mec"
ekeeping soyevelopment
NUMBER 40
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1996
ZOOM IN ON ETHIOPIA LATIN AMERICAN BEEKEEPERS’ UNION USING EUCALYPTUS * INDIAN LOG HIVES = WAX FOUNDATION MAKER
BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 40
INSIDE INFORMATION World Vision Award for Development Initiative 1990
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ees
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Helen Jackson
THIS ISSUE
IN
Inside Information
Wax Foundation Maker
PAUAL
REPRODUCTION
Editor: Dr Nicola Bradbear Co-ordinator: Helen Jackson
B&D is intended to help beekeepers everywhere. We are happy for items to be reproduced or translated. Please give acknowledgement to B&D and the author of the item you are using, and send us a copy of the reproduced or translated item. Information in
PUBLISHERS
Log Hives of Sorag
Bees for Development,
News around the World Trees Bees
EDITORIAL OFFICE
Troy, Monmouth, NP5 4AB, United Kingdom Tel: (+44} 0 16007 13648
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Zoom in on Ethiopia Bookshelf
12
Look & Learn Ahead
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PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION 4000 copies of each edition are printed and
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ADVERTISEMENTS
COVER PICTURE Our cover picture
shows trainees inspecting at Holeta Bee Research
bee colonies in hives
and Training Centre, near Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PHOTOGRAPH GEZAHGNE TADESSE Zoom to page
TWO
||
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SPONSORS Bees for Development is receiving financial support from The Secretariat for the Environment and Sustainable Development, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark, towards the production and distribution of
Beekeeping & Development in 1996.
Bees for Development also acknowledges CTA (the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation), The Netherlands for providing sponsorship. We are grateful to Sandoz SPC Ltd and all the beekeeping groups and individuals who assist us.
for more on Ethiopia.
A Bees for Development publication
BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 40
Naomi Saville explains how Holly Keens-Dumas, a beekeeper from Tobago demonstrates how to make wax foundation sheets by hand 3.
PRACTICAL BEEKEEPING TS, >
t-
Immerse the tray in a bath of cold water and offthe board
gently ease it
1
Heat some clean beeswax in a double boiler: water in the outside pan and wax in the
N
PHOTOGR,
SOMESANIEET
inside pan.
Once the wax is melted (never allow the water to boil) pour on to a wet tray with a space for pouring off excess wax. Carefully tip the tray until there is a thin even layer of wax covering the surface (2-3 mm thick), pouring off excess in the process.
A Bees for Development publication
Once the wax has hardened you might emboss the sheet with worker brood comb pattern using a press, or in this case a hand operated roller. Bees will also use plain wax sheet without the embossed pattern.
THREE
BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 40
PAUAL Peguenos Apicultores Unidos de América Latina ~-
by
!
Michéle Zufferey, Switzerland
MICHI 1
ft
~N
PAUAL is an association of 11 beekeeping organisations from Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico and Uruguay. Through relationships with alternative trade organisations, these groups were made aware of the existence of each other and with time became curious to know more about each other and to exchange experiences and ideas. By their own initiative they first met in September 1994 in Mexico. In spite of differences they arrived at the conclusion that they all faced similar problems: @
lack of information or difficult access to information from Europe;
@
nocash (and difficulty in obtaining credit);
@
structural problems;
@
the need to improve their beekeeping know-how;
@
a bad price for their honey and no direct
contact with conventional honey importers.
Additional information on PAUAL in French and Spanish can be obtained by writing to Bees for Development
FOUR
The decision was taken to create an association that would allow information to flow between its members. Each group had its own experiences and had developed interesting strategies that would be useful if shared. A linked network also gives strength to the promotion of beekeeping in the countries concerned.
The international representatives of the eleven beekeeping organisations which constitute PAUAL meeting Mr Rolf Buser, Manager of Max Havelaar, Switzerland in
September 1994
PAUAL is composed of five national networks, each with a representative. This person co-ordinates activities, transmits information to member organisations, and also returns information to the General Secretary of PAUAL. The activities at the international level are to centralise and distribute information from Latin America, to organise a yearly meeting of PAUAL representatives, to inform groups about European market standards (quality, prices, potential buyers), to put members in contact with interested and interesting
organisations (beekeeping experts, bio-certifying organisations, NGOs) and to do fund raising.
