Depression Glossary Term
Definition
Abnormal Behavior
To understand what "abnormal" means, first consider "normal". Normal simply means average. People who behave normally are those who act and behave in an average, typical way. Statistically speaking, normal behavior is that which we would expect from the majority of people. Abnormal, therefore, refers to any behavior that is not typical. In the practice of psychology, it has further come to mean mental illness. An automatic, unconscious reaction that a person has in response to a stimulus which reminds the person of a situation they experienced before. As an example, consider a person who has been physically abused who responds to a raised hand by cringing even the though the other person's intent was to brush away a stray thread. Abreaction can also be used to describe the process a therapist uses to desensitize, or help the patient to stop having these automatic reactions.
Abreaction
Addiction
A physical and psychological dependence on psychoactive substances (for example: alcohol, tobacco, heroin and other drugs) which temporarily alter the brain. Addiction can also be viewed as a continued involvement with a substance or activity despite the negative consequences associated with it. Pleasure and enjoyment would have originally been sought; however, over a period of time involvement with the substance or activity is needed to feel normal. Some psychology professionals now mean 'addiction' to include abnormal psychological dependency on such things as gambling, sex, food, computers, pornography, work, exercise, idolizing, spiritual obsession, self-injury and shopping.
Adjustment Disorder
Adjustment disorder occurs when a person experiences depression and/or anxiety which is clearly in response to an identifiable stressor or stressors (changes in employment, marital status, deaths, divorce, etc.).
Affective Disorder Affective Spectrum
Another name for mood disorder. A grouping of other possible medical problems such as attention deficit disorder, migraines, panic and anxiety disorders , alcoholism, etc. (range of Affective Disorders). In the context of a mental disorder, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, agitation refers to psychological or physical restlessness, such as pacing or hand-wringing. Also Known As: psychomotor agitation Symptom complex resulting from the discontinuing or reduction in alcohol intake in a person who has been drinking heavily and has developed a physical dependence. Includes tremors, seizures, and hallucinations. An addiction or physical dependence to alcohol so strong it is considered a mental illness; alcoholism is sometimes accompanied by depression, an anxiety disorder, or another mental illness. Treatment requires first ending the physical dependence, then making lifestyle changes that help the individual avoid relapse. In some cases, medication or hospitalization are needed. The inability or difficulty in describing or being aware of one's emotions or moods; associated with depression , substance abuse, and post-traumatic stress disorder . An antidepressant medication. In some patients with depression, abnormal levels of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters may relate to the depression. Amitriptyline elevates mood by raising the level of neurotransmitters in brain tissue. Amitriptyline is also a sedative that is useful for depressed patients with insomnia, restlessness, and nervousness.
Agitation Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome Alcoholism
Alexithymia Amitriptyline
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Depression Glossary Term
Definition
Anhedonia
A condition of being unable to experience pleasure from what would normally be a pleasurable. This is a hallmark feature of major depression. Medicines used to prevent seizures and are sometimes prescribed for depression or depression-related illnesses. They have been shown to improve mood, sleep, appetite, and concentration in many people with depression.
Anticonvulsants Antipsychotic Anxiety disorder
A medication (or another measure) that is believed to be effective in the treatment of psychosis . Also called neuroleptic , major tranquilizer or ataractic drug. An uncomfortable emotional state associated with a perceived danger, feelings of powerlessness and prolonged tension in preparation for the expected danger. Physical symptoms include increased heart rate, disturbed breathing, trembling, sweating, and feelings of stress. This may or may not occur during or in anticipation of a specific situation.
