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Lesson 1

Geography of the United States What can geography teach us about the United States?

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

Introduction Before you study the history of the United States, you need to know about our country’s geography. The word geography comes from two Greek words—geo, meaning “Earth,” and graph, meaning “describing.” Geography describes our physical world and how we interact with it. Geographers study Earth and its land, features, and people. Thinking like a geographer can help us locate places, find out how bodies of water affect people, and better understand landmasses, climate, and where plants grow. Geographers also study how our physical surroundings affect us. For example, they look at the reason why mountains make it hard for people to move from place to place. They might also study how certain climates affect where people choose to live. Learning about the geography of the United States will help you better understand our country’s history. In this lesson, you will learn some geography skills for reading maps. First, you will learn what a globe is and how you can read it. You will then learn about latitude and longitude, so you can find a location on Earth. Next, you will learn about geographic terms that will help you describe different bodies of water and landmasses. You will learn about the different regions of the United States and the different physical features, climates, and vegetation of these regions. You will even learn about how geographers and scientists create maps so that we can understand these different and diverse places. With this knowledge, you can think like a geographer and discover more about the United States.

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

Vocabulary climate compass geography globe government landform latitude longitude physical feature vegetation

The United States has many different geographic features. The Rocky Mountains are one example of these features.

Preview Activity Think of the geography of the United States an an enormous stage upon which our nation’s history unfolds. Give three ways our nation’s geography might have affected the way people lived in the past.

Activity Online

45˚N

40˚N 35 ˚N 125˚W

70˚W

35˚N

AT L ANTIC O C EAN

120˚W

120˚W Bering Strait

ARCTIC OCEAN

158˚W 159˚W 157˚W

160˚W

75˚W

60˚N 170˚W 150˚W

55˚N

140˚W

160˚W

Gulf of Mexico

20˚N

95˚W

90˚W

85˚W

80˚W

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

Vocabulary Activity Activity Online

Fill in the blanks with the correct vocabulary words. Vocabulary Word Bank climate latitude

compass longitude

A landmass and a body of water are each an example of a .

A is a tool for finding directions. A is a sphere that is a model of Earth and most accurately represents it.

globe physical feature

This is a meridian of .

Weather patterns, such as those in temperature, rainfall, and wind, measured over time are part of an area’s . This is a parallel of

N W

landform

E S

A is a physical feature on Earth’s surface such as a mountain or a plain.

Draw a line to connect each vocabulary word to its definition.

geography

the study of our physical surroundings and how humans interact with it

government

the type of plants in an area or region

vegetation

the organization that makes the laws in a country, state, or community and has the power to enforce them

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

Hands-On Activity Activity Online

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Use geographic skills to find places on Earth’s surface during the fast-paced Geography Challenge A. Create political and physical maps and then compete in Geography Challenge B. Geography

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Directions: Global Map Skills 1. Read Sections 1–2. Learn how to read maps and use latitude and longitude. 2. Practice using globes, maps, and latitude and longitude. Follow the directions on the interactive slides. 3. Complete Geography Challenge A. For each card, use the projected map to find the correct location(s) on the map in your Activity Notes. Label the location and write the question number next to it. Then have your work checked and get another card. 4. Debrief as a class. Present a card and its answer to the class. Check your map.

Directions: Mapping the United States 1. Read Section 3. Create a political map of the United States. Label all 50 states and capitals. 2. Read Section 4. Then practice identifying physical features. Use the interactive diagrams in the slides. 3. Read Sections 5–9. Complete Geography Challenge B. Repeat the same process as in Geography Challenge A. 4. Debrief as a class. Present a card and its answer to the class. Check your map.

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

Earth is a sphere, or something that is shaped like a ball. Most maps that show Earth’s surface are flat. But a globe is a type of map that is a sphere, and so it provides a more accurate picture of our planet.

The Hemispheres

Maps, like a globe, are important because they help people understand geography, or the study of the world around us and its people. People can use a globe to find places around Earth. The most northern point on Earth is the North Pole, and the most southern point is the South Pole. No matter where you are on Earth, north is always in the direction of the North Pole, and south is always in the direction of the South Pole. When you face north, east is to your right, and west is to your left. These four directions are the main points on a compass. These directions are called cardinal directions. Points in between the cardinal directions are called intermediate directions. These directions include northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest. Many maps have a symbol that shows all or some of these directions. This symbol is called a compass rose. An imaginary line circles Earth halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole. This line is called the equator, and it divides Earth into two half-spheres called hemispheres. The half of Earth north of the equator is the Northern Hemisphere, and the southern half is the Southern Hemisphere. Another special imaginary line runs from the North Pole to the South Pole. It forms half of a circle that divides Earth into two equal parts. This line is called the prime meridian. On the world map, half of the world is to the east of the prime meridian. This half of Earth is called the Eastern Hemisphere. The half of Earth that is to the west of the prime meridian is called the Western Hemisphere. Which hemisphere do you live in?

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

Northern Hemisphere

Equator

Southern Hemisphere

Western Hemisphere

Eastern Hemisphere

Prime Meridian

1. Understanding the Globe

The equator splits Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The prime meridian splits Earth into the Western and Eastern hemispheres.

