2012
QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey By Nunzio Quacquarelli, MA Cambridge, MBA Wharton
1
2
Table of Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................... 5 .H\ ÀQGLQJV LQ ............................................................................. 6 'HPRJUDSKLFV ................................................................................ 9 2.
Study plans .................................................................................. 18
3.
Study plan preferences ................................................................ 20
4.
Study plans: Finance options ..................................................... 24
5.
Career objectives .......................................................................... 25
6.
Salary expectations ...................................................................... 27
7.
Sources of information ................................................................ 30
8.
Gender trends ............................................................................... 32
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Introduction The QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012 is the largest survey of the mindset and aspirations of MBA applicants ever conducted, continuing the annual research undertaken by QS, the world’s leading education specialists, since 1990. 7KH UHVXOWV SURYLGH GHWDLOHG LQVLJKW LQWR WKH VWDWXV DWWLWXGHV JRDOV DQG DPELWLRQV RI 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV ZRUOGZLGH DQG KRZ WKH\ DQG WKH HPSOR\PHQW DQG HGXFDWLRQ PDUNHWV IRU \RXQJ SURIHVVLRQDOV DUH FKDQJLQJ 7KLV VXUYH\ DOORZV YDOXDEOH LQVLJKW LQWR WKH FKDQJLQJ WUHQGV RI ZRUOGZLGH 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV QS contributors Nunzio Quacquarelli LV IRXQGHU DQG PDQDJLQJ GLUHFWRU RI WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO HYHQWV DQG PHGLD JURXS 46 Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd. Richard Burns KDV EHHQ VSHFLDOL]LQJ LQ EXVLQHVV HGXFDWLRQ MRXUQDOLVP RQ EHKDOI RI 46 IRU RYHU WZR \HDUV FRQWULEXWLQJ DUWLFOHV WR Bloomberg Businessweek, The Times of India DQG PDQ\ RWKHU OHDGLQJ SXEOLFDWLRQV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG +H KDV SUHYLRXVO\ ZRUNHG DV D EXVLQHVV MRXUQDOLVW LQ WKH 0LGGOH (DVW DQG $XVWUDOLD Susan Gatuguta Gitau LV D UHVHDUFK DQDO\VW DQG PHPEHU RI WKH 46 ,QWHOOLJHQFH 8QLW Survey sample 2YHU DSSOLFDQWV ZKR UHJLVWHUHG IRU WKH 46 :RUOG 0%$ 7RXU LQ WKH IDOO RI DQG 6SULQJ ZHUH VXUYH\HG DQG UHVSRQVHV UHFHLYHG IURP 7KRVH VXUYH\HG UDQJH IURP \RXQJ SURIHVVLRQDOV WR H[SHULHQFHG H[HFXWLYHV 7KH VXUYH\ UHVXOWV DUH FRPSDUHG ZLWK UHVXOWV WKURXJKRXW WR SURYLGH time trend analysis.
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NB: This survey only represents respondents to the QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey, unless otherwise stated. The Ã&#x20AC;JXUHV KHUH DUH QRW VXJJHVWLYH RI RYHUDOO Ã&#x20AC;JXUHV IRU DWWHQGHHV DW WKH 46 :RUOG 0%$ 7RXU The entire contents of this publication is protected by international copyright. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be copied or reproduced in any form without the prior written permission of the publisher. Tables and charts may not be re-worked or presented in any other form without written permission from the publishers and excerpts, tables or charts must be sourced: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012.
.H\ Ã&#x20AC;QGLQJV Section 1: Sample Demographics
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Section 2: Study plans
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Section 3: Study plan preferences
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Read Nunzio Quacquarelliâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s analysis of the QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012. Visit TopMBA.com/applicant-survey-12
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Section 4: Financial support
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Section 5: Career objectives
Many candidates take an MBA to seek career SURJUHVVLRQ DQG SODQ WR UHWXUQ WR ZRUN LQ WKH VDPH LQGXVWU\ 7KH PRVW SRSXODU LQGXVWU\ IRU 0%$ GULYHQ FDUHHU SURJUHVVLRQ LV ÀQDQFH ZLWK VHHNLQJ WR UHWXUQ 6HFRQG ZLWK VHHNLQJ WR UHWXUQ LV HQHUJ\ DQG XWLOLWLHV 7KLUG LV FRQVXOWLQJ ZLWK DQG IRXUWK LV PHGLD DQG DGYHUWLVLQJ ZLWK VHHNLQJ WR UHWXUQ Page 25
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Read Nunzio Quacquarelli’s analysis of the QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012. Visit TopMBA.com/applicant-survey-12
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.H\ ÀQGLQJV Section 6: Salary expectations
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Section 7: MBA information sources
Section 8: Gender trends amongst MBA applicants
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Read Nunzio Quacquarelli’s analysis of the QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012. Visit TopMBA.com/applicant-survey-12
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'HPRJUDSKLFV Mean age and years of experience 7KH GDWD GLVSOD\HG LQ WDEOH LQGLFDWHV DQ LQFUHDVH LQ WKH DYHUDJH DJH RI FXUUHQW 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR WKH VDPH UHVHDUFK LQ ,Q WKH DYHUDJH DJH RI JOREDO 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV UHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH VXUYH\ ZDV \HDUV EXW WKLV \HDU WKDW KDV increased by 0.7 years to 28.3 years.
7DEOH 0HDQ DJH RI UHVSRQGHQWV Regions
Mean ages 2011
2012
Africa & Middle East
28.9
29.8 27.0
Asia Pacific
26.5
7KH $VLD 3DFLÀF UHJLRQ UHPDLQV WKH UHJLRQ ZLWK WKH
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27.0
28.7
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Western Europe
28.1
29.6
Latin America
27.4
28.4
US & Canada Globally
27.6
28.7
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27.6 28.3 Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
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5-9 years
10+ years
US & Canada
13.0%
2011 2012
46.0% 52.3% 9.5% 37.6%
2011 2012
10
52.9%
Latin America
14.6%
2011 2012
33.2% 41.0% 11.0%
2012 2011
25.8%
Western Europe
63.2% 18.3% 38.6% 43.0%
2012 2011
12.6%
2012 2011
28.0%
Eastern Europe
59.3% 19.4%
2011 2012
47.2% 33.4% 15.9%
2012 2011
33.7% 50.5%
Asia Pacific
10.2%
2011 2012
32.9% 56.9% 10.2%
2012 2011
27.2%
Africa/Middle East
62.6% 19.0% 37.7%
2012 2011
43.3% 16.4%
2012 2011
31.2% 52.3%
0% 10% 20% 30% Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
40%
50%
60%
70%
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$FURVV DOO UHJLRQV WKHUH KDV EHHQ D GHFUHDVH LQ WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV LQ WKH \HDUV RI ZRUN H[SHULHQFH EDQG %XW WKLV GHFUHDVH LV SDUWLFXODUO\
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'HPRJUDSKLFV Respondents by region 7KH $VLD 3DFLĂ&#x20AC;F UHJLRQ FRQWLQXHV WR \LHOG WKH KLJKHVW SURSRUWLRQ RI LQWHUQDWLRQDO UHVSRQVHV WR WKH VXUYH\ IROORZHG E\ $IULFD DQG WKH 0LGGOH (DVW 7KH SURSRUWLRQ RI 0%$ FDQGLGDWHV UHVSRQGLQJ IURP 1RUWK $PHULFD DQG :HVWHUQ (XURSH KDYH LQFUHDVHG VOLJKWO\ FRPSDUHG WR
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11 Africa/ Middle East 1
1
Western Europe Â&#x2022;Â&#x2039;Â&#x192; Â&#x192;Â&#x2026;Â&#x2039;Ď?Â&#x2039;Â&#x2026; Latin America 12
Eastern Europe US & Canada
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Nunzio Quacquarelli, managing director of QS Quacquarelli Symonds 3URSRUWLRQDOO\ IHZHU UHVSRQGHQWV IURP (DVWHUQ (XURSH ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR SUHYLRXV \HDUV PD\ EH H[SODLQHG E\ WKH FXUUHQW HFRQRPLF XQFHUWDLQW\ LQ *UHHFH DQG ZRUULHV RYHU ZKHWKHU DQ\ IXUWKHU QHJDWLYH HYHQWV PD\ VSUHDG WR RWKHU FRXQWULHV LQ WKH UHJLRQ ZLWK FORVH HFRQRPLF OLQNV
