The waterfronts book by Barnaby Hartford-Davis`

the waterfronts book.

the analysed. the collected. the understood. 2

Introduction/A Select Survey

The waterfronts book/The analysed, the collected and the understood.

This book represents a select survey of 12 waterfronts. 6 are local to Australia, and 6 are International. The book attempts to capture thematics for each waterfront, and provide a polemic about waterfront analysis. There are three sections to the book. The first section the analysed represents 6 attempts at review from a distance, employing archival research, planometric and sectional diagram techniques. The second section the collected represents 4 comparative studies of the 12 waterfronts. The third section the understood explores understandings of place based on lived and experienced study. The act of presenting this select survey offers an opportunity to reflect on the task of assessing success or failure.

the analysed. 6

International Waterfronts/The Analysed.

a.Montreal Watefront/A Poche Walk. b.Coney Island/The Boardwalk Spine. c.Marina Bay/Mock-up Bay. d.Helsinki Waterfront/The Exhilerating Void. e.Bergen Waterfront/Historical Waterfront. f. Copacabana/A Beach for People.

the analysed. 8

a.Montreal Watefront/A Poche Walk. Pronounced with an exaggerated accent on the final “e”, “poche’” is a French architectural term for the all the stuff that is inside the walls.

a. 10

1. Fortified City Wall

With the dawn of the industrial revolution in the 60â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, like most cities, the waterfront was where life started from humble beginnings.

3. Fortified Green Wall

2. Transformation Into Port

The city of Montreal is one of such. Being a fortified city with trade and merchants coming in from sea, the walls as barriers for defense could not hold any longer against screams from commoners to tear it down. The fortified walls eventually fell to make way for the ease of docking ships and this flourished the city of Montreal. This very instance, the urban fabric of the city pushed outwards while sea trade pushed inwards into the city. It was like a dynamic pulsating effect that was lovely and working in harmony.

3. Extent of Current View

4. Green Strip Replaces Vertical Storage

In the 80’s the advance in trade and shipping technologies helped prosper the city with more goods being brought in. However, this came at an expense. With more modern shipping technologies being used, it meant that ships were bigger; docks had to be wider and air and noise pollution was inevitable in the era. Huge walls of docking sheds were developed to hoist goods off and onto these ships. They lined the water’s edge. The water was taken away from the sight of the city and the public. Some of these long rectangular sheds amounted up to 12 stories in height. This caused much separation from the 14

2. Vertical Storage ‘Walls’

1. Modern Shipping Technology

Montreal Waterfront 1843

Montreal Waterfront 1918

Montreal Waterfront 2015

Water’s Edge 1843

Water’s Edge 1918

Water’s Edge 2015

Road Networks 1843

Road Networks 1918

Road Networks 2015

Water Body 1843

Water Body 1918

Water Body 2015

Over time, the water’s edge of Montreal increased in distance, piers got closer to one another. The infrastructure such as roads creep outwards towards the water. The only form of crossroads with the city and the water’s edge are where the piers are. The containment of water bodies become more obvious. Why did the space grow in such a manner?

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1 1830

CITY

1840

CITY GOODS

CITY GOODS SHIP

SHIP

1850

SHIP

CITY

GOODS

1860

SHIP

1870

CITY

1880

GOODS SHIP

18901830 1900 18401910 18501920 1860

TRAINGOODS SHIP SHIP SHIP

CITY

CITY GOODS

SHIP

CITY

GOODS

1870

CITY

1880

GOODS SHIP

1890

1900

1910

1920

TRAINGOODS SHIP

CITY

This diagram shows the direct relationship of monetary investments and the growth of space. With more money poured into the shipping industry, ships increased in size became more capable of carrying more goods. Water channels became deeper, piers grew longer and wider. The industry became a barrier of separation between the city and the water. It became a poche space. 18

Throughout the linear waterfront, the city attempts to creep back towards the water as seen in these sections.

pav

blg

road

pav

urban park

park

train tracks

carpark

car park water

The most destructive outcome of the broken relationship between city and water is a massive thick green strip that runs the whole way through with a width of almost 50 meters. It is like a scar that reminds Montreal of its past. Nevertheless, a happy ending is what Montreal attempts to work back towards as little moments of activity happen

train train tracks tracks pav

blg

road

docking pier docking pier

park

car park

park

esplanade

water

Section A

carpark carpark

water water

road

pav

water water

pav

viaduct

blg

carpark

car park

artificial

artificial beach beach

carpark

pav

hedge

train

train tracks tracks

Section B

water

docking pier docking pier

water

esplanade

park

esplanade

park

esplanade

park

water

water water

water

Section C

b u i lgarden d icourtyard n g

blg

pav

road

street

road

park

train tracks train tracks

recreational building recreational building

esplanade

Section D

water

boulevard pav

road

train tracks tracks train

pav

restaurant

pierevents events pier

water water

Section E

blg

lane

blg

pav

road

pav

hedge

pav

hedge train tracks

train tracks

park

pond

pav

road

pav

water

Section F

pav

blg

road

park

pav

park

esplanade

park park

water

park park

water

Section G

train tracks train tracks

blg

pav

road

carpark carpark

carpark

bike

lane bike parking bike lane parking

pav

shed

road

pav

cafe

Section H

water

sand

park

water water

underpass

shed

park

esplanade

road

Section I

park park

park

boulevard

water

boulevard

Section J

Towards the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge, there is the increasing phenomenon of activated rooftop spaces over private facilities like hotels and residential blocks.

This artificial beach uses sand to lighten the heavy urban industrial concrete aspect of the docking wharfs.

Towards the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge, there is the increasing phenomenon of activated rooftop spaces over private facilities like hotels and residential blocks.

This artificial beach uses sand to lighten the heavy urban industrial concrete aspect of the docking wharfs.

streets of the esplanade, Along the streets of Along thethevendors esplanade, mobile such as hot dog stands appropriate the street during leisure mobile vendors such asactivate hot dogpedestrain. hours and the roadside stands appropriate the street during leisure hours and activate the roadside pedestrian.

The docking wharf for the cruise ship can only happen with long distances to span. Ticketing booths exist on the lower ground.

The parking for boats is often on a lower level that is accessed by a safetly ramp. Some of which do not have gantries, making the floating platform accessible by the public.

The parking for boats is often on a lower level that is accessed by a safety ramp. Some of which do not have gantries, making the floating platform accessible by the public.

The temporary nature of these sheds are being exploited near the parks and esplanade for carnivals and festivals.

Images: Food Trucks (top), Boat Docking (middle), Festivals (bottom)

Some of this activated spaces are ephemeral. They are mobile and their periods of activity are not prolonged. Some of them include food truck, boat parking, cruising piers, festival tents, bike kiosks and folding bridges. This bridge serves multiple functions. Besides being a means to get to the other end, it is also a barrage that traps water for the canal and allow ships in and out.

This bridge serves multiple functions. Besides being a means to get to the other end, it is also a barrage that traps water for the canal and allow ships in and out.

This are bike share kiosk that allows tourist to rent them and commute along the span of the montreal waterfront. They are dispersed along the stretch.

This are bike share kiosk that allows tourist to rent them and commute along the span of the Montreal waterfront. They are dispersed along the stretch.

Ice Skating

Stone Paving

Peur Depot

Artificial beach

Boulevard

gravel

stone

ice/water

stone paving

water

stone

sand

gravel

stone

water

stone

sand

stone

sand

stone

sand

stone

sand

stone

sand

rocks

stone paving

stone

sand

stone paving

tarmac

water

sand

Place Jacques Cartier is a market boulevard situated near the old market where merchants used to trade. It slopes towards the water and is generous in width and points towards the water. Tour de lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;horloge contrasts the material of the stone cladded Montreal and offers a beach experience to those who choose to come and soak in the sun. Place de Vestiges contains the water and celebrates it in winter with an ice skating ring amongst the lighting strip of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge. 25

References Artificial Beach. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www.tourisme-montreal.org/TMImages/11700-11799/11701/old-port-montreal-urban-beach_1.jpg [Accessed 10 May 2015]. Boat Docking. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://www.google.com.au/maps/@45.506861,73.550741,3a,75y,180.13h,89.03t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sahwK_WH21E8AAAQfCMBvRw!2e0!3e11 [Accessed 13 Apr. 2015]. Boulevard. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://restaurant-jacques-cartier.ca/enevements-place-jacques-cartier [Accessed 13 May 2015]. Cover Image 1. (2015). [image] Available at: http://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/en/article-586/ The_Old_Port_of_Montr%C3%A9al_.html [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Cover Image 2. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tour_ de_l%27horloge_port_de_Montr%C3%A9al.jpg [Accessed 27 May 2015]. Cover Image 3. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cornish_ Point_%26_Admiral_Cochrane_Port_Montreal_1920.jpg [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. The relationship between city and water is working its way back together. While the water is not all that accessible and this play of inside and outside is teasing for the wanderer to skirt behind the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s footprint and at times enter its lush backyard of water. Montreal waterfront is a strip of Poche spaces to stroll along.

Cover Image 4. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/fr/article-340/ Vieux-Port_de_Montr%C3%A9al.html#.VWWevfQW3Ak [Accessed 21 May 2015]. Fortin, M. (2012). Stone Paving. [image] Available at: https://www.google.com.au/maps/ place/Old+Port+of+Montreal/@45.498029,-73.552555,3a,75y,266.29h,83.29t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s6sg-MpbWcmsAAAQIt-QXCQ!2e0!3e11!4m2!3m1!1s0x4cc91af8afb32729:0x850ba72f5690720e!6m1!1e1 [Accessed 12 Apr. 2015]. G, S. (2014). Festivals. [image] Available at: https://www.google.com.au/maps/ place/Old+Por t+of+Montreal/@45.507324,-73.549873,3a,90y,20.23h,79.92t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sTSjO30mUF2EAAAQfCLLaOw!2e0!3e11!4m2!3m1!1s0x4cc91af8afb32729:0x850ba72f5690720e!6m1!1e1 [Accessed 18 Mar. 2015]. Ice Skating. (2013). [image] Available at: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/63824519690800132/ [Accessed 10 Apr. 2015]. Ozdalga, E. (2014). Food Trucks. [image] Available at: https://www.google.com.au/ maps/@45.507089,-73.550968,3a,75y,300.15h,93.67t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s2v6jKTNUcVYAAAQXIFaJuQ!2e0!3e11 [Accessed 17 Mar. 2015]. Ozdalga, E. (2014). Peur Depot. [image] Available at: https://www.google.com.au/ maps/@45.507089,-73.550968,3a,75y,324.96h,93.84t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s2v6jKTNUcVYAAAQXIFaJuQ!2e0!3e11 [Accessed 14 May 2015].

b.Coney Island/The Boardwalk Spine.

