SUSTAINABILITY FIVE POINTS, DENVER, COLORADO
assignment one – sustainability
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five points, denver, colorado
sustainability “sustainability will be a major component of the studio. this team should present to the studio an overview of current sustainability practices as they relate to the site and the program. the team should educate the studio to the specific sustainability issues that apply to kitchens/garages. daylighting strategies, energy intensive equipment, sustainable systems/materials should be addressed. Pay particular attention to sustainability strategies employed by architects in the region and climate.�
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assignment one – sustainability
Tier Three. Mechanical Equipment
Tier Two. Passive Systems
Tier One. Basic Building Design
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five points, denver, colorado
Tier Three.
Heat Pump (Geoexchange) - Furnace - Boiler - Spot Electrical Heating - Active Solar Heatiing - Heat Pump - Air Conditioners - Evaporative Coolers - Fans
Tier Two.*
Heating. Cooling. -
Tier One.* Direct Gain Trombe Wall Sunspace Comfort Ventilation Night Flush Cooling Earth Coupling Cooling Tower
Location. -
Site Design Landscaping Form Orientation Color Insulation Exterior Shading Construction Materials Air Tightness
Daylighting. Task Ambient Lighting - Light Shelves - High Intensity Discharge - Clearstories - Fluorescent Photovoltaics Wind Turbines Active Solar Domestic Hot Water
Windows. - Orientation - Size - Glazing Type - Insulation - Shading
Active Solar Swimming Pool Water
Efficient Lighting.
Efficient Appliances.
Heat Retention / Avoidance
*Architect can have direct affect on design decisions in Tiers One and Two. Tier Three is largely made up of systems necessary due to neglectful design decisions.
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SI
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assignment one – sustainability
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five points, denver, colorado
the program
public spaces. -
‘think tank’ food lab (2,500sf) commissary for food trucks and vendors (1,500sf) small café and small kitchen / shop (1,500sf) tool lending library (500sf) wood and bike shop (500sf)
private spaces. -
commercial kitchen (4,000sf) business incubator (1,200sf) seed bank food bank and canning storage (500sf) greenhouse
service and circulation -
circulation / elevator and stairs dumbwaiter public restrooms / employee breakroom Maintenance staff / janitorial support Mechanical / electrical / plumbing covered truck loading area and dumpster circulation, storage and other support spaces
site. -
demonstration gardens and food production gardens outdoor ‘ think tank’ event space private garden composting area public and private entrances covered truck and vendor area
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assignment one – sustainability
temperature - 50° avg.
radiation (0° tilt) - 145 Btu / sq.ft / hr
sky cover - 48% avg.
wind velocity - 9 mph. avg.
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five points, denver, colorado
Denver Temperature
Jan
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
Avg. Temperature
29.7
33.4
39.0
48.2
57.2
66.9
73.5
71.4
62.3
51.4
39.0
31.0
50.3
Avg. Max Temperature
43.2
46.6
52.2
61.8
70.8
81.4
88.2
85.8
76.9
66.3
52.5
44.5
64.2
Avg. Min Temperature
16.1
20.2
25.8
34.5
43.6
52.4
58.6
56.9
47.6
36.4
25.4
17.4
36.2
Days w/ Max Temperature > 90°
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.0
15.0
10.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
34.0
Days w/ Min Temperature < 32°
30.0
26.0
24.0
11.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
8.0
24.0
29.0
156.0
Relative Humidity
54
49
49
46
54
49
41
51
42
47
62
58
50
Denver Heating / Cooling
Jan
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
Heating Degree Days*
1094
885
806
504
253
71
0
0
144
429
780
1054
6020
Cooling Degree Days*
0
0
0
0
11
128
267
203
63
7
0
0
679
Denver Precipitation
Jan
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
Precipitation (inches)
0.5
0.6
1.3
1.7
2.4
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.6
15.4
Days w/ Precipitation 0.01 inches or more
6
6
9
9
11
9
9
9
6
5
6
5
89
8.1
7.5
12.5
8.9
1.6
0
0
0
1.6
3.7
9.1
7.3
60.3
Snowfall (inches)
*HDD/CDD – A degree day is a unit of measurement equal to a difference of one degree between the mean outdoor temperature and a reference temperature (65°F). Degree Days are used in estimating the energy needs for heating or cooling a building **To calculate HDD, take the average of a day’s high and low temperatures and subtract from 65°F (for Denver, CO)
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assignment one – sustainability
JUN 21
DEC 21 N
JUN 21
80°
730
DEC 21
30°
280
five points, denver, colorado
radiation range(s)
15° annual avg. - 165 Btu / sq.ft / hr
30° annual avg. - 180 Btu / sq.ft / hr
45° annual avg. - 185 Btu / sq.ft / hr
60° annual avg. - 170 Btu / sq.ft / hr
75° annual avg. - 155 Btu / sq.ft / hr
90° annual avg. - 125 Btu / sq.ft / hr
*Note: Measures taken assuming tilt at due-south orientation.