Respondents by employment sector 7KH HPSOR\PHQW EDFNJURXQG RI JOREDO 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV UHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH VXUYH\ KDV VHHQ RQO\ VOLJKW FKDQJHV ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR
7DEOH 3UH 0%$ HPSOR\PHQW E\ VHFWRU Study mode
% of respondents 2011
2012 16
7KH WRS Ă&#x20AC;YH EXVLQHVV VHFWRUV VXSSO\LQJ 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV UHPDLQV XQFKDQJHG Ă&#x20AC;QDQFH UHWDLO FRQVXOWLQJ WHOHFRPV DQG HQJLQHHULQJ
Finance
14
Retail/ Wholesale
13
11
Consulting
10
10
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Telecoms
8
7
Engineering
6
6
7KHUH KDV EHHQ D VPDOO GHFUHDVH LQ WKRVH FRPLQJ IURP WKH UHWDLO DQG ZKROHVDOH VHFWRU
Manufacturing/ Production
6
6
Education
5
5
Technology
5
4
Government/ Public sector
4
4
Consumer goods
4
4
Energy/ Environment/ Utilities
4
4
Real Estate/ Property
3
3
Media/ Advertising
3
3
Non-profit/ Charity
2
2
Other
15
15
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
'HPRJUDSKLFV
&KDUW (PSOR\PHQW EDFNJURXQG 86 DQG &DQDGD
2011
2012
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Nunzio Quacquarelli, managing director of QS Quacquarelli Symonds 5HODWLYH VWDELOLW\ LQ WKH HPSOR\PHQW EDFNJURXQG RI 0%$ FDQGLGDWHV FRPLQJ IURP WKH 86 DQG &DQDGD LV UHテ?FWLYH RI D FDOPHU HFRQRPLF FOLPDWH LQ WKH UHJLRQ LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR SUHYLRXV \HDUV
12
'HPRJUDSKLFV Employment and background - Latin America ,Q /DWLQ $PHULFD WKHUH KDV EHHQ D LQFUHDVH LQ 0%$ FDQGLGDWHV ZLWK D EDFNJURXQG LQ WKH Ã&#x20AC;QDQFLDO VHUYLFHV VHFWRU 0HDQZKLOH /DWLQ $PHULFDQ FDQGLGDWHV FRPLQJ IURP WKH FRQVXOWLQJ VHFWRU KDV DOVR LQFUHDVHG
&KDUW (PSOR\PHQW EDFNJURXQG /DWLQ $PHULFD
2011
2012
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Nunzio Quacquarelli, managing director of QS Quacquarelli Symonds $V /DWLQ $PHULFD·V Ã&#x20AC;QDQFLDO VHFWRU FRQWLQXHV WR JURZ IUHVK PDQDJHPHQW WDOHQW ZLWK ERWK D ORFDO DQG JOREDO PDUNHW XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DUH QHHGHG DQG WKLV LV SHUKDSV D VLJQ WKDW /DWLQ $PHULFDQ Ã&#x20AC;QDQFLDO SURIHVVLRQDOV DUH ORRNLQJ WR 0%$ SURJUDPV LQ RUGHU WR JLYH WKHP WKH VNLOOV WR PHHW WKDW GHPDQG
13
'HPRJUDSKLFV Employment and background - Western Europe ,Q :HVWHUQ (XURSH WKHUH KDV EHHQ D VKDUS LQFUHDVH LQ WKH QXPEHU RI 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV FRPLQJ IURP WKH Ã&#x20AC;QDQFLDO VHUYLFHV VHFWRU 0HDQZKLOH IHZHU DSSOLFDQWV UHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH VXUYH\ DUH IURP D WHOHFRPV EDFNJURXQG FRPSDUHG WR ,Q WKH UHVXOWV ZH DUH VHHLQJ D UHWXUQ WR ORQJ WHUP OHYHOV RI DSSOLFDQWV ZLWK D WHOHFRPV EDFNJURXQG
&KDUW (PSOR\PHQW EDFNJURXQG :HVWHUQ (XURSH
2011
2012
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Nunzio Quacquarelli, managing director of QS Quacquarelli Symonds )LQDQFLDO VHUYLFHV SURIHVVLRQDOV DUH VHHPLQJO\ ORRNLQJ WR 0%$ SURJUDPV LQ RUGHU WR HLWKHU HQKDQFH WKHLU VNLOO VHW LQ D VHFWRU WKDW WKH\ KRSH ZLOO H[SHULHQFH D VWURQJ UHFRYHU\ LQ D FRXSOH RI \HDUV 7KH\ DUH SODQQLQJ QRZ IRU WKH XSVZLQJ
14
'HPRJUDSKLFV Employment and background - Eastern Europe <HDU RQ \HDU WKHUH DUH QRW DQ\ VLJQLÃ&#x20AC;FDQW FKDQJHV LQ WKH HPSOR\PHQW EDFNJURXQG RI 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV IURP (DVWHUQ (XURSH :LWK VRPH FRXQWULHV LQ WKH UHJLRQ DERXW WR HPEDUN IXUWKHU RQ VWULFW FRVW VDYLQJ PHDVXUHV LW LV OLNHO\ WKDW UHVXOWV LQ PD\ VHH JUHDWHU FKDQJH
&KDUW (PSOR\PHQW EDFNJURXQG (DVWHUQ (XURSH
2011
2012
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
15
'HPRJUDSKLFV Employment and background - Africa and Middle East 7KH HPSOR\PHQW EDFNJURXQG RI 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV LQ $IULFD DQG WKH 0LGGOH (DVW LV PRUH YDULHG LQ WKDQ LQ SUHYLRXV \HDUV $V ZLWK RWKHU UHJLRQV WKRVH ZLWK D EDFNJURXQG LQ WKH Ã&#x20AC;QDQFLDO VHUYLFHV VHFWRU DUH WKH PRVW FRPPRQ +RZHYHU IHZHU UHVSRQGHQWV UHSRUW D EDFNJURXQG LQ WKH HQJLQHHULQJ DQG UHWDLO VHFWRUV ZKLOH RWKHU VHFWRUV KDYH VOLJKWO\ LQFUHDVHG SURSRUWLRQDOO\ UHVXOWLQJ LQ D PRUH YDULHG DSSOLFDQW SRRO IURP WKH UHJLRQ
&KDUW (PSOR\PHQW EDFNJURXQG $IULFD DQG 0LGGOH (DVW
2011
2012
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
16
'HPRJUDSKLFV (PSOR\PHQW DQG EDFNJURXQG $VLD 3DFLÃ&#x20AC;F 7KH LQGXVWU\ EDFNJURXQG RI FDQGLGDWHV ORFDWHG LQ WKH $VLD 3DFLÃ&#x20AC;F UHJLRQ KDV QRW FKDQJHG VXEVWDQWLDOO\ LQ 8QOLNH RWKHU UHJLRQV Ã&#x20AC;QDQFLDO VHUYLFHV LV QRW WKH PRVW FRPPRQ VHFWRU IRU 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV WR FRPH IURP DV D EDFNJURXQG LQ UHWDLO LV PRUH SUHYDOHQW
&KDUW (PSOR\PHQW EDFNJURXQG $VLD 3DFLÃ&#x20AC;F
2011
2012
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
17
2. Study plans 7DEOH 3UHIHUUHG VWXG\ PRGH VLQJOH DQVZHU
Study mode
% of respondents
Full time
2011
2012
56.2
55.1
Part time
18.9
17.5
Executive education
10.5
11.7
Distance learning
9.5
10.0
Online learning
5.2
5.6
Preferred study mode ,Q WDEOH VKLIWLQJ SURJUDP IRUPDW SUHIHUHQFHV DUH HYLGHQW WKURXJK WKH VOLJKW LQFUHDVH LQ DSSOLFDQWV VHOHFWLQJ RQOLQH GLVWDQFH DQG H[HFXWLYH 0%$ SURJUDP IRUPDWV FRXSOHG ZLWK D VPDOO GHFUHDVH LQ WKH SRSXODULW\ RI IXOO WLPH 0%$ SURJUDPV 7KH SRSXODULW\ RI SDUW WLPH SURJUDPV KDV GHFUHDVHG SHUKDSV GXH WR WKH FRPSDUDWLYHO\ JUHDWHU Ă H[LELOLW\ RIIHUHG E\ H[HFXWLYH GLVWDQFH DQG RQOLQH RSWLRQV
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Nunzio Quacquarelli, managing director of QS Quacquarelli Symonds 7KH IXOO WLPH 0%$ UHPDLQV E\ IDU WKH PRVW SRSXODU VWXG\ IRUPDW +RZHYHU UHVXOWV LQ UHYHDO D WHQGHQF\ IRU PRUH 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV WR FRQVLGHU SURJUDP IRUPDWV WKDW FDQ EH FRPELQHG ZLWK ZRUN RU ZKLFK PLQLPL]H WKH WLPH VSHQW RXW RI ZRUN LQ RUGHU WR DWWHQG EXVLQHVV VFKRRO
Preferred MBA program length
7DEOH 3UHIHUUHG SURJUDP OHQJWK VLQJOH DQVZHU
Duration
% of respondents 2011
2012
< 10 months
4.4
5.2
10 - 18 months
43.1
45.2
19 - 24 months
46.1
41.1
> 24 months
6.4
8.5
7DEOH UHYHDOV WKDW IRU WKH Ă&#x20AC;UVW WLPH 0%$ SURJUDPV RI PRQWKV RU OHVV LQ GXUDWLRQ DUH QRZ PRUH SRSXODU WKDQ ORQJHU 0%$ SURJUDP IRUPDWV 7KLV KDV EHHQ D GUDPDWLF FKDQJH LQ SRSXODULW\ RYHU WKH ODVW GHFDGH DV WKH WUDGLWLRQDO PRQWK 86 0%$ SURJUDP IRUPDW KDV FRPH XQGHU LQFUHDVLQJ SUHVVXUH to adapt. *See overleaf for chart 2.3: Preferred program length by region
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
7DEOH 5HDVRQV IRU SXUVXLQJ DQ 0%$ PXOWLSOH FKRLFH
Study mode
% of respondents 2011
2012
To improve career prospects
68.7
65.4
To learn new skills
65.5
60.5
Leadership position
58.4
57.7
To build a professional network
49.5
50.5
To enable a career change
44.2
43.6
To boost salary
34.7
34.8
To start own business
33.4
30.6
Primarily for education
31.5
28.4
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Reasons for pursuing an MBA 7R LPSURYH FDUHHU SURVSHFWV WR OHDUQ QHZ VNLOOV DQG WR WDNH XS D OHDGHUVKLS SRVLWLRQ UHPDLQ WKH WKUHH SULPDU\ PRWLYDWRUV WR WDNH DQ 0%$ EXW WKHVH IDFWRUV KDYH GURSSHG VOLJKWO\ \HDU RQ \HDU %XLOGLQJ D SURIHVVLRQDO QHWZRUN DQG ERRVWLQJ VDODU\ DUH WKH RQO\ IDFWRUV WKDW KDYH EHFRPH PRUH LPSRUWDQW LQ WKDQ LQ 7KLV \HDU DSSOLFDQWV VHOHFWHG IHZHU RSWLRQV WR H[SODLQ WKHLU PRWLYDWLRQV IRU WDNLQJ DQ 0%$ 7KLV LV PRVW OLNHO\ D UHVXOW RI WKH ROGHU GHPRJUDSKLF RI UHVSRQGHQWV WR WKLV \HDU¡V VXUYH\ DV WKH\ DUH OLNHO\ WR KDYH D FOHDUHU SLFWXUH RI ZK\ WKH\ ZDQW WR JDLQ an MBA.