The Boardwalk is a brace for Coney Island that straightens the spine. Image 1: Scoliosis Treatment Devices: Polio Brace. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://kuehnegger.blogspot.com [Accessed 28 May 2015].

b. 28

Relief and Congestion Coney Island has history of recurrent episodes of relief and congestion. Congested New York City demanded relief in the form of the leisure resort. The resort fell victim to the same disease of congestion as the city: the shoreline deteriorated and the thin beach strained under the pressure of occupation. Relieving the scoliosis of the shore was the task of the dredgers and the carpenters. The long timber boardwalk braced the shoreline against curvature and deterioration while large scale dredging extended the beach. In time and the shifting sands of consumptive leisure, the amusement parks declined. The boardwalk and beach remained as active sites of leisure. The boardwalk spine is the lasting and memorable threshold of Coney.

not an anomaly but a measure of an emerging circumstance within the city, petri dish seething with anamorphic potential. The revelation

1820

Ribs

1870

1880

The boardwalk is the thing to crossed or be broken, creating a datum against which contrasts and contradiction are made. It is the threshold of the rational grid, the end of the lines. Program hangs off the spine, connections are grasping and critical. They are defined by ramps, breaks in continuous handrails and changes in floor surface. The spine forms part of a nervous system that allows New Yorkers to bypass experiencing the social environs of Coney Island. Coney is a neuron at the end of an imagination, and the boardwalk is its textured, absorbing synapse. The Manhattan train connects directly to the boardwalk and the linear carparks plug in at the ramp vertebrae. Without the boardwalk, the idea of leisure is lost on the craggy, broken shoreline of an old, odd rabbit infested island.

1890

2015

7 6 5 4

Slither 1

32 1

Slither 1 Beach Road

Social Housing

Beach

Boardwalk

Aquarium

Slither 2

Slither 4

Train Station Walkway Social Housing

Beach

Boardwalk

Aquarium

Carpark

Beach

Boardwalk

Train Station

Shop

Slither 1

Kiosk

Slither 2 Rail Line

Beach Road

Linear Carpark

Boardwalk

Ramp Entry

Beach

Slither 4 Carpark

Slither 5 Slither 4 Slither 3

Beach

Boardwalk

Amusement Park Rollercoaster Shops

Slither 2

Carpark

Hardstand

Carpark

Beach Pavilion

Slither 5 Slither 3 Slither 5 Slither 6 36

Baseball Stadium

Parachute Ride

Boardwalk

Pier

Coney is a neuron at the end of an imagination, and the boardwalk is its textured, absorbing synapse. 38

Texture: The Idealised Reality The boardwalk is a monumental edifice both too long and too wide to hold at once in the mind. Yet it has a fineness of board and gap that is generous and welcoming. The boardwalk invites people to the beach and aquarium, while holding back the tide of crumbling amusement parks. It is the great levee wall of Coney – defending leisure against both the tide of the misfortunate Coney Islanders who occupy the Western end of the island, and the rest of the world. The boardwalk provides texture, grain, human scale to the idealised reality of Coney Island – literally the base under-foot for the myth of an “other” place of our debauched imagination. The boardwalk choreographs movement along the waterfront’s distinct edge conditions. It defines a long straight beach with moderate meander. The boardwalk is an exercise spine; for running, walking, cycling and ocean swimming. It is a social threshold, between beach and suburb; a threshold past which people are equal in leisure.

Legend Primary Public Transport Primary Pedestrian Links Traffic Lights Parking

Waterfront Catalogue Item 4

Waterfront Catalogue Item 2

Waterfront Catalogue Item 3

Coney is a broken, disparate, conflicted, and rich place made whole by its boardwalk spine. 44

c. Marina Bay/Mockup Bay.

Figure 1 : Nolli Map

'to help make Singapore what it is today - mountains were removed' - Percy Carpenter's painting of "Singapore at Sunrise from Mount Wallich in 1856"

c. 46

Singapore reclamation

Typical Taxanomy

The city state has grown from an area of 580 square kilometres to an estimated area of 680 square kilometres today, an increase of 17 percent (Lui and Tan, 2001).

Ice - cream vendor 1984

Ferris Wheel

1995

1998

The island Republic of Singapore is located south of peninsular Malaysia. It has a population of approximately 4 million, with a land area of 680 square kilometres, and has a densely populated habitation of roughly 5800 people per square kilometre

2002

Customs House

The rapid economic development over the last three decades has placed great demands for more land to be used for housing, transportation, commercial and industrial needs. However, land is scarce in this country. One of the solutions to this major constraint is to create land from sea by land reclamation. Land reclamation in Singapore started in the 19th century. Initially, soils excavated from inland hills and sand dredged from surrounding seabed were used to reclaim the sea, such as the Telok Ayer Reclamation from 1879 to 1887

Sculpture

20 48

A typical elements of waterfront and public space in Marina Bay give no identities and images towards the bay. It is like putting the elements from the other places into the place. Even the peoples love those of the taxanomyies but there is no sense of belonging towards the place and genius loci

2008

However, by the mid-1980s, the hill-cut soil and local dredged sand suitable for reclamation are almost exhausted (Ministry of Communications and Information, Singapore, 1986). It is also noted that the shallower coastal areas around Singapore have all been reclaimed. As a result, future reclamation projects have to deal with depths greater than 10 meters and often to a depth of 20 meters. Therefore, the need for alternative fill materials for future reclamation in Singapore has become increasingly evident.

2012 Image 1: Singapore reclamation from 1984 - 2012 ( Network, 2013 )

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MARINA BAY, SINGAPORE teluk ayer basin

Stage of land reclamation, from Singapore Harbour to Marina Bay

origin land condition

Before 1950

1950-1969

Image 2: Aerial view of Teluk Ayer Basin reclamation 1977 (Thimbuktu, 2013)

"A bay is an area of water mostly surrounded or otherwise demarcated by land. Bays generally have calmer waters than the surrounding sea, due to the surrounding land blocking some waves and often reducing winds. It can also be an inlet in a lake or pond." by Wiki. 1970-1990

The Marina Bay is actually a sheltered body of water formed by the reclaimed land at Marina Centre.

After 1990

all the land reclamation

Figure 2: The development of Marina Bay probably started as early as in 1969

The story of Singapore's historic waterfront extends back to the foundation of Modern Singapore as a trading post in 1819 by the British East India Company. Its physical landscape reflects the changes and development of Singapore from a fledgling port city into a major 21st Century metropolis. The waterfront was once the 'front' door of Singapore. Before the age of air-travel, the waterfront served as the point of entry for visitors, as well as immigrants seeking a better future. The waterfront was also an important landing point for the loading and unloading of the various goods that were traded through Singapore. As early as 1829, Fort Fullerton was built at the mouth of the Singapore River to defend the harbour and warehouses that had developed along Boat Quay and Telok Ayer fronting the sea In 1856, the first major landing point, Johnston's pier was completed. It was colloquially known as 'Lampu Merah' (in Malay) and 'Ang Teng' (in Hokkien) after the red maritime lamp at the end of the pier. Two years later, the seawall from Johnston's Pier to the old Teluk Ayer fish-market was built and land seaward of Commercial Square was reclaimed. By the late 1860s, big shipping and commercial firms had built their offices and godowns along Collyer Quay. Notable landmarks included the first Ocean Building built in 1866 and the first Hongkong and Shanghai Bank built in 1892. 450

515

Image 3: Fort Fullerton was built at the mouth of the Singapore River (Thimbuktu, 2013)

Image 4: Inner roads and Telok Ayer Basin, which was protected from the NE Monsoon by the Detached Mole ( acts as breakwater) , (Lim, 2013)

Image 5: The waterfront was once the 'front' door of Singapore. (Thimbuktu, 2013)

The Fullerton Building ,the most important Post Office in the East, was completed in 1928. In 1933, Clifford Pier was built to replace Johnston's pier, as the main entry point for seafarers to Singapore. These important private and public landmarks created an imposing facade along the waterfront. The Customs Harbour Branch pier, built in the 1960s for the Singapore Customs Police, oversaw one of the world's busiest harbours as shipping and trade boomed for the now independent country. The waterfront was also a site for recreational activities, the most well-known being the New Year's Day Sea Sports carnival which saw participation from both the local and European community. While the waterfront skyline showcased the growth of the city as it underwent urban renewal and expansion after the 1970s, the waterfront itself receded from public awareness. This was a result of the expansion of the Port to the West of Singapore as well as the shift towards mass air travel, which reduced the number of people who landed in Singapore at Collyer Quay.

652

Figure 3: Site was mainly of civic buildings

Figure 4: Site was getting bigger because of land reclaimation for more civic buildings

Figure 5: Some of old civic buildings are developed under Fullerton Heritage Development while others remains with its civic purpose

Singapore's waterfront today is now an integral part of the new Marina Bay, a 360-hectare reclamation project which started from the late 1970s as a long term expansion for the city. In the past 20 years, the maritime trade has gradually shifted to the west of Singapore, and on 1st April 2006, the last bumboat left Clifford Pier. It marked the beginning of a new era for waterfront. Through thoughtful planning, waterfront today still retains important heritage buildings that are conserved and repurposed for modern uses. This is in recognition of their architectural and historical significance in recording the development of country, and as landmarks of the city

537

MARINA BAY, SINGAPORE old event

Image 10: A kolek race held during the New Year Sea Port, 1951 ( National Archives of Singapore), (Lim, 2015)

Image 11 : A tube-race during the sea sports event in 1960 ( Straits Times), (Lim, 2015)

Image 12 : A greasy-pole competition during the New Year Sea Sports in 1929 ( National Archives of Singapore), (Lim, 2015)

Figure 6 : An overlay of Colleryer Quay from past and current skyline give a significant differences from both of the period. A dissapperance of water activities also give an emptiness to Marina Bay.

The significant differences of the development in Marina Bay can be seen clearly in a short time period. The differences give effects to its functions specifically. People may seem the old Marina Bay ws more informal and hectic compared a new Marina Bay.

Image 6: Colleryer quay,1971 ( Lim, 2013)

Image 8: Originally located at the mouth of the Singapore River ( Lim, 2013)

854

The sea sports event, held in the waters off Collyer Quay, featured a series of races with traditional boats such as koleks, as well as competitions that ranged from tub-races, greasy poles, swimming, diving and even cockfighting and attracted participants from the islands not just of Singapore, but also from those in the Riau Archipelago - maintaining a centuries old cultural connection that has in the postindependent years been broken with the tighter enforcement of border controls.

