THE C HRONICLE Barbara Bates Center for The Study of The History of Nursing
Spring 2021 Vol. 33 ALSO IN THIS ISSUE
LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR P. 3
BATES CENTER ENGAGES WITH SCHOLARS FROM ASIA P. 1, 4-7
CHINESE REFUGEE NURSES AND PUBLIC HEALTH NURSES IN THE COLD WAR PERIOD P. 8
FELLOWSHIP REPORT P. 9-10
RECENT ACQUISITIONS P. 11-12
SUFFRAGE & NURSING P. 13
NLN UPDATE P. 14 Barbara Bates Center Director Patricia D’Antonio at Museum of Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
NEW SUBJECT GUIDES P. 15
PENN MEMORIES
Bates Center 与亚洲学者合作交流 (Engages with Scholars from Asia)
P. 16-19
IN MEMORIAM P. 20-21
MARK LLOYD RETIREMENT P. 22
Faculty, students, and staff from the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing have long engaged with scholars from around the world. The Center has funded global researchers to draw on our extensive collections, collaborate with faculty, and sometimes receive mentorship.
OUR DONORS P. 23
CALENDAR P. 24
Continued on page 4.
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CENTER ADVISORY BOARD SUSAN BEHREND JULIE FAIRMAN, DIRECTOR EMERITA VANESSA NORTHINGTON GAMBLE SANDRA LEWENSON, ADVISORY BOARD CHAIR JOAN LYNAUGH, DIRECTOR EMERITA MARIAN MATEZ ANNEMARIE MCALLISTER RICHARD J. PINOLA ELISE ROBINSON PIZZI NEVILLE E. STRUMPF ZANE ROBINSON WOLF ROBERT ARONOWITZ (CONSULTANT) GATES RHODES (CONSULTANT)
CENTER DIRECTOR
Barbara Bates Center for The Study of The History of Nursing
PATRICIA D’ANTONIO, PHD, RN, FAAN
CENTER FACULTY CYNTHIA CONNOLLY, PHD, RN, FAAN, ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR JULIE FAIRMAN, PHD, RN, FAAN, DIRECTOR EMERITA
CENTER FELLOWS RACHEL ALLEN, PHD, PMHNP-BC, RNP, RN J. MARGO BROOKS-CARTHON, PHD, CRNP ROBIN COGAN, MED, RN, NCSN ROSS JOHNSON, PHD, MPH MICHAEL SHIYUNG LIU, PHD JULIE SOCHALSKI, PHD, RN, FAAN
CENTER STAFF JESSICA CLARK, MA, ARCHIVIST ELISA STROH, CENTER ADMINISTRATOR
CENTER VOLUNTEERS THORA WILLIAMS
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ABOUT THE CENTER The mission of the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing is to thoughtfully analyze the past in order to create and foster new ideas for the future, while simultaneously promoting Penn Nursing’s vision to advance nursing science and produce leaders that will transform healthcare globally. The Bates Center is committed to providing the broadest and highest quality educational programs and is equally committed to disseminating research findings through conferences, publications, and interdisciplinary sharing and collaborations. By these means, the Center dedicates itself to a leadership role in advancing the public’s knowledge of the history of nursing and healthcare.
CENTER HOURS Monday through Friday, 10:00 AM to 4:00 PM. Scholars planning to conduct research at the Center should e-mail nhistory@nursing.upenn.edu or call 215-898-4502. Our Center staff will respond with a description of the scope and content of relevant materials in the various collections.
Letter from Director Patricia D’Antonio We had hoped to publish this edition of The Chronicle in February 2020. That now seems almost a lifetime in the past. We had to delay publication of the Chronicle when the pandemic hit; as I wrote in my first letter to our members, we turned our attention to different kinds of publication opportunities letting our public know how lessons from the 1918 pandemic influence nursing’s current responses. Then we confronted social injustice experienced by those most vulnerable; my second letter described how those in the Bates Center supported Penn Nursing’s initiatives to address this issue in our scholarship, our teaching, and our obligations as citizens. We had hoped to use this issue of The Chronicle to address a particular historical “blindspot.” In 2012, Winifred Connerton, then a doctoral student and now an associate professor of nursing at Pace University, and I wrote that the nursing world could be divided into two spheres of influence: the British sphere which linked nursing and midwifery, and the American sphere which not only believed these two practices distinct but also actively worked to secure the demise of formal midwifery training.1 Except we were wrong. In our hubris, we had completely ignored Asia. Japan, China, Taiwan, and North and South Korea are just a few of the many countries that comprise that huge subcontinent. As you will read in this issue of The Chronicle, you can see how we are beginning to resolve that shortsightedness. Part of the pleasure is reading widely in a new field of historical scholarship. One book I highly recommend is Nicole Elizabeth Barnes’ Intimate Communities: Wartime Healthcare and the Birth of Modern China, 1937-1945 (Oakland: University of California Press, 2018). The heart of its argument is the critical role of nurses—not only in binding the wounds of war but also in creating a new sense of national community among disparate geographies, clans, and individuals of different class backgrounds. It reminds us that however important the technical work of nurses, the social impact of their work is what most clearly resonates with the communities they serve. Particularly gratifying, however, has been the extent that the scholars exploring the history of nursing and healthcare in Asia have turned to the Bates Center for collaboration, consultation, and fellowship support. For this we thank our Dean, donors, and supporters. You have provided the steadfast support, resources, and confidence that has allowed us to maintain and expand our global presence. We do not yet know where this particular journey will take us—but we look forward to thinking more seriously about this important perspective and then bringing you our thoughts and initiatives. Nursing and midwifery was to have been another important focus this past year as we had hoped to celebrate the WHO’s designation of 2020 as the Year of the Nurse and Midwife. But this past year has indeed been such a year as we have watched our colleagues do battle on so many fronts at once. The possibilities of nursing and midwifery have been shown to be what we have always known: enormous. The Bates Center’s role will be to show how our almost unlimited future is grounded in the strong roots that have been laid by our historical predecessors. Winifred Connerton and Patricia D’Antonio, “International Comparisons: The Nursing-Midwifery Interface,” in Anne Borsay and Billie Hunter, eds, Nursing and Midwifery in Britain since 1700, (London: PalgraveMacmillan, 2012) pp. 177-204. 1
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Bates Center 与亚洲学者合作交流 (Engages with Scholars from Asia) Continued from page 1.
