Bees for Development Journal Edition 33 - December 1994

eekeeping - evelo In ent

‘ICE COPY se return to the

DECEMBER

A* BEES

IN

1994

NUMBER 33

BASKETS * TOP-BAR QUEENS TREES BEES USE

BEEKEEPING

DEVELPMENT

&

33

INSIDE INFORMATION dear Frends

World Vision Award for Development Initiative 1990

everywhtere as it is only after years of use that the best

One of the best moments that beekeeping has is finding a freshly built comb, beautifully

to offer

constructed by the bees. There is something deeply satisfactory about the evidence of the great skill and

industry which the comb reveals, with neat brood and pollen stores or honey provisions in place. People who keep bees in top-bar hives perhaps enjoy this pleasure more, as bees are free to build comb without the constraint of a frame, although of course hives

199

Api

design and use of frame hives have evolved de rably since their introduction in the 1850's.

be

tany people testing top-bar hives with different d in different regions, and publishing the ideas

th

vk well, low-technology beekeeping will surely

th

dv

IN

ISSUE|

THIS

Inside Information

2

Practical Beekeeping

3

6

The Top-Bar Basket Hive

8 10

Bookshelf

approaches

are pleased

to fazature

top-bar hives

naturally explains why more people seem to be trying top-bar hive beekeeping, even where frame hives are easily available. This is good for top-bar beekeepers

.

.

|

13 |

Index

1994.

14 16

Subscriptions

Co-ordinator: Helen Jackson

Association.

SUBSCRIPTIONS

Four editions of Beekeeping & Development are published every year in March, June, September and December. 4000 copies of each edition are printed and distributed

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90;

REPRODUCTION

Ts «

TOP.

Honey is delicious! Wajih Daour of jordan samples some honey at the Second AAA Conference in Indonesia. See page four.

TWO

Nila

the official newsletter of the Asian Apicultural

countries.

ARAS BEES N

in Africa.

Beekeeping & Development is

& Development reach readers in many

COVER PICTURE

2d

Editor: Dr Nicola Bradbear

world-wide.

Beekeeping development

g encou

ASIAN APICULTURAL ASSOCIATION

PRODUCTION

—_—

by an American beekeeper,

pp roach to entirely cost-free beekeeping

BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT

The subscription rate for 12 months (four editions) is 16 by airmail to any address.

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Readers in developing countries may pay by Beeswax Barter or Candle Currency. Please see page 16 for details of how to subscribe.

av

a method for queen rearing in

dérveloped

We run an active beekeeping network linking people interested in bees and appropriate beekeeping everywhere. Contact us if you have information to share, or need information.

We welcome your contributions for publication in this journal.

|

|

Notice Board

difforont

is published by Bees for Development

13

.

be

manu

nw-tech beekeeping: in this edition we

BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT

|

Look & Learn Ahead

This inurnal has nuhlished

da

bees behave more

Asian Apicultural Association ...4 News Around the World

0

to

with frames do have other benefits.

Maybe the pleasure of seeing

‘nd methods for top-bar hives will emerge: the

styl

Information in Beekeeping & Development is intended to help beekeepers everywhere. We are happy for items to be reproduced or translated but please give acknowledgement to Beekeeping & Development and the author of the item you are using. Please send us a copy of the reproduced or translated item.

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A Bees for Development publication

BEEKEFPING

|

The first step is to select the best possible etic material from which to raise this batch queens. A comb of worker eggs is taken from a hive chosen for its good qualities. This comb is cut into strips about 2.5 cm wide One such strip can produce as many as six viable queen cells. The strip of comb is laid flat on a top-bar.

The top-bar should not have a centering strip.

The comb is attached to the bar using monofilament fishing line which is very fine, nylon line. About a metre of line is needed.

The line is first tied around the strip of comb and top-bar together about 25 cm from the end of the piece of comb. Then the line is looped around the comb and top-bar at about 5 cm intervals to the end of the comb and back to the point where the line was first tied.

The line should be tied off at this beginning point. This gives a series of monofilament ‘X's across the face of the comb.

-bars prepared in this manner are placed in

yueenless hive in the brood area. There should be no combs with eggs present (if there are the bees will draw emergency cells instead a

od

E

of high

,

Py

+

quality queen cells) Bees will avoid

building queen cells near the fishing line and the ‘X's should ensure that the cells drawn are not all

A com6 containing to serve as genetic

eggs is cut into strips

material for queen cells

A Bees for Development publication

clumped together.

QUEEN REARING IN TOP-BAR HIVES by

Marty Hardison

In seven to ten days the resulting queen cells should be fully drawn and capped. The cells can be evaluated at this time any that appear inferior in size can be culled. Those selected can be separated into hatching and mating nucs. (‘Nuc’ is the abbreviation for nucleus hive, a small hive used when raising new

Marty Hardison

my vision that top-bar beekeeping will grow. In the small valley where

|

live there are about two dozen beekeepers utilising this method’.

|

colonies.) prefer to insert at least two cells into a nuc to improve the chances of getting at least one to hatch

is a beekeeper in

New Mexico, USA. He writes “It is

.

Marty found that this method worked well with his bees, which are

of course temperate-zone

Apis

mellifera.

|

A top-bar with comb attached, ready to be placed in a queentess hive for cell building The monofilament line is just visible

a.

EKEEPING ee PRACTICAL

-\

To separate the cells a block of the original comb can be cut off the top-bar. Cuts at the points of the monofilament X on either side of a section containing one to three queen cells and a cut along the top-bar will free a small block of comb with its cell or cells.

A brood comb can be prepared to hold this queen cell block by cutting a small triangle out of it. The queen cell block can be inserted into the brood comb allowing the queen cell to hang in the centre of the triangle where the bees can tend it.

The comb holding the queen cell can be placed between two other combs and placed in a small hive to create a hatching and mating nuc. In two to three weeks the beekeeper can check to see if new queen has been reared and mated a

A top-bar

with two queen cells

The advantages of using this method of queen cell production are several: high quality queen cells are produced; the technical complexity is minimal; more queens can be raised while utilising less comb from the parent hive; and

finally a single source of

HAEEr

Besides all this the queen cell-building hive must possess what call a strong sense of colony. They should have functioned together as a queen-right colony before they were put to work to raise queen cells.

33

genetically desirable eggs can be utilised to

ebb

Beekeeping in general is characterised by many variables.

Queen rearing is no exception. To raise a good queen requires good sources of nectar and pollen, good weather, worker eggs or one day old larvae, and a queenless hive with an ample supply of young bees.

DEVELOPMENT

raise a large number of

queens without undue weakening of the parent

HMeaah

Marty Hardison with one of his top-bar hives in New Mexico

&

A

queen cell mserted into

a

triangular space

cul ut brood comb

colony.

Showing how the line crosses across the combs

THREE

BEEKEEPIN

& DEVELOPMENT

33

THE SECOND ASIAN APICULTUR 26-29 July

Mr Dyamaludin Suryohadikusumo, Minister of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia opens the Conference by sounding the ceremonial

gong. He is watched by Professor Tetsuo Sakai, President of AAA.

ASIAN APICULTURAL ASSOCIATION

‘NN gM

%

AAA welcomes new members. there is a chapter (listed opposite) of AAA in your country then join by sending the local equivalent of US$20 to your representative. If your country is not listed then join by sending USS20 to: If

AAA c/o Honeybee Science

The eyes of the beekeeping world are focusing on Asia as the great diversity of Asian honeybees is recognised. However it was only relatively recently that a regiona! organisation the Asian Apicultural Association - AAA - was formed AAA’s first, founding Conference was held in Thailand in 1992. In July this year AAA held its Second Conference, this time at Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta in Central Java, Indonesia it was attended by about 150 delegates from 20 countries. it is often stated that the honeybee is one of

the most researched of all animals. However, all of the fundamental knowledge of honeybee biology elucidated by Karl von Frisch and others has been determined in Apis mellifera of European origin. It is therefore of great interest for scientists to have other honeybee species to study and compare.

Alongside the Asian honeybees are of course their various predators and diseases Industries exploiting honeybees elsewhere in the world are based entirely on Apis mellifera, the only honeybee species not native to Asia. The European race of Apis mellifera is highly susceptible to Asian predators and diseases, and one of these predators, the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni, has now been spread by man_.to

many regions For this reason apicultural scientists are focusing their research efforts towards understanding the defence mechanisms employed by Asian honeybees.

The possibility for European honeybees to survive in the presence of Asian mites has had another major consequence too it means that, with the right techniques, they can survive in Asia. This has led to Asian industries being established using all the techniques and equipment developed for honeybees of European origin. Because labour costs are relatively low, these large-scale industries based on Apis mellifera can be highly profitable.

This has consequences for world honey markets.

From a biological point of view, the consequences of these high populations of

introduced honeybees upon the survival of native honeybees are not clear. It seems possible that some races of Asian honeybees are already facing extinction.