PAUAL is not a closed association: on the contrary it is interested to share information with other beekeeping groups. PAUAL functions on a voluntary basis. Decisions on financial participation for members or interested organisations will be taken in October 1996. Groups interested to join PAUAL should write to Michéle Zufferey, PAUAL Europa, Moulin du Croset, 1148 Mauraz, Switzerland
A Bees for Development publication
BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 40
LOG HIVES OF SORAG KEEPING BEES in log hives is common in this village of the Pindar Valley, in Uttar Pradesh, India.
@
The village is approximately 50 km from the nearest road. Most villagers are farmers, growing barley, beans, buckwheat, potatoes and wheat. There are several varieties of fruit trees and jungle blooms, all of which provide bees with forage. The bees are the Indian hive bee (Apis cerana) and are kept in log hives. These hives are made from hollowed-out logs of Quercus spp (ban oak) and Rhododendron spp The two ends are blocked with wooden disks and packed with clay. The average hive length is one metre, and the walls are about 8 cm thick.
This article is by
The thickness of the hives is suitable for the prevailing cold climate (the temperature can drop to -10°C).
@
Beekeepers do not have to rely on equipment supplies from anyone else.
@
Knowledge and beekeeping skills are easily passed on through the generations.
@
The shape and concept of the hive is very similar to a nesting place used by bees in the wild.
KEYSTONE, the group for Eco-development Initiatives based in Nilgiris, India
A
log hive from Sorag
cording to the local beekeepers these hives ...)w big colonies to form, which are well protected through the winter when snow accumulates up to a metre deep.
Hives are usually set into walls (see photograph) or kept in the open in a shady place with heavy slates placed on top. Honey is harvested in July and October. Honey is not usually sold but can fetch a price of Rs60 (US$2) per kilogram. Wax is discarded. Some people eat the comb containing young brood.
The log hives are made from local materials by the beekeepers and are extremely cost-effective.
KEYSTONE
@
KEYSTONE
The advantages put forward by the local beekeepers for this log hive are as follows:
Sorag hives are usually set into walls
A Bees for Development publication
FIVE
BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 40
CAMEROON
PHOTOGRAPH
AFENDIA FOI
CAMEROON
North-West Bee Farmers Association NOWEBA sees training as the most effective strategy for promoting sustainable beekeeping and improving both quality and quantity of honey, and has consequently embarked on a series of training tours. Four workshops for selected groups were organised in the Co-operative College, Bamenda, and in Mfonta 30 one-day workshops were also organised around the Province. To date NOWEBA has trained a total of 1528 bee farmers in basic skills. Source: Honey News, No 4, December 1995.
“Let's lift the lid and take a look!” Workshop participants at one of the South-West Bee Farmers Associations’ recent workshops.
NEPAL A profile of Himalayan Bee Concern Himalayan Bee Concern promotes beekeeping activities in Nepal. Its objectives are: @
To help rural people sustain their economy.
@
To organise training programmes.
CLEO CERVANCIA PHOTOGRAPH #)
PHOTOGRAPH
@
To provide the opportunity to buy beekeeping equipment using a cost-recovery system.
@ To develop strong strains of honeybees ana
To organise the sale and marketing of honey and wax.
polish.
@
To help conserve the environment by planting bee flora.
programmes are sponsored by CARE-Nepal, Cottage and Small Industry Development Agricultural Bank, FAO, GTZ, ICIMOD and USC Canada. After training is completed participants are provided with bee hives and other necessary
equipment. Rural beekeepers receive only a low price for their honey. It is usually bartered along with “ghee” (butter). HBC helps in marketing their honey, giving the beekeepers a better price.
PHILIPPINES
to
@ To provide technical expertise to members.
6
Soni Basnet
Transferring a colony of Apis cerana
To increase awareness of the advantages of keeping bees.
@ To supply equipment.
the Philippine way
CLLO CERVANCIA
Apis cerana
@
stingless bees and thus increase production of bee products and secondary products, for example candles, cosmetics, medicine and
To date HBC has provided training for 96 groups (over 3000 participants). The training
Keeping
TANZANIA Arumeru Beekeepers’ Society The objectives of the Society are:
The Bee Program of the University of the Philippines at Los Banos is actively introducing technology for indigenous bees, Apis cerana, to farmers. One advantage of using indigenous bees is their low-cost which is affordable by the small-scale farmers. It is also sustainable. The genetics team at the University is working on the morphometrics and DNA of Apis cerana populations in the whole country to identify whether there are sub-species of Apis cerana. This data will be useful in selecting races for use in beekeeping.
