Bees for Development Journal 123 July 2017
performing them in the space of two months, and they occurred in the same small mango orchard where I discovered congregated bivouacs of giant honey bees during migration [“On the Stopovers of Giants,” Natural History, October 2014]. The following year, hornets were completely absent from the area due to heavy monsoons, and I witnessed no defensive swarming by Apis cerana. What is it about that orchard, that spot on the Earth, that draws swarms of one species of honey bee to rest and refuel as it undertakes long migrations, and swarms of another honey bee to select it as the place to stage
a defence that allows it to escape its most fearsome predators? I am curious to know. The bees have drawn me in. More information ROBINSON;W.S. (2013) Apis cerana swarms abscond to battle and elude hornets (Vespa spp) in northern Thailand. Journal of Apicultural Research 52(3): 160-172. DOI 10.3896/IBRA.1.52.3.08 Reproduced with thanks from Natural History, June 2016 © Natural History Magazine Inc 2016
Beekeeper training in Vietnam Photo © Gard W. Otis
Harvesting wild honey is a centuriesold tradition in south-east Asia. In Vietnam, as forest habitat for wild bees has diminished, the demand for premium ‘forest honey’ has exceeded supply, creating economic opportunities for beekeeping. In 1978, the Vietnam government began organising beekeeping programmes throughout the country to boost income for some of its poorest communities and to increase the honey supply for both domestic consumption and export. The National Apicultural Joint Stock Company began supplying beekeeping tools and materials to all the provincial companies. The training of beekeepers became primarily the responsibility of Vietnam’s internationally respected Bee Research and Development Centre (BRDC). BRDC understood bees and beekeeping very well, but they had no experience in participatory training techniques. They relied on “extended lectures that were not focused on the practical application of the knowledge, the needs and concerns of beekeepers, nor the ability to manage bee colonies,” according to a report by FAO. Recognising that more effective training methods were needed, Tam Quyet Dinh of BRDC and entomologist Gard Otis, a long-time friend of Dinh’s at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada, gained funding through the Canadian International Development Agency (now part of the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development). A joint University of Guelph/BRDC training project began in 2007 in Ha Tinh Province, north-central Vietnam. The project had four objectives: to teach instructors to use participatory training techniques, to recognise beekeeping as a significant strategy to alleviate poverty, to have rural communities value bees as pollinators, and to promote gender equality. When the project ended in 2012, all four goals had been met to varying degrees, and there have been residual effects throughout Vietnam. According to a November 2012 evaluation report by John Devlin and Nonita Yap, both on the Faculty at the University of Guelph, experiential learning techniques have been used in beekeeping courses. One BRDC staff member offered the following reflection on the Ha Tinh programme: “Before the project, the teaching was about 80% theory and 20% practice, and there was no work with real bee hives. With
Bee Development and Research Centre trainer Dr. Chinh Huu Phung (right) teaches a Vietnam villager the technique for inspection and management of Apis cerana. this project, the teaching has been about 90% practice with bees and 10% theory. In addition, the theory is taught in the field if possible and not in the classroom.” BRDC staff improved their training skills as they taught Ha Tinh villagers the fundamentals of beekeeping. Some successes came early. During the first winter, project participants lost only 6% of their colonies, compared to 45% in the surrounding region. The difference resulted from their better understanding of hive management. One to three years after all training activities had ended, more than 90% of trainees were producing honey, a success rate much greater than is typically achieved in beekeeping training programmes. Income from bees and bee products typically increased by more than US$200 (€180) per trainee, which for poor Vietnamese farmers is significant. Of the 195 trainees, 70 were female. Many of them reported that because they earned income from the sale of their honey, their status with their husbands and within their community improved. When asked to list some of the benefits of beekeeping, almost all project participants (94%) noted the importance of increased family income, 83% indicated that it improved health, and 34% said that beekeeping increased respect in the community and among relatives. A few of the beekeepers trained by the project have since been elected to community leadership positions. To learn more about the project visit www.youtube.com/watch? v=44vn_jonGVg Beekeeper 5