World Map: Continents and Oceans 120˚W 80˚N 80˚N

80˚W

60˚W

20˚W

0˚

40˚E

ARCTIC OCEAN

80˚E

120˚E

160˚E

Arctic Circle Arctic Circle 60˚N 60˚N

EUROPE NORTH AMERICA

40˚N 40˚N Tropic Cancer Tropic of of Cancer

20˚N 20˚N

ASIA

ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN

0˚ 0˚

20˚S 20˚S

Equator Equator

PACIFIC OCEAN

SOUTH AMERICA

Tropic Tropicof of Capricorn Capricorn

0 40˚S 40˚S

1,500

3,000 miles

3,000 kilometers 60˚S 60˚S

AntarcticCircle Circle Antarctic 80˚S 80˚S

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Prime Prime Meridian Meridian

AFRICA

INDIAN OCEAN AUSTRALIA

N E

W S

SOUTHERN OCEAN

ANTARCTICA

A globe also shows us that we live on a watery planet. In fact, water covers almost three-fourths of Earth’s surface. Most of this water is the salt water SSA5_SE_1.2a of oceans, which areMagenta the largest Black Cyan Yellow bodies of water on Second Proof Earth. There TCI14 are 08 five oceans on Earth, and they are all different sizes. Which ocean is the largest? From largest to smallest, the oceans are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. As you can see on the world map, all five oceans are connected.

This map shows the seven continents and five oceans of Earth. The prime meridian is marked by this statue. It is located in Greenwich, London.

These oceans surround large masses of land called continents. There are seven continents on Earth. Like the oceans, each continent is a different size. Can you name all the continents? In order from largest to smallest, they are Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Looking at globes and world maps can help you understand where oceans and continents are positioned on Earth.

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

The Global Grid North Pole

Geographers begin to study a place by finding its absolute location, or exact “address” on Earth. To do so, they use two types of measurements, called lines of latitude and longitude. With these lines, they can pinpoint any place on Earth. Distances between these lines are measured in degrees (°).

75˚N 60˚N 45˚N 30˚N

15˚N

0˚

Equator 15˚S

The lines that run east and west around Earth are called parallels of latitude. These imaginary lines show how far north or south a place is. The distance between parallel lines is always the same.

P ri m e M e ri d i a n

15˚W

45˚W

30˚W

60˚E

75˚E

45˚E

South Pole

Meridians of Longitude North Pole 75˚N 60˚N 45˚N

15˚W

0˚

60˚E

30˚W

15˚N 75˚E

45˚W

30˚N

45˚E

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

North Pole

30˚E

Parallels of Latitude

30˚E

The lines that run between the North Pole to the South Pole are called meridians of longitude. These imaginary lines show how far east or west a place is from the prime meridian. These lines are half-circles. They are not parallels because they are not always the same distance apart. They are farthest apart where they cross the equator. All lines of longitude meet at the poles.

South Pole

15˚E

Other parallels of latitude have special names. The Arctic Circle is located at 66.5° north latitude, also written as 66.5° N. The Tropic of Cancer is at 23.5° N. The Antarctic Circle is located 66.5° S. The Tropic of Capricorn is at 23.5° S. Find these special lines on World Map: Latitude and Longitude. These lines also separate areas of Earth that receive different amounts of sunlight throughout the year. The closer a line of latitude is to the equator, the more sunlight a place can receive throughout the year.

45˚S

15˚E

The starting point for measuring parallels of latitude is the equator. The equator is halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole. It is at 0° latitude. All places located north of the equator are north latitude, and all places located south of the equator are south latitude. The places farthest from the equator are the poles. The North Pole is at 90° north latitude, and the South Pole is at 90° south latitude.

30˚S

0˚

2. Understanding Latitude and Longitude

15˚S 30˚S 45˚S

South Pole

Latitude and Longitude

Parallels of latitude and the meridians of longitude split up Earth. You can locate any place on the globe by using latitude and longitude.

World Map: Latitude and Longitude 150˚W

120˚W

90˚W

60˚W

30˚W

30˚E

0˚

75˚N

90˚E

60˚E

120˚E

150˚E

ARCTIC OCEAN Arctic Circle

60˚N

45˚N 30˚N

NORTH AMERICA Tropic of Cancer

EUROPE ASIA

ATLANTIC OCEAN

15˚N

15˚S

PACIFIC OCEAN Tropic Tropicof of Capricorn Capricorn

AFRICA Equator

SOUTH AMERICA

30˚S

45˚S

60˚S

Prime Meridian

0˚

SOUTHERN OCEAN

PACIFIC OCEAN

E S

INDIAN OCEAN 0 0

2,500 2,500

AUSTRALIA

5,000 miles

5,000 kilometers

Antarctic Circle 75˚S

SSA5_SE_1.3b The starting place for measuring longitude is the Black Cyan Magenta Yellow Third Proof prime meridian, or first meridian. It is numbered 0°. TCI14 12

All lines to the east of this line are east longitude, and all lines to the west of this line are west longitude. There is one line that is the same distance east and west of the prime meridian. This line, at 180° longitude, is exactly halfway around the world from the prime meridian. Together, these two lines—180° longitude and the prime meridian—form a circle that divides Earth into the Eastern and Western hemispheres.