During regular training courses the transfer of wild colonies to hives is taught to participants. The course organisers encourage farmers to try out methods to discover which will work best for them. Cleo Cervancia
@
To create awareness amongst people that beekeeping is an industry that can create employment and useful products.
@ To link with other associations involved in
the conservation and restructuring of nature to provide a better environment for bees
The Society's motto is “Bees are Wealth,
Bees are
Development, Bees are Co-operation”.
Mr M E Makawa, ABESO Co-ordinator, PO Box 248, Usa River, Tanzania.
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Beekeepers from Trinidad and Tobago embraced an opportunity to upgrade their beekeeping
knowledge and skills, when Michael Duggan, a beekeeping technical adviser attached to the British Executive Service Overseas (BESO) visited the islands. The visit was arranged primarily by the Tobago Apicultural Society (TAS). Michael Duggan spent 16 days in Tobago where he conducted a workshop on honey quality and judging, beeswax processing, bee diseases, and the harvesting of pollen and royal jelly. There were also individual practical sessions with beekeepers and lectures for students at the Signal Hill Senior Comprehensive School, where TAS conducts a beekeeping project. The workshop was repeated at three venues and over 150 beekeepers and agricultural extension officers attended the workshops on both islands.
Since April 1994 TAS has been pursuing a beekeeping development programme with the assistance of funding from the Government of the Netherlands. Mr Duggan’s stay in Tobago was intended to assist the Society in the implementation of this programme.
A Bees for Development publication
t
BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 40
ZIMBABWE
journal Beekeeping & Development! Gladstone Solomon - President of TAS and Correspondent in Trinidad and Tobago
B&D’s
UGANDA Beekeeping Research Project The Uganda Beekeepers’ Association has embarked upon a research programme to compare different types of hives concerning production, duration and susceptibility to pests and predators. At present we have top-bar hives with sloping sides, with straight sides, Langstroth hives with top-bars instead of frames, and traditional woven and log hives. 2 project commenced in early September 1995 and is situated in Luwero District, about 50 miles from Kampala.
Geraldine Nsubuga,
B&D’s
Correspondent in Uganda
ZAMBIA
,
The Co-ordinator of honey collectors in Mwinilunga, Amos Maliti, said their activities will spread to other parts of the Province because of the good collection expected this year. The amount of rainfall experienced in the year has a bearing on the quantity and quality of honeys, so the good rainfall this year indicates a good quality harvest. Honey collectors are not limited by markets because demand is high with customers in Zambia and foreign buyers. Mr Maliti pointed out that his organisation would welcome more buyers to the Province as this would motivate his members to spread to areas not covered on a regular basis. Source: Times of Zambia, May 1996, sent Reinhard Fichtl currently working in Zambia 2
A Bees for Development publication
to
B&D
by
In August 1994 a beekeeping workshop was held in the village bringing together about 30
participants: most were women. The objective of the workshop was to improve local beekeeping skills and encourage others to start beekeeping - not only for income generation, but as means of environmental conservation - people only value things when they benefit directly. The workshop inspired Mr Tapera to care more for the bees. At the time of the workshop he had eight traditional hives and no one else in the village kept bees at all. Today Gwava village is taking the lead in beekeeping. Each household has at least one top-bar hive bought through a grant from the UN Trickle Up Programme Mr Tapera was not content with the one hive from the grant. He has made ten top-bar hives using dry logs collected in the forest and has improved the smoker he uses. He no longer cuts bark to make