AAA consequently finds itself with

a large area to cover from the subject pure biology of Asian honeybees, the development of beekeeping in Asia, the analysis and marketing

of honey and other products, to the ethnological study of honey gathering in

traditional cultures, and the protection and conservation of the bees.

beekeeping, particularly beekeepers endeavouring to manage native honeybee species, needs to be strengthened in many ways. Standards need to be defined for local honeys so that their marketing can be developed Research and analysis facilities to assist beekeepers with disease identification and honey analysis are lacking within Asia. The high moisture content of local honey remains a serious problem in most Asian countries. The Conference highlighted some of these areas, and the following are amongst the resolutions endorsed:

With regard to the conservation of different species of Asian honeybees through the promotion and development of better beekeeping techniques, the Conference recognises that: e

The Asian region is the richest in the world in honeybee species and genetic diversity.

e

Bees and beekeeping are important components of sustainable agriculture and forest ecosystems.

e

The biology and management of Asian honeybee species are poorly understood.

e

Asian bee species have many characteristics of biological and economic

Tamagawa University SECOND ASIAN APICULTURAL ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE “Bees And Beekeeping bor socral Keirare and sustainable Savalopment

Tokyo 194

JAPAN

importance. e Delegates visited a beekeeping extension and training centre at Regaloh in Pati, Central

Java About 700 tonnes of honey are produced in this region one of the main nectar sources is

Ceiba pentandra,

the

e

Different Asian bee species are scientifically neglected.

Major constraints in beekeeping with Apis habitat alteration, competition exotic Apis mellifera, sacbrood virus by diseases.

cerana are:

kapok tree.

FOUR

‘

Papers and discussions at the Conference reflected all of these problems. Research scientists presented new information on the biology of recently identified honeybee spec and their distributions. although standard beekeeping texts continue to assert that there are four species of honeybees, the total is seven and rising, with all but Apis mellifera native to Asia. While scientists work to unravel the biology of Asian honeybees, support for

Research Centre

Machida shi

1994

A Bees for Development publication

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BEEKEEPING

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2AL ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE Yogyakarta, Indonesia

-

Therefore this Conference resolves to: e

Encourage all concerned institutes and organisations in the region to initiate research in the biology and management of scientifically and economically important species of Asian honeybees.

e

Establish

the biology and management of Apis dorsata, and Apis koschevnikovi with Dr Mardan (Universiti Pertanian Malaysia) as co-ordinator. a working group on

:

.

.

.

Establish a working group on biometry, selection and breeding of Apis cerana with Dr L R Verma (ICIMOD, Nepal) as coordinator.

e

Encourage research on the role of Asian bees in boosting the productivity of different agricultural crops through their pollination activities and work out the economic values of bee products and pollination.

e

Make zones in each country for beekeeping with Apis cerana and Apis mellifera

e

The next AAA Conference will take place in Hanoi, Vietnam in 1996.

Displays of equipment for Apis cerana and to

AAA CHAPTERS |

BANGLADESH

Include honey plant resources as an important component of forest farming and pasture ecosystem development programmes and promote hive products as non-timber products.

Another important resolution with regard to the future role of AAA was for it to make efforts to establish a centre of beekeeping training and research in Asia.

The Conference was a truly co-operative effort, the scientific programme being arranged by AAA headquarters in japan, and the Indonesian istry of Forestry organising the Conference nt itself, with the utmost attention to detail from start to finish. And it certainly was a finish to remember, with exquisitely elegant Indonesians performing ‘honeybee dances’, accompanied by gamelan players. Karl von Frisch would have been delighted!

Bangladesh Institute of Apiculture,

30/1

Shantinagar,

23/1 2

Khilji Road, Shyamoli,

|

BRUNEIDARRUSSALAM Dr Kassim Hajidaud, Dept of Biology, Universiti Brunei CHINA:

Darrussalam, Gadong 3186 Professor G H Yang, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xiangshan, Beijing

Dr Wei-Yi Wang, Hangzhou Pollen Co Ltd,

5

Baoling Road, Shan.

Hangzhou INDIA:

Central Bee Research Institute, Khadi & Village Industries Commission, 1153 Ganeshkhind Road,

Pune

411

016

Dr V K Mattu,

Shimla

171

Dept of Bio-Sciences, Himachal Pradesh University.

005

CC Reddy, Dept of Zoology, Bangalore University, Jnaha Bharati, Bangalore 560 056

INDONESIA:

Ms Soesilawati Hadisoesilo, Kompleks Beji Permai, Bloke 13, Taram Barym Depok 16246

|I

Raya Taman Sari

Mr Agus Sulistainto, Ministry of Forestry, Manggala Wanabakti Bldg, F13,

KOREA:

JI

Gatot Subroto-Senayan, Jakarta, 10270

Dr Kun-Suk Woo, Institute of Korea Beekeeping Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University. Suwon 440 744 Mr Ki-Tae Cho, Korean Beekeeping Association, Chonglo 6-Ga, Chonglo-Ku, Seoul, 110 126

301

Sambo Bldg,

Mr Woo-Suk Ahn, Cheju Branch, Korean Beekeeping Association, Sambo, 2-dong 1024, Cheju, 690 032 MALAYSIA:

Dr M Hj Muid, Plant Protection Dept, Agricultural University of Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor

NEPAL:

Mr Krishna K Shrestha, Beekeeping Training & Extension Support Project, Godawari, Kathmandu

PAKISTAN:

Dr Nasreen Muzaffar, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, NARC, PO NIH, Islamabad

PHILIPPINES

Dr Cleofas R Cervancia, Dept of Entomology, College of Agriculture, UP Los Banos, College, Laguna

SAUDI ARABIA:

Mr Jassim M Al Mughrabi, PO Box 42332, Riyadh 1541, Ministry of |

Agriculture & Water, Training Dept, Riyadh

Mr Dyamaludin Suryohadikusumo, Minister of Forestry of the

SRILANKA:

Dr R WK Punchihewa, Agriculture Research Station, Makandura, Gonawila (NWP)

TAIWAN (China):

Dr F K Hsieh, Taiwan Apicultural & Sericultural Experiment Station, 261 Kuan-nan, Kung-Kuan, Miaoli

THAILAND:

Mr S Buranapawang, Bee Research Section, Thailand Dept of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangkhen, Bangkok

TURKEY:

Dr Osman Kaftanoglu, Dept of Anim Adana 01330

VIETNAM:

Mr Din Quyet Tam, Director, VINAPI, Phuong mai, Dongda, Hanoi

Republic of Indonesia inspecting products from |apan

A Bees for Development publication

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Mohammadpur, Dhaka 207

"

“

DrAlamgir Mati, Bangladesh Apicultural Association,

Dhaka 1217

respectively. e

Apis mellifera

- both types are practised widely in

Java, in addttion traditional beekeeping with stingless bees. Apis mellifera was first introduced to Java in 1972 and colonies now number over 50 000. beekeeping

FIVE

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BRAZIL Our intention is to alert people to the ecological value of bees. Until now all swarms appearing in the city were exterminated, because people are not aware of the value of bees:

Since 1992 my partner, Leila Martini and have captured over 300 swarms in Sorocaba and now we need other beekeepers to help us with this. We work entirely on a voluntary basis and have been invited to demonstrate our activity to the newspapers and on TV. Now we are starting another project to benefit our city: we are establishing a municipal apiary. Street boys will be able to develop beekeeping as a source of income and have a profession too.

We will include honey in the school snacks distributed by health posts and day nurseries providing food to poor people |

Ménica Grohmann and Leila Martini

Since we started this work our activities have increased continuously, with invitations to teach schoo!children and show bees in glass boxes.

my visit - seeing both sides in tune with each other and determined to work out a solution.

It's certainly better than having the government impose something uninformed and having beekeepers trying to get around it”.

On a recent mission, Cutts inspected hives on all four islands. He had hoped to inspect and certify at least 20% of the islands’ apiaries, but poor weather put an end to those hopes. Stil’ he managed to see enough to come away pleased about the continued state of development of the beekeeping business, “I’m happy to say that the environment is really very clean”, Cutts said. “There had been some

us.

problems in St Vincent in the past. However, didn't find anything this time, which means the beekeepers are doing a good job. It’s under control.”

Ménica Grohmann - Beekeeping & Development's correspondent in Brazil

Cutts said he did find one particular pest on three of the islands, and he believes the

|

People are very receptive to our ideas and are interested in the great benefits that bees give

problem is probably the result of importing infected queens from the United States. And that’s why he's so pleased about finding both the beekeeping industry and the quarantine service reading from the same page.

“The quarantine is very important”, he said.

“The beekeepers understand the need as it relates to their business, and the quarantine people understand what the businesses mee to their economies. it’s a great feeling, seeing them work together”.

Communiqué Vol. 9 No 4

GUINEA One of Ménica Grohmann and Leila Martini’s apiaries

DOMINICA, GRENADA, ST LUCIA,

ST VINCENT Beekeepers and government quarantine officers are co-operating in developing quarantine standards in these four nations.

The rules are aimed at protecting the natural

environment for the beekeeping industry.

“It's a very important step,” said volunteer consultant Laurence Cutts of Gainesville, USA, who is the State of Florida's chief of apiary

inspection. “The beekeepers and the quarantine officers are aware of the dangers of disease to bee colonies, and they're working on the same wavelength. That's the real success of

SIX

The Guinea Natural Resource Management Project has been focusing efforts towards honey and wax production as an incomegenerating activity. The project is based in the Fouta Djallon Highlands, referred to as the “water tower of West Africa”, the source of major rivers such as the Niger and the Gambia.

The Dadant hive was introduced to Guinea during the early 1970s, but the National Apiculture Centre has confirmed the hive to be neither cost-effective nor practical. The Kenya top-bar hive has been in use for over five years, and it is proving to be productive and efficient.