18
Study plans &KDUW 3UHIHUUHG SURJUDP OHQJWK E\ UHJLRQ < 10 months
10-18 months
19-24 months
> 24 months
US & Canada
11.9% 56.6%
2012
28.5% 2.9% 10.6% 59.9%
2011
19
27.5% 2.1%
Latin America
6.0% 38.3%
2012
50.4% 5.3% 6.4% 40.5%
2011
47.6% 5.5%
Western Europe
6.3% 29.4%
2012
60.2% 4.1% 7.3% 28.7%
2011
54.1% 9.8%
Eastern Europe
6.6% 29.9%
2012
60.4% 3.0% 10.7% 33.9%
2011
52.5% 2.9%
Asia Pacific
7.5% 42.2% 44.3%
2012 6.1% 6.5%
45.8% 42.3%
2011 5.4%
Africa/Middle East
11.2% 40.3% 41.6%
2012 6.9% 12.0% 33.0%
2011
48.1% 6.9% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Preferred program length by region ,Q FKDUW ZH VHH WKH FRQWLQXHG VKLIW LQ SURJUDP OHQJWK SUHIHUHQFH WRZDUGV VKRUWHU 0%$ FRXUVHV KDV RFFXUUHG LQ DOO UHJLRQV H[FHSW $IULFD DQG 0LGGOH (DVW )RU WKH Ã&#x20AC;UVW WLPH $VLDQ FDQGLGDWHV SUHIHU VKRUWHU PRQWK 0%$ SURJUDPV RYHU WKH WUDGLWLRQDO PRQWK IRUPDW 1RUWK $PHULFD LV QRZ WKH RQO\ UHJLRQ LQ WKH ZRUOG ZKHUH WKH PRQWK SURJUDP OHQJWK UHPDLQV WKH PRVW SRSXODU 0%$ IRUPDW %RWK :HVWHUQ DQG (DVWHUQ (XURSHDQ FDQGLGDWH SUHIHUHQFH WRZDUGV PRQWK SURJUDPV KDV DOVR LQFUHDVHG SUREDEO\ SDUWO\ GULYHQ E\ HFRQRPLF XQFHUWDLQW\ DQG DQ XQZLOOLQJQHVV WR EH RXW RI WKH ZRUNIRUFH IRU WRR ORQJ
3. Study plan preferences Top 20 MBA study destinations :KLOH WKH 86 DQG WKH 8. FOHDUO\ UHPDLQ WKH WRS WZR SUHIHUUHG GHVWLQDWLRQV IRU 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV WKHLU OHDG KDV GHFUHDVHG \HDU RQ \HDU FRQWLQXLQJ D WUHQG RI WKH ODVW Ă&#x20AC;YH \HDUV DV PRUH DQG PRUH FRXQWULHV EHFRPH UHOHYDQW as MBA study destinations.
Table 3.1: Top 20 MBA study destinations Top 20 destinations 2012 Rank
2012 %
2011 Rank
United States
1
62.3
1
United Kingdom
2
40.0
2
France
3
20.4
3
Canada
4
17.6
5
Spain
5
15.3
4
Australia
6
15.2
6 8
Switzerland
7
12.7
Germany
8
12.6
7
Singapore
9
12.6
9
Netherlands
10
8.3
11
Italy
11
7.5
10 15
China
12
6.1
Sweden
13
5.8
12
India
14
5.5
13 19
UAE
15
5.5
New Zealand
16
5.3
12
Belgium
17
5.2
14
South Africa
18
3.9
29
Japan
19
3.7
15
Denmark
20
3.7
16
$V WDEOH UHYHDOV FRXQWULHV RXWVLGH RI 1RUWK $PHULFD DQG :HVWHUQ (XURSH ZKLFK GLG QRW IHDWXUH DV 0%$ VWXG\ GHVWLQDWLRQV D GHFDGH DJR DUH ULVLQJ XS WKH WRS GHVWLQDWLRQ OLVW HDFK \HDU 6LQJDSRUH LV QRZ WK &KLQD KDV ULVHQ WR WK WKH 8$( WR WK DQG 6RXWK $IULFD WR WK PRVW SRSXODU 0%$ VWXG\ destination.
