294 175

18.1 18.0 14.3 24.8 15.3

1,801 1,771 1,599 1,590 1,708

449 457 417 402 417

24.9 25.8 26.1 25.3 24.4

ASIAN ALONE12 20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17,063 16,417

1,785 1,921

10.5 11.7

14,895 14,190

1,154 1,357

7.7 9.6

1,657 1,515

228 309

13.7 20.4

2,128 2,156

623 547

29.3 25.4

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16,086 15,611 14,005 13,310 13,257

1,973 1,899 1,746 1,576 1,349

12.3 12.2 12.5 11.8 10.2

14,100 13,515 12,296 11,719 11,471

1,389 1,341 1,244 1,192 930

9.9 9.9 10.1 10.2 8.1

1,570 1,471 1,353 1,308 1,256

327 327 250 209 217

20.8 22.2 18.5 16.0 17.3

1,921 2,040 1,673 1,574 1,720

571 547 491 378 391

29.7 26.8 29.3 24.0 22.7

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13,177 12,580 12,231 11,856 11,541

1,353 1,402 1,201 1,401 1,161

10.3 11.1 9.8 11.8 10.1

11,428 10,911 10,734 10,333 9,899

912 970 812 1,017 763

8.0 8.9 7.6 9.8 7.7

1,057 1,059 1,024 1,028 1,019

187 189 135 242 155

17.7 17.8 13.2 23.6 15.2

1,683 1,645 1,472 1,494 1,613

428 427 388 375 390

25.4 26.0 26.3 25.1 24.2

ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER10 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12,465 12,672 11,955 10,873 10,482

1,275 1,258 1,285 1,360 1,468

10.2 9.9 10.7 12.5 14.0

10,745 11,044 10,507 9,576 9,312

873 895 1,010 1,087 1,116

8.1 8.1 9.6 11.4 12.0

1,333 1,231 1,201 1,123 932

198 289 275 373 313

14.8 23.4 22.9 33.2 33.6

1,682 1,588 1,415 1,266 1,134

393 350 270 257 327

23.4 22.0 19.1 20.3 28.9

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19926 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10,054 9,644 6,654 7,434 7,779

1,454 1,411 974 1,134 985

14.5 14.6 14.6 15.3 12.7

8,900 8,582 5,915 6,609 6,922

1,172 1,112 776 898 787

13.2 13.0 13.1 13.6 11.4

1,018 919 582 725 729

300 266 137 126 183

29.5 28.9 23.6 17.4 25.0

1,120 1,013 696 791 828

255 260 179 228 193

22.8 25.6 25.7 28.8 23.3

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7,192 7,014 6,673 6,447 6,322

996 858 939 1,117 1,021

13.8 12.2 14.1 17.3 16.1

6,367 6,300 5,917 5,767 5,785

773 712 779 942 875

12.1 11.3 13.2 16.3 15.1

721 638 614 650 584

177 132 212 263 187

24.6 20.7 34.6 40.5 32.0

785 668 712 651 516

209 124 144 160 138

26.6 18.5 20.2 24.5 26.8

See footnotes at end of table.

48 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

Table B-1.

People in families

Below poverty

Race, Hispanic origin, and year

Unrelated individuals

Families with female householder, no husband present

All families Below poverty

Below poverty

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

HISPANIC (ANY RACE) 20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54,145 53,105

12,744 13,616

23.5 25.6

47,254 46,183

10,536 11,358

22.3 24.6

11,679 11,255

4,860 4,816

41.6 42.8

6,545 6,502

2,063 2,018

31.5 31.0

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

52,279 50,971 48,811 47,398 45,933

13,244 13,522 12,350 10,987 9,890

25.3 26.5 25.3 23.2 21.5

45,781 44,612 42,717 41,732 40,125

11,143 11,384 10,345 9,303 8,248

24.3 25.5 24.2 22.3 20.6

11,368 10,719 10,283 9,265 8,917

4,996 4,748 4,176 3,751 3,527

44.0 44.3 40.6 40.5 39.6

6,096 5,846 5,718 5,417 5,508

1,882 1,863 1,801 1,577 1,490

30.9 31.9 31.5 29.1 27.1

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44,784 43,020 41,690 40,300 39,216

9,243 9,368 9,122 9,051 8,555

20.6 21.8 21.9 22.5 21.8

39,177 37,759 36,438 35,469 34,598

7,650 7,767 7,705 7,637 7,184

19.5 20.6 21.1 21.5 20.8

8,652 7,868 7,825 7,452 7,013

3,189 3,069 3,072 2,861 2,554

36.9 39.0 39.3 38.4 36.4

5,317 4,971 4,971 4,620 4,364

1,468 1,451 1,293 1,325 1,255

27.6 29.2 26.0 28.7 28.8

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37,312 35,955 34,632 31,515 30,637

7,997 7,747 7,876 8,070 8,308

21.4 21.5 22.7 25.6 27.1

33,110 31,700 30,872 28,055 27,467

6,674 6,430 6,702 6,814 7,198

20.2 20.3 21.7 24.3 26.2

6,830 6,469 6,527 6,074 5,718

2,585 2,444 2,642 2,837 2,911

37.8 37.8 40.5 46.7 50.9

3,981 3,978 3,481 3,218 2,976

1,211 1,163 1,068 1,097 1,017

30.4 29.2 30.7 34.1 34.2

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19926 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29,614 28,344 27,442 26,559 25,646

8,697 8,574 8,416 8,126 7,592

29.4 30.3 30.7 30.6 29.6

26,340 25,165 24,390 23,439 22,695

7,515 7,341 7,357 6,876 6,455

28.5 29.2 30.2 29.3 28.4

5,641 5,785 5,328 5,333 4,806

3,020 3,053 2,920 2,837 2,474

53.5 52.8 54.8 53.2 51.5

2,985 2,947 2,798 2,717 2,577

1,066 1,092 926 972 881

35.7 37.0 33.1 35.8 34.2

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22,070 21,405 20,746 20,064 19,395

6,339 6,006 5,430 5,357 5,422

28.7 28.1 26.2 26.7 28.0

19,658 18,912 18,488 18,102 17,342

5,541 5,091 4,659 4,700 4,761

28.2 26.9 25.2 26.0 27.5

4,326 3,993 3,763 3,734 3,678

2,282 2,115 1,902 2,052 2,045

52.7 53.0 50.6 55.0 55.6

2,146 2,254 2,045 1,864 1,933

667 774 634 597 598

31.1 34.3 31.0 32.0 31.0

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18,758 18,075 16,916 16,544 14,385

5,117 5,236 4,806 4,633 4,301

27.3 29.0 28.4 28.0 29.9

16,880 16,276 15,293 15,075 13,242

4,469 4,605 4,192 4,113 3,865

26.5 28.3 27.4 27.3 29.2

3,631 3,561 3,139 3,032 2,664

1,921 1,983 1,764 1,670 1,601

52.9 55.7 56.2 55.1 60.1

1,685 1,602 1,481 1,364 1,018

553 532 545 457 358

32.8 33.2 36.8 33.5 35.1

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14,021 13,600 13,371 12,079 12,046