Atypical Antipsychotic Atypical antipsychotics are drugs which are chemically different from older drugs conventionally used to treat psychosis. They have different side effects than the older drugs and are much less likely to cause side effects. These drugs may also be effective in some cases where patients are resistant to the older drugs. Baby blues A common temporary psychological state right after childbirth when a new mother may have sudden mood swings, feeling very happy, then very sad, cry for no apparent reason, feel impatient, unusually irritable, restless, anxious, lonely and sad. The baby blues may last only a few hours or as long as 1 to 2 weeks after delivery. The baby blues, in this sense, are less severe than a postpartum depression. The baby blues do not always require treatment from a health care provider. Bipolar disorder A mental illness or mood disorder which causes people to have severe high and low moods. People with this illness (manic depressive switch from feeling overly happy and joyful (or irritable) to feeling very sad and hopeless. In between mood swings, a disorder) person’s moods may be normal. Periods of mania can last for hours, days, weeks or even months before depression returns. Also Known As: manic depression , bipolar affective disorder Borderline Personality Although originally believed to be on the "borderline" of psychosis, borderline personality disorder (BPD) is instead a Disorder disorder of emotion regulation. It is characterized by an ongoing pattern of: • Intense, but short-lived episodes of anger, depression and anxiety, • Bouts of aggression, self-injury and drug or alcohol abuse, • Feelings of being unworthy, misunderstood, mistreated, empty or unsure of who one really is, • Sensitivity to rejection, • frequently changing relationships, • Impulsive behaviors like excessive spending, binge eating and risky sex. A type of psychotherapy called dialectical behavior therapy, which was developed specifically for the treatment of borderline personality disorder, is often used to treat it. Antidepressants and antipsychotics may be prescribed as well.
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Depression Glossary Term
Definition
Clinical Depression
Also known as major depressive disorder , as opposed to sub-clinical depression, which is less severe. Symptoms of clinical depression usually consist of feelings of sadness, guilt, or unworthiness; crying spells; significant changes in appetite and weight; and disturbance in sleep. The term is usually used to describe depression that is not a normal, temporary mood caused by life events or grieving. Also Known As: unipolar depression
Codependence
A dysfunctional or abnormal relationship between two people in which one person is addicted to trying to "fix" the other person. A common behavior in codependents is enabling, in which the codependent overlooks problem behavior in the other person or makes excuses for him/her in order to continue feeling needed. A form of psychotherapy which can be helpful in treating depressive disorders. It is a blend of two therapies: cognitive therapy (CT) and behavioral therapy. CT focuses on a person's thoughts and beliefs, and how they influence a person's mood and actions, and aims to change a person's thinking to be more adaptive and healthy. Behavioral therapy focuses on a person's actions and aims to change unhealthy behavior patterns.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
Comorbid Conduct disorder
Coping Style
When a disease or disorder occurs at the same time as another, but is unrelated to it, they are said to be comorbid. Example: Depression is often comorbid with an anxiety disorder. Disruptive behavior in children marked by repetitive and persistent violation of the rights of others, or of age-appropriate social norms or rules. For example, children with conduct disorder are more likely to bully others, disregard parent curfews, and use alcohol and other substances. Coping style is a person's way of dealing with life problems or traumas. These can include thoughts, emotions or behaviors. For example, some people tend to mull their problems over internally, while others tend to use distracting strategies in a effort to forget their problems.
Delirium
A temporary state of mental confusion coupled with waves of consciousness. Symptoms of anxiety, disorientation, delusions, hallucinations, and incoherent speech may or may not be present. Also Known As: acute confusional state, acute brain syndrome
Dementia
Significant loss of intellectual abilities such as memory capacity, severe enough to interfere with social or job functioning.
Depersonalization
Depersonalization is a mild but often frightening form of dissociation . Persons who have depersonalized are still aware of what is going on around them, but feel that they don't recognize themselves or feel alien to themselves. A clinical mood disorder which involves the body, mood, and thoughts, and usually affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. Types of depression include: major depression, bipolar depression, dysthymia and seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder). Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people with depression.