Fifteen beekeepers in the Diaforé watershed are participating in a three-apiary demonstration of 30 hives So far, the hive

—

ABees for Development publication

BEEKEEPING

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33

PERU

f

The Valle Grande Rural Institute began its work in 1965. Technical assistance on

THE WORLD

occupancy rate has been high, and chimpanzees have not discovered the treasures that lie within, as they often do with the locally-woven bamboo hives! Beekeepers in the Koundou watershed are concentrating on the use of locally-made smokers and bee suits to help with harvesting from their traditional bamboo hives. A nascent enterprise, APIGUINEE, purchased almost one tonne of ‘ir crudely filtered but high quality honey during the past season.

The Guinea NRM Project is run by Chemonics International, an American based consulting firm in collaboration with the National Department of Forestry and Hunting, and is funded by the US Agency for International

Development.

Steven Aversa

MALAYSIA Sarawak, a scientific approach to beekeeping began in the Agriculture Research Centre, Semongok in 1985. Today the Research Centre continues activities in bee botany, colony management, queen rearing and pest and disease control. It also provides training and In

beekeeping is provided including training, equipment, production of nuclei and honey extraction. Annual courses in basic and advanced beekeeping are run at the Institute's apiary. Watch Learn Ahead for details of the next course.

Jaime Rodriguez P

TANZANIA Lindi and Mtwara The beekeepers of Lindi and Mtwara Regions have established a new Beekeeping Association - LIMBA. The Association has started with 220 beekeepers and we held our first annual meeting in August 1994. FINNIDA (Finland) has helped by funding this new Association in its initial stages.

Ahmad S Khalid

Tabora The Sisters (Daughters of Mary) whose house is located a few metres from Tabora Beekeepers’ Co-operative Society's honey factory, have now started a candle manufacturing industry There is every possibility of finding good market for the beeswax candles in Europe. Instead of selling crude beeswax our country will benefit by selling value-added commodities and our Society will have created new market for its beeswax just a few metres from its premises. a

a

300 colonies.

Traidcraft Exchange have sponsored a candle expert, Mr Jim Hunter, to stay with the Sisters and help them to make good quality candles.

Every effort is being made to ensure that the Sisters have the appropriate apparatus that they require for the manufacture of high quality candles.

SCT

Justin Madaha

follow-up courses to beekeepers.

Following the implementation of a subsidy eme in 1991, beekeeping is practised in swany areas of Sarawak. Today there are more than 100 beekeepers looking after about Leong

NICARAGUA Local honey is popular in Nicaragua and although poor people find it expensive, they value its medicinal qualities - after a baby is born the mother takes honey for its cleansing properties and the mouth of the baby is given a honey wash to guard against disease.

Theft of honey is a serious problem. Thieves work at night - knocking down hives and then running away. Later they return and steal the honey. The police cannot deal with this

|

NEVIS The Nevis Island

Government and Postal Authorities have released |

|

|

these stamps to salute the

Island's beekeeping

industry |

problem. Does anyone have good suggestions to prevent this?

Nicaraguan honey is exported to the UK and Belgium through Oxfam and Twin Trading.

Conchita Rodriguez

A Bees for Development publication

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THE TOP-BAR BASKET HIVE The Danish Beekeepers’ Organisation is working with The Gambia Beekeepers’ Co-operative in a three year training project sponsored by the Danish Government/DANIDA.

HERTI

The export baskets we use are made from the leaves of rhun-palms Their diameter is about 70 cm, the depth about 50 cm Exact measurements are not important, but for honey production the volume needs to be about 60 litres First we provide each basket with four solid sticks for hanging and transporting, then the baskets are plastered inside with wet cow dung After drying in the sun for three days, the hives are smoked upside down over cow dung burning In a hole

UMP

Ole Hertz

MAKE A TOP-BAR BASKET HIVE

in the ground all PH

by

The Gambia top-bar basket hive

People have been interested to start beekeeping projects in their villages Unfortunately, the cost of beekeeping clothing and timber for wooden top-bar hives 1s often too high typically in The Gambia and Senegal the annual cash income of a household ts obtained from growing about 1400 kg of groundnuts, sold for around 130 (UK) Lack of money stops people getting started, although in fact no money 1s necessary

As an experiment in starting sustainable beekeeping without money, and without bringing strange equipment in from outside, we went to six village garden projects in the western part of The Gambia, to see if we could find a solution

EQUIPMENT Sam Manga with a smoker, holes and burning cow dung

a tin can with

The traditional way of beekeeping with basket and log hives is no answer in the long run, because it usually means that bees are killed and all the combs spoiled during honey harvest This 1s like a farmer who kills the cow to get the milk

An entrance, no bigger than two or three finger widths, 1s easily cut into the basket with a knife The top-bars are made of bamboo, any sticks from the bush, or the ribs of palm leaves Each stick should be longer than the width of the basket but exactly 33 mm wide a The Gambia this is the same width as a match box The greatest problem in making the hives is in finding suitable sticks, and cutting them to the nght width The correct width of topbars 1s very important to ensure that bees build only one comb from each top-bar For bees in The Gambia this width 1s 33 mm, but it

will depend upon the bees you are using On the underside of each top-bar we place a ‘string’ of beeswax, formed by rolling beeswax between hands To secure the wax to the topbar, the stick is warmed by a fire some of the wax melts and gives a stronger smell to attract swarms The wax underneath the top-bars guides the bees in building their combs without it they would build the new combs in the same direction as the combs in the nest

that the swarm has left

Finally the hives are rubbed with aromatic leaves to give a good odour to attract bees The

Basket fives with cow dung inside

drying for three days

beautiful baskets of all sizes in use everywhere, and most people are able to make them from palm leaves or grass So It came to my mind that we could combine the designs of the Greek top-bar hive and the Kenya top-bar hive with the baskets used for exporting mango and citrus fruits to Senegal

Together with Mr Sam Manga, one of the very skilled local beekeeping trainers, and women and men from the village, we made protective hats and veils from mosquito net, pleces of cloth and flexible sticks Boots were made from old sacks and gloves from old working gloves Smokers were made from tin cans as described in Bernhard and Renate Clauss’s books from Zambia

EIGHT

Nee eee

Making wood hives needs timber, a plane and a saw, and the skill to use them These are not available in most villages However there are

Smoking the hives using cow dung and herbs

ABees for Development publication

BEEKEFPING

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Local herbs for attracting the swarms

pressed by hand so that the honey will run from the combs down into a container, being strained at the same time.

BAIT HIVES In forest areas it can be difficult to get hives on the ground occupied because swarms prefer to settle high in trees. If this is problem, basket hives can be hung in the trees, or bait hives can be made from smaller baskets hung in trees and equipped with the normal size of top-bars, so that the top-bars in the bait hives may be subsequently transferred to a normal full-size basket hive. The bait hives are hung 5-10 metres above the ground.

nee ener

a

hives are hung between four poles, and the top-bars carefully positioned Leaves are placed on top of the top-bars, and some people also use a sheet of plastic. The leaf cover must be thick enough to protect the hive from the heat of the sun

ACING THE HIVES uenerally hives should be put where the beekeeper would also like to stay. This means somewhere with shade, not too much wind,

protected from rain and bush fire, an equipped with drinking water. If there is no natural shade or rain protection, a permanent roofing can be made easily with leaves or

grass.

Bees must always have fresh water close to the hives, and if they have plenty, they will not disturb people at wells. Water can be placed in a tin can secured to a pole, with sticks inside to prevent bees drowning. It should be placed so that monkeys cannot spoil it In areas with honey badgers the basket hives should be hung from a tree and the top-bars covered in a very strong way, or the tree should be protected by thorny branches. ives are placed far away in the bush, they only be protected against thieves by strong ‘Jujus’ (amulets). Remember to announce that they are protected in this way!

INSPECTING AND HARVESTING After some time the hives should be occupied by swarms and when six or more combs are built from the top-bars, you will find the middle one or two combs with pollen and brood, and the outer combs with honey.

When inspecting or harvesting, the bees should be smoked very carefully: not too little and not too much before opening, and then the top-bars can be inspected, one at a time.

To harvest the honey the pure honeycombs are lifted up, the bees are brushed away with a brush or a feather, and then most of the comb is cut away into a container and the top-bar is replaced in the hive.

The harvested combs are placed in an empty and clean rice sack, hung from the ceiling and

A Bees for Development publication

We have also tried to transfer wild bees into basket hives by holding the wild combs with bees between two sticks and then hanging these in an empty hive.

Watering the

bees

WHY NOT TRY? The top-bar basket hive allows people from all income groups to get started in beekeeping. It is possible to expand beekeeping activities without money, and everything can be repaired easily. The basket hive is transportable, and it can be placed on poles or hung in a tree.

Our experiences from West and East Africa indicate that there are no great differences between the amounts of honey harvested from frame hives, top-bar hives (including the modern basket hive}, and traditional log or basket hives. Frame hives are too expensive, the equipment is impossible to repair locally, and they are often stolen Traditional ways of beekeeping often kill bees, and log and bark hives kill the trees they are made from. All types are eaten by termites eventually.

THEN WHY NOT USE A TOP-BAR BASKET HIVE? The greatest disadvantage of using the top-bar basket hive may be the jealousy from neighbours who do not know about beekeeping, and who could think you are doing

Inspecting combs and harvesting honey

Village people from Kasa Kunda and Nyofeleh Medina with a new top-bar basket hive

sorcery by handling your bees so easily! Try to explain to them what you are doing.