3,713 3,491 2,921 2,607 2,700

26.5 25.7 21.8 21.6 22.4

12,922 12,547 12,291 11,193 11,249

3,349 3,143 2,599 2,343 2,463

25.9 25.1 21.1 20.9 21.9

2,622 2,421 2,058 1,817 1,901

1,465 1,319 1,053 1,024 1,077

55.9 54.5 51.2 56.4 56.7

1,005 970 991 886 797

313 312 286 264 237

31.1 32.2 28.8 29.8 29.8

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11,269 11,117 11,201 10,795 10,588

2,783 2,991 2,575 2,366 2,414

24.7 26.9 23.0 21.9 22.8

10,552 10,472 10,584 10,269 10,099

2,516 2,755 2,374 2,209 2,252

23.8 26.3 22.4 21.5 22.3

1,766 1,842 1,723 1,534 1,370

1,000 1,053 915 881 733

56.6 57.2 53.1 57.4 53.5

716 645 617 526 488

266 236 201 157 162

37.2 36.6 32.6 29.9 33.2

U.S. Census Bureau

8 For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report Money Income and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No. 166. 9 The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. 10 For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are White, non-Hispanic White, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander. 11 Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race. 12 Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race. Note: Prior to 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies were included in people in families. Beginning in 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies are included in all people but are excluded from people in families. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 49

Table B-2.

Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013 (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) Under 18 years All people

Race, Hispanic origin, and year

18 to 64 years

Related children in families

Below poverty

65 years and older

Below poverty

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

ALL RACES 20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

73,625 73,719

14,659 16,073

19.9 21.8

72,573 72,545

14,142 15,437

19.5 21.3

194,833 193,642

26,429 26,497

13.6 13.7

44,508 43,287

4,231 3,926

9.5 9.1

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

73,737 73,873 74,579 74,068 73,996

16,134 16,286 15,451 14,068 13,324

21.9 22.0 20.7 19.0 18.0

72,568 72,581 73,410 72,980 72,792

15,539 15,598 14,774 13,507 12,802

21.4 21.5 20.1 18.5 17.6

193,213 192,481 190,627 189,185 187,913

26,492 26,499 24,684 22,105 20,396

13.7 13.8 12.9 11.7 10.9

41,507 39,777 38,613 37,788 36,790

3,620 3,558 3,433 3,656 3,556

8.7 8.9 8.9 9.7 9.7

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

73,727 73,285 73,241 72,999 72,696

12,827 12,896 13,041 12,866 12,133

17.4 17.6 17.8 17.6 16.7

72,609 72,095 72,133 71,907 71,619

12,299 12,335 12,473 12,340 11,646

16.9 17.1 17.3 17.2 16.3

186,688 184,345 182,166 180,041 178,388

20,239 20,450 20,545 19,443 18,861

10.8 11.1 11.3 10.8 10.6

36,035 35,505 35,209 34,659 34,234

3,394 3,603 3,453 3,552 3,576

9.4 10.1 9.8 10.2 10.4

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

72,021 71,741 71,685 71,338 71,069

11,733 11,587 12,280 13,467 14,113

16.3 16.2 17.1 18.9 19.9

70,950 70,538 70,424 70,253 69,844

11,175 11,005 11,678 12,845 13,422

15.8 15.6 16.6 18.3 19.2

175,685 173,638 171,146 167,327 165,329

17,760 16,671 17,289 17,623 18,085

10.1 9.6 10.1 10.5 10.9

33,769 33,566 33,377 32,394 32,082

3,414 3,323 3,222 3,386 3,376

10.1 9.9 9.7 10.5 10.5

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19926 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70,650 70,566 70,020 69,292 68,440

14,463 14,665 15,289 15,727 15,294

20.5 20.8 21.8 22.7 22.3

69,411 69,425 68,819 68,040 67,256

13,764 13,999 14,610 14,961 14,521

19.8 20.2 21.2 22.0 21.6

163,691 161,508 160,329 159,208 157,680

18,638 18,442 19,107 19,781 18,793

11.4 11.4 11.9 12.4 11.9

31,877 31,658 31,267 30,779 30,430

3,428 3,318 3,663 3,755 3,928

10.8 10.5 11.7 12.2 12.9

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65,918 65,049 64,144 63,747 63,294

14,341 13,431 12,590 12,455 12,843

21.8 20.6 19.6 19.5 20.3

64,800 63,908 63,225 62,906 62,423

13,658 12,715 12,001 11,935 12,275

21.1 19.9 19.0 19.0 19.7

154,684 153,502 152,282 150,761 149,201

17,586 16,496 15,575 15,809 15,815

11.4 10.7 10.2 10.5 10.6

30,590 30,093 29,566 29,022 28,487

3,781 3,658 3,363 3,481 3,563

12.4 12.2 11.4 12.0 12.5

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

62,948 62,876 62,447 62,334 62,345

12,876 13,010 13,420 13,911 13,647

20.5 20.7 21.5 22.3 21.9

62,009 62,019 61,681 61,578 61,565

12,257 12,483 12,929 13,427 13,139

19.8 20.1 21.0 21.8 21.3

147,631 146,396 144,551 143,052 141,328

16,017 16,598 16,952 17,767 17,000

10.8 11.3 11.7 12.4 12.0

27,975 27,322 26,818 26,313 25,738

3,477 3,456 3,330 3,625 3,751

12.4 12.6 12.4 13.8 14.6

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

62,449 62,914 63,375 62,311 63,137

12,505 11,543 10,377 9,931 10,288

20.0 18.3 16.4 15.9 16.2

61,756 62,168 62,646 61,987 62,823

12,068 11,114 9,993 9,722 10,028

19.5 17.9 16.0 15.7 16.0

139,477 137,428 135,333 130,169 128,262

15,464 13,858 12,014 11,332 11,316

11.1 10.1 8.9 8.7 8.8

25,231 24,686 24,194 23,175 22,468

3,853 3,871 3,682 3,233 3,177

15.3 15.7 15.2 14.0 14.1

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64,028 65,079 66,134 66,959 67,930

10,273 11,104 10,156 9,642 10,284

16.0 17.1 15.4 14.4 15.1

63,729 64,750 65,802 66,626 67,592

10,081 10,882 9,967 9,453 10,082

15.8 16.8 15.1 14.2 14.9

126,175 124,122 122,101 120,060 117,957

11,389 11,456 10,132 9,977 10,438

9.0 9.2 8.3 8.3 8.8

22,100 21,662 21,127 20,602 20,117

3,313 3,317 3,085 3,354 3,738

15.0 15.3 14.6 16.3 18.6

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

68,816 69,159 69,090 70,385 70,408

10,551 10,440 9,691 10,954 11,656

15.3 15.1 14.0 15.6 16.6

68,474 68,815 68,746 70,035 70,058

10,344 10,235 9,501 10,739 11,427

15.1 14.9 13.8 15.3 16.3

115,911 113,554 111,528 108,684 107,024

10,735 10,187 9,669 9,803 10,725

9.3 9.0 8.7 9.0 10.0

19,827 19,470 18,899 18,559 18,240

4,273 4,793 4,787 4,632 5,388

21.6 24.6 25.3 25.0 29.5

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70,218 69,986 69,711 69,181 67,722 66,121 65,601 64,315

12,389 14,676 16,051 16,005 16,963 16,909 17,634 17,552

17.6 21.0 23.0 23.1 25.0 25.6 26.9 27.3

69,869 69,638 69,364 68,837 67,385 65,792 65,275 63,995

12,146 14,388 15,736 15,691 16,630 16,577 17,288 17,208

17.4 20.7 22.7 22.8 24.7 25.2 26.5 26.9

105,241 N N N N N N 96,685

11,007 N N N N N N 16,457

10.5 N N N N N N 17.0

17,929 N N N N N N 15,557

5,114 N N N N N N 5,481

28.5 N N N N N N 35.2

See footnotes at end of table.