Image 7: Colleryer quay, 2012 ( Lim, 2013)

Image 9: Merlion and current background view ( Lim, 2013)

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MARINA BAY, Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in the waterfront? Highly curated pedestrian path

Marina Bay was primarily deisgned for pedestrians to link all the buildings and public spaces around waterfront. Along the pedestrian path, there are several layers of pedestrian that different in terms of types of surfaces, levelling and functions. For example, in front of the Art Science Museum, there are water element underneath to give the sense of infinity and reflection of the building. Then tilling surface and timber decking are saperated by pocket green and the mazzenine level that act different functions. Timber decking is a lookout area and tile surfaces is more on circulation for the visitor of Art Science Musuem.

6 7

Pedestrian Bridge

Green Area

Figure 7: Pedestrian pavement

Figure 9: Connection Bridge

10 56

Figure 10: Green Area

The characteristics successfull waterfront that includes in Marina Bay is the multiple use of destination. Public spaces and building are linked with the pathway and pedestrian bridges (connection bridge) and of the most significant brigde is Helix Bridge which has been designed with additional look out points on the bridge to give the panoramic view of Marina Bay as a whole and to continue the journey of pedestrian path.

Figure 8: Pedestrian pavement

( Google Maps, 2012)

11 57

Figure 11: Wide area of promanade in front of Art Science Museum with some green features and water elements.

Water

12 58

Timber Decking

Hard Pavement

Pocket Green

Hard Pavement

Water element Figure 12: The difference types of materials on different level in front of Art Science Museum.

13 59

Public Space

Figure 13: Food court in the office building linked to the open performance area with several layer of pedestrian path

A continous and linked public space in Marina Bay bring the people form surrounding building to the public area provided. From one area, they can see to the others public area and create a journey in between.

Figure 14: Open performance area at the edge of water element

14 60

Figure 15: Foodcourt in the courtyard inside the building act as a focal point for the people to interact

15 61

MARINA BAY, What is the problems in Marina Bay ? Globalisation

Every waterfront is served for local communities with several points of attraction but it is different with Marina Bay. Marina Bay is ambitious urban transformations project that will support its continuing growth as a major business and financial hub in Asia. So, it is obviously a money driven development. Unfortunately, the develpment of Marina Bay has overlooking the local culture of surrounding context. Even a lot of amenities were provided but there is no informal interaction and activities happen around that area. It is very rigid and full of barries with water even it is a â&#x20AC;&#x153; bayâ&#x20AC;? that supposedly bring the water as the main thing in Marina Bay.

Attention - grabbing buildings that reflect a human scale and do not detract from the surrounding context. These iconic buildings strive to achieve the same flexibility and public - spirited presence by serving a variety of functions

Merlion Park Esplanade

16 62

The Promontory The Helix

ICONIC BUILDINGS SERVE A VARIETY OF FUNCTIONS Attention-grabbing buildings that reflect a human scale and do not detract from the surrounding context. These conic buildings strive to achieve the same flexibility and public-spirited presence by serving a variety of functions

Waterfront Promenade Marina Bay Sands

Figure 16: Panoramic view of Marina Bay

17 63

Barrier

All the designated pavement at the edge of water in Marina Bay have different types of barriers. The barrier become an obstruction for the people to touch the water. The water acts as an aesthetic elements rathers the element of enjoyment.

b c

SECTION C-C MARINA BAY PLAN SINGAPORE SCALE 1:2000

Open Stage Helix Bridge Merlion

Retail Restaurant

Restaurant Pier

Entertainment Accomodation

The Pormontory

Commersial Restaurant

Park

Office

Merlion Park

10 minutes walking radius

GS ENHANCE PUBLIC SPACE teraction between inside and outdoors

ACCESS MADE EASY BY TRAMS, BIKE AND FOOT access by foot and bike add up the element of the transportation mix

Esplanade

CROWNED BY PEDESTRIAN PROMENADES

The Promontory The Helix

Waterfront Promenade Marina Bay Sands

section a-a

SECTIONA-A A-A SECTION

section b-b

SECTIONB-B B-B SECTION

section c-c

SECTION C-C 18 64

section d-d

SECTION D-D

SECTION E-E section e-e

section f-f

SECTION F-F 19 65

References Lim, J. (23 March, 2013). The Long and Winding Road. Retrieved from Wordpress: https://thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com/2013/03/23/a-sun-rise-on-another-strange-horizon/ Lim, J. (2015 January, 2015). The Fool on the Hill. Retrieved from omy: http://blog.omy.sg/jerome/2015/01/01/the-celebration-of-the-new-year-at-the-old-harbour/ Maps, G. (February, 2012). Google Maps. Retrieved from Google Maps: https://www.google.com.au/maps/search/marina+bay/@1.281441,103.854858,3a,75y,74.21h,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s2Y-3u08sTvacpnK1CadYhA!2e0!3e5!6m1!1e1 Network, R. (Director). (2013). Singapore Time-Lapse 1984 to 2012 [Motion Picture]. Thimbuktu. (19 May, 2013). Blog To Express. Retrieved from Blogspot: http://blogtoexpress.blogspot.sg/2013/05/moving-mountains-to-make-singapore.html

d.Helsinki Waterfront/The Exhilerating Void. Though they are less apparent to the eye than structured architectures that define them, voids in urban fabric have an equivalent rhetoric figure in relating themselves to the local culture and history and give meanings to the present as a space. Architecture and urban voids hold the same importance in urban fabric as whole— constructions configures the space, creates faces but it is the space that characterized the architecture. Assimilated into the fabrics of buildings and streets, they give us clues of their origins and purposes—and perhaps even suggest behavior within them. This one particular ‘void’ is a gateway of the city for the people—the first impression of the city. How it describes its city? How is the life in this ‘void’? How this ‘void’ or rather a civic space gives life to the waterfront? Void is not necessarily an emptiness.

d. 68

From the city

THE EXHILARATING VOID—ANCHOR OF TWO SIDES. Market Square is located in the middle of the intersection of sea and the city. It opens to the sea on one side while another to the Esplanade on the west that seamlessly, physically and visually leads to and from it. The market serves both as a destination and as a route or rather a gateway into and out from the city. As a ‘void’, Market Square is loosely framed by buildings—only on its northern side. From the city, its openness and the porosity of the market itself create a fluid flow for people to seep through and to it. From the sea, it greets the people arriving to the city by vessel with a picturesque view backgrounded by historical civic buildings.

Site plan - Market Square is located right in the centre of the bay.

From the sea

70 2

713

Public building Mixed-use Business Terminal

Frontage—the market benefits from the architectural frame along its northern side which mostly civic buildings as well as tourists attraction. Historical architectural character of the civic buildings coexists with the market’s— the buildings physically while the market culturally. Arriving at terminals along both sides of the bay initially gives people a visual introduction to the market—then it becomes a force that pulls people through it and eventually leads them to city naturally.

472

Gateway–an excerpt from brief for “Guggenheim Helsinki Design Competition” describing the nature of the site.

735

Tram line

Pedestrian

6 74

Public square

Green space

757

Visual connectivity—The Esplanade is not only physically connected to the market but also visually. The porous nature of the esplanade makes the market visible from distant and provides people a sense of direction. The market is also visible from the sea—the medium rise buildings in the background give the whole composition a sensible scale without overshadowing the market.

Accessibility and connectivity—Market Square is conveniently and highly accessible by foot, motor vehicles and also public transportation. It is also well-connected to other series of public squares and green spaces through tram networks and pedestrian footpaths. The Esplanade on the west side of the market is a continuation of ‘void’ from the market that seamlessly stretches it towards the city.

Vistas—Visibility of the market and water, nicely framed through the city laneways extends its atmosphere and ‘pull’ people towards the waterfront.

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779

LIFE OF MARKET SQUARE Although the architectural buildings framing the square have remained essentially the same throughout the years, the activities within them have followed the developments of modern life with a trace of its origin. Set off-centre in the city rather than residential districtsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;it might be explained by its plausible origin in naval trade but it also suggests that early transportation to and from the square was mainly boat. Until today, its waterfront location supports types of commerce rare in most market squareâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;selling directly from boats along the shorelines steps. Despite its simplicity and ephemerality, Market Square has successfully activates the waterfront. The market serves as both commercial and social spaces. It is not only a route but also a destinationâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;for business of meeting friends and interacting with strangers. Its waterfront location is optimized to its full potential by activation of this square. 10 78

11 79

Extension of the market (far right) to the esplanade (far left). There is a hint of the market extended to the small square (centre) in the middle before reaching the esplanade.

The shoreline steps allow for direct engagement with water and the close proximity of the market with water edge enables people to experience both the waterfront and the market simultaneously.

12 80

Scaleâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the urban fabric profile from medium rise gradually disappears into the sea.

Materialityâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the homogenous stone paving surface around the market square is denoting it as a public realm with intense pedestrian traffic as a focus. Apart from signifying a territory, the surface is also directly affecting motor vehiculattr speed to slow down giving priority to the pedestrian.

13 81

Flexibility—on a diurnal basis, the square constitute itself in the morning. After all the selling is done for the day, the market vanished. The paving is washed clean and a sense of void replaces that of commerce. The market will be erected again on the next day as continuous routine for that void. The flexibility and ephemerality of the public square— the ryhtm of birth, fulfillment and decline—shapes the urban day.

Activation of water edge—other than for seating and bringing people closer to the water, the shoreline steps double as a landing for small boats selling goods.

14 82

15 83

A lot of spaces around the waterfront are underutilised as carpark spaces. These spaces could have been made use to optimize the potential of the waterfront as a public destination. These underdeveloped carpark spaces has further reinforce the strength of the Market Square as people magnet.

16 84

Given its location at the end of the Esplanade and by the sea, Market Square is a natural stopping point for those embarking on or disembarking from the vessel and also as an activated public square, it provides a natural destination. The waterfront is on the rise. Market Square has initiates and intensifies the activity around the waterfront and given it a vibrant life. Finland’s Skywheel is one of the recent completed developments of the waterfront as a public realm following the steps of the market. The waterfront continues to be regenerated with incoming development from major architecture competitions—“Guggenheim Helsinki Design Competition” and its alternative, “The Next Helsinki”.

17 85

References: 1. Image. Aerial view of Market Square. https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/353603008216088432/. Accessed on 23rd April 2015. 2. Image. View of Market Square from sea. http://www.finnbay.com/ media/news/finlands-economy-shrinks-in-2013/. Accessed on 23rd April 2015. 3. Image. View of Market Square from Esplanade. http://www.mimdap. org/?p=647. Accessed on 23rd April 2015. 4. Image. Shoreline steps. http://www.onlyrooms.com/hotels-inhelsinki-helsingfors. Accessed on 23rd April 2015. 5. Image. View inside Market Square. http://www.kiviluoma52.me/ helsinki/. Accessed on 23rd April 2015. 6. Image. Boat market. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki. Accessed on 23rd April 2015. 7. Images. Marc Treib (2009) Two squares in Helsinki: a biography, Journal of Landscape Architecture, 4:1, 74-89. Accessed on 23rd April 2015. 8. Image. Finlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Skywheel. http://www.omniticket.com/news-blog/

86 18

Historical Waterfront Bergen, Norway

The waterfront is the importance for people since in the past. It is located in the north part of Norway, was using for shipping and trading in the North Europe, with the countries that doing businesses with Norway.

e.Bergen Waterfront/Historical Waterfront.