The top-bar basket hive will be used in a continuation of The Gambia Beekeeping Project, and in new Danish projects in cooperation with Nafa Gonal in Guinea Bissau and Arusha Beekeepers’ Association in Tanzania.

NINE

BEEKEEPING

DEVELOPMENT

&

33

A NOTE TO READERS PUBLISHERS AUTHORS BOOKSHELF enables you to reach interested readers in nearly every country of the

world. Bees for Development endeavours to review as many books on beekeeping and __

development

possible. Send

_as

your publication to Bees for Development and if suitable we will review it in a future edition of this journal. We may also stock it for sale: we are particularly interested to expand the range of books and visual aids on tropical beekeeping. If you know of a useful text which we do not stock, but you think we should: let us know about it.

An introduction to agroforestry

by P K Ramachandran Nair Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The

ICRAF, Kenya (1993) 500 pages. Paperback. Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, PO Box 17, 3300 AA Netherlands in co-operation with

Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Agroforestry has been skilfully practised for centuries, but only recently is there exploration of the underlying principles of these timetested practices and the possibility for scientifically improving them. This denselypacked 500 page book endeavours to cover the major aspects of agroforestry. It is likely to fill the niche for a standard text on this important subject. The main agroforestry systems used in the tropics are discussed and systems used in temperate zones are also included. There is much information on the plant species used for agroforestry, including notes on commonlyused multipurpose trees and shrubs. Other sections cover soil productivity and protection, and design and evaluation of agroforestry

systems.

PA.

Rasy

hochandiran Naje

Ethiopian honeybee flora:

some 500 common herbs,

shrubs and trees

by Reinhard Fichtl and Admasu Addi

Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany (1994) 550 pages and 600 colour photographs. Paperback.

KLawep

ACADEM .

Rs0cction

Pur ISHERS

i

Cantey

Raing Uffer Zones

ty

Previously described in Beekeeping & Development 32, we now confirm that the price of this book is 63.00 (See Books to Buy)

Rainforest buffer zones: Guidelines for protected area managers

by Jeffrey

Sayer

IUCN, Gland, Switzerland (1991) 104 pages.

Paperback. Available from (see

Books

to

Bees for Development

Buy) price 10.00

A buffer zone is defined as "A zone, peripheral a national park or reserve where restrictions are placed upon resource use or special development measures are undertaken to

to Ge Pollen

{s

=e

ve

Py

2 ae

enhance the conservation value of the area”.

Buffer zones are not new, for example the Corbett National Park in northern India has long enjoyed the physical protection of managed sal Shorea robusta forest; the forest service harvests the timber and local people gather non-wood products in semi-natural forest which provides an extended habitat for the Park's wildlife. Such buffer zones are often excellent areas for beekeeping.

This book gives 58 guidelines for the management of buffer zones around rainforests. These guidelines arise from the examination of 34 case studies of buffer zones reflecting a range of situations: not all were

TEN

Howey

successful projects. The author argues that aid agencies’ attempts to work in buffer zones have often failed because projects have been too rigid, too short-term, and too intent on imposing radical changes on people.

Pollen and spores of Barro Colorado Island

by David W Roubik and Jorge Enrique Moreno Monographs in Systematic Botany (Volume 36) Missouri Botanical Gardens, St Louis, USA (1991)

268 pages. Paperback. Available from Bees for

Development (see Books to Buy) price 30.00 Barro Colorado Island is in Gatuu Lake in the middle of the Isthmus of Panama in Central America. Why publish a survey of the pollens of this island? Because the whole island has been an undisturbed nature reserve since 1923 and its flora has been fully determined. This study therefore provides the first complete key. and photographic guide to the pollen and spores of an entire tropical forest.

The island has a rich mix of tropical plant species representing both the Atlantic and Pacific coastal zones, lowland Mexico and South America. Many of the 133 families and 683 genera shown here have wide distributions, making this text very useful fo anyone studying neotropical pollen. The boon contains 97 plates providing photographic documentation of 1210 species, and also a key to pollen and spore types. It is not surprising that the work documented here took over 10 years to achieve! The result is a unique document of great value as a reference tool for

palynologists.

Great masters of beekeeping by

Ron Brown

Bee Books New and Old, Bridgwater,

UK (1994)

110 pages. Hardback. Available from

Bees for

Development (sce Books to Buy) price 16.45 Ron Brown discusses the contributions of

32

people (30 masters and 2 mistresses actually) who have made important contributions to apiculture, ranging from the sixteenth century to the present day. The book combines plenty of beekeeping insight with anecdotes about industrious people who took it upon

A Bees for Development publication

LE

SHELF

themselves to unravel the mysteries of the honeybee colony. The common characteristic shared by all these people is their meticulous attention to detail, making and recording very careful observations of the bees, even when these did not agree with popular opinions held at the time. It is interesting to note that from The Reverend Charles Butler (1559-1647, an observant beekeeper who wrote a book taining one of the first bee-forage caiendars) to Brother Adam, (1898-, the Benedictine monk and bee breeder living in Devon in England), over half the leading beekeepers documented in this book are or were ministers of religion.

What does this tell us?

This is an interesting book written in an engaging style, which would please anyone with a curiosity for history and natural history.

The complete guide to beekeeping Evans in collaboration with Sheila Berrett

by Jeremy

Unwin Hyman, London, UK (1989) 192 pages.

Hardback Available from Bees for Development

Books

Buy) price 18.50 A comprehensive guide for people who wish to ‘in frame-hive beekeeping in countries with temperate climates. All the commonly-used beekeeping concepts are explained. The great strength of this book is its clear layout and the (see

to

exceptionally good drawings and photographs used to illustrate the basic beekeeping

techniques.

Economics of beekeeping industry - a case study of Tamil Nadu

by E Raja Justus Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi, India

(1994) 128 pages. Hardback. Available from Bees for Development (see Books to Buy) price 9.50

This text examines in detail the beekeeping industry of Tamil Nadu, a large state of south east India. The author has gathered data on many aspects of the business and produced an economic analysis. The conclusions are: 80% of honey marketed fails to meet quality is requirements because the water content A Bees for Development publication

over 22%, migratory beekeeping is not managed effectively, and government price fixing affects beekeepers adversely. We are told of one beekeeper in Tamil Nadu who owns 1550 bee colonies and harvests 24,367 kg of honey. Unfortunately, the author fails to inform us of the species of bee that is being exploited. This is nevertheless a useful text that attempts to provide the kind of economic data that is so often lacking from this industry.

COMPLETE iy

ETA

Fair trade: a rough guide for business Twin, London, UK (1994) 12 A4 pages. Paperback.

Available from Bees for Development (see Books

Buy) price 4.50 “Whosoever commands the trade of the world to

commands the riches of the world and hence the world itself.” Sir Walter Raleigh The booklet introduces the concept of fair trade by quoting practical examples of companies already showing that it can be done. It details the growth in the consumer movement and outlines the causes of injustice in the existing international trading system.

Brief stories and comments from organisations in developing countries show how they are already working to overcome the problems they face. Three different ways to make fair trade a reality are introduced and a question and answer section tackles issues most often raised by industry and consumers alike. Finally the booklet gives some tips on how to put fair trade into practice.

WHY BUY BOOKS FROM BEES FOR

DEVELOPMENT? All income Bees for Development earns from book sales is used to provide information to beekeepers in developing countries. We are a small organisation and our overheads are kept very low.

BOOKS TO BUY Books to Buy lists the books available for you to purchase from Bees for Development. The list is published quarterly and sent free of charge to readers of this iournal. Use the form in Books to Buv to order books or simply write to us listing your requirements.

Please send payment with your order. Prices include packing and post to any address by surface mail world-wide. To have your order sent by airmail, add 25% to the total order cost. We will issue invoices if required, but will not dispatch books until payment is received.

We cannot be responsible for books lost in transit, but SS Gail Gianige HIQUIGIILE, at extra cost. Please ask. Publications will as far as possi ble be supplied at the prices quoted, however these are subject to alteration. Y our order will be processed as soon as it arrives at Bees for Developmen t.

ORDER FAST BY FAX: 44 (0)1600 71 6167 or

BY E-MAIL; 100410.263 @CompuSe rve.COM 1

WAYS TO PAY Cheques, Eurocheques and Banker's drafts in € sterling Access, Mastercard or Visa

Post Office iro transfer Account num 9er; 4222067

State card type, card number, expiry date, and name and address on card.

Developmen .

Bank transfer Account number: 10167967 Sort code: 20-00-85 Barclays Bank plc, PO Box 29, Monmouth, NP5 3YG, United Kingdom

C

Please make ill payments to Bees for If you send a cheque or bank draft in JSS then please add $20 ost of exchange. ler by fax or E-mail as shown above, or post it to: Bees for Dev elopment, Troy, Monmouth, [P5 4AB, United Kingdom

ELEVEN

|

|

|

&

DEVELOPMENT

33

THE TAM ARIND by |

|

'

|

|

|

|

Tamarindus indica

Reinhard Fichtl

The flowers are fre juently visited by honeybe as for the heavy yields of nollen and abundant nectar. In dense stands the tamarind provides good yields of a dark honey which has a thin viscosity and a sour but pleasant flavour,

Recommended for planting to increase honey production.