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Nunzio Quacquarelli, managing director of QS Quacquarelli Symonds $V FRXQWULHV VXFK DV &KLQD DQG 6RXWK $IULFD LQFUHDVLQJO\ IHDWXUH LQ JOREDO HFRQRPLF GLVFXVVLRQ 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV DUH EHLQJ DWWUDFWHG WR ORFDO EXVLQHVV VFKRROV DLPLQJ WR EHQHĂ&#x20AC;W IURP GHYHORSLQJ D FXOWXUDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG FORVH WLHV ZLWK ORFDO HPSOR\HUV +RZHYHU DW WKH VDPH WLPH WKH WRS GHVWLQDWLRQV UHWDLQ D VWURQJ OHDG LQ SRSXODULW\ DPRQJVW 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV DQG DUH DOPRVW H[FOXVLYHO\ ZHVWHUQ QDWLRQV 7KH RQO\ H[FHSWLRQ LV 6LQJDSRUH D QDWLRQ ZHOO NQRZQ IRU RIIHULQJ :HVWHUQ EXVLQHVV LGHDOV DV ZHOO DV VWURQJ EXVLQHVV HGXFDWLRQ OLQNV WR (XURSH 7KH GRPLQDQFH RI (XURSHDQ DQG 1RUWK $PHULFDQ EXVLQHVV HGXFDWLRQ GHVWLQDWLRQV UHĂ HFWV WKH ORQJ KLVWRU\ DQG JRRG UHSXWDWLRQ RI EXVLQHVV VFKRROV ORFDWHG LQ WKRVH FRXQWULHV
20
Study plan preferences 7DEOH 3UHIHUUHG 0%$ VWXG\ GHVWLQDWLRQ E\ UHJLRQ Preferred destination
Respondentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s home region
Africa & Middle East United States 52.3 % United Kingdom 43.4 %
62.9 %
Eastern Europe 59.5 %
Western Europe 51.4 %
Latin America 64.0 %
US & Canada 82.9 %
38.1 %
56.8 %
59.5 %
39.0 %
16.0 %
$VLD 3DFLÃ&#x20AC;F
France
17.0 %
19.1 %
33.9 %
32.5 %
24.3 %
7.7 %
Canada
21.8 %
19.5 %
16.1 %
9.3 %
19.0 %
14.2 %
Spain
11.8 %
11.9 %
16.7 %
23.7 %
33.3 %
9.6 %
Australia
14.3 &
21.9 %
8.6 %
10.9 %
18.5 %
3.1 %
Switzerland
9.6 %
12.7 %
22.3 %
20.0 %
15.8 %
3.4 %
Germany
10.5 %
12.5 %
26.2 %
16.0 %
17.3 %
2.5 %
Singapore
5.1 %
23.7 %
6.5 %
10.5 %
3.3 %
2.8 %
Netherlands
8.6 %
7.0 %
15.5 %
12.8 %
11.3 %
2.6 %
Italy
3.7 %
6.4 %
15.2 %
12.5 %
13.5 %
3.2 % 2.6 %
China
3.3 %
8.6 %
4.2 %
6.3 %
7.3 %
Sweden
6.2 %
5.6 %
13.1 %
6.1 %
6.8 %
1.2 %
India
1.6 %
11.8 %
0.9 %
1.9 %
0.5 %
2.2 %
UAE
15.4 %
3.8 %
2.7 %
5.3 %
1.3 %
1.9 %
New Zealand
4.7 %
7.8 %
4.8 %
2.6 %
6.0 %
1.2 %
Belgium
4.4 %
4.9 %
9.8 %
7.4 %
6.3 %
1.7 %
South Africa
15.2 %
1.8 %
0.9 %
2.3 %
1.8 %
0.5 %
Japan
1.6 %
5.4 %
3.9 %
2.6 %
5.5 %
1.2 %
Denmark
2.5 %
3.7 %
8.9 %
4.7 %
3.0 %
1.7 %
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Preferred MBA study destination by region 7KRXJK DOWHUQDWLYH GHVWLQDWLRQV DUH JUDGXDOO\ EHFRPLQJ PRUH SRSXODU LW UHPDLQV ODUJHO\ DPRQJVW FDQGLGDWHV RULJLQDWLQJ IURP WKH VDPH UHJLRQ DV VKRZQ LQ WDEOH ZKHUH 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV IURP WKH $VLD 3DFLÃ&#x20AC;F UHJLRQ DUH VKRZQ WR EH SURSRUWLRQDOO\ WKH ODUJHVW DSSOLFDQW SRRO IRU 0%$ SURJUDPV LQ &KLQD DQG ,QGLD ZKLOH WKRVH EDVHG LQ $IULFD DQG WKH 0LGGOH (DVW DUH WKH VRXUFH RI LQFUHDVHG GHPDQG WR VWXG\ LQ WKH 8$( DQG 6RXWK $IULFD 7KRXJK SRSXODU LQ HYHU\ UHJLRQ EXVLQHVV VFKRROV LQ WKH 86 DUH PRVW SRSXODU ZLWK GRPHVWLF DSSOLFDQWV ² RI 1RUWK $PHULFDQV VHHN WR VWXG\ LQ WKH 86$ $XVWUDOLDQ EXVLQHVV VFKRROV DUH PRVW DWWUDFWLYH WR FDQGLGDWHV IURP WKH $VLD 3DFLÃ&#x20AC;F UHJLRQ 7KH EULHI
IDOO LQ GHPDQG DPRQJVW $VLDQV VHHNLQJ WR VWXG\ LQ $XVWUDOLD LQ D UHVXOW RI EDG SXEOLFLW\ DURXQG UDFLDO DEXVH DJDLQVW $VLDQ VWXGHQWV ² VHHPV WR EH ZHDULQJ RII Spain remains a popular destination for Latin $PHULFDQ 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV EXW LWV SRSXODULW\ KDV ZDQHG LQ UHFHQW \HDUV ,Q SDUW WKLV FRXOG EH H[SODLQHG E\ /DWLQ $PHULFDQ DSSOLFDQWV ZLVKLQJ WR LPPHUVH WKHPVHOYHV LQ D FRPSOHWHO\ GLIIHUHQW ODQJXDJH DQG FXOWXUH KRZHYHU LW ZRXOG EH QDwYH WR WKLQN WKDW WKH 6SDQLVK HFRQRP\·V FXUUHQW ZRHV DQG KLJK UDWHV RI XQHPSOR\PHQW DPRQJVW WKH JHQHUDO SXEOLF ZHUHQ·W SOD\LQJ D SDUW 7KLV WKHRU\ LV EDFNHG XS E\ WKH GDWD LQ WDEOH ZKLFK VKRZV DOPRVW KDOI RI JOREDO 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV FKRRVH D VWXG\ GHVWLQDWLRQ EHFDXVH WKH\ ZRXOG OLNH WR ZRUN WKHUH DIWHUZDUGV
21
Study plan preferences Table 3.3: Reasons for preferred MBA study destination Reasons
Reasons for preferred MBA study destinations
% of respondents 2011
,Q WDEOH WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI 0%$ DFFUHGLWDWLRQ UDQNLQJV DQG UDWLQJV LV FOHDU ZLWK WKH FRQWLQXHG SURPLQHQFH DPRQJVW 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV RI ¶LQWHUQDWLRQDO UHFRJQLWLRQ RI TXDOLÃ&#x20AC;FDWLRQV· ZKHQ VHOHFWLQJ ZKHUH WR VWXG\ WKHLU 0%$ SURJUDP
2012
International recognition of qualifications
69.9
Cultural interest and lifestyle
59.2
52.5
Would like to work there afterwards
41.0
49.0
67.5
Target school
47.8
47.6
Scholarship/ Financial aid availability
45.3
44.0
Create network
34.5
36.0
Improve language skills It is (or is near to) the country I currently work in
37.8
33.6
14.9
17.8
Family connection
12.5
13.7
Visa situation
8.3
8.3
22
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Nunzio Quacquarelli, managing director of QS Quacquarelli Symonds 7KLV \HDU WKHUH LV D FOHDU SUHIHUHQFH DPRQJVW JOREDO DSSOLFDQWV UHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH VXUYH\ WRZDUGV FDUHHU JRDOV UDWKHU WKDQ OLIHVW\OH FKRLFHV ZKHQ VHOHFWLQJ ZKHUH WR VWXG\ 5HDVRQV VXFK DV ¶ZRXOG OLNH WR ZRUN WKHUH DIWHUZDUGV· DQG ¶FUHDWH D QHWZRUN· KDYH SURYHQ PRUH SRSXODU H[SODQDWLRQV IRU VHOHFWLQJ D VWXG\ GHVWLQDWLRQ ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR ZKLOH FKRLFHV VXFK DV ¶FXOWXUDO LQWHUHVW DQG OLIHVW\OH· DQG ¶LPSURYH ODQJXDJH VNLOOV· KDYH GURSSHG FRQVLGHUDEO\ LQ SRSXODULW\
7DEOH &ULWHULD IRU VHOHFWLQJ ZKLFK 0%$ SURJUDP V WR DSSO\ WR Criteria
Ranking
Rank
Africa & Middle East
Asia 3DFLÃ&#x20AC;F
Eastern Europe
Western Latin Latin Europe America America
US & Canada 5
Scholarships/ Financial aid
1
1
1
1
4
1
School reputation
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
Return on investment
3
6
4
4
2
4
2
Quality of research/ Academic staff
4
3
6
3
3
3
6
Career placement record
5
7
3
4
4
9
3
Accreditation status
6
4
8
9
6
5
4
Affordability
7
5
5
6
10
6
11
School specilizations
8
9
9
7
9
7
8
Teaching style
9
8
7
8
7
8
13
Recent school ranking
10
10
11
10
8
10
7
Profile of students/ Alumni
11
12
10
12
11
11
9
Employerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recommendation/ choice
12
14
12
11
12
13
14
Convenience of location Attended/ respected by peers & colleagues
13
12
15
13
14
12
12
14
15
13
14
13
15
10
15 Course length Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
11
14
15
14
14
15
Criteria for selecting which MBA program 7DEOH VKRZV D FOHDU SUHIHUHQFH DPRQJVW 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV RXWVLGH RI 1RUWK $PHULFD DQG :HVWHUQ (XURSH WRZDUGV 0%$ SURJUDPV WKDW RIIHU Ã&#x20AC;QDQFLDO DLG DQG VFKRODUVKLS LQFHQWLYHV 0HDQZKLOH JOREDOO\ SRSXODU ZKHQ VHOHFWLQJ ZKLFK EXVLQHVV VFKRRO WR DSSO\ WR LV WKH VFKRRO·V UHSXWDWLRQ 7KLV LV PRVW HYLGHQW LQ 1RUWK $PHULFD DQG :HVWHUQ (XURSH ZKHUH FDQGLGDWHV FRQVLGHU LW WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU &RXUVH OHQJWK LV ORZ GRZQ RQ WKH OLVW RI FRQVLGHUDWLRQV DPRQJVW FDQGLGDWHV LQ HYHU\ UHJLRQ VXJJHVWLQJ WKDW FDQGLGDWHV DUH ZLOOLQJ WR LQYHVW ORQJHU SHULRGV RI WLPH LQ WKHLU 0%$ HGXFDWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR HQVXUH FDUHHU YDOXH LQ WKHLU TXDOLÃ&#x20AC;FDWLRQ RQFH WKH\ JUDGXDWH
Study plan preferences Nunzio Quacquarelli, managing director of QS Quacquarelli Symonds :KHQ ORRNLQJ DW ¶&ULWHULD IRU VHOHFWLQJ ZKLFK 0%$ SURJUDP WR DSSO\ WR· WDEOH D FOHDU UHJLRQDO VSOLW LQ WKH SULRULWLHV IRU DSSOLFDQWV LV HYLGHQW 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV FRPLQJ IURP 1RUWK $PHULFD DQG :HVWHUQ (XURSH KLJKOLJKW IDFWRUV VXFK DV ¶UHWXUQ RQ LQYHVWPHQW· DQG ¶FDUHHU SODFHPHQW UHFRUG· DV EHLQJ KLJK XS RQ WKHLU OLVW RI FRQVLGHUDWLRQV SULRULWL]LQJ WKHP RYHU IDFWRUV VXFK DV ¶VFKRODUVKLSV Ã&#x20AC;QDQFLDO DLG· DQG ¶DIIRUGDELOLW\· ,Q WKHVH WZR UHJLRQV LW VHHPV WR EH WKH FDVH WKDW DSSOLFDQWV DUH ORRNLQJ WR WKH ORQJ WHUP Ã&#x20AC;QDQFLDO EHQHÃ&#x20AC;WV RI PDQDJHPHQW HGXFDWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR SD\ IRU WKHLU HGXFDWLRQ DQG DGYDQFH WKHLU FDUHHUV 0HDQZKLOH LQ WKH $IULFD 0LGGOH (DVW DQG /DWLQ $PHULFDQ UHJLRQV IDFWRUV VXFK DV ¶UHWXUQ RQ LQYHVWPHQW· DQG ¶FDUHHU SODFHPHQW UHFRUG· DSSHDU ORZ GRZQ LQ WKHLU SULRULWLHV ZKLOVW ¶DFFUHGLWDWLRQ VWDWXV· DSSHDUV PRUH important.