50 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

Table B-2.

Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) Under 18 years All people

Race, Hispanic origin, and year

18 to 64 years

Related children in families

Below poverty

65 years and older

Below poverty

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

WHITE ALONE9 20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53,846 54,066

8,808 9,979

16.4 18.5

53,074 53,201

8,428 9,547

15.9 17.9

151,334 151,042

17,931 17,946

11.8 11.9

37,905 37,039

3,197 2,891

8.4 7.8

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54,186 54,490 56,266 56,153 56,419

10,103 10,092 9,938 8,863 8,395

18.6 18.5 17.7 15.8 14.9

53,268 53,573 55,397 55,339 55,483

9,643 9,590 9,440 8,441 8,002

18.1 17.9 17.0 15.3 14.4

151,416 151,218 152,367 151,681 150,875

18,007 18,353 17,391 15,356 14,135

11.9 12.1 11.4 10.1 9.4

35,732 34,274 33,414 32,714 31,839

2,739 2,638 2,501 2,771 2,590

7.7 7.7 7.5 8.5 8.1

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56,205 56,075 56,053 55,779 55,703

7,908 8,085 8,308 7,985 7,549

14.1 14.4 14.8 14.3 13.6

55,330 55,152 55,212 54,989 54,900

7,522 7,652 7,876 7,624 7,203

13.6 13.9 14.3 13.9 13.1

150,143 148,450 146,974 145,783 144,694

14,035 14,086 14,486 13,622 13,178

9.3 9.5 9.9 9.3 9.1

31,270 30,905 30,714 30,303 29,980

2,473 2,700 2,534 2,666 2,739

7.9 8.7 8.3 8.8 9.1

WHITE10 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56,089 55,980 55,833 56,016 55,863

7,527 7,307 7,639 8,443 8,990

13.4 13.1 13.7 15.1 16.1

55,238 55,021 54,873 55,126 54,870

7,086 6,834 7,194 7,935 8,441

12.8 12.4 13.1 14.4 15.4

143,796 142,164 139,974 138,061 136,784

12,555 11,754 12,085 12,456 12,838

8.7 8.3 8.6 9.0 9.4

29,790 29,703 29,553 28,759 28,553

2,656 2,584 2,446 2,555 2,569

8.9 8.7 8.3 8.9 9.0

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19926 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55,606 55,444 55,186 54,639 54,110

9,044 8,981 9,346 9,752 9,399

16.3 16.2 16.9 17.8 17.4

54,599 54,532 54,221 53,614 53,110

8,488 8,474 8,826 9,123 8,752

15.5 15.5 16.3 17.0 16.5

135,586 134,149 133,289 132,680 131,694

12,940 12,869 13,187 13,535 12,871

9.5 9.6 9.9 10.2 9.8

28,464 28,436 27,985 27,580 27,256

2,667 2,572 2,846 2,939 2,989

9.4 9.0 10.2 10.7 11.0

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

52,523 51,929 51,400 51,203 51,012

8,848 8,232 7,599 7,435 7,788

16.8 15.9 14.8 14.5 15.3

51,627 51,028 50,704 50,590 50,360

8,316 7,696 7,164 7,095 7,398

16.1 15.1 14.1 14.0 14.7

130,312 129,784 128,974 128,031 126,991

12,097 11,387 10,647 10,687 10,703

9.3 8.8 8.3 8.3 8.4

27,297 26,898 26,479 26,001 25,602

2,802 2,707 2,539 2,593 2,704

10.3 10.1 9.6 10.0 10.6

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51,111 51,031 50,814 50,726 50,920

8,209 8,253 8,472 8,862 8,678

16.1 16.2 16.7 17.5 17.0

50,356 50,358 50,192 50,183 50,305

7,714 7,838 8,086 8,534 8,282

15.3 15.6 16.1 17.0 16.5

125,998 125,258 123,922 123,014 121,766

11,285 11,909 11,904 12,347 11,971

9.0 9.5 9.6 10.0 9.8

25,173 24,629 24,206 23,754 23,234

2,689 2,698 2,579 2,776 2,870

10.7 11.0 10.7 11.7 12.4

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51,140 51,653 52,262 51,669 52,563

7,785 7,181 6,193 5,831 6,097

15.2 13.9 11.8 11.3 11.6

50,553 51,002 51,687 51,409 52,299

7,429 6,817 5,909 5,674 5,943

14.7 13.4 11.4 11.0 11.4

120,574 118,935 117,583 113,832 112,374

10,790 9,478 8,110 7,897 7,893

8.9 8.0 6.9 6.9 7.0

22,791 22,325 21,898 20,950 20,316

2,978 3,042 2,911 2,530 2,426

13.1 13.6 13.3 12.1 11.9

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53,428 54,405 55,590 N N

6,189 6,927 6,223 N N

11.6 12.7 11.2 N N

53,167 54,126 55,320 56,211 57,181

6,034 6,748 6,079 5,462 5,784

11.3 12.5 11.0 9.7 10.1

110,717 109,105 107,579 N N

7,890 8,210 7,053 N N

7.1 7.5 6.6 N N

20,020 19,654 19,206 N N

2,633 2,634 2,460 2,698 3,072

13.2 13.4 12.8 14.4 16.8

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

N N N N N

58,119 58,472 58,578 N N

6,341 6,138 5,667 6,373 6,729

10.9 10.5 9.7 10.7 11.3

N N N N N

N N N 17,062 16,791

3,605 4,011 4,052 3,939 4,646

19.9 22.6 23.3 23.1 27.7

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

N N N N

7,204 8,595 11,229 11,386

12.1 14.4 20.0 20.6

N N N N

16,514 N N N

4,357 N N 4,744

26.4 N N 33.1

See footnotes at end of table.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 51

Table B-2.