ANTARCTICA

People can use maps like this to determine coordinates all around the world. Can you find the equator and the prime meridian?

To note the location of a place on Earth, first name its latitude, including north or south. Then name its longitude, including east or west. For example, one location on Earth’s surface is at 30° N, 90° W. These numbers and directions are called a set of coordinates. What continent would you be on if you were at these coordinates?

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

Hands-On Activity Notes Activity Online

Geography Challenge A For each question on the Geography Challenge A Cards, label the answer on the map and write the question number. 75˚N

60˚N

45˚N

30˚N

15˚N

0˚

15˚S

30˚S

45˚S

60˚S

75˚S

150˚W 120˚W

SSA5_ISN_1.2 Black Cyan Magenta Yellow Third Proof TCI14 28

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90˚W 60˚W 30˚W 0˚

30˚E

2,500 60˚E 90˚E

5,000 miles

5,000 kilometers

2,500

120˚E 150˚E

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

3. Political Geography of the United States In addition to finding the “address” of a place using latitude and longitude, a location can be identified by its political name. The United States is on the continent of North America. In land area, it is the world’s third largest country. Today, the United States is made up of 50 states, which you can see on a political map. People create states to support their needs. To do this, each state has its own government. The government of each state is found in its state capital. States also have borders. Some borders are made by physical features such as mountains and oceans. For example, the Gulf of Mexico is the southern border of Louisiana. People can also create borders. People in states next to each other may decide on a latitude or longitude line to be the border.

Geographers often break the United States into areas called regions. Based on this political map, which region do you live in?

Regional Map of the United States 0

50˚N

400 miles

CANADA

Alaska

0 400 kilometers

Washington

PACIFIC OCEAN

Montana

North Dakota

Minnesota

Oregon Idaho Wyoming

WEST

130˚W

Nevada

PACIFIC OCEAN 125˚W

California

120˚W

Pennsylvania Ohio Illinois West Utah Virginia Colorado Virginia Kansas Missouri Kentucky North Carolina Tennessee Arkansas South Oklahoma Arizona New Mexico SOUTHEAST Carolina Mississippi SOUTHWEST Georgia

Hawaii

MEXICO

150 miles 150 kilometers

115˚W

New York

Michigan

Iowa

Indiana

Texas

Louisiana

95˚W

Maine

NORTHEAST

Wisconsin

MIDWEST

Nebraska

PACIFIC OCEAN

South Dakota

Vermont

150

New Hampshire Massachusetts

Rhode 40˚N Island Connecticut New Jersey Delaware Maryland 35˚N

70˚W

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Alabama

90˚W

30˚N

Florida

Gulf of Mexico

25˚N

300 miles

0 150 300 kilometers 85˚W

80˚W

75˚W

5_AP_SE_1_4_12I Second Proof/resize TCI28_1

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

Hands-On Activity Notes Activity Online

Label all 50 states and their capitals. SSA4_ISN_2.a Black Cyan Magenta Yellow Second Proof TCI13 26 W

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Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

4. Describing Water and Landforms Geographers study physical features of Earth. A physical feature is any landmass or body of water that is a part of Earth’s surface. Geographers have certain names for different features. Most of Earth’s water is in the five oceans. In fact, only a tiny amount of Earth’s water is not in the ocean. Most of Earth’s water is salt water. A smaller body of salt water is called a sea. Sometimes part of a sea or an ocean cuts into a mass of land over many years. When a portion of the sea is surrounded by land but has a small opening, it is called a gulf. An example is the Gulf of Mexico, along the southeastern part of the United States. A bay is similar to a gulf, but it is usually smaller. Another body of water is called a lake. Most lakes are surrounded by land on all sides, but sometimes a river drains into a lake. Most of Earth’s lakes are bodies of fresh water.

This illustration shows many different physical features found on Earth. Which of these physical features are in your area?

Water and Landforms mountains

valley

source

lake river

tributary

plain hill

gulf

bay peninsula

delta

cape

mouth sea island

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

Water also flows in rivers. A river’s source is where it begins. A river’s mouth is where it empties into a larger body of water, such as an ocean or a lake. A smaller stream that runs into a river is called a tributary.

These four pictures show different physical features. Can you name the different physical features that you see?

Geographers use specific terms to describe the physical features of the land. A physical feature on Earth’s surface is called a landform. One type of landform is called a plain. Plains are land areas that are mostly flat. They cover more than one-third of the world’s land and exist on every continent. Another type of landform is a mountain. Mountains rise above the surrounding land and usually have steep sides. A row of connected mountains is called a mountain range. A smaller area of land that rises above the surrounding land is called a hill. Hills are often not as steep or tall as mountains, however. Between ranges of mountains or hills are low areas called valleys. Geographers can describe a valley by its shape. Some valleys have a U-shape, while others have a V-shape. Glaciers carved out many of these valleys thousands of years ago. Sometimes an area of land has water around it. Land that has water surrounding it on three sides is called a peninsula. A cape is a piece of land that juts out into the water and is usually smaller or narrower than a peninsula. Unlike a peninsula or cape, an island is completely surrounded by water. Many islands are found in oceans, but some islands can be found in the middle of rivers, lakes, seas and gulfs. Another type of landform is a delta. A delta is formed when soil is deposited at the mouth of a river, and it is usually shaped like a triangle, or a bird’s foot.