In addition, we have long supported those seeking to better understand the many ways in which studying the evolution of the nursing profession, sickness, and healing can generate new ways of understanding nursing and healthcare in the present and future. Bates Center faculty currently have a number of initiatives related to the history of nursing in Asia. In November 2017, Cynthia (Cindy) Connolly served as a Visiting Scholar to the School of Nursing at the National Defense Medical Center (NDMC), Taipei, Taiwan. She participated in the 70th anniversary of the nursing school, presented her own historical research, and provided an overview of historical methodology and its nursing relevance to NDMC faculty and students. While in Taiwan, Dr. Connolly met historian and professor Dr. Michael Shiyung Liu, then at the Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica. She was excited to learn of his work and of his interest in nursing history in Taiwan and China. When he later visited the Center as a Karen Buhler-Wilkerson Faculty Research Fellow, he immersed himself in
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Julie Fairman with Japan Society of Nursing History President Yukari Kawahara, PhD, RN, and Red Cross Faculty member Ayako Okada, RN, CNS, PhD
Center Director Patricia D’Antonio and Associate Director Cindy Connolly at the Great Wall of China
two Bates Center collections: The International Council of Nurses (ICN) and the National Organization for Public Health Nurses. He drew on these materials to better understand public health nursing and to probe the connection between Chinese refugee nurses and the ICN. His research reveals new information about the roles and functions of American healthcare in Cold War East Asia and explores the ways in which international relations and public health became intertwined. Another historian, Shenglan Li, Assistant Professor at Wheaton College, received the Karen
Buhler-Wilkerson faculty fellowship in 2019. Dr. Li drew on the collections of the ICN Nurse Refugees Files to inform her book on the history of twentieth-century nursing in China. Dr. Li writes about her research at the Center on page 8. In 2019, Dr. Julie Fairman was the keynote speaker at the Japan Society of Nursing History. She spoke about her ground-breaking research into the history of nurse practitioners to an auditorium filled with hundreds of attendees. The role is just beginning to take hold in Japan, where the few nurse practitioners available work mostly
Barbara Bates Center Associate Director Cindy Connolly and colleagues at National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Center Director Patricia D’Antonio with Students, College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
with older adults and children, and in rural areas. In her speech, Dr. Fairman stressed the importance of building networks of stakeholders who can advocate for expanded roles (see photo).
rized Zone where she paid tribute to her father, a Korean War veteran.
In July 2019, Dr. Patricia D’Antonio presented and consulted at Seoul National University’s College of Nursing. She was part of an invited conference focused on developing students and faculty in a research-intensive university. She was joined by other invited participants from England, Taiwan, and Singapore, and participated in their discussions on ways to build on foundations laid in the past to move
into a global future of influence, scholarship, and t he highest quality of patient care. Dr. D’Antonio, the former editor of the Nursing History Review, also spoke to issues in publication and dissemination of scholarship – both practical issues when she spoke with doctoral students and mentorship issues when she spoke with faculty. Dr. D’Antonio and other visiting colleagues also visited the College’s Museum of Nursing Science where they were escorted by a robotic guide that explained the importance of different collections (see cover photo). On a more personal note, she also visited the Demilita-
Also in 2019, Drs. D’Antonio and Connolly participated in a new international collaboration in Shanghai on “Modern Nursing in China.” This interdisciplinary project, initiated by Dr. Liu, now the Distinguished Professor in the Humanity School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, explored the development of nursing in China during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It also examined the intersections of medical and nursing missionary work, the establishment of military nursing, and the process of professionalization from late Qing China through contempo-
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Center Director Patricia D’Antonio with colleague and students, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
rary times. In addition to historians from Chinese universities, a number of scholars from Taiwan were invited to participate in the two days of discussion and research planning. This research project, currently in its early stage of development, will initially explore the collections at the Shanghai Municipal Archive, the Shanghai Academy of Social Science, and the Bates Center. The resulting research questions involve the complicated relationships among the rhythms of nursing modernization in China
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and the internal reform of nursing education and practice in the United States. In addition, the project has the support of the Academy of War Trail and World Peace and the Department of History in Shanghai Jiao Tong University. This interdisciplinary team looks forward to establishing plans for international historical data sharing and to publishing the results in both English and Chinese. The Bates Center and Shanghai Jiao Tong University partnership is also supported by Penn Global’s Penn in China initiative as one of the first collaborations to focus on history.
Chiang Kai-Sheck Memorial Hall, Taipei, Taiwan.