Race, Hispanic origin, and year

18 to 64 years

Related children in families

Below poverty

65 years and older

Below poverty

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

WHITE ALONE, NOT HISPANIC9 20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38,395 38,759

4,094 4,782

10.7 12.3

37,849 38,167

3,833 4,510

10.1 11.8

121,991 122,221

12,133 11,833

9.9 9.7

34,781 34,131

2,569 2,324

7.4 6.8

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38,955 39,437 40,917 41,309 41,979

4,850 4,866 4,850 4,364 4,255

12.5 12.3 11.9 10.6 10.1

38,322 38,823 40,319 40,707 41,304

4,554 4,544 4,518 4,059 3,996

11.9 11.7 11.2 10.0 9.7

123,101 123,731 125,511 125,482 125,161

12,112 12,230 11,658 10,380 9,598

9.8 9.9 9.3 8.3 7.7

32,904 31,616 30,736 30,149 29,442

2,210 2,155 2,022 2,280 2,179

6.7 6.8 6.6 7.6 7.4

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42,212 42,523 42,978 43,150 43,614

4,208 4,254 4,519 4,233 4,090

10.0 10.0 10.5 9.8 9.4

41,563 41,867 42,363 42,547 43,017

3,930 3,973 4,190 3,957 3,848

9.5 9.5 9.9 9.3 8.9

124,847 124,326 123,481 123,110 122,511

9,761 9,708 10,236 9,391 9,157

7.8 7.8 8.3 7.6 7.5

28,990 28,704 28,639 28,335 28,018

2,044 2,264 2,153 2,277 2,321

7.0 7.9 7.5 8.0 8.3

WHITE, NOT HISPANIC10 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44,095 44,244 44,272 45,355 45,491

4,194 4,018 4,155 4,822 5,204

9.5 9.1 9.4 10.6 11.4

43,459 43,554 43,570 44,670 44,665

3,887 3,715 3,832 4,458 4,759

8.9 8.5 8.8 10.0 10.7

122,470 121,499 120,341 120,282 119,373

8,811 8,130 8,462 8,760 9,088

7.2 6.7 7.0 7.3 7.6

27,973 27,948 27,952 27,118 26,995

2,266 2,218 2,118 2,217 2,200

8.1 7.9 7.6 8.2 8.1

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19926 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45,605 45,689 46,668 46,096 45,590

5,072 5,115 5,823 6,255 6,017

11.1 11.2 12.5 13.6 13.2

44,844 44,973 45,874 45,322 44,833

4,656 4,745 5,404 5,819 5,558

10.4 10.6 11.8 12.8 12.4

118,822 118,228 119,192 118,475 117,386

9,074 8,908 9,732 9,964 9,461

7.6 7.5 8.2 8.4 8.1

27,033 27,034 26,684 26,272 26,025

2,316 2,243 2,556 2,663 2,724

8.6 8.3 9.6 10.1 10.5

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45,236 44,797 44,492 44,438 44,461

5,918 5,532 5,110 4,888 5,230

13.1 12.3 11.5 11.0 11.8

44,506 44,045 43,938 43,910 43,907

5,497 5,106 4,779 4,594 4,902

12.4 11.6 10.9 10.5 11.2

117,672 117,477 116,983 116,479 115,721

9,244 8,619 8,154 8,293 8,327

7.9 7.3 7.0 7.1 7.2

26,208 25,854 25,504 25,044 24,754

2,580 2,471 2,335 2,384 2,472

9.8 9.6 9.2 9.5 10.0

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44,664 44,752 44,886 44,830 45,531

5,789 5,745 6,156 6,649 6,566

13.0 12.8 13.7 14.8 14.4

44,041 44,199 44,349 44,374 45,001

5,388 5,421 5,828 6,381 6,229

12.2 12.3 13.1 14.4 13.8

115,157 114,969 114,180 113,570 113,717

8,963 9,608 9,734 10,279 10,082

7.8 8.4 8.5 9.1 8.9

24,298 23,734 23,402 22,992 22,655

2,492 2,486 2,410 2,610 2,714

10.3 10.5 10.3 11.4 12.0

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45,950 46,578 46,967 46,819

5,946 5,510 4,730 4,506

12.9 11.8 10.1 9.6

45,440 45,989 46,448 46,606

5,639 5,174 4,476 4,383

12.4 11.3 9.6 9.4

112,722 111,460 110,509 107,481

9,207 7,990 6,930 6,837

8.2 7.2 6.3 6.4

22,237 21,760 21,339 20,431

2,834 2,865 2,759 2,412

12.7 13.2 12.9 11.8

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47,689 48,824 49,670 50,759

4,714 4,799 5,342 4,820

9.9 9.8 10.8 9.5

47,459 48,601 49,421 50,520

4,582 4,664 5,185 4,697

9.7 9.6 10.5 9.3

106,063 104,846 103,496 101,894

6,772 6,720 7,039 6,051

6.4 6.4 6.8 5.9

19,812 19,565 19,251 18,810

2,316 2,506 2,503 2,346

11.7 12.8 13.0 12.5

BLACK ALONE OR IN COMBINATION 20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13,104 13,108

4,838 4,815

36.9 36.7

12,882 12,908

4,730 4,675

36.7 36.2

26,923 26,482

6,410 6,265

23.8 23.7

4,085 3,993

712 730

17.4 18.3

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12,968 13,015 12,655 12,388 12,380 12,375

4,849 4,923 4,480 4,202 4,178 4,086

37.4 37.8 35.4 33.9 33.7 33.0

12,815 12,759 12,445 12,201 12,227 12,206

4,762 4,814 4,349 4,104 4,106 3,977

37.2 37.7 34.9 33.6 33.6 32.6

25,962 25,815 24,815 24,404 23,968 23,510

6,241 6,031 5,441 5,017 4,742 4,652

24.0 23.4 21.9 20.6 19.8 19.8

3,718 3,555 3,405 3,305 3,215 3,128

640 643 655 663 748 710

17.2 18.1 19.2 20.0 23.3 22.7

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12,159 12,190 12,215 12,114

4,074 4,059 4,108 3,817

33.5 33.3 33.6 31.5

11,975 12,012 11,989 11,931

3,972 3,962 3,977 3,733

33.2 33.0 33.2 31.3

23,338 22,842 22,355 22,170

4,735 4,638 4,313 4,376

20.3 20.3 19.3 19.7

3,053 3,005 2,933 2,922

708 714 688 691

23.2 23.8 23.5 23.6

See footnotes at end of table.

52 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

Table B-2.

Race, Hispanic origin, and year

18 to 64 years

Related children in families

Below poverty

65 years and older

Below poverty

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

BLACK ALONE11 20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11,088 11,078

4,244 4,201

38.3 37.9

10,916 10,931

4,153 4,097

38.0 37.5

25,552 25,154

6,099 6,002

23.9 23.9

3,975 3,893

698 708

17.6 18.2

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11,138 11,173 11,282 11,172 11,302

4,320 4,355 4,033 3,878 3,904

38.8 39.0 35.7 34.7 34.5

11,005 10,953 11,102 10,998 11,174

4,247 4,271 3,919 3,781 3,838

38.6 39.0 35.3 34.4 34.3

24,831 24,667 23,953 23,565 23,213

5,980 5,775 5,264 4,855 4,602

24.1 23.4 22.0 20.6 19.8

3,640 3,443 3,320 3,229 3,150

630 617 647 646 731

17.3 17.9 19.5 20.0 23.2

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11,315 11,136 11,244 11,367 11,275

3,777 3,841 3,788 3,877 3,645

33.4 34.5 33.7 34.1 32.3

11,168 10,962 11,080 11,162 11,111

3,690 3,743 3,702 3,750 3,570

33.0 34.2 33.4 33.6 32.1

22,907 22,659 22,226 21,746 21,547

4,570 4,627 4,521 4,224 4,277

19.9 20.4 20.3 19.4 19.9

3,085 3,007 2,956 2,876 2,856

701 701 705 680 680

22.7 23.3 23.8 23.7 23.8

BLACK10 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11,556 11,480 11,488 11,317 11,367