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assignment one â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sustainability
march 21 shadow
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
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five points, denver, colorado
june 21 shadow
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
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assignment one â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sustainability
september 21 shadow
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
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five points, denver, colorado
december 21 shadow
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
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assignment one – sustainability
passive solar heating guidelines
Direct Solar Gain
Direct gain attempts to control the amount of direct solar radiation reaching the inhabited space.
Indirect Solar Gain
Heat enters the building through windows and is captured and stored in thermal mass and slowly transmitted indirectly to the building through conduction and convection.
Isolated Solar Gain
Isolated gain involves utilizing solar energy to passively move heat to (or from) the living space using a fluid such as water or air by natural convection or forced convection. Heat gain can occur through a sunspace, solarium, or solar closet.
Heat Storage
Heat storage, or thermal mass, keeps the building warm when the sun can’t heat it.
Conservation Levels
Higher than ‘normal’ levels of insulation and air-tightness reduces unwanted leakage of heat.
Orientation
Optimum within 5 degrees of true south
Glazing System
Ideal is perpendicular to sun angle in winter, although vertical orientation may be efficient where lots of reflective snow cover is present
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five points, denver, colorado
direct solar gain
indirect solar gain
isolated solar gain
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assignment one â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sustainability
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five points, denver, colorado
Denver County, Denver, Colorado Clim ate Zone Requirements (IECC) Ceiling R-value Wood Frame Wall R-value Mass Wall R-value b Floor R-value
Super Insulation** 38
20 or 13+5
80 a
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b. The second R-value applies when more than half the insulation is on the interior of the wall.
13 / 17 30 c
c. Or insulation sufficient to fill the framing cavity. R-19 is minimum.
Basement Wall R-value d
10 / 13
30
Slab R-value e, Depth
10 / 2 ft
20
Craw lspace Wall R-value d
10 / 13
Fenestration U-factor f
0.35
Skylight U-factor f
0.60
Glazed Fenestration SHGC f, g
NR
a. 13+5 means R-13 cavity insulation plus R-5 insulated sheathing. If structural sheathing covers 25 percent or less of the exterior, insulating sheathing is not required where structural sheathing is used. If structural sheathing covers more than 25 percent of exterior, structural sheathing shall be supplemented with insulated sheathing of at least R-2.
d. â&#x20AC;&#x153; 10 / 13 â&#x20AC;&#x153; means R-10 continuous insulated sheathing on the interior or exterior of the structure or R-13 cavity insulation at the interior of the basement wall. e. R-5 shall be added to the required slab edge R-values for heated slabs. Insulation depth shall be the depth of the footing or 2 feet, whichever is less in zones 1 through 3 for heated slabs. *Note: Denver County is under Zone 4 & 5 Marine regulations. f. The fenestration U-factor column excludes skylights. The SHGC column applies to all glazed fenestration.