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

Hands-On Activity Notes

1. peak

As your teacher asks each question, draw a line to the water or landform, and then number and label it. An example has been included for you.

Activity Online

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

5. Physical Features in the United States From space, you would see mountain ranges that run from north to south in North America. In the West region, the Rocky Mountains, or Rockies, stretch about 3,000 miles from northwestern Canada to New Mexico in the United States. The Appalachian Mountains are the largest range in the eastern United States and extend more than 1,500 miles, from Canada to Alabama. The Sierra Nevada range is also in the West and is about 400 miles long. While viewing North America from space, you would also see large areas covered by plains. The biggest of these areas is the Great Plains in the Midwest region.

The Rocky Mountains are a major physical feature of the United States.

There are more than 3.5 million miles of rivers and streams in the United States. The largest river in the nation is the Mississippi River. The Mississippi runs 2,340 miles from Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico. In the southwest, the Rio Grande forms much of the U.S. border with Mexico.

This map shows the physical features of the United States. You can use the key to find out which physical feature is most common in an area.

Physical Features of the Continental United States 500 miles

250

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70˚W

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115˚W

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120˚W

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250

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95˚W

90˚W

75˚W 85˚W

25˚N

80˚W

6. Climate in the United States Regions of North America have many different types of climate. Climate is used to describe aspects of weather that can be measured over a long period of time. Temperature, rainfall, and wind are all parts of climate. The geography of an area, including its landforms and bodies of water, and its latitude can affect the climate there. Some areas have a hot and dry climate. Parts of the Southwest region, for example, can get very hot during the summer. The Rocky Mountain system prevents the cool and humid air from the Pacific Ocean from getting to some of these areas. Because of this, it sometimes only rains a few times a year there.

These two areas have different types of climate. The city has a wet climate, while Monument National Park has a dry climate.

Other areas have a hot and humid climate. The Gulf of Mexico brings warm wind and moist air to parts of the Southeast region. These breezes help make the area hot and humid because they bring warm temperatures, storms, and rainfall. The northern areas of the United States are often colder and dryer than the southern parts. Areas in the West, especially around the Rocky Mountains, are cold because of elevation, or the distance above sea level. The higher the elevation, the colder the temperature is. Parts of the Northeast, Midwest, and West often have a cold and wet climate. For example, the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean bring cooler temperatures to the Northeast region. Cool winds bring moisture to the area, which can cause rain and snow.

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

7. Vegetation in the United States Climate and physical features may limit where a plant can grow, so plants that are found in one region might not grow in another region. The different types of plants, or vegetation, that can be found varies throughout the United States. Forests are one type of vegetation region. Forests are very common in the United States, and there are many different types of forests in North America. Some of these forests have trees with long needles instead of leaves. Forests with these types of trees are common in northern parts of the United States. Other forests have trees with large leaves that change colors when seasons change. Large forests with these trees can be found in the lower Northeast and the Southeast regions. Tongass National Forest in Alaska is over 16 million acres, which is about the size of the state of West Virginia. Another type of vegetation region is called grassland. Short and tall grasses that are used to cold and hot temperatures grow here. Grasslands are common in the Midwest region. In fact, the Great Plains are an example of very large grasslands that are spread across most of the states in the middle of the United States. This area also receives rain, allowing farmers to live and grow food here. Many large animals, like bison, also live in the grasslands. The Gulf Coastal Plain in the Southeast region is a large area of flat land. Coastal plains are lowlands that sometimes experience flooding. These floods bring rich soil down from the mountains, making the land better for farming. These low lying areas of the Gulf Coastal Plain are called swamps, marshes, and wetlands.

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

There are many different types of vegetation. This redwood forest and the Everglades are two areas with very different types of vegetation.

8. Geography Affects Where People Live North America has many different physical features, climates, and vegetation zones. These geographic features often affect where people choose to live and how they live at that place. Physical features influence where people live. For example, because it is easier to build houses and buildings on flat lowlands, people are more likely to live in lowlands. Places like mountains can be hard to build on, so many people might not live in an area with mountain ranges. People are also more likely to live near bodies of water like oceans, gulfs, or lakes. Many people depend on the water for food or to trade with other people, so over one-third of people in the United States live near a coast. Climate also affects where people choose to live. Many people prefer to live in areas with some rain and warm temperatures. These areas are often good for growing crops, so people often can produce enough food in those areas to eat. Places that have extreme weather can be very difficult for people to live in. Deserts are one area that have extreme climate. The dry and hot climate of the desert often makes growing food difficult. People living there have to get water from other places to help their crops grow or to drink because there is very little rain. For example, Las Vegas, Nevada, is located in the Mojave Desert. Las Vegas gets very little rain each year, so it has to get most of its water from the Colorado River. These people must get much of what they need from other places. Because people cannot easily live in the desert, they might choose to live somewhere else.