Depression
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Depression Glossary Term
Definition
Dissociation
A psychological process involving alterations in identity or sense of self. These alterations in sense of self can include: • a sense that the world or the self is "unreal" (derealization and depersonalization ) • loss of memory (amnesia) • forgetting one's identity and/or assuming a new one (fugue) • fragmentation of identity into more than one unique personality (dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as multiple personality disorder) Dissociation is most often triggered by trauma or other severe stress
Dysphoric mood Dysthymia
Low mood that may include dissatisfaction, restlessness or depression. A condition which is typified by long-lasting symptoms, usually two years or longer, but less severe symptoms than with major depressive disorders ; also called dysthymic disorder. While not typically disabling, dysthymia can prevent a person from feeling well or functioning normally (poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or excessive sleep, low energy or fatigue). Because of the chronic nature of dysthymia, patients may be prone to making statements such as, "I've always been this way," or "That's just how I am." Illnesses which cause a person to adopt harmful eating habits. They are most common among teenage girls and women, and frequently occur along with other psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety disorders. The two most common types of eating disorder are anorexia nervosa (extreme fear of weight gain leading to poor eating patterns and excessive weight loss) and bulimia nervosa (compulsive overeating usually followed by self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse). A procedure in which an electric current is passed through the brain to produce controlled convulsions (seizures) to treat patients with depression , particularly for those who cannot take or are not responding to antidepressants, have severe depression, or are at high risk for suicide. ECT is believed to act by a massive neurochemical release in the brain due to the controlled seizure. The most common side effect is short-term memory loss, which usually resolves quickly. ECT typically relieves depression within 1 to 2 weeks after beginning treatments. Feeling of well-being or elation. When euphoria results from positive life events, it is normal and desirable. However, an excessive state of euphoria that is not linked to events is characteristic of mania and hypomania , which are associated with bipolar disorder. A symptom of mania . This term is used to describe the rapidly changing flow of thoughts often experienced by those in a manic episode. Term used to describe larger-than-life feelings of superiority. Grandiosity is often experienced by those in a manic episode. The normal process of reacting to a loss. The loss may be physical (such as a death), social (such as divorce), or occupational (such as a job). Emotional reactions of grief can include anger, anxiety, guilt, sadness, and despair. Physical reactions of grief can include sleeping problems, changes in appetite, physical problems, or illness. A form of focused relaxation used to create harmony between the mind and body.
Eating disorder
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Euphoria
Flight of Ideas Grandiosity Grief
Guided imagery
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Depression Glossary Term
Definition
Hamilton Depression Scale
A multiple choice questionnaire doctors may use to rate the severity of a patient's depression. By reassessing the patient at intervals, it can also be used to gauge their progress over time. The Hamilton Depression Scale was originally developed in 1960 by Max Hamilton, but was later revised in 1967. Although it has been considered the gold standard in depression assessment for several decades, it has received some criticism in recent years. Also Known As: HAM-D, HDS, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, HRSD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HDRS
Hyperphagia
Intake of food that is greater than the needs of the body. Among the mood-related causes of hyperphagia are: • seasonal affective disorder • atypical depression • eating disorders • premenstrual syndrome Also Known As: polyphagia
Hypersomnia
Excessive daytime sleepiness most commonly caused by sleep deprivation or sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea or narcolepsy but is also a symptom of depression . Fear of imagined illnesses or disorders. A condition similar to mania but less severe. The symptoms are similar with elevated mood, increased activity, decreased need for sleep, grandiosity , racing thoughts , and the like. However, hypomanic episodes differ in that they do not cause significant distress or impair one's work, family, or social life in an obvious way while manic episodes do.