One common theme that unites all these international collaborations is the belief that while history is essential to creating a strong sense of professional identity, it is also critically important to understanding t he broader political, social, cultural, and military history of any nation. “It is important to understand,” says Center Director Patricia D’Antonio, “the ties that bind all nurses as well as those that allow our uniqueness in meeting healthcare needs that differ across the globe.”
Imperial Palace, Tokyo, Japan.
Center Director Patricia D’Antonio with colleagues, College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
Center Associate Director Cindy Connolly and colleagues at National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chinese Refugee Nurses and Public Health Nurses in the Cold War Period Michael Shiyung Liu, PhD Distinguished Professor, The Department of History Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China Adapted from Dr. Liu’s 2018 Karen Health Nurses, 1913-1953” at the Buhler Wilkerson Faculty Research Bates Center. Fellowship Report. My work at the Center was framed During the past three years, I have around two research areas. Military been working on a manuscript titled conflict was a constant aspect of Cold “The ‘Hot’ Cold War in the History War life in East Asia, from the battles in of East Asian Public Health.” This Korea to the end of the Vietnam War. research examines the roles and func- The military nurse was a significant tions of American medicine in Cold figure in conflict zones as American War East Asia, probing the manner forces conducted field operations and in which international relations and coordinated with local actors. Despite public health became intertwined. their importance to local populations, Among the many historical figures, their contributions have often been military nurses and public health overlooked by historians. Furthernurses caught my attention. And my more, public health nurses were a research partners like Dr. Caroline unique and influential mechanism Yao kept mentioning the collections through which to promote modern at the Barbara Bates Center for the public health reform in Cold War Study of the History of Nursing at East Asia. However, aside from the the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. work of Nicole Barnes and John Watt, Cynthia Connolly’s 2017 visit to the there is little historical scholarship on National Defense Medical Center this issue. forged a collaboration that ultimately brought me to Philadelphia as a Karen With the archival material from the Buhler-Wilkerson Faculty Research Bates Center in hand, I finally have Fellow to view the collections. I found the chance to probe the connection rich and relevant source material in between Chinese refugee nurses and two collections, the “International the International Council of Nurses Council of Nurses, 1946-1970” and (ICN). The archives reveal the wartime the “National Organization for Public cooperation to promote modern
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professional nursing in China. Moreover, public health serves as an excellent framework for the study of modern nursing in East Asia since the public health work detailed in the documents from the 1930s to the 1950s called upon a diverse range of nurses’ knowledge and skills. Studying these documents, I realized that public health nursing was treated as a new discipline in Cold War East Asia, unlike in the United States. The archives of the Bates Center represented a unique and important source for my study. I hope to be fortunate enough to also investigate the breadth and depth of the international health framework in Cold War East Asia. The Center’s documents are especially rich on the interface between the nursing policies of American aid and local tensions on the ground. We are able to see the would-be American agents of modern nursing as they hoped to present themselves to local societies and how the presence of American healthcare fueled pre-existing local connections. The resources at the Bates Center will allow me to enrich the arguments in and context for my research.
Karen Buhler-Wilkerson Faculty Research Fellowship Report Shenglan Li Assistant Professor of History Wheaton College (MA)
The idea to research the history of nursing in China first came to me by serendipity. In spring 2012, I took a graduate seminar on medical history in East Asia and was immediately intrigued. That same year also happened to be the 100th anniversary of the hospital where my mother works as a nurse. As I flipped through the hospital’s centennial album while on winter break in my hometown, I noticed some Chinese and foreign nurses were captured in fascinating old photos but there was virtually no historical narrative
featuring them. Nor did I recall any readings from my seminar that highlighted the history of nursing from the Chinese context or perspective. After searching online databases, I was surprised to find only very limited scholarly works on this topic. However, I stumbled across a piece of news that another local medical college, Hunan Yale, and its nursing school were having an exhibition for its 90th anniversary. Out of curiosity, I visited their exhibition hall and learned from the college archivist that a good number of
underexamined records on their nursing school were preserved. From there, I knew I needed to write a book about this topic and have been hooked ever since. Currently, I am revising my dissertation into a book manuscript, entitled Nursing China: Biomedicine and the Making of Modern Morality. The Karen Buhler-Wilkerson Faculty Research Fellowship has provided me with generous support to gather and integrate sources from the Bates Center’s archives into my chapters.
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Shenglan Li is an Assistant Professor of History at Wheaton College in Massachusetts. She received her Ph.D. in East Asian history in 2017 from the State University of New York at Binghamton. Her research interests focus on modern China, nursing and medical history in East Asia, and women’s and gender studies. Currently she is finishing a book manuscript on nursing in China during the first half of the twentieth century.
The collection of the International Council of Nurses –Nurse Refugee Files is particularly pertinent to my project. The correspondence from over a hundred Chinese nurses to the ICN after World War II reveals their struggles and choices in a phase of transition and uncertainty.While the majority of nurses chose to stay in a newly founded Communist China, these records shed light on the pluralistic professional pursuits and the formation of the postwar Chinese nursing diaspora. The letters
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from the ICN side illustrate the role of an international organization and foreign advisors in the trajectories of nursing development at the local level. These documents would be helpful for me regarding a central question of my book which explores the relationship between cosmopolitan beliefs and nationalistic sentiments among the nursing community. By situating nurses’ experiences within Chinese moral fabrics, my book examines nursing
as knowledge, practice, and socio-political phenomenon to highlight how once private, instinctual care under went fundamental transformations in twentieth-century China. Having recently completed additional archival trips, my next step is to focus on revising chapters and finishing the bulk of my manuscript. I plan to secure a contract with an academic press in the following year.