*Note: The state of Colorado currently observes the 2003 IECC (International Energy Conservation Code) requirements ** Ventilation and air leakage represent a significant portion of building heat
g. There are no SHGC requirements in the Marine zone(s).
loss, therefore a heat recovery ventilation system should be used with super insulated buildings.
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assignment one – sustainability
Material
R/Inch hr-ft2-°F/Btu
R/Thickness hr-ft2-°F/Btu
Insulation Materials Fiberglass Batts
3.14 - 4.30
3 1/2” Fiberglass Batt
11.00
3 5/8” Fiberglass Batt
13.00
3 1/2” Fiberglass Batt (high density)
15.00
6 1/2” Fiberglass Batt
19.00
5 1/4” Fiberglass Batt (high density)
21.00
8” Fiberglass Batt
25.00
8” Fiberglass Batt (high density)
30.00
9 1/2” Fiberglass Batt
30.00
12” Fiberglass Batt
38.00
Fiberglass Blown (attic)
2.20 - 4.30
Fiberglass Blown (wall)
3.70 - 4.30
Rock Wool Batt
3.14 - 4.00
Rock Wool Blown (attic)
3.10 - 4.00
Rock Wool Blown (wall)
3.10 - 4.00
Cellulose Blown (attic)
3.60 - 3.70
Cellulose Blown (wall)
3.80 - 3.90
Vermiculite
2.13
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
1.05
Urea Terpolymer Foam
4.48
Rigid Fiberglass (> 4lb/ft )
4.00
Expanded Polystyrene (beadboard)
4.00
Extruded Polystyrene
5.00
Polyurethane (foamed-in-place)
6.25
Polyisocyanurate (foil-faced)
7.20
3
Construction Materials Concrete Block 4”
0.80
Concrete Block 8”
1.11
Concrete Block 12”
1.28
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five points, denver, colorado
Material
R/Inch hr-ft2-°F/Btu
R/Thickness hr-ft2-°F/Btu
Construction Materials cont. Brick 4” common
0.80
Brick 4” face
0.44
Poured Concrete
0.08
Soft Wood Lumber
1.25
2” nominal (1 1/2”)
1.88
2x4 (3 1/2”)
4.38
2x6 (5 1/2”)
6.88
Cedar Logs and Lumber
1.33
Sheathing Materials Plywood
1.25
1/4”
0.31
3/8”
0.47
1/2”
0.63
5/8”
0.77
3/4” Fiberboard
0.94 2.64
1/2”
1.32
25/32”
2.06
Fiberglass (3/4”)
3.00
1”
4.00
1 1/2”
6.00
Extruded Polystyrene (3/4”)
3.75
1”
5.00
1 1/2”
7.50
Foil-faced Polyisocyanurate (3/4”) 1” 1 1/2”
5.40 7.20 10.80
Siding Materials
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assignment one – sustainability
Material
R/Inch hr-ft2-°F/Btu
R/Thickness hr-ft2-°F/Btu
Siding Materials Hardboard (1/2”
0.34
Plywood (5/8”)
0.77
(3/4”)
0.93
Wood Bevel Lapped
0.80
Aluminum, Steel, Vinyl (hollow backed)
0.61
(w/ 1/2” Insulating board)
1.80
Brick 4”
0.44
Interior Finish Materials Gypsum Board (drywall 1/2”)
0.45
(5/8”)
0.56
Paneling (3/8”)
0.47
Flooring Materials Plywood
1.25
(3/4”) Particle Board (underlayment)
0.93 1.31
(5/8”) Hardwood Flooring (3/4”)
0.82 0.91 0.68
Tile, Linoleum
0.05
Carpet (fibrous pad)
2.08
(rubber pad)
1.23
Roofing Materials Asphalt Shingles
0.44
Wood Shingles
0.97
Windows* Single Glass
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0.91
five points, denver, colorado
Material
R/Inch hr-ft2-°F/Btu
R/Thickness hr-ft2-°F/Btu
Windows cont. w/ storm Double Insulating Glass (3/16” air space)
2.00 1.61
(1/4” air space)
1.69
(1/2” air space)
2.04
(3/4” air space)
2.38
(1/2” w/ Low-E 0.20)
3.13
(w/ suspended film)
2.77
(w/ 2 suspended films)
3.85
(w/ suspended film and Low-E)
4.05
Triple Insulating Glass (1/4” air space) (1/2” air space) Addition of tight fitting drapes or shades, or closed blinds
2.56 3.23 0.29
Doors Wood Hollow Core Flush (1 3/4”)
2.17
Solid Core Flush (1 3/4”)
3.03
Solid Core Flush (2 1/4”)
3.70
Panel Door w/ 7/16” Panels (1 3/4”)
1.85
Storm Door (wood 50% glass) (metal) Metal Insulating (2” w/ urethane)
1.25 1.00 15.00
Air Films Interior Ceiling
0.61
Interior Wall
0.68
Exterior
0.17
Air Spaces 1/2” to 4” approximately
1.00