Places near the coast tend to be more populated. New York City is located close to the ocean and is the largest city in the United States.

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

Vegetation also affects where people live. Many people prefer to live near vegetation that they can use in their daily lives. For example, vegetation might be important to some people because it provides them with food. If there are few plants in an area, less people might live there because there wouldn’t be enough food for everyone to eat. Other types of vegetation also affect where people live. Many people might choose to live near forests. Forests provide people with materials they need to create buildings and homes for themselves. If people cannot get what they need from the plants around them, they might choose to live someplace else. Sometimes the geography of a place can change quickly. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina brought very strong winds to the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. The storm caused massive amounts of damage to the city and changed the environment. Structures that protected New Orleans from water were destroyed during the hurricane and caused many parts of the city to flood. Buildings and homes were destroyed as a result. The geography was changed because of the storm as well. Some of the land around the city washed away, causing the Gulf of Mexico’s shoreline to grow closer to the city. People who had lived in this area would not be able to rebuild their homes. Over 100,000 people left to find a new place to live because of the event. Many houses were destroyed during Hurricane Katrina. After the hurricane, many people moved to new places.

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

Average Temperature in the United States C A N A D A N

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9. 5_AP_SE_1_9_21I Creating Maps

First Proof People who design and create maps are called 12/05/14 cartographers. Sometimes they make maps based on TCI28_2

what they can see, such as making a physical map by observing the water and landforms in an area. Other maps, such as climate maps, are made from data that is collected by taking measurements. For example, scientists may measure how hot a place is over several months or years. From this data, they can create a climate map showing average temperatures. Population maps are also created from measurements. Mapmakers might collect data by counting how many people live in a certain area. They could then use these numbers to create a map comparing the largest cities in the United States.

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This climate map shows different temperatures around the continental United States. What is the average temperature where you live? This table shows population data collected by the government of the United States. It can be used to make a population map. City

Population

New York, NY

8,336,817

Los Angeles, CA

3,979,576

Chicago, IL

2,693,976

Houston, TX

2,320,268

Phoenix, AZ

1,680,992 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2019

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

Hands-On Activity Notes Activity Online

Geography Challenge B For each question on the Geography Challenge B Cards, label the answer on the map and write the question number. 125˚W 120˚W 120˚W 115˚W

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Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

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Summary In this lesson, you learned that geography is vital to where we choose to live and how our physical surroundings affect our lives. You also used globes and maps to learn about U.S. geography. Geographers use special tools, like maps, to study Earth. A globe has the same shape as Earth. It displays physical features such as oceans and continents. A compass shows directions. Lines of latitude and longitude help us to locate places on Earth. There are many different types of maps, including political maps, physical maps, and climate maps. Cartographers use data to create these maps. Geographic terms such as mountain and ocean describe Earth’s landforms and bodies of water. In this lesson, you used these terms to study geographic features of our country. These features affect where people choose to live. You learned how these physical features, including mountains, plains, and rivers, played a key role in the history of the United States.

Show What You Know Draw a map of your area that shows at least three local physical features. Make sure to fill in the title, map key, and compass rose. Title:

Map Key

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

Use the maps in this lesson to estimate your community’s latitude and longitude.

Explain one way that the physical features on your map affect your local area. Then explain another way that geography impacts where you live. Be sure to consider your area’s climate, vegetation, extreme weather, or economic activities.

Lesson 1 Geography of the United States

Lesson 2

Native American Origin Stories Storytelling has always been important to Native Americans. In some tribes, members would meet in a kiva and share stories or reenact them during spiritual ceremonies. They told stories to entertain one another and teach about their beliefs and ways to of life. They Howtodid Native Americans adapt different used stories to explain and record their experiences for North America? future generations.

Native Americans and Their Land environments in

One kind of story Native Americans passed down through the years was the origin story. These kinds of stories explained how Earth and its people came to be. The Hopis (HO-pees) are a Native American group who live in the Southwest, in what is now the state of Arizona. The following is a Hopi origin story.

Lesson 2 Native Americans and Their Land

Hands-On Activity Activity Online

Explore different environments and learn how the Inuits adapted their daily lives.

Directions: Encountering Environments 1. Read Sections 1–2. Learn about the first people in North America and the different environments they lived in. 2. In your Activity Notes, complete the table about each environment. 3. Read Section 3. Learn how the Inuits adapted to the harsh Arctic environment. 4. Take on the role of an interviewer to learn about an Inuit family’s experience. You will be assigned to look at the perspective of an Inuit daughter, father, or mother. 5. Work with your group to answer your assigned person’s responses in your Activity Notes. Use the text. Conduct outside research if time allows. 6. Share your responses with the class. While classmates are presenting, make sure to fill in the other columns of the chart in your Activity Notes.

Lesson 2 Native Americans and Their Land

Lesson 3

Native American Cultural Regions How and why did Native American cultural regions differ?