3,492 3,581 3,813 4,151 4,225

30.2 31.2 33.2 36.7 37.2

11,419 11,296 11,260 11,176 11,193

3,423 3,495 3,698 4,073 4,116

30.0 30.9 32.8 36.4 36.8

21,462 21,160 21,518 20,837 20,400

4,018 3,794 4,000 4,222 4,191

18.7 17.9 18.6 20.3 20.5

2,853 2,785 2,750 2,723 2,691

626 607 628 718 700

21.9 21.8 22.8 26.4 26.0

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19926 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11,338 11,369 11,211 11,127 10,956

4,519 4,761 4,906 5,125 5,106

39.9 41.9 43.8 46.1 46.6

11,155 11,198 11,044 10,969 10,823

4,411 4,644 4,787 5,030 5,015

39.5 41.5 43.3 45.9 46.3

20,155 19,892 19,585 19,272 18,952

4,515 4,483 4,590 5,049 4,884

22.4 22.5 23.4 26.2 25.8

2,616 2,478 2,557 2,510 2,504

661 629 700 702 838

25.3 25.4 27.4 28.0 33.5

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10,350 10,162 10,012 9,865 9,730

4,755 4,550 4,375 4,296 4,385

45.9 44.8 43.7 43.5 45.1

10,178 9,980 9,847 9,681 9,546

4,637 4,412 4,257 4,148 4,234

45.6 44.2 43.2 42.8 44.4

18,355 18,097 17,833 17,548 17,245

4,607 4,427 4,164 4,275 4,361

25.1 24.5 23.3 24.4 25.3

2,606 2,547 2,487 2,436 2,387

880 860 763 785 774

33.8 33.8 30.7 32.2 32.4

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9,629 9,545 9,480 9,417 9,400

4,148 4,157 4,413 4,398 4,472

43.1 43.6 46.6 46.7 47.6

9,467 9,405 9,356 9,245 9,269

4,037 4,057 4,320 4,273 4,388

42.7 43.1 46.2 46.2 47.3

16,911 16,667 16,369 16,065 15,692

4,113 4,052 4,368 4,694 4,415

24.3 24.3 26.7 29.2 28.1

2,331 2,273 2,238 2,197 2,124

722 717 710 791 811

31.0 31.5 31.7 36.0 38.2

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9,374 9,368 9,307 9,229 9,296

4,237 3,961 3,833 3,830 3,888

45.2 42.3 41.2 41.5 41.8

9,291 9,287 9,172 9,168 9,253

4,170 3,906 3,745 3,781 3,850

44.9 42.1 40.8 41.2 41.6

15,358 14,987 14,596 13,774 13,483

4,117 3,835 3,478 3,133 3,137

26.8 25.6 23.8 22.7 23.3

2,102 2,054 2,040 1,954 1,930

820 783 740 662 701

39.0 38.1 36.2 33.9 36.3

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9,322 9,421 9,439 N N

3,787 3,925 3,755 N N

40.6 41.7 39.8 N N

9,291 9,374 9,384 9,405 9,426

3,758 3,884 3,713 3,822 4,025

40.4 41.4 39.6 40.6 42.7

13,224 12,872 12,539 N N

3,163 2,968 2,836 N N

23.9 23.1 22.6 N N

1,852 1,795 1,721 1,672 1,603

644 652 591 620 640

34.8 36.3 34.3 37.1 39.9

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

N N N N N N N

9,414 9,448 9,290 N N N N

3,836 3,922 3,677 4,188 4,558 4,774 5,022

40.4 41.5 39.6 43.1 47.4 50.6 65.6

N N N N N N N

1,584 1,422 1,373 1,374 1,341 1,311 N

623 683 689 655 715 722 711

39.3 48.0 50.2 47.7 53.3 55.1 62.5

See footnotes at end of table.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 53

Table B-2.

Race, Hispanic origin, and year

18 to 64 years

Related children in families

Below poverty

65 years and older

Below poverty

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION 20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,740 4,557

457 570

9.6 12.5

4,701 4,485

442 533

9.4 11.9

12,374 11,913

1,258 1,291

10.2 10.8

1,910 1,703

259 211

13.6 12.4

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,572 4,308 3,996 3,717 3,606

607 586 531 494 431

13.3 13.6 13.3 13.3 11.9

4,495 4,256 3,946 3,678 3,558

566 560 507 476 402

12.6 13.2 12.9 12.9 11.3

11,660 11,414 9,898 9,507 9,531

1,397 1,265 1,154 1,031 892

12.0 11.1 11.7 10.8 9.4

1,581 1,515 1,378 1,319 1,293

185 214 216 162 144

11.7 14.1 15.7 12.3 11.2

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,573 3,472 3,406 3,316 3,199

408 359 329 420 353

11.4 10.3 9.7 12.7 11.0

3,530 3,435 3,367 3,279 3,159

398 352 311 406 338

11.3 10.2 9.2 12.4 10.7

9,553 9,115 8,780 8,510 8,292

897 999 819 956 804

9.4 11.0 9.3 11.2 9.7

1,205 1,144 1,104 1,065 995

142 144 147 152 86

11.8 12.6 13.3 14.2 8.7

ASIAN ALONE12 20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,651 3,596

367 497

10.1 13.8

3,621 3,542

354 470

9.8 13.3

11,531 11,153

1,162 1,220

10.1 10.9

1,881 1,669

256 205

13.6 12.3

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,657 3,431 3,311 3,052 2,980

494 494 463 446 374

13.5 14.4 14.0 14.6 12.5

3,600 3,399 3,271 3,016 2,932

466 477 444 430 345

13.0 14.0 13.6 14.2 11.8

10,873 10,696 9,344 8,961 9,012

1,297 1,191 1,069 974 832

11.9 11.1 11.4 10.9 9.2

1,555 1,484 1,350 1,296 1,265

182 214 213 157 143

11.7 14.4 15.8 12.1 11.3

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,956 2,871 2,854 2,759 2,683

360 317 281 344 315

12.2 11.1 9.9 12.5 11.7

2,915 2,842 2,823 2,726 2,648

351 312 265 331 302

12.0 11.0 9.4 12.1 11.4

9,039 8,591 8,294 8,044 7,881

851 941 774 907 764

9.4 11.0 9.3 11.3 9.7

1,182 1,118 1,083 1,052 977

142 143 146 151 82

12.0 12.8 13.5 14.3 8.4

ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER10 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,215 3,294 3,212 3,137 3,096

369 420 381 564 628

11.5 12.7 11.9 18.0 20.3

3,169 3,256 3,178 3,099 3,061

353 407 367 542 608

11.1 12.5 11.5 17.5 19.9

8,352 8,500 7,879 6,951 6,680

814 756 807 698 753

9.7 8.9 10.2 10.0 11.3

899 878 864 785 705

92 82 96 97 87

10.2 9.3 11.1 12.4 12.3

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19926 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,924 2,900 1,739 2,061 2,218

571 564 318 375 363

19.5 19.5 18.3 18.2 16.4

2,899 2,858 1,719 2,029 2,199

553 532 308 358 352

19.1 18.6 17.9 17.6 16.0

6,484 6,123 4,401 4,871 5,067

821 757 589 680 568

12.7 12.4 13.4 14.0 11.2

647 622 513 503 494

63 89 67 79 53

9.7 14.3 13.0 15.6 10.8

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,056 2,126 1,983 1,970 1,937

360 374 392 474 455

17.5 17.6 19.8 24.1 23.5

2,036 2,098 1,945 1,949 1,908

348 356 368 458 432

17.1 17.0 18.9 23.5 22.7

4,582 4,375 4,225 4,035 4,010

565 422 512 583 510

12.3 9.6 12.1 14.4 12.7

555 514 465 442 375

70 62 34 60 56

12.7 12.1 7.4 13.5 15.0

See footnotes at end of table.

