Bees for Development Journal 112
COMBINATION BEEKEEPING – A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM André Wermelinger, Free the Bees, Switzerland Keywords: Dadant hive, extensive beekeeping, honey production, intensive beekeeping, natural beekeeping, pollination, Swiss hive, Warré People’s hive
hive can increase the colony’s susceptibility to disease by up to 20%1. The virulence of viruses and parasites in nucleus colonies tends to increase with artificial swarming2 and foulbrood spores are found on a much smaller scale in wild or feral populations than in managed counterparts3.
Why are activities like honey production, bee breeding and pollination provision described with fixed beekeeping guidelines and with fixed bee hives? Why not consider combining several beekeeping methods?
Conversely, natural beekeeping methods yield smaller amounts of honey but more natural swarms and therefore an increase in colony numbers. These methods also tend to need less treatment. The closer we manage to emulate the bees’ natural environment, the greater their chance of being able to adapt to environmental changes and thus ensure long-term preservation of the species. Natural beekeeping methods can ensure that increases in colonies are easily achieved with minimal effort as well as ensuring pollination on farmland. Furthermore, the hives are simpler to build and require lower operating costs.
Beekeeping today is largely classified according to which type of hive is used. Bees are kept in a Swiss hive, a Dadant frame hive or some other hive type – and so we tend to subjectively classify our beekeeping methods according to hive type. A Warré People’s hive beekeeper is thus more likely to be perceived as a ‘natural beekeeper’, whereas someone with a Swiss hive will be considered a ‘honey-producing’ beekeeper. However, several examples have illustrated that the Swiss hive does lend itself to natural beekeeping much in the same way that a Warré People’s hive is suitable also for intensive bee farming. The terminology applied is thus imprecise and the method of beekeeping cannot be determined according to the type of hive being utilised. Technical terms to refer to beekeeping methods are currently still lacking from our vocabulary.
There are no good or bad beekeeping methods, or right or wrong. Instead, it is much more likely that the key to the problem lies in finding an optimal way of combining various beekeeping methods with different hives. We must ensure that honey bee species are kept alive in the long term. Our second priority is pollination. And we would still like to harvest some honey. If we wish to focus on these objectives then the only way forward would be to adopt a combined method of beekeeping. As an example the Extensive Honey Production method is capable of delivering honey quite sustainably. If 10 or 20% of the bees are kept either fully naturally or at least according to Natural Beekeeping methods, honey can be sustainably sold and consumed with a clean conscience. Could this become a new seal or quality mark that places emphasis on the bees’ welfare?
So what are the actual factors that determine our level of beekeeping intensity? The table below enables beekeepers to evaluate the level of intensity at which they operate. Those who are aware of the factors will then be able to consciously make changes and move either in one direction or another. Many people will find themselves between methods. A beekeeper may consciously decide to work intensively with one colony and use natural beekeeping with another. The more intensive the beekeeping method, the higher the economic yield expected. However there is a side effect on biodiversity with a risk of long-term effects on the species. While the stacking of honey chambers, the division of bees and brood to create nucleus colonies and the use of foundation frames may increase honey yields, these methods also increase bees’ susceptibility to diseases. Studies have shown that increasing a honey yield by 10 kg per
Bernard Heuvel, based on numbers taken from T D Seeley’s book Honeybee ecology (1985) Princeton University Press, USA 201 pp 1
SEELEY,T.D. (2007). Honey bees of the Arnot Forest: a population of feral colonies persisting with Varroa destructor in the northeastern United States s.l. Apidologie 38 (1) 2
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www.tandfoonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03014223.1994.951.7996
Table 1: Beekeeping methods with corresponding keys/indicators (from www.freethebees.ch) Natural nesting colonies
Natural beekeeping
Extensive honey production
Intensive honey production
Fixed volume, for example hollowed out tree trunk
Volume increase beneath the brood nest (nadiring)
Volume increase above the brood nest (honey chamber)
Volume increase above the brood nest (honey chamber)
Reproduction Natural swarm
Natural swarm
Natural prime swarm Afterswarms possibly pre-empted by dividing into nucleus colonies
Nucleus colonies, artificial swarms, queen rearing
Feeding
In extremis to avoid colony loss. Honey/sugar mix
Honey/sugar mix
Sugar
Natural comb, fixed comb
Natural comb, possibly using frames but no foundation comb
Removable frames with foundation comb
Natural (for example essential oils)
Essential oils, possibly oxalic acid
Formic acid, oxalic acid, acarcides
Natural swarms, small amounts of honey for personal use
Natural swarms, nucleus colonies, honey
Honey, nucleus colonies, occasionally a natural swarm
Hive and changes in volume
Comb building
Natural comb, fixed comb
Varroa treatment Yield
Natural swarms, maybe some honey after several years
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