7DEOH 3UHIHUUHG 0%$ VSHFLDOL]DWLRQV MBA Specializations
% of respondents 2011
2012
Strategy
50.3
51.1
General management
51.9
49.6
International management
46.9
45.1
Finance
38.4
42.4
Leadership
37.3
37.3
Entrepreneurship
33.6
33.6
Marketing Operations management
34.3
29.7
22.0
21.7
Technology management
23.3
19.8
E-commerce
11.8
12.0
CSR
13.2
11.9
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Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
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Deciding which MBA program format is best for you? Get expert advice at TopMBA.com/business-schools/mba-programs
23
4. Study Plans: Finance options 7DEOH 0%$ ÀQDQFLQJ RSWLRQV
7DEOH 0%$ VFKRODUVKLSV
% of respondents
Finance options
% of respondents
2012
2011
2012
Scholarships
52.0
57.7
Study with no scholarship
Loan
16.9
14.5
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Own savings
11.9
13.8
Parents/ Family
6.6
4.5
Company sponsorship
12.6
9.5
No
Yes
32.2
67.8
MBA scholarships
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
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7DEOH 5HJLRQDO FRPSDULVRQ RI 0%$ ÀQDQFLQJ RSWLRQV
Regional comparison of MBA ÀQDQFLQJ RSWLRQV
Financing options %
2012 Company Loan sponsorship
Own savings 11.8
Africa/ Middle East 13.7
4.3
Asia Pacific
10.4
13.6
11.3
Eastern Europe
4.7
11.8
17.8
Western Europe
9.3
16.1
22.2
Latin America
5.0
12.1
13.2
US & Canada
7.5
30.2
13.5
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
:KHQ ORRNLQJ DW WDEOH FDQGLGDWHV FRPLQJ IURP 1RUWK $PHULFD DQG Parents/ Family Scholarships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24
5. Career objectives 7DEOH ,QWHQGHG LQGXVWU\ SRVW 0%$
Engineering
Finance
Government/ Public sector
Manufacturing/ Production
Media/ Advertising
Retail/ Wholesale
Technology
Telecoms
7.5
2.6
8.4
3.7
21.0
6.1
5.7
3.0
3.3
2.1
10.9
3.0
19.6
36.6
4.9
2.6
2.3
13.2
3.0
9.1
11.3
6.0
5.7
5.3
2.6
Education
17.4
2.5
24.6
4.4
5.0
14.3
10.6
5.0
8.1
5.6
0.9
8.7
1.9
Energy/ Environment/ Utilities 30.9 Engineering 21.4
4.7
3.3
45.8
13.1
17.8
4.4
8.7
1.8
3.3
1.8
11.3
1.8
3.6
2.6
10.7
34.0
10.9
3.8
10.5
2.1
1.2
1.4
13.1
1.4
Finance
5.8
3.0
5.3
1.6
47.6
6.9
5.5
2.5
2.8
2.9
7.3
2.4
28.0
1RQ SURÃ&#x20AC;W &KDULW\
Energy/ Environment/ Unilities
42.1
Consumer goods
Consumer goods
Consulting
Current sector
Consulting
Education
Intended industry post MBA %
Latin America
Government/ Public sector
26.8
2.8
2.5
7.0
3.5
19.7
29.2
4.2
3.5
4.9
1.8
7.0
2.8
Manufacturing/ Production Media/ Advertising
20.6
9.8
3.0
8.2
7.8
12.6
3.4
30.0
4.3
2.3
3.0
8.7
0.5
22.2
16.2
3.7
5.1
0.5
10.2
4.6
3.7
38.9
2.8
3.7
8.8
6.5
Non-profit/ Charity
27.5
3.9
12.4
7.8
1.3
13.1
14.4
2.0
9.8
34.6
2.0
3.9
1.3
Retail/ Wholesale
46.1
6.1
4.4
7.1
11.3
20.5
6.1
6.7
6.1
5.6
2.9
56.0
10.9
Technology
11.2
2.4
0.7
2.6
3.8
6.2
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.5
0.9
11.9
17.7
22.0 7.9 5.4 Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
6.3
2.9
21.3
7.1
8.8
5.6
3.6
2.9
8.6
2.5
Telecoms
Intended industry post-MBA Many candidates take an MBA to seek career SURJUHVVLRQ DQG WR VWD\ DQG ZRUN LQ WKH VDPH LQGXVWU\ 7KH PRVW SRSXODU LQGXVWU\ IRU 0%$ GULYHQ FDUHHU SURJUHVVLRQ LV Ã&#x20AC;QDQFH ZLWK VHHNLQJ WR UHWXUQ 6HFRQG ZLWK VHHNLQJ WR UHWXUQ LV HQHUJ\ DQG XWLOLWLHV 7KLUG LV FRQVXOWLQJ ZLWK DQG IRXUWK LV PHGLD DQG DGYHUWLVLQJ ZLWK VHHNLQJ WR UHWXUQ 7KRXJK FDUHHU VZLWFKLQJ 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV DUH FRPPRQSODFH DV VKRZQ LQ WDEOH LW LV IDU PRUH FRPPRQ IRU 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV WR KROG WKH SULPDU\ GHVLUH WR UHPDLQ LQ WKHLU FXUUHQW LQGXVWU\ ,Q IDFW
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25
Career objectives &KDUW :KHUH FDQGLGDWHV VHH WKHPVHOYHV LQ \HDUV
2011
2012
26
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Where candidates see themselves in 10 years &KDUW LV IXUWKHU SURRI RI WKH KLJKO\ DPELWLRXV QDWXUH RI 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV ZLWK ERWK HQWUHSUHQHXULDO VSLULW DOPRVW VHH WKHPVHOYHV UXQQLQJ WKHLU RZQ EXVLQHVV DQG YLVLRQV RI ULVLQJ WR WKH XSSHU HFKHORQV RI EXVLQHVV DOPRVW VHH WKHPVHOYHV EHFRPLQJ D &(2 RI D ODUJH FRPSDQ\ ZKLOH RYHU H[SHFW WR EHFRPH D GLUHFWRU RI D ODUJH SXEOLF FRPSDQ\
Expected weekly hours post-MBA 7KHVH DPELWLRQV DUH XQOLNHO\ WR EH IXOÃ&#x20AC;OOHG ZLWKRXW D KXJH DPRXQW RI ZRUN DQG DV WDEOH VKRZV 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV H[SHFW WKLV 7KLV \HDU PRUH DSSOLFDQWV H[SHFW WR ZRUN ORQJHU KRXUV LQ RUGHU WR DFKLHYH ZKDW WKH\ GHVLUH ZLWK DOPRVW KDOI RI UHVSRQGHQWV H[SHFWLQJ WR ZRUN PRUH WKDQ KRXUV SHU ZHHN RQFH WKH\ JUDGXDWH
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Hours per week
% of respondents 2011
2012
Up to 40 hours
10.8
10.5
40-50 hours
44
42.0
50-60 hours
32.4
31.1
60-70 hours
11.4
10.9
Over 70 hours
1.4
5.5
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Find out how many graduates MBA employers plan to hire in the QS TopMBA.com Jobs and Salary Trends Report Visit: TopMBA.com/jobs-salary-report