Bergen used to be the capital city due to the big industires movement here, before they move to Oslo later on. Bergen is a historical waterfront wihich could give a typical understanding of anti-mordernist urban planning. In the first chapter of his 2010 book Cities for People, Jan Gehl mentions that Modernists rejected the city and city space, and shifting their focus to individual buildings. From his theory, Modernists can radically reduce life between buildings. Grid plannings take the biggest percentage of current cities, and this makes Bergen waterfrontâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plan beyond limits of globalization.This waterfront is not designed from pens and paper, the power to build this specific urban pattern is human civilization developed in different period.

e. 88

1580 1823 Current

1580 1823 current

The diagram shows how the coast lines changing from the past. All the changes is exactly following the industrial development which were pushed by people need, not planners.

1580 Green Area

Bergen was originally founded in 1070 by King Olav Kyrre. Thanks to its geographic location, it was a key commercial, shipping and industrial town.

Historical Waterfront Bergen, Norway

After the 1181 Battle of Bergen The city was granted monopoly in regards to trade from the North of Norway, by king Haakon Haakonsson (1217-1263).Stockfish was the main reason that the city became one of North Europe’s largest centres for trade at the time.

Bergen used to be the capital city due to the big industires movement here, before they move to Oslo later on.

The greatest fire to date happened in 1702 when 90 percent of the city was burned to ashes. In 1751, there was a great fire at Vågsbunnen. In 1756, a new fire at Strandsiden burned down 1,500 buildings, and further great fires hit Strandsiden in 1771 and 1901. In 1916, 300 buildings burned down in the city centre. Bergen remained one of the largest cities in Scandinavia, and was Norway’s biggest city until the 1830s, when it was overtaken by Oslo. Bergen continued to enjoy a trade monopoly with northern Norway until 1789. By 1899, the Norway trading post was disbanded, signalling the end of a unique way of trading.

Bergen is a historical waterfront wihich could give a typical understanding of anti-mordernist urban planning. The waterfront is the importance for people since in the past. It is located in the north part of Norway, was using for shipping and trading in the North Europe, with the countries that doing businesses with Norway.

In the first chapter of his 2010 book Cities for People, Jan Gehl mentions that Modernists rejected the city and city space, and shifting their focus to individual buildings. From his theory, Modernists can radically reduce life between buildings.

Bergen used to be the capital city due to the big industires movement Grid plannings take the biggest here, before they move to Oslo later percentage of current cities, and this makes Bergen waterfront’s plan on. beyond limits of globalization.This Bergen is a historical waterfront waterfront is not designed from pens and paper, the power to build wihich could give a typical understanding of anti-mordernist urban this specific urban pattern is human civilization developed in different planning. period. In the first chapter of his 2010 book

1580 1823 Current Current Green Area

Current Green Area

1580 The current landscape of Bergen waterfront. 1823 The changing of landscape, also the coast line from the past result from the grows of trading industries, tourism and current population in the city. 913

Current map of Bergen

ref: *Postcards of the past Home page,. Historical Photos Of Bergen. Web. 12 Apr. 2015.

492

935

BERGEN, NORWAY CAR PARKING 1 : 5000

Green Area

Car Park

The diagram shows two main green spaces at the waterfront, which are Nordnesparken (west) and Bergenhus Festning (east).

The car park were not planned for the Bergen. Most of car parking in the diagram are for private company. However, the urban planning of Bergen was developed from the history and people. In the past many people in Bergen were the fisherman, the main transportation was by the sea. Later, they used trains as a public and being the main transportation. Therefore, there are not many parking spots in the area, but people are parking along the street.

In addition, it shows the evelopment of green areas and waterfront. The way that parks engage with the water at the edge, to bring people coe to enjoy more of nature of the site and bring life to the waterfront.

BERGEN, NORWAY PEDESTRIAN

1 : 5000

Noli Map

Pedestrain

The Noli map shows the density of the building in Bergen. The current map of the waterfront was deveoped from the past. Before, the buildings were closer to each other and made from woods. Thus when there are great fires in the city, it went pretty fast and burned almost the whole city. Despite the new plan after the last fired, buildings were rebuilt with wider spaces in between to allow the wind and sunlight go through the buildings.

The walk way in Bergen is very wel rganised From the diagram show that the walk way are cnnected in almost every road. Therefore, people can and experience everywhere in the city.Moreover, even the pedestrian are the same way with the rads but there are different layers between footpath and the roads

Road According to the diagram, the road in Bergen are linking each other as well ( same as noli map). Compare to the past, The present road are bigger and wider than the past result from the great fires in the city many times.

Skol tegru nnsk aien

Tol

lbo

aie

Nykir kebry ggen

ien

tsgt

Slot

stn

Br ad

Munk ebryg

gen

nk en

Ho lbe

rgs

ien

C.Su

ts Za

asb

ryg

Torge

Stra nd

694

ien

The new design of wider and bigger roads helped to prevent causes of fires in Bergen This way also improved the wind circulation in the city as well.

957

Nordnesparken with Residencial on the corner.

Fish market

Good cities have built - in opportunities for self - expression, and make right scale of green areas becomes a good solution. Nordnesparken is a open park with an aquarium and seating areas, which bring enough activities into the space.

Fish market, as a lively market place in a city with long fishing traditions, has a monumental significance to Bergen. The façade creating an image of a local context, making a reflection of Bryggen acrossing the water.

Skoltegrunnskaien A man made area to control the circulation in the harbour, intension to protect an improtant fishing tradition in front of Bryggen. We could say keep large scale ships outside is a wise way to reduce the shipping density.

Bryggen Bryggen is a world heritage site, most of these wooden houses were burned into ashe in 1702. They were rebuilt several times and now is being used as museum with resturants, bars, clubs and souvenir shops. Life in city is a self - reinforcing progress, which will be strongly supported by public space. “People come where people are.“ A well designed public space should combined with good habits and daily routines. In Bryggen, the outdoor cafe area effectively make Bryggen become a good place to stay and meet.

896

f. Copacabana/A Beach for People. Copacabana embrace the nature and treated the beach front as solitude for the people from the chaotic city. Due to lack of public space and events space, Copacabana waterfront transform into major role event space as it could withstand vast number of people at one time estimated 3 million people. The strategically 6 lanes spaced promenade forms a 4 km-long crescent transform into gigantic event space. It also represent Brazil culturally with the promenade works that stretch along the beach which make Copacabana as the largest cultural â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;hubâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in the world. Copacabana beach have deep, sloping stretch of fine, pale sand forms a 4 kmlong crescent. There are historic forts at both flanks of Copacabana beach; Fort Copacabana, built in 1914, is at the south end by Posto Seis and Fort Duque de Caxias, built in 1779, at the north end used to protect both the beach of Copacabana and the entrance to the harbour of Rio de Janeiro. It was a major gateway to the harbour of Rio de Janeiro. The geographical nature of the beach forms a natural amphitheater that allow public to fully utilize and own.

f. 98

‘The Promenade’ Copacabana’s original pavement patterns as an allusion to the waves of the ocean, the citizens of Manaus allege that the sinuous black-and-white stripes of their city’s emblematic public space refer to the Amazonian river scape, more specifically, to the confluence of the mineral-deficient black. The black and white waves represent the White Europeans and the Black African slaves, whose history is intertwined in Brazil. While not necessarily interwoven, they are intermingled, each influencing the other.

The geographical of the beach has major effect on the development of the waterfront. Copacabana has incredible curvy topography which forming a panoramic view of the entire stretch.

100

101

Burle Marx’s abstract Copacabana mosaics a reference to Brazil’s celebrated racial confluence, at the center of twentieth-century definitions of Brazilian national identity. The red, black and white stones are regarded as symbolic of the three ‘races’ that have shaped Brazilian culture. Marx’s work “can be summarized in four general design concepts—the use of native tropical vegetation as a structural element of design, the rupture of symmetrical patterns in the conception of open spaces, the colorful treatment of pavements, and the use of free forms in water features”.This approach is exemplified by the Copacabana Beach promenade, where native sea breeze resistant trees and palms. These groupings punctuate Portuguese stone mosaics which form a giant abstract painting where no section along the promenade is the same.

INDIGENOUS

PROMANADE PATTERN IDENTITY Burle Marx's abstract Copacabana mosaics a reference to Brazil's celebrated racial confluence, at the centre of twentieth-century definitions of Brazilian national identity.(6) The red, black and white stones are regarded as symbolic of the three 'races' that have shaped Brazilian culture.

BROWN

WHITE

The red represent the indigenous, black represent the brown & white represent white. There are white people (51.2%), 2,307,104 Brown (Multiracial) people (36.5%), 724,197 Black people (11.5%), 46,484 East Asian people (0.7%), 6,320 Amerindian people (0.1%).

Antropofagia inaugurated

one of the most fertile and most irreverent periods of Brazilian culture. Adopted by artists across a large spectrum of media, from literature to painting and from cinema to architecture, it offered Brazilian Modernists a strategy to appropriate, infect and thus re-invent colonizing cultural imports with the Brazilianizing 'cannibalistic vaccine'. Rather than being devoured by the cannibals of European thought and remain deaf to the sounds of the Amazon, Villa-Lobos used the sounds of the Brazilian jungle to contaminate Europe's civilizing melodies. The Brazilian Modernists' desire to question the European binary model of civilization versus savagery, challenge the hegemony of European catechizing traditions, and firmly root their art in Brazilian soil found its literal expression in the work of the landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx

But within the black and white lines, you will find pockets of red. This represents the indigenous peoples of Brazil, who were engulfed by the Europeans and slave populations around 1500, remaining isolated but still influenced by the presence of the others. There colors are smaller patches within the larger picture; their lands are smaller pockets within the larger country.

BRAZILIAN MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY ART

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

102

103

Preservation

1910 copacabana

1930 copacabana

1958 copacabana

1970 copacabana

Since 1910, the waterfront is a major role as main transportation route and interface of Copacabana. The waterfront develop as promenade and transform in public zone and events spaces. The diagram show how slowly the land taken to meet the pressures of a growing population but remained that beach front as vital part of public space. The beach also artificially extend from time to time from 1910 to current width.