Hypochondria Hypomania
Insanity Involuntary Commitment Labile Light Therapy Lithium Major Depressive Disorder (Major Depression)
A non-medical term primarily used in the legal field to identify a person who is not responsible for a crime because of some severe mental disease or defect which left him unable to understand that an action was wrong. To be committed to a mental institution against one's will. The purpose of involuntary commitment is to get proper medical assistance for a person who has become a danger either to himself or to others due to mental illness or drug or alcohol abuse. When a person’s feelings or mood frequently fluctuates. A treatment for Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) in which the patient is exposed to periods of bright light to help lessen their depression. Lithium carbonate, a drug used as a mood stabilizer for the treatment of manic/depressive (bipolar) disorder. It prevents or lessens the intensity of episodes of mania in bipolar patients. A mood disorder characterized by a depressed mood, a lack of interest in activities normally enjoyed, changes in weight and sleep, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness and guilt, difficulty concentrating and thoughts of death and suicide. If a person has experienced the majority of these symptoms for longer than a two-week period they may be diagnosed as having had a major depressive episode. If a person has had one or more major depressive episodes, has no history of mania , mixed episodes or hypomania and the symptoms are not due to another disorder, they may be diagnosed as having major depressive disorder. Page 5 of 10
Depression Glossary Term
Definition
Mania
An abnormally elevated mood, characterized by feelings of euphoria, lack of inhibitions, racing thoughts, severe insomnia, pressured speech, risk taking, increased libido and irritability. In extreme cases, mania can induce hallucinations and other symptoms of psychosis. Milder, less debilitating mania is called hypomania. A mental illness that causes people to have severe high and low moods. People with this illness swing from feeling overly happy and joyful (or irritable) to feeling very sad and hopeless. In between these mood swings, a person’s moods may be normal. Refers to a mood disorder in which a person seems "high," euphoric, talkative, sometimes agitated, hyper-excitable, with flights of ideas and speech. One of a potent class of medications used to treat depression. Usually prescribed as a last resort, when other medications haven't worked, because MAOIs can have serious, harmful side effects. They require a strict diet because of dangerous (or even deadly) interactions with foods such as certain cheeses, pickles and wines and some medications including decongestants. There is a new patch version which has seen fewer side effects. Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is a type of psychotherapy that involves a combination of cognitive therapy, meditation, and the cultivation of a present-oriented, non-judgmental attitude called "mindfulness." The goal of MBCT is to help patients with chronic depression learn how to avoid relapses by not engaging in those automatic thought patterns that bring on and worsen depression. Also Known As: MBCT An episode of depression lasting for less than two weeks or during which the person has too few depression symptoms to meet the definition of major depressive disorder . A mood disorder, also referred to as an affective disorder, is a condition impacting mood and related functions. In a mood disorder, moods range from extremely low (depressed) to extremely high or irritable (manic). Mood disorders can lead to changes in sleeping and eating patterns. Some people, especially children, may have physical symptoms of depression, like unexplained headaches or stomachaches. Mood swings are rapid -- and often extreme -- fluctuations in one's emotional state, involving alternating between feelings of happiness and well-being and feelings of anger, irritability or depression . Among the possible causes of mood swings are an imbalance in the brain chemicals associated with mood regulation, as in the case of bipolar disorder , and the hormonal changes associated with the menstrual cycle or menopause. In addition, mood swings may occur in men who abuse steroids (often called 'roid rage). Refers to a class of psychiatric medicines used to treat psychosis and a variety of other conditions.
Manic depression (bipolar disorder) Manic MAOI (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors)
Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy
Minor depression Mood Disorder
Mood Swings
Neuroleptic
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Depression Glossary Term
Definition
Neuroleptic Malignant A rare, but life-threatening neurological disorder, usually caused by an adverse reaction to a neuroleptic (antipsychotic ) Syndrome drug. Symptoms include: • Extremely high fever • Rapid heart rate • Rapid breathing • Rapidly fluctuating blood pressure • Impaired consciousness • Tremor • Muscle rigidity and stiffness • Catatonia Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is potentially fatal. It is considered a medical emergency which often requires intensive medical intervention. Neurological Having to do with the nerves or the nervous system. Neurotransmitter A chemical which regulates mood in the brain, such as Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Obsessive-Compulsive A disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are repetitive, unwanted thoughts. Disorder (OCD) There is a sense of urgency and tension that rises until the person feels urged to act on the obsessive thought. An action based on an obsessive thought is called a compulsion. Compulsions range from mild checking behavior (is the stove off?) to severe cases where the person is unable to function based on their compulsions having taken over their life. Panic disorder Perinatal depression Personality Disorder