6. Salary expectations Salary expectations 7DEOH LV IXUWKHU HYLGHQFH RI WKH KXJHO\ DPELWLRXV QDWXUH WKDW 0%$ FDQGLGDWHV LQ JHQHUDO SRVVHVV :KLOH IRU WKH PDMRULW\ WKH H[SHFWHG VDODU\ LQFUHDVHV UHSRUWHG DUH XQUHDOLVWLFDOO\ KLJK LPPHGLDWHO\ DIWHU JUDGXDWLRQ ZKHQ DQQXDO ERQXV UHPXQHUDWLRQ LV WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW WKHVH Ã&#x20AC;JXUHV DUH FHUWDLQO\ DFKLHYDEOH &DQGLGDWHV ORFDWHG LQ WKH $VLD 3DFLÃ&#x20AC;F (DVWHUQ (XURSHDQ DQG $IULFD DQG WKH 0LGGOH (DVW UHJLRQV H[SHFW WKH ODUJHVW DYHUDJH VDODU\ LQFUHDVHV SURSRUWLRQDWH WR WKHLU FXUUHQW UHPXQHUDWLRQ ZLWK H[SHFWHG VDODULHV KRYHULQJ DURXQG IRXU WLPHV WKHLU FXUUHQW 0HDQZKLOH WKRVH LQ :HVWHUQ (XURSH 1RUWK $PHULFD DQG /DWLQ $PHULFD DUH SHUKDSV D OLWWOH PRUH UHDOLVWLF H[SHFWLQJ LQFUHDVHV RI DURXQG WLPHV WKHLU FXUUHQW VDODULHV 2I SDUWLFXODU QRWH LV WKDW ZKLOVW 0%$ HPSOR\HUV LQ :HVWHUQ (XURSH DUH KLJKOLJKWHG LQ WKH PRVW UHFHQW
7DEOH 3RVW 0%$ VDODU\ H[SHFWDWLRQV E\ UHJLRQ Regions
Salary expectations Average current salary ($)
Average target salary ($) 120,000
Africa & Middle East
37,000
Asia Pacific
35,000
122,000
Eastern Europe
42,000
149,000
Western Europe
53,000
125,000
Latin America
38,000
90,000
US & Canada
61,000
153,000
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012 QS TopMBA.com Jobs and Salary Trends Report as SD\LQJ IUHVK 0%$ JUDGXDWHV WKH KLJKHVW DYHUDJH 0%$ VDODULHV FDQGLGDWHV IURP WKLV UHJLRQ H[SHFW ORZHU VDODULHV WKDQ WKRVH LQ 1RUWK $PHULFD DQG (DVWHUQ (XURSH
&KDUW 3RVW 0%$ VDODU\ H[SHFWDWLRQV E\ FRXQWU\ DQG \HDUV RI H[SHULHQFH
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Chart 6.2 and table 6.3: MBA Salary expectations by years of work experience &KDUW DQG WDEOH VKRZ WKH H[SHFWHG VDODU\ EUHDNGRZQ IRU D VHOHFWLRQ RI FRXQWULHV ZLWK HQRXJK UHVSRQVHV WR PDNH VWDWLVWLFV VXFK DV DYHUDJH VDODU\ GDWD VWDWLFDOO\ UHOHYDQW :KDW LV FOHDU IURP ERWK LV WKDW H[SHFWHG VDODULHV YDU\ ZLGHO\ IURP FRXQWU\ WR FRXQWU\ EXW UHPDLQ VLPLODU ZLWKLQ HDFK UHJLRQ +RZHYHU WKHUH LV D VHOHFWLRQ RI FRXQWULHV WKDW EUHDN ZLWK WKLV WUHQG 6ZLVV 0%$ FDQGLGDWHV KDYH FRQVLGHUDEO\ KLJKHU VWDUWLQJ VDODULHV DQG SRVW 0%$ VDODU\ H[SHFWDWLRQV WKDQ WKH UHVW RI :HVWHUQ
(XURSH DQG DQ\ RWKHU FRXQWU\ OLVWHG IRU WKDW PDWWHU 0HDQZKLOH 6SDQLVK FDQGLGDWHV KDYH WKH ORZHVW FXUUHQW VDODULHV DQG DOVR H[SHFW WKH ORZHVW VDODU\ H[SHFWDWLRQV DIWHU JUDGXDWLQJ IURP WKHLU 0%$V &DQGLGDWHV ZLWK OHVV WKDQ IRXU \HDUV ZRUN H[SHULHQFH FRPLQJ IURP &KLQD 6ZLW]HUODQG DQG 7KDLODQG DSSHDU WR EH XQUHDOLVWLF LQ WKHLU H[SHFWDWLRQV DV WKHLU DYHUDJH H[SHFWHG VDODULHV H[FHHG WKHLU FRXQWHUSDUWV ZLWK Ã&#x20AC;YH \HDUV RU PRUH ZRUN H[SHULHQFH 7KLV LV WUXH HYHQ WKRXJK WKHLU FXUUHQW VDODULHV DUH DV H[SHFWHG WKRVH ZLWK OHVV H[SHULHQFH KDYH ORZHU UHPXQHUDWLRQ SDFNDJHV
27
Salary expectations Nunzio Quacquarelli, managing director of QS Quacquarelli Symonds *OREDOO\ WDUJHW 0%$ VDODULHV DPRQJVW 0%$ FDQGLGDWHV KDYH KLW UHFRUG OHYHOV LQ UHĂ HFWLQJ FRQĂ&#x20AC;GHQFH LQ WKH YDOXH RI WKH GHJUHH 6ZLVV 0%$V H[SHFW WR HDUQ RYHU 86 DIWHU WKH\ JUDGXDWH +LJK VDODU\ H[SHFWDWLRQV DPRQJVW 6ZLVV 0%$ FDQGLGDWHV FDQ EH H[SODLQHG E\ WKH ODUJH QXPEHU RI 6ZLVV 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV FRPLQJ RXW RI KLJK SD\LQJ ZRUN LQ Ă&#x20AC;QDQFLDO VHUYLFHV DQG WKHQ H[SHFWLQJ WR UH HQWHU WKH VDPH KLJK SD\LQJ LQGXVWU\ DW PRUH VHQLRU OHYHOV %UD]LOLDQ DQG 5XVVLDQ 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV DOVR KDYH KLJK DYHUDJH WDUJHW VDODULHV LQ RI 86 DQG 86 UHVSHFWLYHO\ 2QO\ D VPDOO PLQRULW\ RI 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV H[SHFW WR EH HDUQLQJ OHVV WKDQ 86 RQ JUDGXDWLRQ 7KHVH H[SHFWDWLRQV UHSUHVHQW D VLJQLĂ&#x20AC;FDQW MXPS RQ SUHYLRXV \HDUV RI WKH 46 7RS0%$ FRP $SSOLFDQW 6XUYH\ DQG FDQ RQO\ SDUWO\ EH H[SODLQHG E\ WKH JUHDWHU QXPEHU RI \HDUV ZRUN H[SHULHQFH SRVVHVVHG E\ UHVSRQGHQWV 0HDQZKLOH ORZHU FXUUHQW DQG H[SHFWHG SRVW 0%$ VDODULHV DPRQJVW FDQGLGDWHV FRPLQJ IURP 6SDLQ LV FOHDUO\ D UHVXOW RI WKH FRXQWU\¡V Ă&#x20AC;QDQFLDO VLWXDWLRQ
7DEOH 3RVW 0%$ VDODU\ H[SHFWDWLRQV E\ FRXQWU\ DQG \HDUV RI H[SHULHQFH Country
2011
2012
Average Average Average Average current target current target salary ($) salary ($) salary ($) salary ($) Brazil
47,000
139,000
59,000
0-4 years
39,000
134,000
50,000
147,000
5+ years
55,000
143,000
64,000
184,000 140,000
Canada
172,000
55,000
138,000
56,000
0-4 years
46,000
127,000
48,000
131,000
5+ years
63,000
147,000
62,000
146,000
China
35,000
116,000
37,000
129,000
0-4 years
28,000
105,000
25,000
133,000
5+ years
41,000
128,000
45,000
127,000
52,000
134,000
49,000
114,000
49,000
125,000
40,000
109,000
France 0-4 years 5+ years Germany
54,000
146,000
58,000
120,000
55,000
148,000
65,000
132,000
0-4 years
46,000
134,000
53,000
110,000
5+ years
62,000
158,000
74,000
148,000
25,000
103,000
26,000
115,000
22,000
97,000
23,000
104,000 139,000
India 0-4 years 5+ years Italy 0-4 years 5+ years
30,000
116,000
32,000
30,000
79,000
37,000
110,000
29,000
74,000
33,000
108,000
30,000
95,000
45,000
113,000
57,000
129,000
67,000
144,000
0-4 years
38,000
104,000
51,000
108,000
5+ years
73,000
148,000
72,000
156,000
Kazakhstan
27,000
85,000
29,000
113,000
0-4 years
24,000
82,000
22,000
90,000
5+ years
31,000
89,000
38,000
144,000
0-4 years
31,000 23,000
89,000 72,000
31,000 20,000
105,000 95,000
5+ years
36,000
99,000
43,000
114,000
Japan
Malaysia
(Continued overleaf)
28
Salary expectations 7DEOH 3RVW 0%$ VDODU\ H[SHFWDWLRQV E\ FRXQWU\ DQG \HDUV RI H[SHULHQFH FRQWLQXHG
2011
Country
2012
Average Average Average Average current target current target salary ($) salary ($) salary ($) salary ($) Nigeria 0-4 years 5+ years Russia
32,000
111,000
37,000
116,000
29,000
96,000
26,000
90,000
38,000 36,000
131,000 121,000
45,000 48,000