104

105

There are about 160,000 people live in Copacabana. It covers an area of 7.84 kmÂ˛which gives the borough a population density of 20,400 people per kmÂ˛. As the favelas inched closer down the slopes, many wealthy people abandoned the southern-zone neighborhoods making the population increase by 25%. This density mapping show that how it had to claim land from the sea in order to meet the pressures of a growing population and the need for space.

106

107

RESIDENTIAL

ROAD

COMMERCIAL

HOTEL

CARPARK

COMMERCIAL

ROAD

PUBLIC TOILET

ROAD

PROMENADE

VOLLEYBALL COURT

SECTION A 1-500

SECTION B 1-500

SECTION C 1-500

SECTION D 1-500

SECTION E 1-500

RESIDENTIAL

ROAD

COMMERCIAL

HOTEL

CARPARK

COMMERCIAL

ROAD

PROMENADE

ROAD

PROMENADE

VOLLEYBALL COURT

D E

pavement/retails

carpark

road

green space

carpark

road

green space

road

cyclist

retails/ promenade

SITE PLAN 1 : 1500

pavement

road

cyclist

retails/ promenade

Waterfront Layers Residential buildings eleven to thirteen stories high built right next to each other dominate the borough. Houses and two-story buildings are rare and only can be seen from the Favela which is far away from the beach. pavement/green space

The beach was used to stages for some events on holidays, such as Holy days and other, often hosting events such as musical performances, theater and events of political, humanitarian and religious. The capability and successfulness to gather millions is extraordinary consider the city was overpopulated. It almost provides the people a medium or platform of freedom and perhaps democracy which they could carry out.

108

RESIDENTIAL

ROAD

COMMERCIAL MALL

carpark

CARPARK

road

ROAD

petrol station

PROMENADE

road

ROAD

cyclist

promenade

LIFE GUARD

109

Social Urbanisation The sea front was capitalized by apartments that mostly targeting for commercials and mostly for tourist and foreigners. In the 1970s the neighborhood descended in the social scales and now is one of the most overcrowded in the planet. The city stark contrasts between poverty and affluence, shantytowns and skyscrapers, Copacabana is considered to provide insights into the likely future of urbanization in other parts of the developing world. In developing countries, the urban population is increasing much faster than in more developed regions.

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111

Public Spacing Due to lack of public space and events space, Copacabana waterfront transform into major role event space as it could withstand vast number of people at one time estimated 3 million people. The beach was used to stages for some events on holidays, such as Holy days and other, often hosting events such as musical performances, theater and events of political, humanitarian and religious. The capability and successfulness to gather millions is extraordinary consider the city was overpopulated. It almost provides the people a medium or platform of freedom and perhaps democracy which they could carry out.

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

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115

15m

40m

15m

40m

The strategically 6 lanes spaced promenade forms a 4 km-long crescent transform into gigantic event space.

RESIDENTIAL

116

ROAD

COMMERCIAL

HOTEL

COMMERCIAL

CARPARK

ROAD

PUBLIC TOILET

ROAD

PROMENADE

VOLLEYBALL COURT

117

References

Patkovacs.blogspot.com.au,. ‘Resenha Do Texto “Nossa Senhora Da Help” | PATRICIADO’. N.p., 2013. Web. 2 June 2015. Pictify,. ‘Tarsila Do Amaral Antropofagia’. N.p., 2015. Web. 2 June 2015. Wikipedia,. ‘Copacabana, Rio De Janeiro’. N.p., 2015. Web. 2 June 2015.

figure 1 Pinterest.com,. N.p., 2015. Web. 2 June 2015. figure 2 Pinterest.com,. N.p., 2015. Web. 2 June 2015. figure 3 WorldYouthDay.com,. ‘World Youth Day Rio 2013 | Worldyouthday.Com’. N.p., 2011. Web. 2 June 2015. figure 4 Getty Images,. ‘A Reveler Poses Wearing Contact Lenses With The Colors Of The...’. N.p., 2015. Web. 2 June 2015.

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119

the collected. 120

121

Comparative Analysis/The Collected.

a.Surface Areas/Data Matrix. b.Objects/Taxonomy Matrix. c.Change/Timeline Matrix. d.Moments/Photo Matrix.

the collected. 122

123

a.Surface Areas/Data Matrix.

a. 124

125

Data Matrix MASSING

SPECIAL FEATURES

GREEN GREEN SPACE SPACE

WATER

TIMBER PAVEMENT

HARD PAVEMENT

ASPHALT ROAD

FERRY TERMINAL Port Melbourne Waterfront

TRAIN LINES Flinders Street Waterfront

Docklands

Geelong Waterfront

BEACH Hastings Waterfront and Port

BEACH St Kilda Foreshore

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127

Data Matrix

MASSING

HARD PAVEMENT

SURFACES

SPECIAL FEATURES

TIMBER PAVEMENT

AMUSEMENT

ROAD ASPHALT

FAVELA

ROAD ASPHALT

MARKET

MARINA

ARTIFICIAL BEACH

GREEN SPACE

BEACH

WATER

0.4%

7.3%

31.3% 9.6% 5.9%

29.2% 17.3% Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York 6.5%

12%

31% 19% 7.5%

8.5%

Copacobana, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

12%

8.5%

Favela

16.2% 17.3%

25%

33% Bergen, Norway 6.5%

8.5% 4%

54.6 % 26.4% Montreal, Canada

MARKET

45.6% 6%

3.1%

30% Market Square and Esplanade, Helsinki, Finland

15.3%

0.7%

TIMBER PAVEMENT

OVERLOOKING PEDESTRIAN PATH

37.5% 6% 1% 1%

Marina Bay, Singapore

128

53.8 % 129

b.Objects/Taxonomy Matrix.

130

131

Furniture

Entertainment

Mobile Amenities

Sculpture

Transportation

Building

Kiosk

new polis kiosk.pdf 1 6/3/2015 8:13:26 AM

new public toilet.pdf 1 6/3/2015 8:13:43 AM

C kiosk.pdf 1 6/3/2015 8:11:30 AM

life guard 1.pdf 1 6/3/2015 8:13:03 AM

B : Bergen C : Copacabana CI : Coney Island H : Helsinki M : Montreal MB : Marina Bay 132

133

Seating

Entertainment

Amenities

Sculpture

Transportation

Building

Kiosk

kioskk.pdf 1 6/3/2015 9:36:18 AM

coresel.pdf 1 6/3/2015 9:32:28 AM

water dispenser.pdf 1 6/3/2015 9:39:49 AM

ferris wheel-Model.pdf 1 6/3/2015 9:32:54 AM

D : Docklands G : Geelong H : Hastings F : Flinders St Waterfront 1 sclupture.pdf 1 6/3/2015 9:32:06 AM

P : Port Melbourne

134

S : St Kilda G

135

c.Change/Timeline Matrix.

c. 136

137

Timeline Matrix

Montreal Waterfront 1918

Road Networks 1918

1970

Montreal Waterfront 2015

Road Networks Networks 1843 1843 Road Water Body 1843

Montreal Waterfront Water’s Edge 1843 1843

WaterfrontWater’s 1918 Edge 1918 Montreal Waterfront 1918

Road Road Networks Networks 1918 1918Water Body 1918

Montreal Waterfront Waterfront 2015 Edge 2015 Water’s Montreal 2015

Road Road Networks Networks 2015 2015 Water body 2015

2015 2015 2015

1969

Road Networks 2015

2015 2015 2015

1918

1958

1880

Montreal Waterfront 1843

Road Networks 1843

1890

1950 1985

1930 1910 1843 1823 1820

1910 Origin 1830

Copacabana Marina Bay Helsinki Montreal Bergen Coney Island Reclaimed

Tidal Changes

1580

1870

1990

139 138

W Wa

Wa W

Dockland

Port Melbourne

Hastings Flinders Street

St. Kilda

Geelong

1865 1865 1865 1865 1865

1850

1900

1865

1910

1889 1889

1900

1889 1889 1889

1887

1941 1941

1887

1889

1956

2015

1961 1900 1941 1941 1941 1978 1978

1931

1956

1961

1941

1978 1978 1978

1887

1956

1900

2015 1961

1950

1955

1980

1985

2015

2015 2015

1961 1978

2015 2015 2015

2015

140

1956

2015

2015 141

d.Moments/Photo Matrix.

142

143

Scale

Infrastructure

Material

Greenery

Landmark

Edges

Waterfront

Historical

Activities

Hasting Conie Island

Market

Activities

Market

Historical

Scale

Waterfront

Infrastructure

Edges

Material

Landmark

Greenery Greenery

Landmark

Greenery

Bergen St. Kilda

Material

Edges

Material

Copacabana Flinders St.

Infrastructure

Waterfront

Infrastructure

Marina Bay Melbourne Port

Scale

Historical

Scale

Geelong Montreal

Market

Activities

144 International Waterfront Market

Docklands Market Square Docklands

Local Waterfront

Geelong Port Melbourne Flinders St. St. Kilda Hasting Docklands

Local145 Waterfront

the understood. 146

147

Local Waterfronts/The Understood.

a.Flinders Street Waterfront/Crepe Cake. b.Hastings/The Politicised Waterfront. c.Port Melbourne/Custom Harbour. d.Docklands/An Instant Waterfront. e.Geelong/Art and Cultural Waterfront f.St Kilda Foreshore/Diverse Residential Waterfront.

the understood. 148

149

a.Flinders Street Waterfront/Crepe Cake.

a. 150

We went on a derive along the Flinders Street Waterfront. We followed wherever wood led us along the water. Along the trajectory, we could not understand why there were piers that sat in empty desolation, while other wooden structures were sculptures with symbolic gestures that paid mere lip service towards a rich and robust historical waterfront.

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This is an old map of the waterfront. Notice how Queensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wharf sits towards the south of the train station. Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wharf was the area of trade. The wharf was where merchants would off load all their goods into the city.

Old Map of Flinders Waterfront

A fish market was located at the intersection of Spencer and Flinders Street while a General market was located along Market Street. You could almost imagine how busy these places were... 152

153

This is Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wharf back then. The Epi-Centre of the Waterfront, the train rails lift themselves off the ground to make way for a connection between the water and the city. It lifted off the ground for activity to happen. You would here the howling of the trains, the voices of on ground crew members shouting across the ships. Cranes lifting goods into place. Under this rails was the meeting place to be. 154

155

This is a section through Market Street where the Customs House used to be. It is now known as The Immigration Museum. The ghosted lines in blue represent the past. Notice how this space has changed over time, the addition of new layers of roads, and overhead railways and vegetation has caused this space to be very under utilized.

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This is a site map of the Flinders Street Waterfront now. The only form of connections to the water from the city takes on the form of underground passage ways and bridges. Dead spaces like the vaults to the south west of Flinders Street Station (Banana Alley) operate with retail spaces that do not cater to the public. The opportunities for â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;civicnessâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; has been forsaken. At this scale, you can never see how underutilized the waterfront is.