Lesson 3 Native American Cultural Regions

Hands-On Activity Activity Online

8 6

11 Match collections of photographs and artifacts to seven different Native American cultural regions.

Directions: Investigating Native American Cultural Regions 1. Read Sections 1–7. Learn how tribes in different areas of North America used and adapted to their environments. 2. Visit a collection and examine its artifacts. Look at one of the Activity Cards. Does the collection on the Activity Card remind you of a specific cultural region? Re-read the text if needed. Look for clues in the images. 3. Determine which region the collection matches, and complete the corresponding Activity Notes. Record the letter of the collection, and provide three pieces of evidence for why you connected that collection to the cultural region. See if you can identify all seven collections!

Lesson 3 Native American Cultural Regions

Lesson 4

How and Why Europeans Came to the Americas What did explorers take to and from the Americas during the Age of Exploration?

Lesson 4 How and Why Europeans Came to the Americas

Hands-On Activity Activity Online

Examine objects from an explorer’s ship. Then categorize artifacts as navigation tools, motives for exploration, or new products from the Americas.

Directions: Exploring a Sunken Ship 1. Team up with your partner. You and your partner will be underwater research scientists retrieving artifacts from a sunken ship. 2. Select roles and complete a dive. Take turns switching roles between the diver and the research scientist. • Divers: You will dive in and retrieve an artifact. Discuss the questions on the back of the artifact. • Research scientists: You will find the section in which the artifact is discussed. Read that section with your partner and complete the Activity Notes. 3. After each dive, check your work and return the artifact to where you found it. Continue until you have found all the artifacts and completed all of your Activity Notes.

Directions: Categorizing Artifacts 1. With your partner, use evidence and reasoning to categorize your assigned artifact. Consider all three categories around the room. If called on, explain which category matches your artifact and justify your choice. 2. Complete your table. Use what you learned from the text to categorize all of the artifacts. 3. Debrief as a class. Come to a conclusion as a class and check your answers. © Teachers’ Curriculum Institute

Lesson 4 How and Why Europeans Came to the Americas

Lesson 5

Routes of Exploration to the Americas What were the effects of European exploration in the Americas?

Lesson 5 Routes of Exploration to the Americas

Hands-On Activity Activity Online

Assume the role of a European explorer and play an exciting educational game. Try to gain riches, make new discoveries, and survive on the open sea!

Directions: Routes of Exploration Adventure Game 1. Your teacher will put you into one of eight groups. 2. Your group will be assigned an explorer. Read about your explorer. Record what you learned in your Activity Notes. 3. With your group, set out your game board. Notice the five adventures, the treasure chest, and the place to answer Bonus Treasure questions. 4. Your teacher will introduce each adventure by showing a slide. Each adventure has three possible outcomes. 5. Roll a die. What you roll will determine what happens in your adventure. Match the die number to the color. Will you get green, blue, or red? 6. Count your coins. Look at your game board to see whether you earned or lost coins. Keep track of your coins by putting them into the treasure chest on your game board. 7. Be prepared to answer Bonus Treasure questions. Place a coin on the correct answer on your game board. If you get the correct answer, amass bonus coins in your treasure chest!

Lesson 5 Routes of Exploration to the Americas

Lesson 6

Early English Settlements What challenges did the first English colonies face?

Lesson 6 Early English Settlements

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Hands-On Activity Activity Online

View three pieces of European art depicting early life in Roanoke, Jamestown, and Plymouth. Compete against your peers to have your assigned piece of art work be the star of the show in a museum exhibition.

Directions: Exploring Colonialism Through Art 1. Get into your assigned group and read the section that matches the artwork you are assigned. 2. Complete the Activity Notes for your assigned section. 3. Meet with the members of your group to generate evidence to support why your assigned artwork should be the star of the museum show. Your group is competing for first place, so be clever! 4. Be ready to present at least one of your group’s reasons when called upon. The group with the most well-thought-out reasons will get their art selected to be the star of the show! 5. Complete your Activity Notes. Listen to the other two group’s presentations and fill out the graphic organizer for each corresponding settlement. © Teachers’ Curriculum Institute

Lesson 6 Early English Settlements

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Lesson 7

Comparing the Colonies How were the three colonial regions alike and different?

Lesson 7 Comparing the Colonies

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Hands-On Activity Activity Online

Compare and contrast six early English colonies using a graphic organizer. Read about diverse historical perspectives from the 1600s. Then rank colonial belief statements and engage in respectful discussions.

Directions: Comparing the Early English Colonies 1. Sit with your partner and read Section 1. 2. Complete the reading for your assigned colony and fill out the corresponding row in the graphic organizer. 3. Go around the classroom collecting information about the other colonies to complete your graphic organizer. Make sure to tell your classmates about the colony you read about.

Directions: English Colonization Through Multiple Perspectives 1. With your group, take turns reading a mini book about your colonist’s perspective. 2. Answer the discussion questions. Write down anything that stands out to you. • Who is your mini book about? • How would you describe your colonist? • In general, what might your colonist think about early English colonization? 3. Complete your Activity Notes. Read four statements from early English colonists and use your colonist’s perspective to answer as if you were them.