CHAT
1 THOMAS PHOTOGRAPH!
Regarding beekeeping in Tobago, Mr Duggan concluded that the basic quality of queens seemed to be excellent - docile, and prolific layers with no reports of excessive swarming. Also there are no signs of disease or parasites other than the greater wax moth and Braula There are some excellent beekeepers - the honey had a wonderful taste and physical properties. luded amongst Mr Duggan’s ommendations were: overseas training for a suitable person for first-time warnings of diseases, quicker turnover of old combs, elimination of wax wastage, continued participation in the National Honey Show in London, UK, and continued subscription to the
Puff Puff Puff. it works! Mr Tapera trying his smoker made of oil tins and goat skin His sons Verengai and Richard look on
a
:
hives. The women’s sewing group in the village make veils for the beekeepers and Mr Tapera is a committee member of Bondolfi Beekeepers’Association. This is a community based association which unites beekeepers around the region. Its objective is to disseminate appropriate technology to the beekeepers, market their honey and strengthen the environmental base which is the pillow of
THOMAS CHALE
HE WORLD
PHOTOGRAPH
Jt
F
Never too late to learn At 66 years of age Mr Tapera moves around as energetically as a worker bee. He is the Headman of Gwava village, 15 km from Masvingo town in south Zimbabwe. Mr Tapera began beekeeping when he was 14 years old, learning from his father. The process involved making hives from tree bark and honey harvesting Once the bark was removed the tree died. Harvesting involved the use of a torch of burning grass, which killed a lot of bees and sometimes caused bush fires. The process was carried out at night and the beekeeper had to be half-clothed to avoid bees sticking to clothes.
One of Mr Tapera's log hives set to catch a swarm in October 1995 [t was soon colonised
beekeeping. You see it is never too late to learn! Thomas
A Chale, UN
Volunteer
Top-bar hive made by Mr Tapera PHOTOGRAPH
THOMAS CHALE
SEVEN
BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 40
Eucalyptus camaldulensis by
AB
1
Igboanugo, Nigeria
Practical notes Eucalyptus camaldulensis is raised from seeds and rooted
cuttings. Seeds are tiny and are mixed with fine sand in equal volumes before sowing in pinches into polypots. A potting mixture of top soil manure 2 fine sand is used. When the seedlings emerge they are thinned to one per pot. Seedlings remain in the nursery for up to four months, before being transplanted into the field. Transplanted seedlings are treated with anti-termite chemicals and borax. In Nigeria there are no knowr pests of Eucalyptus
:
|
:
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camaldulensis.
A BILIGBOANUGO
Warning: Eucalyptus camaldulensis suppresses the yields of common staple vegetables and food crops in the Nigerian savannahs, such as cowpea, groundnuts, maize, okra, pepper, fluted pumpkin, soyabean and spinach. Yields are reduced by the excessive consumption of soil water and nutrients by the
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Family Myrtaceae
Other names Red river gum, Murray red gum
Description One of the fastest growing tree species for the production of fuelwood and poles.
Eucalyptus.
OTHER USES Fuel wood: the wood has a high calorific value and burns well. Poles: for scaffolding, building, and power transmission lines.
Essential oil: extracted from the leaves. This is
Apicultural value
By five years’ old it can reach 18 m and a total volume of 83 m?. It can reach 50 m tall.
Eucalyptus camaldulensis is a
Bark: smooth and light grey in colour, thin
used in pharmaceutical preparations and soaps. Recently it has been reported that people in the Nigerian savannahs use infusions of the leaves to cure typhoid fever. The bark is used in tanning.
major source of both nectar and pollen for honeybees.
and peeling in strips.
Distribution
Leaves: grey-blue, 30 cm long and drooping. Flowers: white clusters. The petals are united
This was one of the first Eucalyptus to be used elsewhere in the world. Now it is one of the commonest exotic tree species in farms and gardens in the tropics and subtropics, especially in dry areas. It can withstand frost.
has been introduced to many countries around the world. In its native country, Australia, Eucalyptus camaldulensis flowers all year and is therefore very valuable for bees. It
The honey is white to light amber in colour, of a mild flavour and fairly quickly
granulating.
EIGHT
into a hood which falls off as a whole after fertilisation.
Fruit: a very small capsule at the end of a thin stalk.
Ecology Its natural habitat is along water courses in eastern Australia. It requires underground water, but will grow in a wide range of soils and climates.
POM
MLM CNM
el
CM
tk
COEUR Cle
Ra
a
eee
TREES BEES USE
__
A Bees for Development publication
.
BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 40
BOOKS FORESTERS USE Conservation and management of tropical rainforests: an integrated approach to sustainability by E F Bruenig (1996)
.
Bees for Development has recently received a bumper crop of forestry-related books. None specifically relates to
339 pages. Hardback
Uppsala, Sweden
112 countries. Gives addresses, main research areas, number of staff, name of director, etc.