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1 2

3 4

1 2 3 4 5

5 6

2 3 4

5 6

water! 7 water!

water!

3 4 5 water!

1 3 4 water!

water!

This diagram shows a threshold of layers that you will have to go through. It resembles a Crepe Cake! To get to the water’s edge, one has to get through a series of linear boundaries and layers. The road, then train tracks, the café, a green hedge then the shared bike path is where you meet the waters. While admiring the water’s edge, be on your look out for oncoming cyclist!

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What a journey! Crepe Cakes are pretty and lovely in their own way but they need to compliment the plate that they are being placed on; the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge. This montage further teases out the amount of layers we were confronted with while walking along the waterfront. Judging from this waterfront, is Melbourne really the most livable city?

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These are some photos that attributed to the montage, in all cases, the water being on the right side of the photo. In all this cases, there is a wall that is adjacent to the water. We hardly ever see Melbourne being presented with these photos. It is ironic how this area that got Melbourne to such a status is locking people off from getting to the water.

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water!

In section, we see the crepe cake being played out. The dome is a successful meeting point that faces the city. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s back yard however is a garden that needs a lot more weeding to do. Could a reversal of the dome as a meeting point be implemented to activate the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge more? Maybe a gesture of such might help.

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Cultural

Water

Train

Footpath

Bike Path

Entertainment

Office

Greenery

Retail

Residential

With the layers of varying types of activity being mapped out here, we can see an immense amount of area being given to the train station and a micro spread of jam for pedestrians to walk on. The Federation Square on the far eastern end is so successful in getting public and cultural activities happen there because it has space for people to roam about. 168

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Transportation

Cultural

Social

Hourly gas flames at night at Southbank, Melbourne

The bridges onto the South Bank lead people away from the Flinders Waterfront. With the arts and culture scene on the other side, it bustles with smell, music and lights. Like Daisy watching the parties and lights across the river on long island from the scene of The Great Gatsby, all the attention has been drawn over to the other side. Notice the spaces of exchange that happens on the other side of the

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bike pedestrian car

bike

boat

pedestrian

tram

car

train

bike

boat

pedestrian

tram

car

train

fast

sp slow

fast speed slow

bike

boat

pedestrian

tram

car

train

fast speed slow

This map shows the varying types of movement. It is clear that we can see how varied the Flinders Waterfront is with intensity? Wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t this result in more spaces of exchange? Why is it that the other side seems so much more attractive still then?

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bike

boat

pedestrian tram pedestrian car

car

train

B C

bike

boat

pedestrian

tram

car

train

bike

boat

pedestrian

tram

car

train

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tram

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fast speed slow

boat fast fast tram speed speed train slow slow

In zooming in on the movement at a smaller scale, we start to see why. Notice how much space is given to the pedestrian at the south bank in frame A. Here, the cyclist and pedestrians share a common path. The buildings peel away and back from the water to make way for this. While in frame B and C on the Flinders Waterfront, the pedestrian walks are tight and narrow.

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The landing points for the bridges onto the Flinders end do glimmer with hope. They present an outward funnel of daily circulation as shown in these images, they bring the circulation in from the city and from the public railway transport city. These bridges also do present certain typologies that we can take precedent from.

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The Flinders Waterfront is a Crepe Cake, it needs to be dissected. Its layers need to be analyzed and reconsidered, they need to be re-dimensioned in terms of the thickness. It may require injections of more layers or the removal of some. At the moment, the biggest threat to it seems to be the Flinders Train Station. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s massive footprint seems to be a huge barrier and stumbling block to the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge. As of now, it stares in jealousy towards the South Bank. In selfpity, it blurs its vision and lives in ignorance.

References Campbell, M. (n.d.). Old Map of Flinders Waterfront. [image] Available at: https://www.pinterest. com/pin/576108977307548299/ [Accessed 27 May 2015]. photobucket, (n.d.). Hourly gas flames at night at Southbank, Melbourne. [image] Available at: http://s712.photobucket.com/ user/Pixerella/media/Melbourne/ Sthbnkgas.jpg.html [Accessed 27 May 2015].

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b.Hastings/The Politicised Waterfront.

success or succession planning? is hastings a successful waterfront? from the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perspective - no. the foreshaore is sparse, expansive and fails to make any attempt to tie into the local ecological system. but we contest that waterfronts be critiqued against steryotypical critieria concerned with amenity.

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hastings is evidence of value in a less typical sense. as a waterfront it is a rich politically charged topic - and has made us question whether australia priotises economic growth over ecological preservation. local waterfronts offer us far more than simple amenity.

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Hastings is a local waterfront. A distinctly Victorian waterfront. Distinctly Australian. Yet it employs an imported model. The waterfront hasn’t failed to deliver - the model has failed the waterfront. We see the ‘promenade model’ failing to accommodate ecological complexity. 182

Hastings Foreshore The Politicised Waterfront

The Hastings waterfront stands at an interesting junction between the international and the hyperlocal. With it’s metropolitan neighbours enjoying considerably more density, pedestrian traffic and most noticeably – funding – Hastings is read as a forgotten relic of broader public debate. The left-behind. But like anything that has public attention catch it by surprise – Hastings seems to have been caught awkwardly off guard. The waterfront itself is in fact a motley pair – a wedge of natural mangrove preserved amidst a broader ecological debate and under-funded pursuit of an earnest local council. So, for the sake of our discussions, it may be more appropriate to look at Hastings as two waterfronts. One sitting within the other. The first waterfront is a clearly defined patch of impeccably mown grass, a picturesque garden complete with winding paths and exercise equipment to replace the follies. Almost everyone there seems to be traipsing after a dog, and by the looks of it, the dogs seem to be enjoying themselves considerably more that their owners. Hasting Foreshore Reserve offers little amenity (exercise equipment aside)and the scale and proportions of the waterfront area are awkward and imposing for the pedestrian – an expansive stretch of grass between the carpark and the water itself. However awkward it may be, I would still argue it is not unsuccessful.

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1885

1889

1941

1978

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1889

1941

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2015

The historical development of the waterfront demonstrates the unwillingness to acknowledge the ecological complexity and variability of the site. Hard, unforgiving edges are gradually overlaid on the transient blurred tidal thresholds. The ‘marina’ and ‘promenade’ models are blindly adhered to The result is that the ‘artificial’ waterfront’s success is tide dependant.

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neo-situationist derive 1 Pedestrian vs vessel.

neo-situationist derive 2 Economy vs ecology.

neo-situationist derive 3 Industry vs insertion.

A series of neo-situationist derives at a research level. The spontaneity of a derive is used to freely explore the waterfront at two scales. The significance of each scale becomes apparent as each iteration highlights a juxtaposition. 187

Attempts to punctuate the un-approachable scale. Small insertions of ammenity and signage are unable to bridge the gap between the two waterfronts. They are points of interest that fail to reflect the foreshore’s point of difference. Their failure lies in that they’re stationary, fixed insertions that ignore the constantly shifting boundaries around them. Sitting in an expansive field they ignore ‘the edge’ and highlight the barren monotonous landscape that has resulted from clearing the natural mangrove flats. 188

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WEEK10

Western Port Ramsar Site Strategic Management Plan

choose your own adventure comparitive extinction Department of Sustainability and Environment

Hastings is unique as a waterfront in this publication. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s significance lies in its two possible futures. Each future eliminates the viability of the alternative. The value of local ecology is contrasted against national economy. This drawing series investigates a comparitive taxonomy to determine where and why we assign value in australian waterfronts. 190

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5. 2. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 2020 2. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 2020 2. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 2020 2. IPSUM 192 FACTUM EXTINCTION 20202. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 20202. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 2020 FACTUM EXTINCTION

20202. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 20202. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 2020 20202. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 20202. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 2020

5. 2. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 2020 2. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 2020 2. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 2020 2. IPSUM 193 FACTUM EXTINCTION 20202. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 20202. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 2020 FACTUM EXTINCTION

20202. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 20202. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 2020 20202. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 20202. IPSUM FACTUM EXTINCTION 2020

Places of Exchange

Pedestrians

Traffic + Vehicles

Typologies

A more quanitative anaylsis shows expansive separation of program, usage, typologies and surface treatments. We begin to see distinctive zones articulated but like the model that failed hastings, quantitative data is unable to measure or pinpoint why the waterfront is currently â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;failingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; The site plan (opposite) begins to show the distance between the transient ecology of the tidal flats from the firm and rigid imposed economy of the promenade and exercise equipment.

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Greenery

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Visual Politics

Physical Politics

the politics of the threshold the threshold between ecology and economy is disputed. By turfing right to the mangrove boundary the artificial landscape contrasts with the natural creating a hypersaturated edge. but it is intimidating and unrelenting. it deters people from experiencing the ecological waterfront. a wall of mangroves stands at the northern edge of the foreshore while the raised promenade prevents interaction with the sandy tidal flats to the east. experimenting with collage highlights the importance of each in articulating the value of the other. Would we even be analysing hastings were it not for the port proposal? 196

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the politics of the thresholds are visible. each model acts as an important counterpoint for the other. perhaps we can no longer assess success or failure - and instead look to understand where and why we assign value... In understanding what makes a waterfront ‘local’ we have used Hastings to examine our own value systems and start to question how we assess success. The other waterfronts in this publication assess success against a criteria of usability and amenity. Hastings questions that. is it’s value as an argument for both ecological preservation and economic progress enough to label it a successful waterfront.

This brings us to the second waterfront, the Westernport Waterfront in the broader sense. It seems naive to consider Hastings devoid of its context and its place within the Westernport ecological debate. With the looming presence of a new port facility, Hastings ecological richness has been studied and highlighted. The tidal mangrove flats (40% of which are exposed with the outgoing tide) create a bizarre and constantly changing waterfront landscape that is completely unique. It doesn’t rely on retail, a boulevard, a beach or water-based activity as its primary draw card. Instead, Hastings can be read as a politicised waterfront. The unnatural qualities of the Foreshore reserve contrast and clash so drastically with the natural Mangrove bushes to the North – that it creates a politicised boundary. The walking track continues into the mangroves, but it is broken soggy and somewhat less inviting. Sure, it may not invite someone to continue walking. But I argue that the success of a waterfront is not exclusively tied to its vibrancy, density and ‘enjoyability’ and Hastings is a prime example. Its success lies in its role as a catalyst for discussion – a legible threshold between the scale of the pedestrian and the intangible scale of the debate surrounding the bay as a whole. The measure of the success of the Hastings Foreshore Reserve lies in its failure to reconcile the natural and the man-made. Despite the constant flux of the waterline we have still turned to a very rigid ‘boardwalk’ waterfront. Despite the expansive flat landscape we still looked to the picturesque for our planning devices. Despite the scale we still expect the pedestrian to enjoy it on foot. But the barren nature of the reserve throws into sharp relief the richness of the surrounding ecological system

it’s the most talked about waterfront in australia, yet noone uses it. 198

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the absence of water + the absence of thought

how do you map the complex relationship between drawing technique, the model of waterfront and the site to which is is transplanted? This collage seeks to map a failure to reciprocate. Bottom: The Coney Island plan slice illustrates the ideal application of the ‘promenade’ model. Middle: The thresholds of each drawing/ image snake through the drawing highlighting the nature of the threshold between water and landscape - the ‘waterfront’ In the water’s absence - a twice daily low tide - the model comes unstuck and fails. Left and Top: data showing the surface treatment at each point around the waterfront. Low tide on the left. High tide at the top. and the transient mid-tide to the right. Red highlights the complexity of the hastings threshold as compared with the Coney Island Boardwalk. Domestic and context with an imported model.