From the Collections: Recent Acquisitions
National Association of Hispanic Nurses (NAHN) leadership team signing the agreement to house their collection at the Barbara Bates Center.
The Bates Center has been privileged to obtain several new accessions and collections that will enhance and complement our current holdings. These additions highlight the lives and activities of nurses and nursing organizations. Below is a selection of materials donated in the past year. — Jessica Clark, Archivist
boxes of materials regarding their organization over the summer of 2019. Founded in 1975, NAHN is the nation’s leading professional society for Latino nurses. Materials include meeting information, conference materials, and publications. (45 cubic feet).
Center. These approximately 1100 materials showcase the NLN’s publication history, the topics t h ey we re d e d i c a t e d to covering, and the evolution in nursing education that occurred t hroughout t he decades. (15 cubic feet).
National League for Nursing National Association of Hispanic (1893-): We are thrilled to receive Nurses (NAHN) (1975-): We are an accession of NLN publications honored to have received numerous into their collection here at the
National League for Nursing publications—Stormont Vail Health (3 cubic feet) Mayo Clinic (5 cubic feet): The Chronicle
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The Center is pleased to supplement the NLN holdings with approximately 100 publications from the library at Stormont Vail Health and over 300 publications from Mayo Clinic Libraries. These materials will be made available as part of the NLN collection.
Eleanor Krohn Herrmann (1935-2012): The Center is honored to receive a vast collection of both sheet music and information regarding statues honoring nursing via Lawrence Herrmann, husband of the late Eleanor Krohn Herrmann. This collection greatly complements our William Helfand Sheet Music Collection, 1912-1939. (4 cubic feet).
Deborah Pratt for St. Joseph Hospital School of Nursing (Lancaster, PA) (1925-1996): We are thrilled to accept a donation from Deborah Pratt of her mother’s (Bertha McAllister Donley Mummaw) materials from St. Joseph Hospital School of Nursing (Lancaster). Items include photographs of the hospital wards and nursing students, her notes as a private duty nurse, and letters from former students during World War II. (0.75 cubic feet). Processing of these valuable collections is critical to ensure their accessibility to researchers and scholars. To donate to the processing of these, and other, collections, please visit www.nursing.upenn.edu/ history/contribute.
Eleanor Krohn Herrmann EdD, RN, FAAN
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Suffrage and Nursing— Creating and Asserting Agency
Left to right: Mary Clymer, Chloe Cudsworth Littlefield, Entry from Littlefield diary
2020 marked the 100th anniversary of women gaining the right to vote in the United States. Women have asserted their rights and fought for autonomy long before they fought for and achieved the right to vote in 1920. Nurses and nursing developed alongside the fight for women’s suffrage. The Center is pleased to announce a new webpage—Suffrage and Nursing- Creating and Asserting Agency—that explores nursing and the suffrage movement, as well as highlights newly digitized materials.
metadata of the Chloe Cudsworth Littlefield diaries for In Her Own Right (IHOR), a Philadelphia Area Consortium of Special Collections Libraries (PACSCL) project under a Council of Libraries and Information Resources (CLIR) grant. The IHOR project is an effort to identify materials documenting the early struggle for women’s rights in Philadelphia-area archives. In addition to Littlefield, the Center has scanned a selection of records from the Mercy-Douglass Hospital Records collection and the diaries of Mary V. In the spring of 2019, the Center, Clymer—featured on our Who Was in coordination with SCETI/Digital the Woman in White webpage. Penn, completed the scanning and
PACSCL is hosting a symposium in March to honor the IHOR project. Bates Center archivist Jessica Clark will participate in a panel with PACSCL at the MARAC conference this spring to discuss the Center’s contribution to the project. More information about these virtual conferences can be found in the calendar of events (p.23). View our page at www.nursing. upenn.edu/history/suffrage. Visit inherownright.org to see all the materials digitized by the IHOR project and follow along on Twitter using #herownright for project updates.
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NLN Update
Since the National League for Nursing collection was received by the Center, our focus has been on processing the collection and digitizing the more fragile materials in the collection, including the expansive video tapes and annual proceedings. A listing of the tapes is available online and the videos can be viewed at the Center. The process of digitizing the Annual Proceedings from the NLN’s conventions has been ongoing and continues to be a priority of the Center. The first twenty proceedings of their annual conventions are available for view on our website. Additional items
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will be updated on the website as the project progresses. A third focus has been on processing the contents of the NLN materials into a guide for researcher use. This includes the organization of more than 1100 publications (books, pamphlets, etc.) donated by the NLN and the addition of supplemental publication donations. A finding aid for the collection is now available online. For more information about the videos and how to access them, please contact the Center directly at nhistory@nursing.upenn.edu or (215) 898-4502. To view the online resources of the NLN collection,
please visit www.nursing.upenn. edu/nln. Call for Papers If you have materials regarding the National League for Nursing and you would like to donate them to the collection, please contact the Center at nhistory@nursing.upenn.edu. We are especially interested in meeting minutes, convention materials, committee records, and chapter reports, but are open to all materials. Please note the Center is unable to accept all items. Please contact us directly for more information about the donation process.