54 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

U.S. Census Bureau

Table B-2.

Race, Hispanic origin, and year

18 to 64 years

Related children in families

Below poverty

65 years and older

Below poverty

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

HISPANIC (ANY RACE) 20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17,837 17,664

5,415 5,976

30.4 33.8

17,559 17,341

5,273 5,773

30.0 33.3

32,903 32,228

6,654 6,977

20.2 21.6

3,405 3,213

676 663

19.8 20.6

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17,600 17,371 16,965 16,370 15,647

6,008 6,059 5,610 5,010 4,482

34.1 34.9 33.1 30.6 28.6

17,276 16,964 16,655 16,138 15,375

5,820 5,815 5,419 4,888 4,348

33.7 34.3 32.5 30.3 28.3

31,643 30,740 29,031 28,311 27,731

6,667 6,948 6,224 5,452 4,970

21.1 22.6 21.4 19.3 17.9

3,036 2,860 2,815 2,717 2,555

569 516 516 525 438

18.7 18.0 18.3 19.3 17.1

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15,147 14,654 14,173 13,730 13,210

4,072 4,143 4,098 4,077 3,782

26.9 28.3 28.9 29.7 28.6

14,907 14,361 13,929 13,519 12,971

3,959 3,977 3,985 3,982 3,653

26.6 27.7 28.6 29.5 28.2

27,209 26,051 25,324 24,490 23,952

4,698 4,765 4,620 4,568 4,334

17.3 18.3 18.2 18.7 18.1

2,428 2,315 2,194 2,080 2,053

472 460 403 406 439

19.4 19.9 18.4 19.5 21.4

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12,763 12,399 12,188 11,152 10,802

3,570 3,522 3,693 3,837 3,972

28.0 28.4 30.3 34.4 36.8

12,539 12,115 11,912 10,921 10,625

3,433 3,342 3,561 3,670 3,865

27.4 27.6 29.9 33.6 36.4

22,653 21,734 20,782 18,668 18,217

4,014 3,844 3,843 3,877 3,951

17.7 17.7 18.5 20.8 21.7

1,896 1,822 1,661 1,696 1,617

413 381 340 356 384

21.8 20.9 20.5 21.0 23.8

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19926 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10,511 10,213 9,822 9,462 9,081

4,237 4,080 4,075 3,873 3,637

40.3 40.0 41.5 40.9 40.0

10,255 10,011 9,621 9,188 8,829

4,090 3,938 3,956 3,666 3,440

39.9 39.3 41.1 39.9 39.0

17,587 16,673 16,192 15,708 15,268

4,089 4,153 4,018 3,956 3,668

23.3 24.9 24.8 25.2 24.0

1,516 1,458 1,428 1,390 1,298

370 342 323 297 287

24.4 23.5 22.6 21.4 22.1

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7,648 7,457 7,186 7,003 6,792

3,094 2,865 2,603 2,631 2,670

40.4 38.4 36.2 37.6 39.3

7,473 7,300 7,040 6,908 6,692

2,977 2,750 2,496 2,576 2,606

39.8 37.7 35.5 37.3 38.9

13,279 12,857 12,536 12,056 11,718

3,008 2,896 2,616 2,501 2,509

22.7 22.5 20.9 20.7 21.4

1,143 1,091 1,024 1,005 885

237 245 211 225 243

20.8 22.5 20.6 22.4 27.5

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,646 6,475 6,068 6,066 5,527

2,507 2,606 2,376 2,312 2,181

37.7 40.3 39.2 38.1 39.5

6,511 6,346 5,982 5,977 5,436

2,413 2,512 2,317 2,251 2,117

37.1 39.6 38.7 37.7 38.9

11,206 10,685 10,029 9,697 8,262

2,406 2,411 2,254 2,148 1,963

21.5 22.6 22.5 22.5 23.8

906 915 819 782 596

204 219 176 173 159

22.5 23.9 21.5 22.1 26.6

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,369 5,276 5,483 5,012 5,028

1,925 1,749 1,535 1,384 1,422

35.9 33.2 28.0 27.6 28.3

5,291 5,211 5,426 4,972 5,000

1,874 1,718 1,505 1,354 1,402

35.4 33.0 27.7 27.2 28.0

8,084 7,740 7,314 6,527 6,500

1,642 1,563 1,232 1,098 1,164

20.3 20.2 16.8 16.8 17.9

568 582 574 539 518

146 179 154 125 113

25.7 30.8 26.8 23.2 21.9

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,771 N N N

1,443 N N N

30.2 N N N

4,736 4,896 4,939 4,910

1,424 1,619 1,414 1,364

30.1 33.1 28.6 27.8

6,034 N N N

1,212 N N N

20.1 N N N

464 N N N

128 137 117 95

27.7 32.6 28.9 24.9

N Not available. 1 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2 Implementation of Census 2010-based population controls. 3 For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 4 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion. 5 For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls. 6 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls. 7 For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file. 8 For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report Money Income and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No. 166. 9 The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. 10 For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are White, non-Hispanic White, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander. 11 Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race. 12 Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race. Note: Before 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies were included in people in families. Beginning in 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies are included in all people but are excluded from people in families. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 55

Table B-3.

Poverty Status of Families, by Type of Family: 1959 to 2013 (Numbers in thousands. Families as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) All families Race, Hispanic origin, and year

ALL RACES 20131 �� 2012 �� 2011 �� 20102 �� 2009 �� 2008 �� 2007 �� 2006 �� 2005 �� 20043 �� 2003 �� 2002 �� 2001 �� 20004 �� 19995 �� 1998 �� 1997 �� 1996 �� 1995 �� 1994 �� 1993 �� 19926 �� 19917 �� 1990 �� 1989 �� 19888 �� 19878 �� 1986 �� 1985 �� 1984 �� 1983 �� 1982 �� 1981 �� 1980 �� 1979 �� 1978 �� 1977 �� 1976 �� 1975 �� 1974 �� 1973 �� 1972 �� 1971 �� 1970 �� 1969 �� 1968 �� 1967 �� 1966 �� 1965 �� 1964 �� 1963 �� 1962 �� 1961 �� 1960 �� 1959 ��

Male householder, no wife present

Married-couple families

Below poverty

Female householder, no husband present

Below poverty

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

Total

Number

Percent

81,217 80,944 80,529 79,559 78,867 78,874 77,908 78,454 77,418 76,866 76,232 75,616 74,340 73,778 73,206 71,551 70,884 70,241 69,597 69,313 68,506 68,216 67,175 66,322 66,090 65,837 65,204 64,491 63,558 62,706 62,015 61,393 61,019 60,309 59,550 57,804 57,215 56,710 56,245 55,698 55,053 54,373 53,296 52,227 51,586 50,511 49,835 48,921 48,278 47,836 47,436 46,998 46,341 45,435 45,054