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the politicised waterfront the scale of ‘the insertions’ overlaid with the significant ‘politicised thresholds.’ usability of space is no longer the only measure of success. right: site plan collage overlay articulating the crucial edges. below: a taxonomy of collected items and their location within the landscape. 202

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c.Port Melbourne/Custom Harbour.

Railway Pier , PORT MELBOURNE

Figure 1: Railway Pier in 1883

Historically Port Melbourne was known as Sandridge and developed as the Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s second port, linked to the nearby Melbourne CBD. Port Melbourne is a diverse and historic area especially at Bay Street which is the main and historic commercial area.

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History of the Port Melbourne Foreshore, Pier and Train Lines development

The Modern Cruise Ship Teminal

1887

1956

2015

Figure 3: Photo montage showing heritage elements of Port Melbourne and new infrastructure enhancing those features

Port Melbourne is serviced by Melbourne tram route 109, which has been run as a high patronage high frequency light rail service. Station Pier originally known as Railway Pier is an historic pier on Port Philip. Today, Station Pier retains its heritage status but has been transformed over the last few years into the modern cruise ship terminal which also hosts navy visits throughout the years, together with the bass Straits passenger service to Tasmania. In terms of passengersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; usage, Station Piers is now busier than at any time in its long history.

2015 Figure 2: The development of Port Melbourne probably started as early as in 1887

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'The Port Melbourne waterfront is a gateway to Melbourne. It is a significant and celebrated part of Greater Melbourne; a place that is valued by locals for its history and environment, and an active and welcome destination for visitors.' - Port Melbourne Waterfront Urban Design Framework

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The area of study includes the area of Waterfront place, Station Piers, Beacon Cove Promenade and Princes Piers.

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Events nearby the modern cruise ship terminal

transportation + social CULTURE TRANSPORTATION SOCIAL ECONOMIC

Figure 4: Hatching on the site plan to show land usage and movement

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Figure 5: Hatching on the site plan to show spaces of exchange

The Station Piers and Waterfront Place public realm is an engaging and dynamic public places that people seek to spend time within as there are some restaurants and retails and which accommodates a range of formal and informal activities. The area becomes a node as there are many intersections of different directions of tram from city, people from Station Pier, Beach St and Beacon Cove Promenade. 211

Multi-layer connections During the peak hours, the traffic is quite busy and the pedestrian or cycle connection from Beacon Cove Promenade have a poor crossing point in this area through the bay trail especially in the intersection junction of TT-Line freight yard. Beacon Cove Promenade is a safe place for pedestrians and cyclists alike along the Bay Trail as there are different tracks for Bay Trail and foreshore promenade.

Ferry and Tram route Car route Bicycle path Pedestrian path Historical railway track

Figure 6: Flow circulation diagram reveals the traffic congested area

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Figure 7: Series of sections cut perpendicular to water edge shows buildings height in relation to visual connection

Section

Beacon Cove properties acts as a frontage of the waterfront and also acts as a buffer zones to reduce the sound from the cruise ships to the private residential area. The several layers of vegetation and hard pavements give the clear lines for the users. Princes Pier, one of the heritage values in Port Melbourne is included along the promenade. This promenade will link the visitors from Station Pier to Princes Pier.

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Figure 8: Noise indication along walking path

Noise and sound

Wave Car Terminal Tram

After observing all features in Port Philip Promenade, Port Melbourne, and referring back to the functions as a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Portâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, there will be some issues of sound in this area whether as a pleasure sound or noise. The noise issue may come from the traffic area during the peak hours and daily cruise berthing but the pleasure sound come from the natural sound source for examples sea wave, people chatting, birds chipping and air breeze.

Figure 9: Radius of circle shows distance travel for the sound and gap between circles shows level of annoyance (closest gap indicates the most annoying)

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d.Docklands/An Instant Waterfront.

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It has been a decade since Docklands being re-developed. Docklands is not finished. Yet. Two-thirds of it has yet to be built in a prescribed duration of 10 years. Looking at its current condition after 10 years of development, what could it actually achieve in another’s? Does the waterfront could or should grow in certain amount of time? How long does it actually takes for a waterfront to be ‘whole’?

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Evolution of Docklands from a swamp, to a busy port, to a waterfront city.

Docklands or previously known as Victoria Docks was one of the busiest port in Melbourne. However, the containerisation of shipping in 1960’s replacing crates has led to a construction of new docks in west of Victoria Docks as the existing sheds and wharves could no longer accommodate the containers. Docklands has gradually falls into disrepair and disuse. Although Docklands was declining then, the changes seem natural and it becomes part of the history of advancement in the trading industry. The first construction to jump-start the re-development of Docklands was the stadium—intentionally to draw people’s interest to the site. Docklands was envisioned to be an extension of Melbourne CBD. In 10 years, the waterfront is now dominated by residential and office buildings and towers. Are these developments forced? How Docklands—as an extension to Melbourne CBD—portrays the city? Transformation of Docklands

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As a public realm, the waterfront is edged by a promenadeâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;both for a nice stroll along the waterfront and as public spaces for events or just simply to sit and hang around. The largest area of public space can be seen on the north side of the waterfront, bleeding out to the roadside and extended to the nearby commercial area, Harbour Town. That public plaza is also like a catchment area that pulls people from Harbour Town and leads them towards the waterfront. Public spaces around the waterfront allows for possibility of social exchange to occur.

Public spaces

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Pedestrian

Transportation connectivity

Accessibility

Retails

Tram Biket

In a slightly bigger context, the waterfront is easily accessible by extensive network of trams and bike and pedestrian paths. The porosity of building fabric around the waterfront has also made it accessible through laneways in between the buildings. This porosity does not only connect people to the waterfront physically but also visually. Sending the waterfront vibes through the laneways to the next layer and inviting people towards it. Street level of the waterfront is framed by retails mostly restaurants that optimize its potential as a destination by providing a waterfront dining experience where people could stay and dine while admiring the view.

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Social

Economy

Cultural

The promenade around the waterfront does not only allows for social exchange but also cultural. There are few public art situated along the promenade at intervals generating an atmosphere of energetic creative expression and culture as part of Melbourne identity. Spaces of

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These cross sections show moments in Docklands attempting to connect people with water. From a tram stop in front of Harbour Town, a large public plaza open up to the waterfrontâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;inviting and guiding people towards the waterfront. Some of the water edges are utilised as restaurantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; dining area.

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The most prominent visual landmark at the waterfront is the Melbourne Observation Star and Etihad Stadiumâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;which mostly visible throughout the walk around the promenade. These visual icons are suggesting an entertainment function which further reinforce the impression of the waterfront to be a vibrant hotspot bustling with people.

From the analysis, Docklands sounds like a lively and vibrant waterfront. The promenade seems to be bustling with people hanging around, meeting friends and dines by the waterfront. Does it really? Our derive has led us to aimlessly drift through the promenade and let the â&#x20AC;&#x153;forcesâ&#x20AC;? lead our way around the waterfront as we observe what is really happening there.

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From our derive, the map cut up in different areas are perceived and experienced as a “district”. These districts are like checkpoints—the spaces that we have stopped at and hovered for a while. The sizes and the distance of these districts are not exact but rather a ‘mental’ sizes and distance— of how we perceive them. The bigger the size, the greater its implication—or more interesting. Some similarities of these spaces are they either reaching out to the water or they have something, for instance public art that keep us stay put for a while. The first five districts from the public plaza’s are closer together compared to the last district of the library, further apart—which depicts how we feel it was a long monotonous walk to get there.

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Forces—arriving from the tram stop in front of the Harbour Town, we were drawn towards the waterfront by the massive open public plaza. Green space in the centre is appealing to the eye—brings us down closer towards the waterfront to a decking protruding out to the water. As we turn around, there are red squatting Chinese men sculptures in front of a restaurant behind us. As we walk along the promenade, there is white sculpture. Next to it is, again, a space projecting out towards the water only this time it is a dining area in between two restaurants by the water edge. We continued our drifting further then we came across the Monument Park. The park adds some hints of colours to our walk. As we were walking opposite to the stadium, there is a temporary timber pavilion by the water edge. This pavilion brings us even more closer to the water. It is cantilevered above water and the gap between its timber strips floor let us see the water beneath the floor we were standing on while the pavilion nicely frames the vista towards the water. After that, there is the famous ‘Cow Up In The Tree’ sculpture followed by our long walk to reach the library at the other end. These spaces and public arts that become “forces” that lead our derive along the promenade might be the clues or attributes that attract people to the waterfront as well as enriching it as a public realm in creating a vibrant and thriving place. However, during our walk, the promenade is quiet. There are not so many people there. Some times there were cyclist speeding through the promenade and some tourists taking photos by the water edge. The restaurants are empty. So, how Docklands is actually doing as a public space? Does it succeed to become the people’s waterfront?

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The photo from bottom left to the bottom right shows the surfaces change as we walk from the plaza towards the library. The surfaces along the promenade are changing as we walk around it. The transition creates a different texture as we walk on it. Grass and timber are softer to the feet while stone paving, asphalt and tiles a bit harder. Sometime the surface repeats itself. The changes of surfaces creates a stimulating walk in the sense of touchâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;as we walk we feel the texture changesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;is it softer to the feet or is it harder.

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water

green space

entertainment

work

retail

residential

community

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This map shows how the waterfront is surrounded by private buildings and towers of offices and residential. This might be the reason why the waterfront becomes less inviting despite the attempts to make it a celebrated people’s waterfront. The privatized atmosphere it created make the public feel a little less welcomed. The stadium next to the waterfront is an inwardlooking venue—where its exterior is excluded—does not really relate well to the waterfront.