138,000 168,000
0-4 years
29,000
99,000
35,000
132,000
5+ years
44,000
141,000
54,000
183,000
Singapore
144,000
53,000
123,000
56,000
0-4 years
48,000
131,000
49,000
123,000
5+ years
57,000
116,000
60,000
157,000
South Africa
45,000
129,000
50,000
165,000
0-4 years
41,000
126,000
30,000
153,000
5+ years
47,000
129,000
53,000
167,000
South Korea
44,000
102,000
50,000
147,000
0-4 years
37,000
112,000
37,000
133,000
5+ years
51,000
94,000
55,000
153,000
Spain
34,000
59,000
44,000
75,000
0-4 years
31,000
49,000
33,000
70,000
5+ years
44,000
83,000
49,000
78,000
Switzerland
79,000
182,000
82,000
0-4 years
68,000
184,000
66,000
202,000 227,000
5+ years
99,000
181,000
90,000
191,000
25,000
83,000
23,000
99,000
0-4 years
24,000
89,000
19,000
107,000
5+ years
33,000
46,000
30,000
87,000
32,000
83,000
34,000
119,000
0-4 years
30,000
80,000
29,000
102,000
5+ years
38,000
94,000
44,000
145,000
50,000
118,000
47,000
142,000 130,000
Thailand
Turkey
UAE 0-4 years
40,000
96,000
36,000
5+ years
58,000
140,000
55,000
152,000
50,000
130,000
54,000
139,000 110,000
UK 0-4 years
33,000
117,000
33,000
5+ years
61,000
140,000
62,000
151,000
56,000
134,000
58,000
153,000
US 0-4 years
48,000
122,000
49,000
142,000
5+ years
65,000
148,000
65,000
161,000
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Discover how much MBA employers plan to pay MBA holders in the QS TopMBA.com Jobs and Salary Trends Report Visit: TopMBA.com/jobs-salary-report
29
Salary expectations 7DEOH 3RVW 0%$ VDODU\ H[SHFDWLRQV E\ amount of work experience Years of work experience %Average of current salary ($)
Average % Increase target salary ($)
0-4
29,431
101,759
246
5-9
48,939
135,994
178
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Post-MBA salary expectations by amount of work experience 7DEOH VSOLWV UHVSRQGHQWV· FXUUHQW DQG H[SHFWHG SRVW 0%$ VDODULHV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH DPRXQW RI ZRUN H[SHULHQFH WKH\ KDYH JDLQHG :KLOH DOO WKUHH JURXSV VKRZ D JUHDW GHDO RI RSWLPLVP ZKHQ WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW ERQXVHV DQG VDODU\ OHYHOV WKUHH \HDUV RU PRUH DIWHU JUDGXDWLRQ WKH\ DUH QRW IDU IHWFKHG (QFRXUDJLQJO\ DSSOLFDQWV ZLWK OHVV ZRUN H[SHULHQFH VHHP WR XQGHUVWDQG WKDW WKH\ DUH OLNHO\ WR HDUQ ORZHU VDODULHV WKDQ WKHLU FRXQWHUSDUWV ZLWK JUHDWHU \HDUV RI experience.
7. Sources of information 7DEOH (GXFDWLRQ IDLUV DQG HYHQWV
Education fairs/ Events
Table 7.2: Online information sources % of respondents 2012
Online sources
% of respondents 2012
77
TopMBA.com
48
QS World MBA Tour
71
The MBA Tour
25
GMAC.com
38
QS World Grad School Tour
18
Business Week
36
Online Fairs
17
FT.com
32
British Council
16
Economist.com
31
Access MBA
12
25
QS World Exec MBA Tour GMAC
11
LinkedIn Facebook
10
Studyabroad.com
14
Other
8
Yahoo
12
IDP Education Australia
4
WSJ.com
11
AMBA
2
7
Timesonline.com
5
Studylink.com
5
Other MSN
4
Education fairs and events
Chasedream
3
7KH 46 :RUOG 0%$ 7RXU UHPDLQV WKH QXPEHU RQH VRXUFH RI IDFH WR IDFH FRQWDFW EHWZHHQ 0%$ FDQGLGDWHV DQG EXVLQHVV VFKRROV
Myspace
1
Bait.com
1
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
25
4
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Online sources of information 8QVXUSULVLQJO\ *RRJOH LV WKH PRVW SRSXODU RQOLQH WRRO IRU 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV WR Ã&#x20AC;QG LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKHLU IXWXUH SURJUDPV DQG LV PRUH WKDQ OLNHO\ WKH JDWHZD\ WR PDQ\ RI WKH RWKHU ZHEVLWHV RQ WKLV OLVW TopMBA.com LV WKH PRVW SRSXODU FRQWHQW EDVHG VRXUFH RI LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV GHFLGLQJ ZKLFK EXVLQHVV VFKRROV DQG 0%$ SURJUDPV WR DSSO\ WR ,W LV IROORZHG E\ WKH ZHEVLWH IRU WKH *0$7 WHVW DQG LWV SDUHQW RUJDQL]DWLRQ *0$& DQG WKHQ WKH RQOLQH SRUWDOV IRU Businessweek The Financial Times and The Economist.
30
7. Sources of information 0%$ UDQNLQJV DQG UDWLQJV
Table 7.3: MBA rankings and ratings % of
MBA rankings and ratings
respondents 2012
Financial Times TopMBA.com / QS TopMBA Career Guide
60
The Economist
45
Business Week
45
QS World University Rankings
43
US News and World Reports
25
Wall Street Journal Academic Ranking of World Universities
23
National rankings in chosen destination country
12
Other
4
51
17
Webometrics Ranking Web of World Universities
4
America Economia
3
CHE / DAAD
2
Far Eastern Economic Review
1
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
7DEOH OLVWV WKH 0%$ UDQNLQJV DQG UDWLQJV XVHG E\ 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV ZKLOH UHVHDUFKLQJ 0%$ SURJUDPV 0RVW FRPPRQO\ XVHG LV WKH Financial Times¡ 0%$ UDQNLQJ IROORZHG E\ 46¡ UDWLQJV SXEOLVKHG RQ 7RS0%$ FRP DQG LQ WKH TopMBA Career Guide WKLV LQFOXGHV WKH QS Global 200 Business Schools Report DQG WKH Beyond Grey Pinstripes UDQNLQJ RI EXVLQHVV VFKRROV E\ VRFLDOO\ UHVSRQVLEOH FRQWHQW
Nunzio Quacquarelli, managing director of QS Quacquarelli Symonds ,Q ERWK WDEOHV DQG RQH FRQFOXVLRQ LV FOHDU ² MBA applicants prefer editorially driven sources RI LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW WKH\ DUH DEOH WR WUXVW RYHU VRFLDO QHWZRUNLQJ VLWHV DQG VLPSOH WRROV ZKHWKHU WKH\ DUH VSHFLĂ&#x20AC;FDOO\ IRFXVHG WRZDUGV DLGLQJ 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV VWXGHQWV DQG JUDGXDWHV VXFK as TopMBA.com RU LI WKH\ FRYHU ZLGHU VXEMHFW DUHDV VXFK DV Businessweek, The Financial Times, and The Economist.