An anxiety illness characterized by attacks of anxiety or terror, often—but not always—occurring unexpectedly and without reason. In general, the attacks last 15 to 30 minutes. A newer term for what has been called postpartum depression; the change was made to reflect the fact that many cases of postpartum depression actually have their onset during pregnancy. Most people have a fairly flexible personality that allows them to adapt to a variety of circumstances, people and events. Persons with Personality Disorders instead get stuck in fairly rigid ways of relating to people and events. It may affect how they think about themselves and the world around them, how they experience emotion, how they function socially, and how well they can control their impulses. There are ten recognized personality disorders, typically arranged into three clusters. • Cluster "A" - Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders. • Cluster "B" - Antisocial, Histrionic, Narcissistic and Borderline Personality disorders . • Cluster "C" - Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders . It is possible for people to have traits or symptoms of more than one personality disorder at the same time, while not meeting criteria for any one of them. In this case of "mixed personality disorder" the diagnosis of Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) is made, and the traits are listed out. Page 7 of 10
Depression Glossary Term
Definition
Phototherapy
Also called light therapy , phototherapy is sometimes used to treat seasonal depression or seasonal affective disorder (SAD) . It involves exposure to light from a box of white fluorescent light tubes covered with a plastic screen to block ultraviolet rays. Light therapy is safe and generally well tolerated. The reported side effects are minor: eyestrain, headaches and insomnia. Post Traumatic Stress PTSD is an anxiety disorder which occurs in the aftermath of a traumatic event. Examples are combat, rape and natural Disorder (PTSD) disasters. PTSD is diagnosed six months after the traumatic event. There are three major types of PTSD symptoms. First, the traumatized person generally develops a heightened startle response and easy arousability and irritability. This change in mood and startle is relatively permanent and biological in nature, as if the traumatized person's nervous system has been 'reset'. Second, they are vulnerable to having memories of the trauma come flooding back into their minds at unexpected moments (flashbacks). Third, they will go to great lengths to avoid thinking about the trauma. These avoidance measures vary from not going near anything that reminds them of the trauma to dissociation. Postpartum depression
A form of severe depression after delivery requiring treatment. It is sometimes said that postpartum depression (PPD) occurs within 4 weeks of delivery but it can happen a few days or even months after childbirth. A woman with PPD may have feelings similar to the baby blues -- sadness, despair, anxiety , irritability -- but she feels them much more strongly than she would with the baby blues. PPD often keeps her from doing the things she needs to do every day. When a woman's ability to function is affected, this is a sure sign that she needs treatment. If a woman does not get treatment for PPD, it can get worse and last for as long as a year. While PPD is a serious condition, it can be effectively treated with antidepressant medications and counseling. Postpartum psychosis A very serious mental illness that can affect a new mother. The episode of psychosis usually begins within 1 to 3 months of delivery. A woman with postpartum psychosis may lose touch with reality and have auditory hallucinations (hearing things that are not actually happening, like a person talking) and delusions (perceiving things differently from the way they are). Visual hallucinations (seeing things that are not there) are less common. Other symptoms may include insomnia, agitation, anger, and irrational guilt about somehow having done something wrong. Women who have postpartum psychosis need prompt treatment and almost always need medication. If they are at risk for hurting themselves or someone else, women with postpartum psychosis need to be hospitalized. Postpartum Projection
Psychiatrists
In the period just after delivery, as with postpartum depression. Postpartum refers to the mother and postnatal to the baby. A type of defense mechanism. In projection, a person experiences an emotion or thought that they aren't able to cope with. So, instead, they perceive the thought or feeling as if it had come from someone else. One example of this mechanism is the person who is angry at a friend, but does not feel comfortable with feelings of anger in himself. He may instead deny these feelings and imagine that his friend is the angry one. Physicians who specialize in treating mental, emotional or behavioral disorders. They have completed four years of study in an accredited medical school in combination with four years of postgraduate training in a certain area of psychiatry. They are doctors who can prescribe medications. Page 8 of 10
Depression Glossary Term
Definition
Psychiatry Psychologists
The medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illness. Specialists who concentrate in the science of the mind and behavior. They usually have a doctoral degree and receive additional training to work with patients. Psychologists are not medical doctors and cannot prescribe medication, but do perform evaluations and use psychotherapy. Psychologists may work in many different areas, such as research, teaching, administration or therapy. Those who specialize in therapy are called clinical psychologists.