* U-values can be calculated by taking the inverse of the listed R-value. For example, a ‘single glass’ window with an R-value of 0.91 would have a U-value of 1.10.
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assignment one â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sustainability
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five points, denver, colorado
U-Factor
The rate of heat loss is indicated in terms of the U-factor (U-value). This rate of non-solar heat loss or gain through a whole window assembly is measured in Btu/hr-sf-°F. The lower the U-factor, the greater a window’s resistance to heat flow and the better its insulating value.
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
The SHGC is the fraction of solar radiation admitted through a window, both directly transmitted and absorbed and subsequently released inward. SHGC is expressed as a number between 0 and 1. The lower a window’s SHGC, the less solar heat it transmits. The recognized rating method by the NFRC is for the whole window, including the frame.
Visible Transmittance (VT)
The visible transmittance is an optical property that indicates the amount of visible light transmitted. The NFRC’s VT is a whole window rating, including the frame. While VT theoretically varies between 0 and 1, most values among double- and triple-pane windows are between 0.30 and 0.70. The higher the VT, the more light is transmitted.
Air Leakage (AL)
Heat loss and gain occur by infiltration through cracks in the window assembly. It is indicated by an air leakage rating (AL) expressed as the equivalent cubic feet of air passing through a square foot of window area. The lower the AL, the less air will pass through cracks in the window assembly.
Condensation Resistance (CR)
CR measures how well a window resists the formation of condensation on the inside surface. CR is expressed as a number between 1 and 100. The higher the number, the better a product is able to resist condensation.
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assignment one â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sustainability
glazing characteristics
single glazed - clear glass
single glazed - tinted glass
double glazed - clear glass
double glazed - tinted glass
double glazed - high performance - tinted glass
double glazed - high solar gain - low-e glass
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five points, denver, colorado
double glazed - medium solar gain - low-e glass
double glazed - low solar gain - low-e glass
triple glazed - medium solar gain - low-e glass
triple glazed - low solar gain - low-e glass
* Note: Numbers represent frame-less glass. Frame choice can drastically affect overall performance. * Note: To compare average simulated energy costs for Denver, CO based on various window types, visit http://www.efficientwindows.org/selection.cfm
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assignment one – sustainability
typical building energy consumption per square foot (thousand BTUs)
Food Service Food Sales Health Care Public Order Lodging Public Assembly Office Education Service Retail Warehouse Religious 0
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50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
five points, denver, colorado
typical commercial kitchen energy usage Refridgeration 6%
OfďŹ ce Equipment Ventilation 5% 1%
Other 8%
Cooking 23%
Cooling 8%
Lighting 11%
Water Heating 19% Space Heating 19%
*Note: It is estimated that the average restaurant uses between 6 and 29 gallons of water to produce each meal it serves (Source: Massachusetts Regional Water Authority)
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