Reference:

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1. Image. Docklands. http://www. heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/ commonwealth-bank-australia-shiftsmelbourne-headquarters-to-docklands/ story-e6frf7kx-1226482068538. Accessed on 25th May 2015. 2. Image. Docklands Sunday Market. http://themarketroll.com.au/markets/

These two images show how a same place could be totally different. The top image is on usual days while the bottom image is during Sunday market. Regardless of the existence in commercial structure, on usual days, the promenade looks empty and dead while during Sunday market the place thrives and bustling with people. This might suggest how the informal and spontaneous structure can be more successful than fancy ones. The flexibility and informality is more appealing and welcoming to the public. Docklands should not be just a crossing to passers by getting to work or home but it should be a destination for the people. Maybe, this is also an indication that Docklands should have take it times to grow naturally and let the public shape its development instead 241

e.Geelong/Art and Cultural Waterfront

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The City of Greater Geelong is a diverse metropolis located one hour from Melbourne on the South Western side of Port Phillip Bay and it is Victoriaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest regional city that is situated on the beautiful Corio Bay and the Barwon River. The City comprises seaside, rural, urban and industrial environments and a correspondingly diverse range of communities with vastly different occupations and interests with a present population of approximately 218,000. Several years ago, Geelong was the main port for processing and exporting primary produce from Victoriaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Western District. It has a rich architectural, maritime and industrial heritage and many of the impressive characteristics of a growing international city. Nowadays, Geelong waterfront is transforming from an ex-industrial to an art and cultural waterfront city as the City of Greater Geelong has a long history and a strong ongoing commitment to commissioning artworks for public spaces across the Municipality. 244

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Aerial view of Geelong CBD (1970) , to Railway Station in the west, Eastern Park to the east and Myers Street in the south. Showing Corio Bay, Eastern Beach, Hy-Lite Park and other landmarks from directly overhead, undated.

1939

Historical images of Geelong waterfront . 1981 In its early days Geelongâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main trade was in wool. Some of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s best wool is grown in the Western District and the region around Geelong and the city was important as a port. Much of the Geelong waterfront was surrounded by huge wool stores, some still remain today been redesigned for modern use, including the Deakin University Waterfront Campus, Westfield Shopping Centre and National Wool Museum.

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Geelong waterfront development from 1910-

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water edge 1910

water edge 1955

water edge 1985

water edge 2014

The changes of Geelong Water edges over time as a result of cosmic economic development

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site map of Geelong waterfront (2015)

WESTERN PRECINCT

CENTRAL PRECINCT EASTERN PRECINCT

The Geelong waterfront can be divided into western, central and eastern precinct. The western precinct of the Geelong waterfront consists of recreational zone, Public Park and residential areas. The Central waterfront precinct is a more dynamic area than western and eastern waterfront precinct, forming the interface between the Geelong Central Activities Area and Coria Bay. These areas consist of a diverse range of facilities, spaces and activities developed in the central zone. The central zone also becoming as a main place for civic building and administration. 250

The eastern waterfront precinct consists of flat beach and the251 hill side public park area and followed by hilly residential area.

Panoramic view of Geelong waterfront

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BEACH

PEDESTRIAN PATH

BOLLARD AND ART SITE

RESIDENTIAL AREA

OPEN PARKING AREA

PRIVATE SECTOR

ROAD

TRAIN LINE +TRAIN STATION

COMMERCIAL AREA

CULTURAL AND ART BUILDING AREA

EDUCATION AREA

CIVIC BUILDING AREA

GREEN AREA

SEA

Hatching on site plan to show land usage, movement and space of exchange 254

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vehicle movement

social space

Core retail area

pedestrian circulation

community culrural public space 256

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Art and culture play a key role in creating quality public places, telling local stories and expressing civic pride. In Geelong, Public art has a further role to play developing cohesive communities and enhancing cultural identity. The role of art and culture in urban design, place making and spatial activation is also widely recognized for community benefits. The City has a significant Public Places Art Collection of artworks and monuments in its parks, foreshores and streets. Several significant art and cultural institutions currently operate within Geelong including the National Wool Museum, Geelong Gallery, Geelong Library, Geelong Heritage Centre, Geelong Performing Arts Centre, Old Courthouse Building and Costa Hall, all of which contribute greatly to the cultural life of the City.

interactive map show art, culture and heritage area of Geelong 258

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One of the interesting tourist attractions in Geelong waterfront is the creative, whimsical bollards that stretch from Rippleside to Limeburners Point. Painted by local artist Jan Mitchell, the bollards have become an icon of Geelong. There are over 100 bollards stretching along 48 sites along the Geelong waterfront that are made out of huge wooden pylons, many recovered from the Yarra Street Pier which was destroyed by fire in the 1980â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and later removed. The wood was first sculptured and then painstakingly hand painted. The bollards depict many of the events and history of the Geelong region, from the times when the local Wautharong People were the only inhabitants right up to modern times.Many of the bollards are painted as historic people and represent the profession the community.

Public Art in the City of Greater Geelong will express local cultures and histories; foster creativity and innovation; and enhance and activate public spaces across the municipality.

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plan and section show the placement of bollards trail Geelong waterfront Portion of waterfront Geelong bollards trail map

The Geelong waterfront is an ideal community and the social exchange area as there are space of public realm and event space. The waterfront area is comprised by bollards trail stretching from Rippleside to Limeburners Point along the waterfront of Geelong. It takes about 1 hour estimated one way walking time. The placement of several portions of the trail is strategic as it is placed around public spaces that maximize the appreciation of the bollards. Along with the waterfront area there are several elements that form the bollards trail less successful such as the journey of the trail being disrupted by private land that make the journey unclear to the user. The other elements that contribute to the issue are the changes of pavement surface along the waterfront area that make the trail journey become indistinguishable. 262

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plan and section show the placement of bollards trail and the area.

The site position of the bollards around the private land that make the trail unclear 264

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bollards position and its contact surface

changes of pavement surface along the waterfront area that make the trail journey become indistinguishable. Private land area interrupt the bollards trail sequence

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The bollards trail would be more successful in the future by having a proper planning strategy in developing the public art along the Geelong waterfront area such as by having a promenade development along the water edge and this will guide people go through all the bollards site. The Geelong waterfront have a high opportunity in future to be a successful art and cultural waterfront city.

References Culture, A. (2015). [online] Geelong Australia. Available at: http://www.geelongaustralia.com.au/community/arts/article/ item/8cfc76b6c208361.aspx [Accessed 3 Jun. 2015]. Danielleminer.deviantart.com, (2015). Eastern Beach Promenade. [online] Available at: http://danielleminer.deviantart.com/ art/Eastern-Beach-Promenade-368750359 [Accessed 3 Jun. 2015]. Geelong Australia, (2015). [online] Available at: http://www.geelongaustralia.com. au/ [Accessed 3 Jun. 2015]. Intown.com.au, (2015). Jan Mitchell창s Waterfront Bollards - Intown Geelong. [online] Available at: http://www.intown.com.au/ locals/geelong/attractions/bollards.htm [Accessed 3 Jun. 2015]. Panedia.com, (2015). Eastern Beach, Geelong, Victoria, Australia by Panedia. [online] Available at: http://panedia.com/ content/751 [Accessed 3 Jun. 2015].

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f.St Kilda Foreshore/Diverse Residential Waterfront.

f. 270

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St.Kilda was developed following the history and activities of people around that areas as well. The site was well planning to be one of the diverse residential waterfront in Melbourne ince the beginning.

1950

1980

2015

To start with, European settled in Melbourne in 1835. Later in 1853 people found that this place is a great place for see side with the location on another side of Port Phillip, also not very far there I a junction of Fitzroy street and Carlisle street. There was the end of two roads that came from Melbourne city. The inspiration of waterfront planning came from the European style. During the gold rush era, the site was serving wealthy people. In 1890, the extend pier and Captain Kenny’s Sea Bath was built to be the boat parking, and following by The St.Kilda Yacht Club in 1895. The Catani Garden was deign by Carlo Catani, one of the St.Kilda Foreshore Trust Committee. It was inspired from ‘Jetee Promrnade’ in France, The same features in Catani garden uch a municipal garden, Circular path system, using palm trees along the path and the promenade with a pavilion at the centre and tea Rooms at the side. For entertaining people who came to the ite at that time as well. North part with Cantani garden is known as a ‘cultural landscape’ The part that full of atmosphere and activities of European to serve people who came from Europe. Later in early twenty century to the south, the promenade was designed similar to the idea of ‘Promenade de des Anglais’ in France, following the Mediterranean style, which is the long beach with the palms, gardens, ornamental bridges, kiosk and more promenades along the site. More facilities were coming into the site such as the theatre and Luna park, an amusement them park. St.Kilda beach is the multifaceted waterfront, it was reflect to the characteristic of St.Kilda, which are varied and rich design. The design was inspired by many places, with the sense of aristocratic and the cosmopolitan of St.Kilda. For example the pier was from Brighton pier, UK and Luna park was brought to entertain people, which is came from the Coney Island, USA. 275

Catani Garden

Trangle Area

Cyclist

Green Area

8 6

Art & Culture

Commercial

Residential

Garden

2 3 4 5

1 Bicentennial Rotunda 2 Cenotaph 3 Sir William Cresswell Memorial (bust missing) 4 Sali Cleve drinking foundation (current and former locations relocated to allow for road widening)

5 Captain Cook Memorial (current and former locations relocated from site of current Rotunda)

6 Bluestone sea wall 7 Lava rock wall 8 Lava rock drinking foundations

Pedestrian

Heritage Key Plan

Main Event Area Tree Protection Area Event Exclusion Zone

Tram

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(Centotaph Precinct and Playground/Pinic Area)

Public Event Overlay Plan

Density of people 277

Luna park Art Commercial Residential Green area Public area

St.Kilda mainly separated in-to two layers to keep the cars away from shore and residential areas are well-planned for pedestrians that live close to the water, kiosks were built to serve what people need along the site. The L-shape pier was built for boat also being the promenade that have a pavilion at the end, to bring people to walk along the path and feel the atmosphere of the sea. The most interesting thing is two designs with totally different styles and elements that work together quite well. Moreover, not far from the waterfront, there are the street that have many cafĂŠ, which is one of the characteristic of St.Kilda as well. Nowadays, St.kilda is a very successful waterfront, with the location that not far from the city, the beach is using for people recreation, many events and the markets along the street to bring people and tourists come to experience the site more and more every year. ref: *Frisby, Fitzgerald. Catani Gardens And Southern Foreshore Management Plan. 1st ed. Victoria: City of Port Phillip, 2010. Web. 5 May 2015. *Moloney, David. St Kilda Pier Kiosk Conervation Management Plan. 1st ed. Victoria: Parks Victoria, 2004. Web. 5 May 2015.