Lesson 7 Comparing the Colonies

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Lesson 8

Slavery in the Americas What was the impact of slavery on African people?

Lesson 8 Slavery in the Americas

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Hands-On Activity Activity Online

Dive deeper into the history of slavery in the Americas by analyzing primary sources, images, and literature from different parts of the journey enslaved Africans experienced.

Directions: Analyzing the Enslavement of Africans 1. Read Sections 1–7. You will learn about the journey enslaved Africans were forced to take from West Africa to the Americas. Highlight anything that stands out to you in the text. 2. With a partner, walk around the room to visit each station. For each station, do the following: • Note which part of the journey it is. • Discuss something new you have learned. • Complete your Activity Notes. 3. Visit as many stations as you can! © Teachers’ Curriculum Institute

Lesson 8 Slavery in the Americas

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Lesson 9

Life in Colonial Williamsburg What were key parts of life for Southern colonists in the 1700s?

Lesson 9 Life in Colonial Williamsburg

169

Hands-On Activity Activity Online

Visit six exhibits representing sites in colonial Williamsburg to examine aspects of colonial life such as government, society, and religion. Collect memories to use to write a letter about your experience.

Directions: Touring Colonial Williamsburg 1. Practice the colonial greeting with your class. You will be using this greeting throughout the activity. 2. Read Section 1 to learn more about the town you are about to visit. 3. With your partner, cut out the admission tickets from the Activity Cutouts. You will each need your own set. 4. Decide which exhibit you would like to visit with your partner. 5. Complete the reading and short writing assignment on the admission ticket to the exhibit you selected. Show it to your teacher. Once your ticket has been stamped, you may visit the exhibit. 6. At the exhibit, follow the directions to complete the activity. Be sure to clean up when you finish. 7. Complete Steps 4–6 for as many exhibits as time permits.

Lesson 9 Life in Colonial Williamsburg

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Lesson 10

Tensions Grow Between the Colonies and Great Britain What British actions angered the colonists in the 1700s?

Lesson 10 Tensions Grow Between the Colonies and Great Britain

203

Hands-On Activity Activity Online

Analyze the causes and effects of events that caused tension to grow between the colonies and Great Britain by using an “Unrest-O-Meter.”

Directions: Measuring Unrest in the Colonies 1. With your group of three, prepare your Unrest-O-Meter and event cards. 2. Look at the image that represents a specific event. Discuss the questions listed. 3. Read the corresponding section in your journal and complete the Activity Notes. Write about the causes and effects of the event. 4. With your group, discuss why the event caused tension between Great Britain and the colonists. 5. Place your penny on the Unrest-O-Meter where you agree it belongs. 6. Prepare one group member to explain where you placed your penny and why.

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Lesson 10 Tensions Grow Between the Colonies and Great Britain

Lesson 11

To Declare Independence or Not What were the arguments for and against colonial independence from Great Britain?

Lesson 11 To Declare Independence or Not

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Hands-On Activity Activity Online

Learn all about a Loyalist or a Patriot as you prepare for a panel debate. Then join a group to get an actor ready for the panel debate between Loyalists and Patriots.

Directions: Preparing for the Panel Debate 1. Listen as your teacher assigns you a role and a colonial figure. 2. Complete Steps 1 and 2 in your Activity Notes. You will find out your role, your other group members’ roles, and who your colonial figure is. 3. Complete the section of the table about your colonial figure. Read about your colonial figure. Fill in his or her occupation and their most important action and/or impact, as well as his or her argument for independence.

Directions: Debating Independence 1. With your group, complete Steps 3–6 in your Activity Notes. 2. Participate in and listen to the panel debate. You will hear from seven other colonial figures. 3. Complete the rest of the sections for each colonial figure as you learn about them. You may want to go back and read about the other colonial figures. Fill in their occupations, their most important actions and/or impacts, and their arguments for independence. © Teachers’ Curriculum Institute

Lesson 11 To Declare Independence or Not

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Lesson 12

The Declaration of Independence What are the main ideas in the Declaration of Independence?

Lesson 12 The Declaration of Independence

243

Hands-On Activity Activity Online

Examine six unique copies of the Declaration of Independence and discover how each affected history. Translate passages and answer questions about each primary source.

Directions: Interpreting the Declaration of Independence 1. Sit with your partner and read Sections 1–5. 2. Review the headings in your Activity Notes. Notice the six headings from “Primary Source Document 1” to “Primary Source Document 6.” These correspond to the six stations around the room. 3. Pick any station to begin your investigation. The order is not important. In your journal at each station, complete the following steps: • Answer the Focus Question about how the document affected U.S. history. • Translate the passage into language a fifth grader would understand. • Find the part of the document from which the translated passage comes. 4. After you complete your work at each station, show it to your teacher before continuing to another station.

Lesson 12 The Declaration of Independence

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Lesson 13

The American Revolution How did the colonists win the American Revolution?

Lesson 13 The American Revolution

259

Hands-On Activity Activity Online

Play a game of tug-of-war with your classmates. Then discover how the game of tug-of-war connects to historical events during the American Revolution.