New Subject Guides T
he Center remains committed to exploring new methods to connect our collections with potential researchers. Our latest method of outreach has been to revise our Finding Aids page to include Subject Guides for our collections. Subject guides are often used at archives, including several Penn archives, to help researchers, particularly those new to historical research, navigate across collections and understand how to find information in an archive. It also allows us to promote featured topics within our collections. To start, we have created guides to World War I, World War II, Diversity of Nursing, Influenza Pandemic 1918, Pediatrics, and select training schools of nursing. The Center will continue to create guides for popular topics in an ongoing effort to better serve researchers and potential users. Subject Guides can be found on our website at www.nursing.upenn.edu/history/archives-collections.
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Penn Memories Ellen D. Baer, PhD, RN, FAAN Professor Emeritus and Cofounder of the Bates Center and Emeritus Chair and Member of the Advisory Board Spring 2020
Ellen Baer in her student nurse uniform, March 1960
Amazingly, it is 25 years since I retired from Penn Nursing and it still forms a solid core of how I view myself and how I view the world. Because COVID-19 prevented the Spring Bates Center Advisory Board meeting, my last one as a member, I decided to write to express some thoughts, share memories, and establish my record of some events in which I participated. Penn Beginnings At the end of my NYU master’s program in 1973, I started job hunting. My favorite interview was at Cornell where the nursing school interviewer asked me how I would care for my children if I were working. In disgust, I returned to NYU’s education minor director, Joan Hoexter, to say: I give up! She insisted I give it one last try and picked up the phone to call Claire Fagin at Lehman College of the City University of New York (CUNY). I threw 16
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out my cute little interview dress (with matching jacket) and put on my slacks and blazer and headed for the Bronx. The rest, of course, is history. After five years at Lehman teaching in the Adult Health group with Diane McGivern, Mathy Mezey, and others, with Madeline Naegle & Judy Smith as content integrators, I returned to NYU to start my PhD. Almost simultaneously (1977), Claire went to Penn with Diane and others. When I finished my PhD course work in 1980, Diane persuaded me to come to Penn to teach in Penn’s adult health master ’s courses, which I did as I started my nursing history dissertation at NYU. At the same time, Claire hired Joan Lynaugh to manage the primary care master’s program. Joan was also writing her history dissertation that year, on the topic of general community hospitals. Karen Buhler Wilkerson preceded all of us at Penn, being
already on the Penn nursing faculty in community health. Karen was also writing her dissertation on the history of public health nursing, chaired by Charles Rosenberg. Karen asked Charles to include Joan and me in his weekly History dissertation seminars. Anyone who knows me will be astounded to learn how terrified I was in those seminars. I could barely speak; but I didn’t have to, because listening was the solid gold learning experience. Can you imagine the serendipity of all of this? It was a magical time in all ways. Nursing History Center I think it was 1982 that Claire formed a nursing history committee chaired by Judy Smith. I suspect Joan put the idea to Claire that, given the history scholars abounding, we ought to create some formal mechanism to capitalize on it. I have a distant
memory that Joan made continuing her history research a condition of her hiring! However it happened, it did happen. The committee turned to creating mechanisms for attracting interest from nursing groups such as the nursing alumni from the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP) and Philadelphia General Hospital (PGH), all of whom had attended the hospital diploma schools literally on Penn’s campus. Those alumni became the backbone of what became the Center. I specifically want to recognize the contributions of Stephanie Stachniewicz of PGH and Nadine Landis of HUP. They volunteered to round up donors & archival material. And, we all grabbed books literally from the rubble as the city tore down PGH right next door. Joan created the energy, ideas, and drive behind most of this activity. She was tireless. It was funny how the chores evolved. Although we all did everything, Joan had the main ideas; Karen knew everybody on campus who could help us; and I attracted some financing. My post doc in 1986 paid my salary and supported my history research in the early Center. From 1985 to 1988, I had United States Public Health Service (USPHS) funding to start an oncology nursing master’s program. And from 1990 to 1993, I obtained USPHS funding to place senior nursing students in AIDS clinical settings in order to prepare them for that scourge awaiting them at graduation. Each of these grants contained funds that supported
my salary and continued historical research in the Center. In addition, I am gifted with relatives who added to the history funds but wished to remain anonymous.