Find out which business schools MBA employers value the most in QSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; MBA employer rating, the QS Global 200 Business School Report. Visit: TopMBA.com/global-200
31
8. Gender trends &KDUW *HQGHU SURÃ&#x20AC;OH RI 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV
Male
Female
*HQGHU SURÃ&#x20AC;OH RI 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV &KDUW KLJKOLJKWV WKH FRQWLQXHG XQGHU UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI ZRPHQ RQ 0%$ SURJUDPV %XVLQHVV VFKRROV FRQWLQXDOO\ DWWHPSW WR DWWUDFW IHPDOH DSSOLFDQWV ZKLFK LV ZK\ WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI IHPDOH FDQGLGDWHV KDV LQFUHDVHG JUDGXDOO\ IURP LQ WR WKLV \HDU D Ã&#x20AC;JXUH WKDW FORVHO\ DOLJQV ZLWK WKH DPRXQW RI ZRPHQ WDNLQJ WKH *0$7 WHVW IRU 0%$ DGPLVVLRQ 0DQ\ FRPPHQWDWRUV VWLOO KLJKOLJKW IDFWRUV WKDW GLVFRXUDJH ZRPHQ IURP DSSO\LQJ WR EXVLQHVV VFKRRO VXFK DV
$ VKRUWDJH RI IHPDOH UROH PRGHOV LQ KLJK SURÃ&#x20AC;OH PDQDJHPHQW SRVLWLRQV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG
3UHFRQFHSWLRQV DPRQJVW ZRPHQ RI D PDOH GRPLQDWHG EXVLQHVV ZRUOG
$ SUHIHUHQFH DPRQJVW VRPH ZRPHQ WR RSW IRU Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
FDUHHUV WKDW RIIHU D PRUH SUHIHUDEOH ZRUN OLIH EDODQFH WKDQ WKRVH WKDW DUH WUDGLWLRQDOO\ IDYRUHG DPRQJVW 0%$ JUDGXDWHV
&KDUW *HQGHU SURÃ&#x20AC;OH RI 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV
Male
Female
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
*HQGHU SURÃ&#x20AC;OH RI 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV E\ UHJLRQ &KDUW VKRZV WKDW WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI ZRPHQ DSSO\LQJ WR 0%$ SURJUDPV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG YDULHV JUHDWO\ DFFRUGLQJ WR UHJLRQ ,Q 1RUWK $PHULFD DQG (DVWHUQ (XURSH WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI IHPDOH FDQGLGDWHV LV DURXQG ZKLOH LQ :HVWHUQ (XURSH DQG WKH $IULFD DQG 0LGGOH (DVW UHJLRQV D WKLUG RU OHVV FDQGLGDWHV DUH IHPDOH
Nunzio Quacquarelli, managing director of QS Quacquarelli Symonds 7KH SURSRUWLRQDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI IHPDOH FDQGLGDWHV LQWHUHVWHG LQ DSSO\LQJ WR 0%$ SURJUDPV KLJKOLJKWV KRZ D VRFLHW\·V WUDGLWLRQDO DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV VH[XDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ DW ZRUN FDQ GUDPDWLFDOO\ DIIHFW WKH QXPEHU RI DPELWLRXV ZRPHQ ORRNLQJ WR DGYDQFH WKHLU FDUHHUV ZLWK DQ 0%$ ,Q $IULFD DQG WKH 0LGGOH (DVW IRU H[DPSOH MXVW XQGHU RI DSSOLFDQWV DUH ZRPHQ ZKLOH LQ 1RUWK $PHULFD DQG (DVWHUQ (XURSH WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI ZRPHQ DSSO\LQJ IRU 0%$ SURJUDPV LV DOPRVW HYHQ WR WKH QXPEHU RI PHQ
32
Gender trends 7DEOH 0DOH PRWLYDWLRQV IRU WDNLQJ DQ 0%$ Male
7DEOH )HPDOH PRWLYDWLRQV IRU WDNLQJ DQ 0%$ Female
% of respondents
% of respondents
2011
2012
2011
2012
To improve career prospects
60
64
To improve career prospects
59
68
To learn new skills
57
61
To learn new skills
57
60
Leadership position
52
58
Leadership position
48
57
To build a professional network
44
51
To build a professional network
41
50 43
To enable a career change
41
44
To enable a career change
35
To boost salary
33
36
To boost salary
26
33
Primarily for education
27
28
Primarily for education
27
28
To start own business
32
33
To start own business
25
27
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Motivations for taking an MBA by gender )RU WKH PRVW SDUW PDOH DQG IHPDOH FDQGLGDWHV DSSHDU WR EH DSSO\LQJ WR 0%$ SURJUDPV IRU YHU\ VLPLODU UHDVRQV +RZHYHU WZR NH\ GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH VH[HV HPHUJH ZKHQ ORRNLQJ DW WKHLU PRWLYDWLRQV IRU WDNLQJ 0%$ SURJUDPV
:RPHQ DUH PRUH OLNHO\ WKDQ PHQ WR ORRN WR DQ 0%$ GHJUHH WR LPSURYH WKHLU FDUHHU SURVSHFWV 0HQ DUH PRUH OLNHO\ WR DSSO\ IRU DQ 0%$ SURJUDP LQ RUGHU WR VWDUW WKHLU RZQ EXVLQHVV 7DEOH 3URJUDP OHQJWK SUHIHUHQFHV E\ JHQGHU Duration
% of respondents Male
7DEOH 6WXG\ PRGH SUHIHUHQFH E\ JHQGHU Study mode
Female
% of respondents Male
Female 56.3
< 10 months
5.3
5.1
Full time
54.4
10 - 18 months
44.4
46.7
Part time
17.4
17.8
19 - 24 months
41.4
40.5
Executive education
12.6
10.3
> 24 months
8.9
7.7
Distance learning
9.9
10.0
Online learning
5.6
5.6
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Table 8.4 and Table 8.5: Program length and study mode preferences by gender 7KRXJK SURJUDP OHQJWK SUHIHUHQFHV DUH VLPLODU IRU ERWK PDOH DQG IHPDOH 0%$ FDQGLGDWHV ZRPHQ VKRZ D VOLJKW SUHIHUHQFH WRZDUGV VKRUWHU VWXG\ GXUDWLRQV DFFRUGLQJ WR WDEOH )XUWKHU DV VKRZQ LQ WDEOH IXOO WLPH 0%$ SURJUDPV DUH PRUH SUHIHUDEOH WR IHPDOH FDQGLGDWHV WKDQ H[HFXWLYH 0%$ SURJUDPV
33
Gender trends Table 8.6.1: Industry sectors preferred by male respondents
Table 8.6.2: Industry sectors preferred by female respondents
% of Rank
% of Rank
respondents Industry
Male
respondents Industry
Female
1
Consulting
45
1
Consulting
40
2
Finance
37
2
Finance
32
3
Technology
26
3
Consumer goods
16
4
Energy/ Environment/ Utilities Engineering
15
4
Media/ Advertising
14
5
14
5
Technology
13
6
Manufacturing/ Production
13
6
Government/ Public sector
13
7
Government/ Public sector
12
7
12
8
Consumer goods
10
8
Manufacturing/ Production HR/ Recruiting/ Training
9
Telecoms
9
9
Non-profit/ Charity
10
10
Education
7
10
Energy/ Environment/ Utilities
10
11
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Industry sector preferences by gender 7DEOHV DQG FOHDUO\ VKRZ WKDW WKH Ă&#x20AC;QDQFH DQG FRQVXOWLQJ VHFWRUV DUH UXQDZD\ IDYRULWHV IRU ERWK VH[HV LQ WHUPV RI ZKLFK LQGXVWULHV 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV ZRXOG OLNH WR ZRUN LQ RQFH WKH\ JUDGXDWH +RZHYHU LW DSSHDUV WKDW IHPDOH 0%$V DUH PRUH OLNHO\ WR HQWHU D ZLGHU UDQJH RI VHFWRUV WKDQ WKHLU PDOH FRXQWHUSDUWV UHSUHVHQWHG E\ D VOLJKWO\ PRUH HYHQ VSUHDG RI FKRLFHV LQ WDEOH
7DEOH 6DODU\ H[SHFWDWLRQV E\ JHQGHU 2012 %Average of current salary ($)
Average target salary ($)
% Increase
Male
40,800
151,100
270
Female
37,100
127,600
244
Source: QS TopMBA.com Applicant Survey 2012
Table 8.7: Salary expectations by gender $OWKRXJK FXUUHQW PDOH DQG IHPDOH VDODULHV DUH QRW WRR GLVVLPLODU LQ WDEOH DYHUDJH WDUJHW VDODULHV GLIIHU PRUH VR 7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO H[SODQDWLRQV IRU WKLV WKDW DUH RXWVLGH WKH VFRSH RI WKLV UHSRUW :RPHQ PD\ SUHIHU WR WDNH MREV LQ OHVV ZHOO SDLG UROHV ZLWK D EHWWHU ZRUN OLIH EDODQFH )HPDOH DSSOLFDQWV PD\ DOVR EH PRUH LQFOLQHG WKDQ PHQ WR VHHN UROHV WKDW ZLOO DOORZ WKHP Ă H[LELOLW\ WR VWDUW D IDPLO\ +RZHYHU WKH Ă&#x20AC;JXUHV DOVR LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH H[SHFWDWLRQV RI IHPDOH 0%$ DSSOLFDQWV DUH RYHUDOO SHUKDSV PRUH UHDOLVWLF WKDQ WKDW RI PHQ
46 UXQV VSHFLĂ&#x20AC;F HYHQWV LQ RUGHU WR KHOS UHGUHVV WKH JHQGHU LPEDODQFH DW EXVLQHVV VFKRRO 7R Ă&#x20AC;QG RXW PRUH YLVLW ZLO 7RS0%$ FRP
34
Notes
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