Habitat Found from sea level up to 1500 m, along water courses, often associated with termite mounds, in riverine and ground water forests and also sometimes in woodland and wooded grassland where annual rainfall ranges from 400 to 1500 mm

Distribution

Many readers have requested more information about important plants visited by bees to obtain nectar and/or pollen. Reinhard Fichtl has provided this profile and we intend

to

make

Trees

Bees Usea regular feature. We welcome your contributions about bee trees that are important in

your area

Occurring in Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Céte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia and Zimbabwe

Also cultivated in Australia, the Caribbean, Central America, India, and California and Florida in the USA.

Description Growing into a large evergreen tree, usually about 20 m tall but can grow to 30 m tall. The bole is stout and the crown densely foliaged and rounded.

Bark: rough, grey to dark grey-brown, fissured.

Leaves: pinnately compound, with 10 to 18 pairs of leaflets which are narrowly oblong, up to 3.cm long

oe

REINHARC!

FIC

Flowers: fragrant,

Flowers of the tamarind: sources of nectar and pollen

TWELVE

brown, acid pulp around the seeds.

Apicultural valu

golden yellow with red veins, about 3 cm across, arranged in lax, slender terminal racemes.

Pods: pale brown, up to 14 cm long, with an edible, sticky, dark

Flowering: mainly from March to July but some trees can be found in flower at any time throughout the year.

Practical notes

|

|

Can be grown from both seeds and cuttings.

The tree is not very compatible with other plants.

Uses

|

The evergreen habit and the extending crown of the tree make it very suitable for a “rest and cultural tree” in many villages. This tree is recommended for soil conservation measures and for use in agroforestry systems. It can also be planted as an ornamental and for shade, and is very suitable as a wind and fire-break.

The very hard and durable wood is excellent poles, timber, boat-building and general construction work It also makes good firewood and high quality charcoal.

The acid pulpy part of the fruits is used in cooking and for making a cooling, mildly laxative drink. Also eaten fresh or used to make refreshing drinks, jams and confections, for additives to chutney, curries and others.

The seeds are also edible and valuable for human consumption and are commonly sold on local markets in many countries. They are peeled and roasted, or boiled.

Leaves, flowers and fruits provide good animal fodder, but can also be used for various foods.

A red dye can be obtained from the leaves and a yellow dye from the flowers.

Over-ripe fruits are used to clean and brighten silver, copper and brass, and Indian silversmiths polish their goods with a strong infusion of roots mixed with sea salt.

traditional medicine the fruits are widely used as a remedy against fever, intestinal diseases and diarrhoea. The pulp is used against malaria and on wounds and haemorrhoids. Powdered seeds are used In

against dysentery. Pulverised bark ashes are used for colic and digestive disorders.

References Fichtl,R; Addi,A. (1994)

Honeybee flora of

Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim,

Germany.

Fries,| B. (1992) Forests and tropical Africa.

trees of northeast

Royal Botanical Gardens,

Kew, UK.

Maydell von,H

J.

(1990) Trees and shrubs of

the

Sahel. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim,

Germany

A Bees for Development publication

ny

BEEKEEPING

BEEKEEPING

&

DEVELOPMENT

33

LEARN AHEAD

LOOK AHEAD

Managing Rural Developme nt: Information Systems Monitoring and

CANADA

Evaluation

Seventh International Pollination Symposium

ja

1996 Further details from: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

Lethbridge Research Station, Lethbridge, Alberta, Tl} 4BI, Canada Fax: 403 382 3156

-

’

ty-March 1995, Wye Col lege, Ashford

Further details from: Mary Arno! J, Short Courses. Office, Department of Ke TN25:5AH, Agriculture Economics, Wye College, Ashf United Kingdom

CUBA Meeting on pollination to be organised under the auspices of APIMONDIA 1996

n

Further details will be announced in Beekeeping & Development.

NOTICE BOARD INTERNATIONAL RURAL EXCHANGE

(INC

A non-profit making placement agency for agricultural exchange

GERMANY Symposium on honeybee mating stations on islands, to be organised under the auspices of APLMONDIA April 1995 Further details will be announced in Beekeeping & Development.

students. Trainees receive seven-month work visa and are placed for six months with a host family. Allowance of USS] 35 per week plus full board. Age limit 30. Your costs: travel and administration.

Try locating your local branch through your Young Farmers’ Organisation or the a

Agricultural Training Programmes in your country.

INDIA Resource Inventory Techniques to Support Agroforestry Activities

NON-WOOD NEWS Anew information bulletin about non-wood forest products. Published

dctober 1995, Palampur rurther details from: Dr Atul, Department of Agroforestry and Environment, HPAgriculture University, Palampur 176062, Kangra (HP), India Fax: 91 1894 2259

by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.

More information from:

FOPN, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy

ISRAEL Bee Products: Properties, Applications and Apitherapy 26-30 May 1996, Tel Aviv Further details from: Dan Knassim Ltd, POB 57005, Tel Aviv 61570, Israel

Fax: 972 3561 2303

ITALY XXth International Congress of Entomology 25-31 August 1996, Florence Further details from: The Organising Secretariat, Via A la Moarmora 24, 50121, Florence, Italy

MALAYSIA Tropical Bees and the Environment

RAINFOREST MEDICAL FOUNDATION The Rainforest Medical Foundation focuses attention on the conservation and use of medicinal plants found in rainforests with the aim of conserving the forests to support their indigenous peoples.

More information from: Dr A P van Seters, Secretary, Einthovenlaan 8 2!05 T] Heemstede, The Netherlands

NETWORKING LINK FOR AFRICA West Africa Link is a twice-yearly newsletter produced by The Methodist Church Division of Social Responsibility as part of their West Africa Agroforestry Programme.

Methodist Relief and Development Fund, Division of Social Responsibility, Central Buildings, London SWIH 9NH, United Kingdom

For details write to.

11-15 March 1995

1

Further details from: Secretariat, BEENET ASIA, Plant Protection

epartment, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, elangor DE, Malaysia Fax: 603 948 2507

SWITZERLAND The XXXIV International Apicultural Congress - APIMONDIA 15-19 August 1995, Lausanne Further details from: APIMONDIA Secretary General, Corso Vittorio Emanuele 101, 1-00186 Rome, italy Fax: 396 685 2286

THAILAND Recent Advances in Tropical Tree Seed Technology and Planting Stock Production 12-14 June 1995, Haad-Yai/Songkhla Further details from: Symposium Secretariat, 18180, Thailand Fax: 66 36 341 859

AFTSC Muak-Lek, Saraburi

ORGANIC FARMING Aseries of three-week workshops to be held annually for four years to enable participants to improve their knowledge of organic farming.

Participants must come from Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania or Uganda.

(First one 16 January-3 February 1995)

Mr| W Njorige, Kenya Institute for Organic Farming, PO Box 34972, Nairobi, Kenya

Further information from:

BOY OH BOY! Double congratulations to Helen Jackson and her husband Colin on the birth in July of their twin boys, Daniel and Gareth.

EASY CONTACT

VIETNAM Third Asian Apicultural Association Conference 1996

Use Notice Board to tell everyone your special announcements, job vacancies, or about your journal. Cost: 0.50 or USS1 per word.

Further details will be announced in Beekeeping & Development. send details to If you want details of your event to appear here,

Bees for Development, 4AB UK Fax: 44 (0)1600 716167 Troy, Monmouth, NP5

ABees for Development publication

ERRATA We apologise for our mistake on page 7 of B&D 32. The picture on the right shows large scale, migratory beekeeping with Apis cerana, not Apis mellifera as stated.

THIRTEEN

BEEKEEPING

&

DEVELOPMENT

33

INDEX FOR BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 30-33 Figures in bold denote issue number followed by relevant page number(s) for that issue.

A

Australian, Honeybee Research and Development Council, 32,10 Quarantine and Inspection Service, 32,10 Aversa,S, 33,7

AAA, 30,2,9; 31,2,6,16; 32,2.10; 33,2.5,13 Second Conference, 30.16; 31,16; 32,10; 33,4 Third Conference, 33,13 Aburi Botanical Gardens, Ghana.

Axtell,B, 31,15

Azad Kashmir, 30,8 B baby, 33,7 Bakkour,Y, 31,14 Bamenda, 31,11 Bangkok, 32,2 Bangladesh, 31.11, 33,5 Institute of Apiculture, 33,5 Barrios de, E E B, 30,9 Barro Colorado Island, 33.10 Barth,M O, 31,14 BAWA, 30,4; 32,10 Bauhinia vailii, 31,8 bear, 30,13 beard softener, 30,14 bee, african, 31,4.14 africanized, 30,3,15; 31,4,14 asian, 31.6,14; 33,4 attractant, see lure carpenter, 32,14 communication, 31,5 conservation, 33.4 dance language. 31,5 disease, 30.6,13; 31,13; 33,6 control, 33,6 ecological value of, 33.6 european, 30,8; 32,4 fodder, see forage fodder calendars, 31,7,8,9,10; 32,3, 33.11.42 flora, 33.10,12 forage, 30.6: 31,7,8,9,10.13; 32,3,14;, 33,11.12 house, 32,15 introduced, 30,6.15 killer, 36,4, 31.14 lure, see lure native, 30,6,7.13 pest, 30.13: 31,13 predators, 30,13 race, 30,6 species, 31,15 suit, 33,7 worker, 31,5 bee hive, see hive beekeepers, 30,13 Asian, 31,14 help to, 34,2 professional, 32,4 traditional, 30,5.15 Venezuelan, 30.8 Beekeepers’ Association of West Africa, see BAWA