and I directed many courses on the undergraduate level. One of mine was the final undergraduate course that placed seniors in many different clinical settings where they did a kind of internship having staff In the early 1980s, during a funded nurses as their preceptors. Nursing Education Building (NEB) renovation, Claire designated space The Hillman Program on the 3rd floor of the building and My husband’s widowed Mom lived the physical Center for the Study in NYC (as did we; I commuted to of the History of Nursing was born Philly; next story) and we took her (Claire Fagin, personal communi- out to dinner often at an early hour. cation, 26 March 2020). By then On one such occasion in approxiwe three had finished dissertations, mately 1989, we went to dinner in published like mad, and were ready an almost empty restaurant in which to propagate the Center activities. sat a couple, the man of whom I I obtained a post doc with Charles knew as a friend of my deceased Rosenberg as my sponsor from brother. While Hank accompanied the National Center of Nursing his mother to our table, I stopped to Research, NCNR, which would say hello to Charles (Pattison) and become the National Institute of met his table mate, Rita Hillman. As Nursing Research (NINR). It was a Charles and Rita left the restaurant first for nursing history research. sometime later, Charles stopped at Joan developed national connec- our table and said: Please call me tions that led to the founding of the tomorrow Ellen; Rita would like to American Association for the History do something for nursing. of Nursing (AAHN), with its associated journal Nursing History Review, which Joan edited for its first 10 years until Patricia D’Antonio took over in 2003 and later Arlene Keeling in 2019. Over time, Karen developed several wonderful public displays of nursing history at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Fabric Workshop in Philadelphia, and Ellis Island in New York City. Simultaneously we all three ran content programs in the school. Joan continued to run the primary care program; Karen led community health classes and programs;
Ellen D. Baer, PhD, RN, FAAN
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When I called Charles Pattison the next day, he arranged for me to meet Rita at her office in Rockefeller Center. What Rita wanted was a way to produce excellent nurses for New York City. (NYC) She was willing to get them from Penn, but they had to work in NYC. After much back & forth with Rita, I had one of those magic idea moments. My senior nursing course allowed students to do their clinical experience in any clinical setting. Why not New York? At the outset, I had called Claire. She was very interested, involved Bonnie Devlin, then the school’s development officer, and authorized me to see what I could do. Claire and Bonnie spent hours on the phone and also travelled to NY to work on financial details with Rita. Claire and Bonnie hoped to convince Rita to endow the school; Rita said no. She wanted to retain control over the money. Rita was very connected to New York Hospital at Cornell Medical Center. She was able to arrange contacts with NYH personnel such as Anne Cote, Director of Nursing, & Doris Glick, Asst Director of Nursing. They were not thrilled with us, but the Cornell school had closed and they knew they had to participate. They even identified a traveling nurses’ dorm where Penn students could stay during their two back-to-back required clinical days in NYC. In my earlier days at Penn, I had worked with a young crackerjack clinical nurse specialist named
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Angela Iorianni Cimbak. Angela had moved to NY with her family to accommodate her husband’s work. I contacted Angela to see if she would be willing to be the clinical faculty member for Penn at New York Hospital (NYH). She said yes. Sometime among those crazy days, we got Marian Sherman (now Matez) and Marianne Smith from Nursing Admissions involved to get students lined up for this program. Everyone pitched in; Even my husband Hank (a lawyer) ended up reviewing some contracts that looked funny to me!
from 1990 to 2013 for a total of $12,230,628. In addition, the Fund supported an alumni network from June 1996 to June 2015 with additional grants of $975,145. To date, the Sands Program has supported 65 students with grants totaling $1,700,000. Hillman still supports nursing education. At Penn and other schools, Hillman supports BSN to PhD students. Commuting & Williams House During this all, I commuted from my home in NYC to Philadelphia for the 15 years that I taught at Penn. I was not the only one. Diane McGivern commuted from Staten Island; Mathy Mezey from Ardsley, NY; Madeline Naegle from NYC; Judy Smith from NYC; Jacqui Fawcett from Connecticut; and Ann Burgess from Boston. And Robert Wood Johnson fellows like Martha Hill, Elaine Larson, Marianne Roncoli and others came from various places. Occasionally we stayed overnight at local hotels and a hilarious place near the campus called the Divine Tracy, where no men were allowed; no visiting among tenants was permitted; and no trousers on women were tolerated. Needless to say, we snuck around visiting at night and rolled up our trousers coming through the entry hall. It was a marvelous throwback to me of my days in a convent school run by nuns!
When the program launched, I met trains of students, taxied them to NYH, had them for dinner at my apartment, made clinical rounds at NYH and nursed the whole program through its startup days. Eventually we branched out to include NYU Medical Center as a clinical site. In 1994 I retired from Penn as Professor Emerita and Mary Naylor took over the program. By then I had replicated the program in Princeton, NJ with a grant from Estelle and George Sands, friends in Florida. The reciprocation agreement was that Hillman or Sands would pay a percentage of the students’ tuition in exchange for the student’s promise, via signature, to work at any New York or Princeton clinical site after graduation for a number of years equivalent to their scholarship years. If they reneged on the agreement, they had to repay the scholarship funds. Ultimately, some people rented apartments, as I did, first on Society To bring it up to date, the Hillman Hill and later in a carriage house that program supported 310 students I shared with Diane. Others bunked
with friends. But the wonderful solution occurred in 1982 when English Professor Williams bequeathed his house on campus to the University for faculty use. When University President Sheldon Hackney notified the various Deans of the house availability, Claire jumped at the chance and we got Williams House. The University required one faculty member to live fulltime on site, Susan Cohen was first and then, in 1984, Neville Strumpf became our sublime & wonderful house mother. The colleagueship & camaraderie at Williams House were beyond description. One personal story may demonstrate the general idea. I was striving to publish my first article in Nursing Research, the premiere nursing journal of that time. I would hand drafts to Jacqui Fawcett at bedtime, and she would return them to me with marked up suggestions in the morning. There are not words to express my gratitude for her generosity. Then there was cooking; and drinking wine; and sharing research ideas. It was a glorious time.
Ellen D. Baer, PhD, RN, FAAN
Diane presented a paper at New York University Medical Center in 2002 about creating a “Scholars Nursery” within nursing schools. I immediately thought of Williams House as the ideal of that experience for me. But Claire suggests that the story is also about friends; how blessed I have been to have friends who responded to my love for nursing, my commitment to Penn, and my
intellectual joy in historical research. Fundamental to all these stories is, of course, Claire Fagin. She presided over each critical juncture and decision with openness, insight, and a rich laugh. How blessed we have all been to share our careers with her and with each other. But also, as I like to remind people, this is how history happens: the right people at the right place at the right time.