9,130 9,520 9,497 9,400 8,792 8,147 7,623 7,668 7,657 7,835 7,607 7,229 6,813 6,400 6,792 7,186 7,324 7,708 7,532 8,053 8,393 8,144 7,712 7,098 6,784 6,874 7,005 7,023 7,223 7,277 7,647 7,512 6,851 6,217 5,461 5,280 5,311 5,311 5,450 4,922 4,828 5,075 5,303 5,260 5,008 5,047 5,667 5,784 6,721 7,160 7,554 8,077 8,391 8,243 8,320

11.2 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.1 10.3 9.8 9.8 9.9 10.2 10.0 9.6 9.2 8.7 9.3 10.0 10.3 11.0 10.8 11.6 12.3 11.9 11.5 10.7 10.3 10.4 10.7 10.9 11.4 11.6 12.3 12.2 11.2 10.3 9.2 9.1 9.3 9.4 9.7 8.8 8.8 9.3 10.0 10.1 9.7 10.0 11.4 11.8 13.9 15.0 15.9 17.2 18.1 18.1 18.5

59,692 59,224 58,963 58,667 58,428 59,137 58,395 58,964 58,189 57,983 57,725 57,327 56,755 56,598 56,290 54,778 54,321 53,604 53,570 53,865 53,181 53,090 52,457 52,147 52,317 52,100 51,675 51,537 50,933 50,350 50,081 49,908 49,630 49,294 49,112 47,692 47,385 47,497 47,318 47,069 46,812 46,314 45,752 44,739 44,436 43,842 43,292 42,553 42,107 41,648 41,311 40,923 40,405 39,624 39,335

3,476 3,705 3,652 3,681 3,409 3,261 2,849 2,910 2,944 3,216 3,115 3,052 2,760 2,637 2,748 2,879 2,821 3,010 2,982 3,272 3,481 3,385 3,158 2,981 2,931 2,897 3,011 3,123 3,438 3,488 3,815 3,789 3,394 3,032 2,640 2,474 2,524 2,606 2,904 2,474 2,482 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

5.8 6.3 6.2 6.3 5.8 5.5 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.5 5.4 5.3 4.9 4.7 4.9 5.3 5.2 5.6 5.6 6.1 6.5 6.4 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.8 6.1 6.7 6.9 7.6 7.6 6.8 6.2 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.5 6.1 5.3 5.3 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

6,330 6,231 5,888 5,649 5,582 5,255 5,103 5,067 5,134 4,901 4,717 4,663 4,440 4,277 4,099 3,977 3,911 3,847 3,513 3,228 2,914 3,065 3,025 2,907 2,884 2,847 2,833 2,510 2,414 2,228 2,038 2,016 1,986 1,933 1,733 1,654 1,594 1,500 1,445 1,399 1,438 1,452 1,353 1,487 1,559 1,228 1,210 1,197 1,179 1,182 1,243 1,334 1,293 1,202 1,226

1,008 1,023 950 892 942 723 696 671 669 657 636 564 583 485 485 476 507 531 493 549 488 484 392 349 348 336 340 287 311 292 268 290 205 213 176 152 177 162 116 125 154 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

15.9 16.4 16.1 15.8 16.9 13.8 13.6 13.2 13.0 13.4 13.5 12.1 13.1 11.3 11.8 12.0 13.0 13.8 14.0 17.0 16.8 15.8 13.0 12.0 12.1 11.8 12.0 11.4 12.9 13.1 13.2 14.4 10.3 11.0 10.2 9.2 11.1 10.8 8.0 8.9 10.7 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

15,195 15,489 15,678 15,243 14,857 14,482 14,411 14,424 14,095 13,981 13,791 13,626 13,146 12,903 12,818 12,796 12,652 12,790 12,514 12,220 12,411 12,061 11,693 11,268 10,890 10,890 10,696 10,445 10,211 10,129 9,896 9,469 9,403 9,082 8,705 8,458 8,236 7,713 7,482 7,230 6,804 6,607 6,191 6,001 5,591 5,441 5,333 5,171 4,992 5,006 4,882 4,741 4,643 4,609 4,493

4,646 4,793 4,894 4,827 4,441 4,163 4,078 4,087 4,044 3,962 3,856 3,613 3,470 3,278 3,559 3,831 3,995 4,167 4,057 4,232 4,424 4,275 4,161 3,768 3,504 3,642 3,654 3,613 3,474 3,498 3,564 3,434 3,252 2,972 2,645 2,654 2,610 2,543 2,430 2,324 2,193 2,158 2,100 1,952 1,827 1,755 1,774 1,721 1,916 1,822 1,972 2,034 1,954 1,955 1,916

30.6 30.9 31.2 31.7 29.9 28.7 28.3 28.3 28.7 28.3 28.0 26.5 26.4 25.4 27.8 29.9 31.6 32.6 32.4 34.6 35.6 35.4 35.6 33.4 32.2 33.4 34.2 34.6 34.0 34.5 36.0 36.3 34.6 32.7 30.4 31.4 31.7 33.0 32.5 32.1 32.2 32.7 33.9 32.5 32.7 32.3 33.3 33.1 38.4 36.4 40.4 42.9 42.1 42.4 42.6

56 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

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APPENDIX C. REPLICATE WEIGHTS Beginning in the 2011 CPS ASEC report, the variance of CPS ASEC estimates used to calculate the standard errors and confidence intervals displayed in the text tables were calculated using the Successive Difference Replication (SDR) method documented by Fay and Train (1995). This method involves the computation of a set of replicate weights which account for the complex survey design of the CPS. The SDR method has been used to estimate variances in the American Community Survey since its inception.

GVF method of estimating standard errors to using the SDR method of estimating standard errors for the CPS ASEC. In 2009, the Census Bureau released replicate weights for the 2005 through 2009 CPS ASEC collection years and has released replicate weights for 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 with the release of the CPS ASEC public use data.

In previous years, the standard errors of CPS ASEC estimates were calculated using a Generalized Variance Function (GVF) approach. Under this approach, generalized variance parameters were used in formulas provided in the source and accuracy (S&A) statement to estimate standard errors.

Following the 2009 release of CPS ASEC replicate weights, Boudreaux, Davern, and Graven (2011) compared replicate weight standard error estimates with SDB estimates. Replicate weight estimates performed markedly better against SDB standard errors than those calculated using the published GVF parameters. The Census Bureau will continue to provide the GVF parameters in the source and accuracy statement.

A study by Davern et al. (2006) found that the CPS ASEC GVF standard errors performed poorly against more precise Survey Design-Based (SDB) estimates. In most cases, Davern’s results indicated that the published GVF parameters significantly underestimated standard errors in the CPS ASEC. This and other critiques prompted the Census Bureau to transition from using the

Since the published GVF parameters generally underestimated standard errors, standard errors produced using SDR may be higher than in previous reports. For most CPS ASEC estimates, the increase in standard errors from GVF to SDR will not alter the findings. However, marginally significant differences using the GVF may not be significant using replicate weights.