Acacia, 31.13; 32 Acarapis woodi, 30,13 acarine, see Acarapis woodi

A chance to

help,

32,9 31,13

Acherontia atropus, Achroia sp, 30,13

ActionAid, 30,13 Adam.Br, 33.11 Addai. A. 30,4,5 AddiA, 32,14; 33,1012 Adenanthera pavonina, 31,13 Adijare.S, 30,4 Adnan,M, 33.4 Aesandra butyracea, 31,9,10

Africa,32.14; 33,12 Beekeepers’ Association of West, see BAWA east. 30,5; 33,9 honey plants of, 32.14 west, 30,4: 31,11; 32,8; 33.8 Aga Khan Rural Support Programme, 30,8 agricultural thesaurus, 32,14 agroforestry, 33.10 Agrovoc, 32,14 Ahmad.R, 32,15 Ahn,W-S, 33,5 Aidoo,K S, 30,5; 32,10 Akaribi.M O, 32,11 All India Beekeepers’ Association, 30,13 All india Co-ordinated Project on Honey Bee Research and Training, 30,13 Al Mughrabi, M, 33,5 America, central, 33,10,12 latin, 31,12 An introduction to agroforestry, 33,10 Angola, 31.4; 33,12 Antigonon sp, 34,13 ants, 30.13 apiagroforestry. 30.5 apiary, demonstration, 33,6 Apimondia, 32,14 Congress, see International Beekeeping Congress Bronze Medal, 30,2; 32,2; 33.2 Gold Medal, 30,2; 31, 2; 32,2; 33,2 Standing Commission for Beekeeping in Developing Countries, 32.9 Apimondia Congress 1995, 32.9 Apis cerana, 30,6,7.8,9,13: 31.2,10.11; 32,4,5,6,7,10,11; 33.4.5 Apis cerana cerana, 30,13 Apis cerana himalaya, 30,13 Apis cerana indica, 30,13 Apis dorsata, 30,8.9.13, 33.4 Apis florea, 30,8.9.13 Apis koschevnikovi, 33,4 Apis laboriosa, 30,13 Apis mellifera, 30,6,7,8,9,12,15; 31.4.5; 32,4,5.6,7,11, 33,.3.4,5 Apis mellifera abyssinica, 30,8 Apis mellifera adansonii, 30,4,5.8,14 Apis mellifera jemenitica, 30,8 Apis mellifera littorea, 30,8 Apis mellifera monticola, 30.8 Apis mellifera scutellata, 30,8 Apis mellifera unicolor, 30,13 |

beekeeping.

Apis cerana, 32,4,5,6,7 economics of, 32,4,5,6,7 in competition, 32.4,5,6,7 Apis mellifera, 32.4.5,6,7 economics of, 32.4,5.6,7

Apis mellifera versus Apis cerana in the north of Thailand, 30,6 Appropriate Food Packaging Technology.

BEAS Arabic Beekeepers’ Union, 31.11 Arbres et arbustes du Sahel: their characteristics and uses, 32,5

Areca,

31,56

Armor.M, 31,5 Arusha, 30,5 Beekeepers’ Association, 30,5; 33,9 asar, 31,8 Asia, 30,7 Asian Apicultural Association, see AAA Asian Apiculture, 31,14 Australia, 30,8.12; 31,11,12; 32.10; 33,12

FOURTEEN

competition, 32,4,5,6,7 appropriate, 30,5 association, 30,13 basket, 33.8 costs, 32,5 development. 30,4 equipment, 30,5,13; 31,13, 33.8 frame hive, 30,15; 33.11 ‘let alone method’, 32,3 low-tech, 33,2 management, see management migratory, 30,13; 32,4; 33.11 production costs, 32.7 production values, 32,5,7 productivity, 31.7 project, 30,4:8.13; 32,10; 33.6.8 research project, 30,13 sustainable, 33,8 top-bar hive, 33,3 traditional, 32,4; 33,8 training, see training without cost, 33.8 Beekeeping Development Unit.

Ghana, 32,10 Beekeeping Research & Development Centre, Vietnam, 30.9 Beekeeping: The Nevis Way, 30,15 Bees for Development, 30,2; 31.2; 32,2; 33,2 in

--

Bees of the world, 31,15 beeswax, 30,10,11,14; 31,5; 32.8 chapped lip balm, 36,1! importers, 32,8 lip gloss, 30,1! marketing. see marketing processing, 30,10 tefiners, 32,8 Beeswax Barter, 30,16; 31,16; 32,16; 33.16 beetles. 30,13 Beijing, 30.9 Belgium, 30, 12; 31,12 Benin, 30,4,5; 32,10; 33,12 National Beekeepers’ Association, 32,8 Beoku-Betts,D, 32,8 Berrett,S. 33,11

BETRESP, 32.11 Binh,P T, 32,5,.6 birds, 30.13 body temperature, 32,14 Bohicon, 32.10 Boniphace.S, 32,3 Bookshelf, 30,14; 3#, 14; 32,14: 33,10 Books to Buy, 30,15; 31.15; 32.15: 33,11 Bradbear,N, 30,2,14, 31,2, 32,2,9:

Brazil, 30.3.12: 31,12; 32.12; 33.6 brood chamber, 31.4 Brown,R, 33,10 Brunei Darussalam, 33,5 buffer zone, 33,10 Buranapawang,S 33,5 Burkino Faso, 30,8 Burundi, 33,12 Butier,C, 33,1]

c

Hajidaud,k, 33,5 Hanoi, 30,9 Hardison,M, 33,3 Hardison,D, 33,3 Hardy,S, 32,2 Harmony or conflict? Apis cerana versus Apis mellifera in southern Vietnam,

E EC quality standards, 32.8 economic analysis, 33.11

Economics of beekeeping industry - a case study of Tamil Nadu, 33.11

Egypt, 31.3 environment, thermal, 32,14 Eritrea, 33,12 Ethiopia, 30.8, 32,14.15, 33,12 Ethiopian Beekeeping Newsletter, 30.8 Ethiopian honeybee flora: some 500 common herbs, shrubs and trees,

32,14; 33,10 eucalyptus, 31,13 European Development Fund, 31,13 Evans,f. 33.1t extension workers, 30.9 extractor, see honey F fair trade, 30,7; 34,8: 33,11 Fair trade: a rough guide for business,

33,1]

Cairo, 31,11 California, 33,12 Cameroon, 31,11, 33,12 Canada, 30,8; 32,12; 33,13 Candle Currency, 30,16; 31,16; 32,16; 33.16 candle making, 33.7 candles, 30.8,14: 33,7 capital investment, 32.6 CARE india, 30,13 Caribbean, 31.12: 33.12 CBI, 32.8 CBRI, see Central Bee Research Institute Ceiba pentandra, 33,4 Central African Republic, 33,12 Central Bee Research Institute, India, 30,13; 33,5 Cervanica,C R, 33,5 chalk brood, 30,6 Chemonics International, 33,7 Chikka

Danish Beekeepers’ Association, 33.8 Daour,W, 33,2 Daphne bholua, 31,10 death's head hawk moth, 3§,13 De Jong,D, 32,12 deforestation, 32,12 degradation, 31,7 Denmark, 32,12 developing countries, 32,3 development workers, 30,15 Djibouti, 33,12 Dominica, 33,6 Dubai. 30.8 dub dube, 31,9 Duggan,M, 31,13 Durina, 32,5

hive:

a beekeeping handbook,

32,15 China, 30,8: 33,5 chiuri, 31,9 Cho.K-T, 33,5

Cinnamomum tamala, 36,10 Citrus reticulata, 31.10 Clausena anisata, 32,3

Clauss,B, 32,2; 33.8 Clauss,R, 33,8 coconut, see Cocos nucifera grove, 31,3 plantation, 32.4 Cocos nucifera, 31,3; 32.4.6 Coffea arabica, 32,3 coffee, see Coffea arabica colony division, see management comb, 32.4.5; 33,8 Communiqué, 33.6 congress, see conference Connor,L,|, 31,14 Consallen Group Sales Ltd, 31,16 conservation, 30,14 Corbett National Park, India, 33,10 Cordia abyssinica, 32,3; 33,10 Costa Rica. 3.4.12 Céte d'Ivoire, 33,12 courses, 30,12; 31,12; 32,12; 33,13 crops, entomophilious, 32,15 CTA, 36,2; 31,2; 32,2; 33,2 Cuba, 30,12; 31,12; 32,12, 33,13 Cutts,L, 33,6 cyclone Bella, 31,13 D Dancing and trembling, 31,5 DANIDA, 33,8

Fair trade for honey, 32.8

FAO, 30,2,8,14; 31.2; 32,2.14;

332,13

farming communities, 34.7 Fellows.P, 31,15 Fichtl,R, 32,14,15; 33,1012 Finding queens quickly -

the

Brazilian

way, 30.3 Finland, 31,12 FINNIDA, 33,7

First West African Bee Research Seminar,

30.11.14 Flakus,G, 31,14 flora, see bee flora floral catendar, 31,7.8,9,10, 32.3:

33.1112

Florida, 33,12 Food Chain. 30,14

30,14 forest, see also woodland community areas, 31,10 conservation, 30,14 products, 31,7,10; 33,10,13 non-wood products, 33.4,10,13 rain, 33,13,16 resources, 31,10 Fouta Dhallon Highlands, 33.6 France, 30,12; 31.12 Freitas, B, 30,3: 31.4 Fries,|,B, 33,12 Frisch von, K, 31,5; 33,4 G Gabriel.T, 31,14 Gambia, see The Gambia Food, Nutrition and Agriculture,