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In Memoriam: Ruth McCorkle, PhD, RN, FAPOS, FAAN The Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing mourns the passing of Margaret “Ruth” McCorkle, a long-standing supporter of the Center and an international leader in nursing, healthcare, and symptom science. Dr. McCorkle died peacefully at her home in Connecticut on August 17, 2019 surrounded by her family.
the details of her life and her career. McCorkle leaves a loving family and a generation of students who carry on her work. But we are also gratified that a Penn Nursing student was able to help her synthesize her legacy into a biographical narrative. Please see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Ruth_McCorkle as our tribute to her.
McCorkle is best known to the Bates Center through her tenure as a Professor at Penn Nursing and the donation of her papers to our archives. Her papers document an extraordinary career as a military nurse and a groundbreaking researcher on palliative care, psychosocial oncology, and quality of life and survival among cancer patients. Dr. McCorkle came to Penn from the University of Washington and left us to assume the Florence Schorske Wald Professorship at Yale University School of Nursing. The Bates Center has made its own contribution to McCorkle’s legacy. Sophia Busacca, BSN, RN, one of our then undergraduate students, collaborated with her in 2018 to create a Wikipedia page that captures Ruth McCorkle, PhD, RN, FAPOS, FAAN
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In Memoriam: Virginia “Ginny” Cameron, RN
Thora Williams and Ginny Cameron examine photos detailing early history of Episcopal School of Nursing.
The Barbara Bates Center is sad to note the passing of longtime volunteer Virginia “Ginny” Cameron on August 24, 2019. Ginny attended the Episcopal Hospital School of Nursing and graduated in 1962. She worked in many different settings in her career, including as a visiting and hospice nurse for the Visiting Nurse Association of Montgomery County, before retiring in 1997.
on sorting, cataloguing and collating the extensive school of nursing photo collection. They meticulously worked to identify people, places, and events within the collection’s hundreds of photos and created a database that will allow researchers to easily search and identify photos throughout the Episcopal Collection. This database format has served as the template for all other Center photograph projects.
Ginny began volunteering at the Barbara Bates Center in 2012 Ginny’s charisma, adventurous attiwith her friend and fellow Epis- tude, and kind spirit will be missed by copal graduate, Thora Williams. all at the Center. Together, Ginny and Thora focused
Virginia “Ginny” Cameron
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Saying Bon Voyage to Mark Frazier Lloyd The Advisory Board of the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing reluctantly said goodbye to Mark Frazier Lloyd, director of University Archives and one of the longest serving members of the Board, as he moves into the retirement phase of his career. In the early 1980s, when Joan Lynaugh, Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, and Ellen Baer were just dreaming of a Center, they turned to Mark in his University archivist position for advice, collaboration, and support. He has maintained that position over the past 30 years, most especially when our own collections outgrew their dedicated space and needed additional storage in University Record Center. While providing this constant guidance, he also taught, advised on theses, and wrote (with John L. Puckett) Becoming Penn: The Pragmatic American University, 1950-2000 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015). Lloyd will remain connected to the Bates Center even in retirement. He continues his role as one of our strongest advocates, advising students who want to investigate the role of women at Penn that the Bates Center should be their first destination. Mark Frazier Lloyd, Director, University Archives and Records Center
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Donors October 1, 2018 – September 30, 2020
The Barbara Bates Center for The Study of The History of Nursing gratefully acknowledges all of its supporters for their generosity. Alumnae Association of Mercy Douglass
Dr. Judith Erlen
Ms. Jeanne J. Kiefner
Ms. Maral Palanjian
Dr. Rima D. Apple
Dr. Claire M. Fagin
Mrs. Pedie Killebrew
Dr. John L. Parascandola
Mr. Samuel Fagin
Mr. Robert S. Killebrew, Jr.
Mrs. Annette Marie Pettineo
Dr. Suzanne L. Feetham
The Kingsley Foundation
Steven J. Peitzman, MD
Dr. Marilyn E. Flood
Dr. Katherine K. Kinsey
Mrs. Krista M. Pinola
Dr. Barbara Gaines
Dr. Norma M. Lang
Mr. Richard J. Pinola
Gaines Family Charitable Gift Fund