Price USS17 and available from the publishers: FAO Distribution and Sales, Food and Agriculture
Marketing information systems for non-timber forest products
Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy
Carla Koppell FAO (1995) 115 pages.
by
Forest products and household incomes: a review and annotated bibliography
Paperback This field manual presents a systematic way for small-scale producers to gather information on markets for their nontimber forest products. The field manual could be very helpful for those assisting groups to market their other bee products.
Townson
(1995) 205 pages. Paperback A review of economic activities with -on-timber forest products. Consists of a mbination of reviews, abstracts and
bibliography.
Very interesting information about non-wood products in Bangladesh, China, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam.
Price USS64 with airmail post and available from the publishers: Science Publishers Inc, in association with FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 10 Water Street #310 Lebanon, NH 03766, USA A Bees for Development publication
199 5
Price USS5 and available from: SUAS/IRDC, PO Box 7005, S 75007 Free of charge to projects in developing countries
(1993) 167 pages. Paperback
:
contribution made by forests and trees to the food economy of rural people. An excellent publication.
800 forestry research organisations in
Non-wood forest products in Asia edited by Patrick B Durst, Ward Ulrich and M Kashio
RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS
Paperback
A very useful publication listing nearly
Forestry Institute, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
cr or y 6 ;
A pleasant introduction to the
(1995) 227 pages. Paperback
Available from the publishers: University of Oxford in association with CAB International, Oxford
Dy RE
FOREStry
FAO (1993) 26 pages.
Directory of forestry research ‘ganizations 1995
by
ig
Forests, trees and food
United Kingdom
M
Pag
reviewed here for the benefit of those of you who are interested in forestry and agroforestry
This is an advanced text for forestry students and rainforest managers. It provides a full description of rainforests and their ecosystems, and how they might be sustainably managed. Price 55 and available from the publishers: CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE,
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beekeeping. They are briefly
.
Available from: SUAS/IRDC, PO Box 7005, S 75007 Uppsala,
For est Pr
‘Oducts and Household
Incomes
by '.M. Townson
Sweden
Bois et foréts des tropiques This tropical forestry review is an 80-page, quarterly journal, written in French, and with English and Spanish abstracts. It contains review articles, reports of major congresses and news of the tropical forestry world. The journal is produced at a high quality with colour photographs and attractive layout. The subjects covered range from forest botany to the various uses of wood.
Conservation
>
op
ara: agement
Tropica] Rainfo
An
integrated
@pproach to su
ER
BRUENtr:
Available from the publishers: Publications Department, CIRAD-Forét, 45bis avenue de la
Belle-Gabrielle, 94735 Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France
NINE
BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 40
ASIAN APICULTURAL ASSOCIATION The Asian Apicultural Association (AAA) assists communication and the exchange of information between bee scientists and beekeepers in Asia. The administrative headquarters of AAA are in Japan, and communication between countries is also assisted by AAA Representatives (Chapters) throughout Asia. The AAA Membership fee is $20 per year. If you live in one of the countries listed below you can join AAA by contacting your local representative. People in other countries send $20 directly to the AAA Office, c/o Honeybee Science Research Center, Tamagawa University, Machida-Shi, Tokyo 194, Japan. Fax: 81 427 39 8854
B&D
is the official newsletter of the Asian Apicultural Association
AUSTRALIA: BANGLADESH:
Mr Linton Briggs, The Federal Council of Australian Apiarists’ Association, RMB 1030, Glen Rowan, Victoria 3675 Dr Alamgir Mati, Bangladesh Apicultural Association, 30/1 Shantinagar, Dhaka 1217
Bangladesh Institute of Apiculture, 23/12 Khilji Road, Shyamoli, Mohammadpur, Dhaka 1207
BRUNEI DARRUSSALAM:
Dr Kassim Hajidaud, Department of Biology, Universiti Brunei Darrussalam, Gadong 3186
CHINA:
Professor G H Yang, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xiangshan, Beijing Dr Wei-Yi Wang, Hangzhou Pollen Co Ltd,
5
Baoling Road,
Shan, Hangzhou
INDIA:
Central Bee Research Institute, Khadi & Village Industries Commission, 1153 Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411 016 Dr Vinod K Mattu, Department of Bio-Sciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171 005 Dr C C Reddy, Department of Zoology, Bangalore University,
INDONESIA:
Dr M Chandra Widjaja, National Beekeeping Center, Perum Perhutani, Jl Gatot Subroto-Senayan, PO Box 19/KT WB, Jakarta 10270 Dr Kun-Suk Woo, Institute of Korea Beekeeping Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Suwon 440 744 Mr Hae-Woon Chung, Korea Beekeeping Association, 301 Sambo Bldg, Chonglo 6-Ga, Chonglo-Ku, Seoul, 110 126 Mr Woo-Suk Ahn, Cheju Branch, Korean Beekeeping Association,
Jnaha Bharati, Bangalore 560 056
KOREA:
MALAYSIA: NEPAL: NEW ZEALAND:
SULTANATE OF OMAN: PAKISTAN:
Sambo, 2-dong 1024, Cheju, 690 032 Dr M Hj Muid, Plant Protection Deparment, Agricultural University of Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Mr K Shrestha, Co-ordinator, Beekeeping Project, ICIMOD, PO Box 3226, Kathmandu K
Mr Cliff van Eaton, National Apiculture Business Unit, MAF Quality Management, Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries, Private Bag, Tauranga Mr Keith E Ferguson, PO Box 2037, SEEB III
Dr Nasreen Muzaffar, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, NARC, PO NIH, Islamabad
PHILIPPINES: SAUDI ARABIA:
SRI LANKA: TAIWAN (China):
The next edition of B&D will BS
bring you news and pictures
~~
>
TEN
from
AAA's
THAILAND:
TURKEY:
Ram Kham Haeng University, Ram Kham Kaeng, Bangkok 10240 Dr Osman Kaftanoglu, Department of Animal Science, Cukurova University, Adana 01330
VIETNAM:
Mr Din Quyet Tam, Director, VINAPI, Phuong mai, Dongda, Hanoi
Conference in
Vietnam.
Dr Cleofas R Cervancia, Deptartment of Entomology, College of Agriculture, UP Los Banos, College, Laguna Mr Jassim M Al Mughrabi, PO Box 42332, Riyadh 11541, Ministry of Agriculture & Water, Training Department, Riyadh Dr R W K Punchihewa, Honeybee Research Facility, Horticulture Station, Ministry of Agriculture, Kananwila, Horana Dr Chun-yen Lin, Taiwan Apicultural & Sericultural Experiment Station, 26] Kuan-nan, Kung-Kuan, Miaoli Mr Somnuk Boongird, Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Science,
A Bees for Development publication
BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 40
ZOOMING
INON...
Production
ETHIOPIA
According to the produ tion estimate a total of about 23,000 tonnes of crude honey and about 3000 tonnes of b ‘eswax are collected annually. There is a stro ng, local demand for honey, due to a high m irket value obtained for
Size
“Tej” (honey mead).
1.07 million km’
Population 55 million
Agriculture Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy. It is estimated that agriculture accounts for 41% of GDP and 90% of foreign exchange earnings.
Beekeeping Beekeeping has been a tradition since long heafore other farming systems. It is assumed to ve started about 3000 years ago. Apiculture in Ethiopia is mainly by local, traditional methods and honey hunting is practised in extreme parts of the south western and southern regions.
Honeybees Recent morphometric study has verified
Honeybee diseases, pests and predators Nosema and Amoeba
are diseases so far
identified: the degree of infestation is low. The country is free from brood diseases and Varroa. Pests include ants, bee louse, honey badger and wax moth.
Training and extension The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the training and extension of beekeeping. Short and long term training courses are conducted for beekeeping extension officers and beekeepers at Holeta. The Veterinary Faculty of Addis Ababa University and Alamaya Agricultural University also hold
Beekeeping projects Further information is available in the following references:
Ethiopia is rich with natural plant habitats and a good environment for bees.
courses on apiculture.
B&D7, page 10, BRDI2, page 8; B&D14, page 13; B&D22, page 8; B&D24, page 10, B&D29, page 8; B&D30, page 8 Publications
Research
FICHTL,R Chikka Hive:
Hives
Apicultural research is new in Ethiopia. The Ministry of Agriculture is not mandated to conduct research work but the Holeta Bee Research and Training Centre is the sole institution undertaking applied and adaptive apicultural research that would support development. The research work mainly focuses on improving the quality of hive products, identification and development of productive honeybee races, study and evaluation of honey plants, improvement of traditional bee culture and beekeeping equipment, and investigation of honeybee diseases.