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References: Boudreaux, Michel, Michael Davern, and Peter Graven. “Alternative Variance Estimates in the Current Population Survey and the American Community Survey,” presented at the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America. Davern, Michael, Arthur Jones, James Lepkowski, Gestur Davidson, and Lynn A. Blewett. “Unstable Inferences? An Examination of Complex Survey Sample Design Adjustments Using the Current Population Survey for Health Services Research,” Inquiry. Vol. 43, No. 3, 2006, pp. 283–297. Fay, Robert E. and George F. Train. “Aspects of Survey and ModelBased Postcensal Estimation of Income and Poverty Characteristics for States and Counties,” Proceedings of the Section on Government Statistics, American Statistical Association, Alexandria, VA, 1995, pp. 154–159.

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 57

APPENDIX D. DESCRIPTION OF THE SPLIT PANEL TEST OF THE CURRENT POPULATION SURVEY ANNUAL SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SUPPLEMENT (CPS ASEC) INCOME REDESIGN The 2014 CPS ASEC utilized a probability split panel design to test a new redesigned set of income questions. The Census Bureau conducted an initial nationwide test of a redesigned set of income questions by telephone in March 2013.1 Based on the results of that initial test, a second, more comprehensive test was conducted in 2014. The second test was administered to three-eighths of the total 2014 ASEC production sample.2 There were approximately 98,000 addresses in the 2014 CPS ASEC sample; a subsample of about 30,000 addresses were randomly assigned to be eligible to receive the redesigned income questions, the remaining sample (approximately 68,000 addresses) were eligible to receive the set of ASEC income questions that have been in use since 1994, referred to here as the traditional income questions.3 1 For more details of the March 2013 content test and more specific details on all the changes to the ASEC redesigned income questions see, Jessica Semega and Ed Welniak, “Evaluating the 2013 CPS ASEC Income Redesign Content Test,” presented at the November 2013 meetings of the Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology, <www.census.gov/hhes/www/income /publications/Evaluating%20the%202013%20 CPS%20ASEC%20Income%20Redesign%20 Content%20Test.pdf> 2 All 2014 ASEC sample addresses were eligible to receive a new set of health insurance questions. 3 Each address in the sample was assigned a random number to determine if the address would receive the traditional or redesigned ASEC questionnaire. One caveat is that all month-insample-one addresses received the traditional ASEC. Census field representatives did not know in advance if the household they were interviewing would receive the traditional or redesigned income questions until they began the interview. All CPS ASEC interviewers were trained to conduct both sets of questions.

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The income questions were redesigned with the goals of improving income reporting, increasing response rates, reducing reporting errors by taking better advantage of an automated questionnaire environment, and updating questions on retirement income and the income generated from retirement accounts and all other assets. The following were components of the redesign instrument: •

Tailor the order of income questions to match those sources most likely received by respondents given certain known characteristics of the respondent focusing on households with a householder aged 62 and older, lower income households, and a default for all other household types.

•

Use a dual-pass identifying all sources of income received first and then ask amounts for those sources the respondent indicated receiving.

•

Use income ranges as a followup for “don’t know” or “refused” income amount questions.

•

Remove the family income screener for determining which households to ask low-income sources (such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families [TANF]).

•

Change the disability questions to eliminate confusion between disability from Social Security and Supplemental Security Income (SSI).

•

Collect lump sum back-payments for disability benefits.

•

Use a new strategy to collect property income by asking separately about income from retirement accounts and other assets.

•

Collect the value of assets that generate income if the respondent is unsure of the income generated.

•

Ask about retirement account withdrawals and distributions.

The Census Bureau is currently analyzing the results of the split panel test. It is the Census Bureau’s intent to use a single questionnaire administered to the full sample in 2015. The results of our analysis will determine the makeup of that questionnaire— redesign or traditional. Census will release the results of this analysis along with a research file in 2015.

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 59

APPENDIX E. ADDITIONAL DATA AND CONTACTS Detailed tables, historical tables, press releases, and briefings are available electronically on the Census Bureau’s income and poverty Web sites. The Web sites may be accessed through the Census Bureau’s home page at <www.census.gov> or directly at <www.census.gov/hhes /www/income/> for income data and <www.census.gov/hhes/www /poverty/> for poverty data. For assistance with income and poverty data or questions about them, contact the U.S. Census Bureau Customer Services Center at 1-800923-8282 (toll free) or search your topic of interest using the Census Bureau’s “Question and Answer Center” found at <ask.census .gov/>. Customized Tables The CPS Table Creator <www.census.gov/cps/data /cpstablecreator.html> Gives data users the ability to create customized tables from the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC). Table Creator can access data back to the 2003 CPS ASEC. Data Ferrett <http://dataferrett.census.gov/> Users can also generate customized tables using the Data Ferrett tool. CPS ASEC files from 1992 to the present are available through Data Ferrett. Public Use Microdata CPS ASEC Microdata for the 2014 CPS ASEC and earlier years is available online at <http://thedataweb.rm.census .gov/ftp/cps_ftp.html#cpsmarch> or via DataFerrett at <http:// dataferrett.census.gov/>. Technical methods have been applied to CPS microdata to avoid disclosing the

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identities of individuals from whom data were collected. Taxes and Noncash Benefits In the early 1980s, the Census Bureau embarked on a research program to examine the effects of taxes and noncash benefits on poverty and income distributional measures. Public use data containing these additional variables are typically released later in the year and are available online at <http://thedataweb.rm.census.gov /ftp/cps_ftp.html#cpsmarch>. Research Files In addition, the Census Bureau produces special research files that enable researchers to replicate alternative poverty estimates. These files are typically released later in the year and are available online at <www.census.gov/hhes/povmeas /data/index.html>. Topcoding In its long history of releasing public use microdata files based on the CPS ASEC, the Census Bureau has censored the release of “high income” amounts in order to meet the requirements of Title 13. This process is often called topcoding. During the period prior to the March 1996 survey, this censorship was applied by limiting the values for income amounts to be no greater than a specified maximum value (the topcode). Values above the maximum were replaced by the maximum value. Maximum values varied by income source and year. Beginning with the 1996 survey, the censorship method was modified so that mean values were substituted for all amounts above the topcode (for historically consistent extracts from 1975 to 1995, call the Income Surveys Branch, 301-763-3243).

Differences in the methods used to censor high-income amounts over time made it difficult to generate consistent time series for important measures of income distribution such as the Gini Coefficient of Income Concentration (GINI), and decile shares. Moreover, using the mean value for all amounts above the topcode made it impossible to examine the distribution of income above the topcode. In an effort to alleviate these problems and improve the overall usefulness of the ASEC, the Census Bureau sponsored research on methods that both met Title 13 requirements and preserved the income distribution above the topcode. This research led to the implementation in the 2011 ASEC of rank proximity swapping methods that switch income amounts above the topcode for respondents that are of similar income rank. Swapped amounts are rounded following the swapping process to provide additional disclosure avoidance. Extract files containing swapped income values for survey years 1975 to 2010 are now available on the Census Bureau’s FTP site at <www.census.gov/housing /extract_files>.

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 61

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