Directions: Tug-of-War 1. Listen as your teacher sorts the class into three different groups. 2. Pay attention to all the rules so that everyone can play safely. 3. Start to play tug-of-war! 4. Discuss how the game went.

Directions: Connecting the Tug-of-War to the American Revolution 1. Sit with a partner and begin to read Sections 1–7. Learn all about the events of the American Revolution. 2. Create a simile between each reading section about the Revolutionary War and the game of tug-of-war. Each section of the text corresponds with some part of the tug-of-war game. A simile is a comparison between two things using as or like. An example might be: The Blue Team was like the Continental army because it was small and untrained. 3. Write your similes in the Activity Notes and be prepared to share them with the class.

Lesson 13 The American Revolution

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Lesson 14

The Constitution What are the key features of the U.S. Constitution?

Lesson 14 The Constitution

281

Hands-On Activity Activity Online

Watch a video about the creation of the U.S. Constitution and create a graphic organizer to show how the U.S. government functions. Then watch six videos depicting checks and balances in action and decide which branch of government is checking another.

Directions: Creating a Graphic Organizer of the U.S. Government 1. Sit with a partner to watch a video about the creation of the U.S. Constitution and answer some discussion questions. 2. Read Sections 2–5. Learn about the Constitution and how it was created. 3. Complete the last column of the table in your Activity Notes. 4. With your partner, create a graphic organizer showing how the U.S. government functions. 5. Be prepared to share your work with your classmates. Notice the similarities and differences between everyone’s work.

Directions: Watching Checks and Balances in Action 1. Read Section 6. Learn about constitutional checks and balances. 2. Look at the graphic organizer depicting the checks and balances in the Constitution and discuss what you see with a partner. 3. Watch six videos that show checks and balances in action. 4. After each video, decide which branch is checking the power of another branch. Write your response in your Activity Notes. © Teachers’ Curriculum Institute

Lesson 14 The Constitution

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Lesson 15

The Bill of Rights What are the basic rights and freedoms of the American people?

Lesson 15 The Bill of Rights

301

Hands-On Activity Activity Online

Work with your team to create and perform a mini drama that shows a citizen’s right being violated. Then swoop in with your “Bill of Rights Shield” to protect the citizen against that violation.

Directions: Performing Mini Dramas About the Bill of Rights 1. With your group, receive a Bill of Rights Shield from your teacher. 2. Read the back of your shield. It will tell you which amendment will protect your group in the mini drama. 3. Read the section that tells you more about the amendment that you received. Summarize the amendment in your Activity Notes. 4. Brainstorm ideas for your mini drama. Record notes and ideas in your Activity Notes. 5. Practice your mini drama with your group. Remember to find the moment where the Bill of Rights Shield comes in.

Lesson 15 The Bill of Rights

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Lesson 16

Our Role in Government What does it mean to be a citizen of the United States?

Lesson 16 Our Role in Government

317

Hands-On Activity Activity Online

Analyze how the words of early patriots still inspire civic values today. To express civic values, work with a group to create a plan to improve your community.

Directions: Exploring Civic Values Then and Now 1. Read Sections 1–4. Learn about what it means to be a citizen of the United States. 2. Listen as your teacher assigns you to a group of four. 3. Discuss and analyze the images and quotations you see. You will see an image of an early patriot, a quotation, and a photograph from today. Analyze each quotation and discuss how it relates to the United States today as well as to your personal responsibilities to your nation. 4. Record your responses in your Activity Notes. 5. Be prepared to share your thoughts with the entire class.

Directions: Creating a Plan to Improve Your Community 1. Listen as your teacher assigns you a role and a group. 2. Complete Steps 1–5 in your Activity Notes. Make sure to read each step closely and to take turns leading steps with your classmates.

Lesson 16 Our Role in Government

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Lesson 17

Shaping America’s Economy How did the Founding Fathers create the economy we use today?

Lesson 17 Shaping America’s Economy

335

Hands-On Activity Activity Online

Complete puzzles about our free market economy and the Constitution as it relates to money, trade, and business.

Directions: Free Market Economy Puzzles 1. Read Sections 1 and 2. Read about how the free market economy came to be in the United States. 2. Look at the images associated with each section. There are two images for each section. 3. Make a prediction about how the image connects to the reading. 4. Listen to the audio. Were your predictions correct? 5. Complete the economic puzzle or activity about each section.

Directions: The Constitution’s Influence 1. Read Sections 3–5. Learn about the Constitution’s impact on money, trade, and business. 2. Look at the images associated with each section. There are two images for each section. 3. Make a prediction about how the image connects to the reading. 4. Listen to the audio. Were your predictions correct? 5. Complete the economic puzzle or activity about each section.

Lesson 17 Shaping America’s Economy

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America’s Past Explore the content in these units: Unit 1: America’s Geographic Setting Activity Online

Unit 2: Colonial Times

Unit 4: Civics and Economics in America

Unit 3: The American Revolution

Unit 5: Manifest Destiny to Today

Play

Games Highlighting

Main Ideas

Add Note

Even More Maps

Biographies

Primary Sources