Habitat
Traditional hives, top-bar hives and movable frame hives are in use. The total number of fixed comb hives is estimated to be over 5 million of which the large proportion is ncentrated in the south west and the ntral Highlands. Hives such as Kenya top-bar, African long hive and mud top-bar are recent introductions. The frame hive was introduced into the country in the late 1970s and the Zander hive is the first to be widely distributed. Langstroth and Dadant are currently used in certain apiaries. To date there are over 19,000 frame hives with bees. These are owned by commercial beekeepers, hobbyists, backyard beekeepers, joint ventures and government institutions.
Honeybee flora The country is endowed with various kinds of forest trees, shrubs, herbs, cultivated crops, and weeds that provide nectar and pollen for foraging bees. Some of the most important honey sources are Acacia spp, Bidens spp, Brassica napus, Cordia africana, Coreopsis boraniana, Guizotia abyssinica, Guizotia scabra, Helianthus
annus, Schefflera abyssinica, Trifolium spp, and Vernonia spp.
A Bees for Development publication
a beekeeping
handbook. German
Development Service, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (1994) 45 pages.
FICHTL,R; ADDLA Honeybee flora Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany (1994)
of
550 pages
Beekeeping equipment Frame hives and top-bar hives are produced in the rural Technology Promotion Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture. Accessories like smokers, bee veils and bee gloves are produced at Holeta Centre. A centrifugal honey extractor is currently under production. Wax moulds and frame wires are imported from abroad.
Our thanks to Gezahegne Tadesse who contributed the information for this article
GEZAHEGNE TADESSE
Apis mellifera abyssinica, Apis mellifera jementica, Apis mellifera monticola and Apis mellifera scutellata.
Bamboo strip, bark, grass and log hives are used in traditional beekeeping in Ethiopia
ELEVEN
BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 40
Value-added products from beekeeping Complete -
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W
USEFUL PUBLICATION AWARD
Kall Dy FAO Agricultural Services
Guide fo
BEEKEEPING
BOOKS
Bulletin 124, Rome, Staly (1996) 409 pages. Paperback. Available from
Bees for Development price 30.00 Beekeepers can gain extra financial value from their craft by “adding value” to the products. The production of foods containing honey as an ingredient, or cosmetics containing honey, are examples of ways in which honey can be sold for higher financial return. This excellent new book provides plenty of ideas and methods for doing so. Many of the recipes can be prepared using traditional skills at home, or on a medium to large industrial production scale.
Honey, pollen, propolis, royal jelly, venom and wax are dealt with in separate chapters with information on harvesting, storing, and using each product. There is also a chapter on cosmetics, and many useful addresses.
@ Value-added products from beekeeping
The new complete guide to beekeeping by Roger A Morse The Countryman Press, Vermont,
USA (1994)
207 pages. Paperback. Available from Bees for Development price 13.50
Professor Morse has the happy knack of being able to explain complicated things such that they appear simple.
SELLING HONEY TheA
|
Root Co, Medina,
USA
(1994) 46 pages. Paperback
QUEEN MANAGEMENT The
Al
Root Co, Medina,
USA
(1995) 49 pages. Paperback. Both publications available from
Bees for Development price 6.00
each
These two small books are part of a series titled “Best of Bee Culture’. They are formed by selecting articles from the last few years of the American beekeeping magazine, The result is useful, readable nuggets of information on each subject.
Bee Culture.
Thus his new edition of The complete guide to beekeeping succinctly describes all aspects of beekeeping that a beginner needs to know. The book is written primarily for North American beekeepers, using solely North American technology. It contains an abundance of excellent, practical beekeeping advice.
Tropical commodities and their markets: a guide and directory by Peter
Robbins
Kogan Page Ltd, London, United Kingdom (1995) 276 pages. Hardback. Available from
Bees for Development price 45.00 A unique guide to many different tropical products providing comprehensive information on their production, use and market forecast. There are entries for beeswax, honey, pollen,
TWELVE
propolis and royal jelly. This guide will be useful to anyone involved with co-operatives considering the export marketing of their products. A special paperback edition of the guide, for use
developing countries, can be ordered for 12
only in
directly
TWIN Ltd, 5-11 Worship Street, London, EC2A 2BH, United Kingdom.
from
Planning and implementing sustainable projects in developing countries - theory, practice and economics by
Audace Kanshahu |
AgBé Publishing, PO Box 1, 1010 Brussels, Belgium (1996) 196 pages Paperback. Available from Bees for Development price 26.50 Do you know the difference between a Programme and a Project? What factors make a project sustainable, and just what is a feasibility study? This book gives plenty of useful business information for managing a project. It is full of worthwhile advice, from project planning and appraisal, through implementation, tendering for goods and services, reasons for project success and failure, and alternative approaches to
development.