Gambian Beekeepers’ Co-operative, 30,2; 33,8 Gandhi.M, 3.6 Germany, 30,8, 31.11; 32,812: 33,13 Ghana, 30,4,5; 31,4; 32,10: 33,12 Beekeepers’ Association, 30.4.5 giant bee, see Apis dorsata Gibson,N, 32,14 Gilgit, 30,8 Global Exchange, 30,7 greasepaint, 30,14 Great masters of beekeeping, 33,10 Grenada, 32,10, 33.6 Grewia sp, 31,10, 32,3 Grohmann,M., 33.6 GTZ, 32,10 Guinea, 33,6,12 Guinea-Bissau, 33.9.12 H

Ha,T-D, 30,9 Hadisoesilo, 33,5 Haematoxylum campechianum, 31,13

32.4.6 Harvey,N, 31,7 Heinrich,B, 32.14 HELVETAS, 31,t1 Henderson.Q, 30,15 herbs, ointment, 30,10 Hertz,O, 30,2; 33.8 Hevea spp, 32,5,6 Himachal Pradesh, 30,13 Himalayas, 30,13 hive. 31,11 bait, 33.8 bamboo, 33,7 bark, 32,2 basket, 32,15, 33.8 clay, 30,5 cylindrical, 31,11 Dadant, 33,6 design, 32,10 earthenware pitcher, 30,13 frame, 30,4: 31,13, 32,4,15; 33.2.9 Gambia basket top-bar, 33,8 Greek, 33,8 isi villagers, 30,13 Kenya top-bar, 33,68 Langstroth, 30,13, 34.31 log, 30,13; 32,4; 33.8.9 low-technology, 30,5 movable-frame, 30,3,13: 31.11 nucleus, 33.3 palm leaf, 33.8 palm trunk, 30,5 scales, 32,3 siting, 32,3; 33.8 top-bar, 30,3,4,5; 314,11, 32,10,15, 33,2,3,8,9 in USA, 333 traditional, 30.6,7; 33,7,9 wall, 30,13; 32,11 wooden box, 30.13 volume, 33,8 Holeta Bee Research and Training Centre, 30,8 honey: 30,10,11,14; 33,7,12 badgers, 33.8 bottling plant, 31.13 co-operative, 31,13 “cutters”, 30.15 export, 32.4 extractor, 31,13 flow, 32.6 harvesting, 31,13, 32,3.15; 33.8 hunting. 33,16 importation, 32,8 marketing, see marketing medicinal value, 33,7 Nicaraguan, 33,7 plants, 32,14; 33,12 processing, 30,10 production, 30.8,13; 31,13; 33,12 quality, 33,11 refining, 32.8 Thai wine, 31,14 theft, 33,7 tropical, 31,14 yield, 30,13; 32.5 Honeybee colony development and the flowering calendar, 31,3 Honeybee pollination of important entomophilous crops, 32.15

Honeybee Science Research Centre, 31.6; 33,5 Hooper,T, 30,15 Hossain.A. 3,11 Hsieh, F K, 33.5 Hunter}, 33,7 t

ICIMOD, 31,6; 33.4 ICRAF, 33,10 IFS, 304.14 inappropriate equipment, 31,13 INASP, 30,7 income-generating activity, 33.6 India, 30,13; 3€,3.6; 33,5.11,12,13 Indian Bee Journal, 30,13 Indian Honey, 30,13 Indian Ocean, 31,13 indicators, 32,3

A Bees for Development publication

BEEKEEPING nucleus, 33,3 occupation, 30.11 queen cage, 31,4 queen excluder 31,13 queen finding, 30.3; 31.4 queen Miller cage, 31,4 queen rearing, 30,9; 33,3 queen rearing in top-bar hive,

Indonesia, 30,12.16; 31,6,12,16; 32,10; 33.4.5 information: 30.11; 31,2 spoken, 30,15 information charts: 30,11 information on beeswax, 30.11 information on honey. 30.11 Information on pollination, 30.11 Information on top-bar hives 30,11 Inside Information, 30.2; 31,2: 12;

Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, 30,7 Institute of Honeybee Science, see Honeybee Science Research Centre International Agricultural Development,

32,16 international Beekeeping Congress, XXXII, 30,9; XXXIV, 32.9; 33,7 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, see ICIMOD international trading system, 33,11 International Foundation for Science. see IFS Internationa! Labour Organisation, 30.8 International Rural Exchange, 33,13 Israel, 30,12; 32,12; 33,13 Italy, 30.11; 32,12; 33,13 ITC, 31,615 ITDG, 30,14 J

jackson,H. 30,2.11; 31,2; 32,2,14, 33,13 laiarkot: istrict, 31,78 2rmaculture Programme, 31,7. james,C 32,10 japan, 30,6; 31,6; 33.4.5 jeth, 31,8,9 jordan, 33.2 journals, 30,13 juntawong,N, 30,6

K Kaftanoglu,O, 33,5 Kajabika.N, 32,1!

Kalpat Village. 31.7,8,10 kapok, see Ceiba pentrandra

Kassaye.A, 30.8 Kawa.M N, 30,5 Kenya, 30.12; 31,6; 32,12; 33,12 Kenya top-bar hive, see hive Khalid,A S, 33,7 kimasai, 30,5 Kimishua.A Y, 30,5 Kiswahili, 30.5 Kokoye,S |, 32,10 Korea, 33,5 KWALITY, 31,6 L La biologie de l'abeille, 30.14 Langstroth hive, see hive Lantana camera, 31,13 Launea coromondelica, 31.8 Learn Ahead, 30,12, 31,12; 32,12; 33,13 3.8, 33,7 to Bees for Development.

rs

Listening

fora change, 30,15

Liberia, 33,12 Libya, 34.41 LIMBA, 33,7 Lindi, 33,7 Liseki,S, 32, 3

balm, 30,10,1! gloss, 30,11 stick, 30,11 Living with killer bees: Africanized

|

N

Nafa Gonal, 33,9

Namibia, 32,1011 Namibian Directorate of Forestry,

Nasonov pheromone, see lure National Apiculture Centre, Guinea, National Honey Show, UK, 30.2 nectar, 31,10, 33,12 source, 31,5 Nectar and pollen plants of China, 30,15; 32,11

negative feedback, 32.3,11 Nepal, 31,6,7; 32,3,11: 33,45 His Majesty's Government of, 32.11

lip:

bee

robbing, 30.13 shade, 31,3, 33.8 swarming, 30,13 temperature, 31,3; 32,14 transferring,33.8 Manga.S, 30.5; 33.8 Mangifera indica, 31,13 mango, see Mangifera indica Mardan,M., 33.4 marketing: beeswax, 32.8 honey, 31,13; 32.8; 334.11 Martini,L, 33.6 Masai, 30,5 mascara, 30,14 Mati.A, 33,5 MattuV K, 33,5 Mauritius, 31.13 Maydell von.H |, 32,14; 33,12 mead, 30,14 Mekong River Delta, 32.4 mel, 31.9 Melia azadirachia, 31,13 Meliponinae. 31.14 melliferous vegetation, 30,13, 32,3 Middle East, 31,11 migratory beekeeping, see beekeeping millet, 32,3 Mishra,R C, 30,13 mite: parasitic, 30,13 tropical, 30,6 Monchas Unnayon Sangstha, 31,11 monkey, 33.8 monofilament line, 33,3 More on finding queens, 31,4 Morus alba, 31,10 morphometric studies, 30,8 Moreno, E, 33,10 Morse,R A, 30,15 Mtwara, 33.7 Muid.M Hj. 33.5 Mulder,¥V. 30,9: 32.4.6 multipurpose tree, 31,10; 33,10 Murillo-Yepes,], 32,10 Musa paradisicia, 31,10 Muzaffar.N. 30,9; 33.5 Mzeka.P, 31,15

the story of the invasion, 31,14

focal resources. 31,7 longan, see Nephelium longana Look Ahead, 30,12, 31.12; 32,12;

33,13 lure, 33,8 Nasonov pheromone, 32,10 Luso, 31.4 M Madaha,], 32.11; 33.7 Madeley,|, 32,16 Madha Prapancha, 30,13 Make a bee fodder calendar, 31,7,8.9,10 Malawi, 33,12 Malaysia, 30,12; 31.3.12; 32,12;

33,5,7,13.16 Mali, 30,4 malnutrition,30,14 malu, 31,9 management, 32,3 absconding, 30,13; 32,3 colony division, 32.15 feeding, 32.3

Netherlands, 30,8,12; 32.8 Nelwork, 30,14 Networking link for Africa, 33.13 Nevis, 30.8; 33,7 News Around The World, 30.8: 31,11; 32,10, 33.6 Nicaragua, 33,7 Nigeria, 30,4; 32,11; 33,12 Beekeepers’ Association of. non-timber forest products, 34,7,10 Non-wood news, 33,13 North West Bee Farmers’ Association, 31,11 Nosema, 30,13 Note on markets, in the United Kingdom.