Psychomotor slowness A symptom of depression that refers to the slowing down of both motor skills and psychological activity. Psychosis
Psychosocial Psychostimulant Psychotherapy
Psychotic depression Racing Thoughts Rationalization
Regress Resilience
Role Playing
An illness which prevents people from being able to distinguish between the real world and the imaginary world. Symptoms include hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't really there, or delusions), irrational thoughts and fears. A term used to describe the influence of social factors on mental health and behavior. A drug which elevates mood and alertness while decreasing fatigue; examples include Ritalin (methylphenidate), amphetamine and cocaine. Also known as talk therapy, a treatment often used in conjunction with antidepressants to treat people with depression. This therapy helps people gain a greater understanding of their illness and come up with strategies, tools, and skills for coping and functioning better in everyday life. The exact psychotherapy approach can vary based on the person’s individual needs. A case of major depressive disorder or another severe depression that is accompanied by hallucinations, delusions, or another form of psychosis . A symptom of mania in which the individual experiences rapidly changing and uncontrollable ideas. In psychology, rationalization (or making excuses) is an unconscious defense mechanism in which the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by concealing the true motivations for his or her own thoughts, actions, or feelings through the elaboration of reassuring or self serving but incorrect explanations. To return or go back, particularly to return to a pattern of behavior. Resilience describes a process of coping with negative circumstances or stress and maintaining or regaining physical or emotional well-being. Some research suggests that resiliency is a positive coping process that may protect some people from experiencing depression after a negative event. For example: While a resilient child might initially struggle emotionally following the loss of her parent, she is ultimately able to adapt and function as she did before the loss. A technique used in psychotherapy where the patient is trained to function more effectively in his real-life roles by acting out situations in which he has experienced interpersonal conflict. Role playing allows the patient the freedom to learn and practice new skills without the fear of failure. It may also give the patient new insights into his relationships or provide him with empathy for the experiences of others. Page 9 of 10
Depression Glossary Term
Definition
Schizophrenia
One of several brain diseases whose symptoms may include loss of personality (flat affect), agitation, catatonia , confusion, psychosis , unusual behavior, and withdrawal. The illness usually begins in early adulthood and reduces the ability to feel normal emotions. A depressive disorder in which symptoms typically start during the winter months when there is less natural sunlight. Light therapy may be used to treat SAD symptoms, sometimes in combination with antidepressant medications and psychotherapy. A class of antidepressant drugs which inhibit the reuptake (movement of excess serotonin back into the nerve endings which released it) thus making more serotonin available. Because depression is associated with low levels of serotonin, these drugs help relieve depression symptoms. They also help with anxiety and mood regulation.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) Serotonin Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (SNRI) Social phobia
St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) Stress Suicidal Ideation Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Undersocialized Withdrawal
One of the chemical messengers found in the brain and other areas of the body. In studies, low levels of serotonin have been associated with depression and aggression. A class of antidepressant drugs which inhibit the movement of serotonin and norepinephrine back into the nerve endings which released them, thus making more of these two neurotransmitters available.
A disorder which results in extreme anxiety in social situations. Those who suffer from social phobia experience intense and disabling self-consciousness in these situations. People with social phobia have an intense and persistent feeling of being watched, judged and evaluated in a negative manner. An herbal remedy which may be helpful (although it has not yet been proven useful by scientists) for depression. It has been widely used to treat mild to moderate depression in Europe, especially in Germany. A state of mental tension and worry caused by problems in life, work, etc. Can cause strong feelings of worry or anxiety. Having thoughts about taking one's own life. As in a suicidal gesture, suicidal thought, or suicidal act. A form of antidepressant that can help restore appetite and sleep.
Characterized by the absence of adequate social bonds to others, as a type of conduct disorder. Extremely abnormal move away from interpersonal contact and social involvement; extreme decrease of intellectual and emotional interest in the environment. It may be seen in schizophrenia and depression. Note: italicized words are found elsewhere in this glossary.
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