Mrs. Shirley B. Layfield
Pinola Family Foundation Trust
Dr. Vanessa Northington Gamble, MD
Dr. Jan L. Lee
Mr. Charles P. Pizzi
Ms. Donna J. Lerew
Mrs. Elise Robinson Pizzi
Charles E. Letocha, MD
Elise & Charles Pizzi Fund
Dr. Sandra B. Lewenson
Ms. Deborah Popielarczyk
Richard J. Lewenson, DDS
Dr. Elizabeth A. Reedy
Ms. Martha P. Livingston
Mr. Gates Rhodes
Mrs. Elizabeth P. Losa
Mr. Theodore R. Robb
Dr. Ruth Lubic
Dr. Cynthia C. Scalzi
William J. Lubic, Esquire
Mrs. Norma Rohrbaugh Shue
Dr. Joan E. Lynaugh
Ms. Mary L. Shea
Mr. Joel Lynaugh
Dr. Janet E. Smith
Ms. Ruth Manchester
Miss Stephanie A. Stachniewicz
Dr. Diane J. Mancino
Dr. Paul E. Stepansky
Dr. Elaine S. Marshall
Mrs. Beverly Peril Stern
Mr. Jerome M. Matez
Dr. Cathy M. St Pierre
Mrs. Marian Bronstein Matez
Dr. Marilyn R. Stringer
Dr. Annemarie McAllister
Mr. John Strumpf
Dr. Margaret L. McClure
Dr. Neville E. Strumpf
Mr. Thomas McDevitt
Dr. Mary P. Tarbox
Mrs. Mary V. McDevitt
Dr. Joyce E. Thompson
Ms. Bridget A. McMahon
Dr. Jeannine M. Uribe
Dr. Adrian S. Melissinos
Mr. Jose L. Uribe
Ms. Lana L. Miller
Dr. Nancy M. Valentine
Dr. Michael J. Morgan
Dr. Barbra M. Wall
James L. Mullen, MD
Mr. Edward V. Walsh
Mrs. Karyn Beason Mullen
Dr. Linda V. Walsh
Mrs. Joan Wolfe Munkanta
Ms. Mary M. Walton
Henry P. Baer, Esquire Dr. Ellen Davidson Baer Mr. J. Mark Baiada Mrs. Ann D. Baiada Ms. Holly Barrett Estate of Barbara Bates, MD Dr. Alice J. Baumgart Mrs. Susan Weiss Behrend Mr. Daniel B. Behrend Dr. Susan M. Beidler Dr. Eleanor Crowder Bjoring Mrs. Dolores T. Bonsall Dr. Geertje Boschma Ms. Deborah Bowers Dr. Ann Marie Walsh Brennan Dr. Barbara Brodie
Mr. William C. Garrow Dr. Mary Eckenrode Gibson Mr. Robert S. Gibson, MD Mr. Richard E. Gingrich Ms. Carol L. Gross Mr. James B. Gross III Dr. Gloria Hagopian Mr. Hugh A. Hamlin Mrs. Mary Clare Hamlin
Solomon & Sylvia Bronstein Foundation
Ms. Donna E. Haney
Mr. Howard G. Brown
Dr. Laura Lucia Hayman
Ms. Lucy A. Brown
Mrs. Hannah L. Henderson
Brown Family Trust
Mr. Lawrence Herrmann
Mrs. Marjorie A. Burnham
Mr. Stephen J. Heyman
Dr. Barbara Chamberlain
Mrs. Barbara G. Heyman
Ms. Melodie K. Chenevert
Mr. and Mrs. Stephen W. Holt
Connelly Foundation
Dr. Elaine C. Hubbard
Dr. Cynthia A. Connolly
Mr. Vincent Hughes
Mr. Malcolm F. Crawford
Ms. Concetta Ioppolo Hunt
Ms. Sarah T. Cunningham
Aram K. Jerrehian, Jr., Esquire
Dr. Patricia O. D’Antonio
Mrs. Jacqueline M. Jerrehian
Dr. Anne J. Davis
Mrs. Gail Jurikson-Rhodes
Ms. Audrey B. Davis
Ms. Jacqueline L. Kahn
Mrs. Eleanor L. Davis
Mrs. Dorothy Goldstein Kapenstein
Mr. Harold M. Davis Mrs. Jeanette J. Davis Mr. Miles Davis Dr. Lynore D. Desilets Dr. Doris S. Edwards Mrs. Mary Young Eisemann Dr. Jonathan Erlen
Mr. Richard L. Hayman
Ms. Linda Murphy
Dr. Rosalyn J. Watts
Ms. Julie Karcis
Ms. Mary Alice Musser
Ms. Fay Weaver
Karcis & Seward Giving Fund
Dr. Madeline Naegle
Dr. Fay W. Whitney
Miss Elizabeth A. Katona
Mr. Thomas J. Nealis
Mr. Ralph R. Whitney, Jr.
Elizabeth A. Katona Living Trust
Dr. Elizabeth M. Norman
Charles J. Wolf III, MD
Ms. Willie E. Kelley
Nurses Charitable Trust
Dr. Zane Robinson Wolf
Mrs. Mary Ellen Kenworthey
Dr. Ann L. O’Sullivan
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First Class U.S. Postage
PAID PEMIT NO. 2563 Philadelphia, PA
Claire M. Fagin Hall (2U) 418 Curie Boulevard Philadelphia, PA 19104-4217
SPRING 2021 CALENDAR The annual meeting of the Southern Association for the History of Medicine and Science (SAHMS) is scheduled for March 11–13, 2021. SAHMS 2021 will be a virtual conference and will be hosted by Emory University. Visit https://www.sahms.net/ sahms-2021-conference.html for more information. The Philadelphia Area Consortium for Special Collections Libraries (PACSCL) will host a virtual conference on women’s activism, 1820–1920. It will be held March 18–19, 2021. More information can be found at http://inherownright.org/ spotlight/symposium.
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The Mid-Atlantic Regional Archives Conference (MARAC) will hold its virtual spring 2021 conference the week of April 12, 2021. For more information on the conference visit: https:// www.marac.info/ spring-2021-conference.
The Canadian Society for the History of Medicine (CSHM) and Canadian Association for the History of Nursing (CAHN) joint conference will take place June 1–2, 2021. For more information about this virtual conference please visit: https://cahn-achn.ca/.
The 94th annual meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine (AAHM) is scheduled for May 13–16, 2021 in Madison, Wisconsin. More information can be found at www.histmed.org.
The American Association for the History of Nursing (AAHN) has tentatively scheduled its 38th annual conference to be held September 23–27, 2021. More information can be found at: https://www.aahn.org/future-conferences.