France and ltaly for selected products of the beekeeping industry: prospects and developments, 31,15

Notice Board, 30,12, 31.12; 32,12; 33,13 Nsubuga.G, 30.9

NufiesJ, 31,4

P

packaging materials, 31,5 paingya, 31.9 paint stripper, 30,14 Pakistan, 30,8,9; 32,15; 33.5 palynology, 33,10 Panama, 33.10 Panos publications, 30,15 PARC, 30,9 participatory design, 31,10 Pati, 33,4 Patrika, 30,13 Pechhacker,H, 30.6 Pedu Lake, 33,16 Peru, 32,12 pesticides, 30,13 poisoning, 30.13 petroleum jelly, 30,10,11 pheromone, see lure Philippines, 33,5 Ping, 31.2 pollen, 30,6, 31,10,15;, 33,10,12 analysis, 31,14; 33,10 colours, 32,2 distributors, 31,15 identification, 33,10 importers, 31,15 key, 33,10 loads, 32,2 market trends, 31.15 neotropical, 33.10

pollination, 30.6; 33.4 insect, 30,6, 32,15 Pongamia pinnata, 31,13

Practical Beekeeping, 30,3: 31.3;

32,3, 33.3 predators, see bee propolis, 30.10.14: 31,5 distributors, 31,15 granules, 30,11 importers, 31,15 lip balm, 30.10 market trends, 31.15 Prunus cerrasoides. 31,8 Prunus persica, 31,10 Psidium guajara, 31,10 Pterolobium stelatum, 32,3 Punchihewa,R W K, 33,5 Pyrus pashia, 31,8 Qa

quarantine, 33.6 queen, 30,3 finding, see management cage, see Management cell,cup, 33,3 rearing, see management -tight colony, 33.3 Queen rearing in top-bar hives, 33,3

R rainforest, see forest Rainforest buffer zones: guidelines for protected area managers, 33,10

Rainforest Medical Foundation, 33,13 Rainforest Rights, 32,12 Raja Justus,E, 33,11 Raw,A. 34,15 Ramachandran Nair,P K, 33,10 tambutan, 32,5,6 Ramirez BW, 31,4 Raleigh. Sir W, 33,11 Rawat.B S, 30,13 recipes, 30,10,14 Reddy,C C, 33,5 resolutions, 33.4 Revista del munapih. 30.9 Rhus natalensis, 32,3 Rigau.B, 30,8 Rinderer,T E, 34.14 Ritter, W, 30,6 Rodrigues Island, 31,13 Rodriguez,C, 33,7 Rodriguez.P |, 32,12: 33 7 Roubik,D W, 33,10 Royal Farm, Thailand, 31,2 royal jelly, 30,6; 32,6 distributors, 31.15 importers, 31,15 market trends, 31,15 production costs, 32,6 Ruttner’s Method, 30.8 Rwanda, 32,11

NWEP, 30.8

s

sacbrood, 30,6,9,13;, 33,4 Thai, 30,13; 31,11 Sakai,T, 33.4 Saint Lucia, 33.6 Saint Vincent, 33.6 sal, 31.9

polem no mel Brasileiro,

Organic Farming, 33.13 O'Toole,C, 31.15

A Bees for Development publication

31,14

wax, 31.5 Stingless bees in Angola, 31,4

Pollen and spores of Barro Colorado Island, 33,10

o ODA, 30.5 Odima,M. 31,4

Saltpond, 32.10 Sarawak, 33,7 Saudi Arabia. 33.5 Sayer,|, 33,7 Sekitoleko.V. 30,9 Senegal, 30,4; 33.8,12 Shade for bees, 31,3 Shah.F A, 30,13 Sherratt,D, 32.10 Shorea robusta, 31.8: 33,10 Shrestha,K K. 33.5 SIDA, 30,13 Sierra Leone, 33,12 Singapore, 30,8 Slim.H, 30,15 small-scale: food processing, 30.14; 31,15 food producer, 32.8 smoker, 33,7,.8 SNV-Nepal, 32,11 Sociedad Apicola Uruguaya, 32,11 Solomon.G, 30,8 Somalia, 33.12 Sorocoba. 33,6 Soude.C F, 32,10 South Africa 33,12 Sri Lanka, 30,12; 32,9; 33,5 stamp, 33,7 stingless bee, 30,5; 31.4.5; 33,5 honey, 31.5 propolis, 31,5

Overseas Development Administration, see ODA Oxfam, 30,13; 33,7

study tour, 32.12 Suazo CalizA, Sudan, 31.3, 33.12 sugar syrup, 31,5 Sulistainto, 33,5 Sumahadi,Mr, 33.4 Sunil.S R, 32,9 sunny conditions, 31,3 Super formulas. how to make more than 360 useful products that contain

30,10,14 supers, see management Surrey, UK, 31,6 Suryohadikusomo,D, 33,4,5 sustainabie agriculture, 33.4 Svensson,B, 32,12 Svensson,, 32,12 Svensson,K N, 32.12 swarm, 33.6.8 attracting, see lure capturing, 33.6 swarming, see management Switzerland, 30,12; 31,6,12; 32,8,9,12;, 33.13 Sylvester,H A, 31,14 honey and beeswax,

T

ta-hori, Tabora, 33,7 Beekeepers’ Co-operative Society, 32,11; 33,7 Taiwan, 33.5.6 tamarind, see Tamarindus indica Tamarindus indica, 33,12 Tam,D Q, 33,5 Tamil Nadu, 33,11 TanN O, 32,4.5.6 Tanzania, 30,4, 32,3,11: 33,.7.9,12 tea, 32,5 temperature, see management Terminalia arjuna, 31,13 termite, 30,5, 33.9 Thai sacbrood, see sacbrood Thailand, 30.6,7,12; 31.2,14; 33.4.5 The African Books Collective, 32,12 The complete guide to beekeeping, 33.11 The hot-blooded insects: strategies and mechanisms of thermoregulation.

32,14 The Gambia, 30.2.4.5,14; 31.12; 32,12, 33.8 The

factor in rural development,

human 114 The Max Havelaar Foundation, 32,8 The Network, 32,8 The New Forests Programme, 32,12 The Organisation for the Conservation and Protection of Bees in Sri Lanka, 32.9 The pocket pollen guide, 32,2 The Rainforest Action Network, 32,12 The top-bar basket hive, 33.8 thermoregulation, 32,14 Thompson,P, 30,15 Tobago Apicultural Society, 30.8 toothpaste, 30,11 pellets, 30,11 top-bar, see hive Torres Strait, 32.10

&

DEVELOPMENT

33

trade, 33.11 international, 33.11.13 structure, 32,8 Trade for West Africa, 32.8 traditional: beekeepers. see beekeepers beekeeping, see beekeeping Traidcraft Exchange, 33.7 training, 30.9.13:. 31.6.7,51.13:; 32,11; 33,7,1 trees, see also forest and woodland 30.4 multipurpose, 33.42 Trees and shrubs of the Sahel: their characteristics and uses, 32.15

‘tremble dance’, 31,5 Trigona spp, 31.4.5 Triplochton scleroxylon, 30.5

Tropica! Bees and the Environment, Tropilaelaps clareae, 30,13

T Shirts, 30,11 Turkey, 33,5 Twin Trading, 33.7 U

Uganda, 30.5,9; 33,12 Beekeepers’ Association, 30,9 UK, 308,12; 31,12; 32,12, 33.13 UN volunteer, 30.8 UNCTAD/GATT, 31.15 UNDP, 36.8 Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, 33,4 University of Wales, Cardiff 33,14 University of Wiirzburg, 31,5 Uruguay, 32.11 USA, 30.8.12; 31,12; 32.12, 33,2,3.6,12 USAID, 33,7 Vv

Vaisakh, 31,8,9 Valle Grande Rural Institute, Peru, 32,12; 33,7 Value added products, 30,10 Varroa, see Varroa jacobsoni

Varroa jacobsoni, 31.14; 32,10: 33.4

Venezuela, 30,9 Verma, LR, 30.6.13: 33.4.5 Vernonia exertifolia, 32,3 Vespa spp, 30,13 Vietnam, 32.4.5; 33.4.5,13 Villanueva,G.R. 34,34 vinegar, 30,14 viruses, 30,13: 32.10 cluster, 36,13 Vit Olivier,P, 30,9 VSO, 30,15; 32.11 Ww

waggle dance, 31,8 Wang,W-Y, 33.5 Wanlin,X, 30,15; 32.11 wasp, 30,13 water, 31,3, 33,8 plum, 32.5 sources, 31,3 wax, see also beeswax for cheese, 30,10 grafting, 30.11 wax moth, 30.13; 31,13 wawa, 30,5 West African Bee Research Seminar, First, 30,11 Second, 30,4 West African Beekeepers’ Association, see BAWA West Indies. 30.8 White,E C, 30,1014 Winston.M L, 30.14 women, with respect to beekeeping, 30.8.9 Wongsiri,S, 31.14 Woo, K-S, 33.5 woadland, miombo, 32,2 World Vision: Award for Development Initiative, 30,2; 31.2; 32,2; 33,2 Beekeeping Project, 32,10 International, 32,10

Y Yang.G H, 33,5 Yazbek.R. 31,11 Yeboah |, 32,10 ‘yellow rain’, 33,16 yield, see honey YMCA, 30,13 Yogyakarta, 31,6; 33.4 Zz

Zaire, 32,11; 33,12 Zambia, 32,2; 33,.8,12 Zanzibar, 30,5

AA,

30.11

Zimbabwe, 33.12 Zooming In on, 30,

Index prepared by Nicola Bradbear and Helen Jackson.

13;

31,13; 32,13

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