Three cells of honeycomb by
Francis G Smith
F G Smith, Nedlands, Australia (1994) 284 pages. Paperback. Available from Bees for Development price 20.50
The title of this book derives from Francis Smith's life and beekeeping work in three different continents; Europe (United Kingdom); Africa (Tanzania); and Australasia (Western Australia).
The story begins as World War II ends, with Smith leaving the British army and becoming a forestry student in Aberdeen. Upon graduation he was immediately appointed by the Colonial Office as Beeswax Officer in Tanganyika (as Tanzania was known at that time), a post in which he remained for
A Bees
for Development publication
f
BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 40
Johnston travelled world-wide and gained an international insight into beekeeping. After practising in many countries, he is now, once again, looking after bees in the English
SHELF 13 years. At the independence of Tanzania he moved to work in Western Australia as Senior Apiculturalist, and 12 years later became Director of National Parks there.
Among many achievements, Smith identified and named two races of honeybees, and Apis mellifera litorea. book reveals an interesting contrast between life then and now. Smith and his family faced plenty of challenges along the way, and a picture emerges of a good life, with plenty of resources available. Readers mellifera monticola
life-history book following beekeeping around the world.
Actes du troisieme seminaire regional sur la recherche et le developpement de l’apiculture en Afrique de l’Quest L’Association Nationale des Apicultures du Benin (1996) 151 pages. Paperback. In French. Available from
Bees for Development price 20.00
The proceedings of the Third West African Bee Research Seminar held in Parakou, Benin, December 1995.
:
Subjects covered include beekeeping and the environment, the value of hive products, and the future prospects for beekeeping in West Africa.
45 years ago.
The Asiatic hive bee: apiculture, biology and role in sustainable development in tropical and subtropical Asia Peter Kevan
Enviroquest Ltd, Ontario, Canada (1995) 316 pages. Paperback. Available from Bees fer Development
price 20.00
This book has evolved from the proceedings of onference held in Malaysia in 1988. The ycotation period has been a long one, but the labour was worthwhile. This is a useful text. Papers by 37 authors cover a wide range of aspects of Asian beekeeping. The history of beekeeping in Asia, basic biology of Asian bees, honey, wax and other bee products, and crop pollination. Also covered are the diseases and pests of bees which occur in the region, and there is, importantly, a chapter on beekeeping and development in Asia. The book is attractively illustrated, and good value.
A nomad amongst the bees by
Julian Johnston
The Documentary Honeybees in Oman prepared by
Hood Bin Saif Al-Alawi Directorate General of Agriculture &
Veterinary Services Beekeeping Section, Sultanate of Oman (1996)
VHS. Running
time 45 minutes.
English and Arabic versions available from
Bees for Development
price 25.00 postage
including airmail
An excellent documentary on beekeeping in Oman. The camera team initially escorts honey hunters to harvest from “cave-dwelling” bees. Importantly this film carries footage of Apis florea beekeeping in Oman. Specialist beekeepers move the single combs built by Apis florea to artificial “caves”. The documentary shows how the comb is carefully cut to remove the honey-containing section. The beekeeper returns the brood comb clamped between two halves of a split stick to the original site for the colony to continue.
currently working in beekeeping development will be interested to read of work underway
edited by
VIDEO SHELF
pei
Following on is beekeeping with Apis mellifera. Instructions show how to make and extract honey from a tubl (date palm log hive), and how to capture and transfer a swarm to this type of hive.
The documentary also explains the activities within a bee colony, and management techniques of frame hive
beekeeping including centrifugal honey extraction. The book Honeybees in Oman available from Bees for
Development price 6.25 provides an excellent accompanying text to this documentary.
Northern Bee Books, Hebden Bridge, United Kingdom
(1995) 88 pages. Paperback. Available from Bees for Development price 7.00 Julian Johnston has spent his life amongst bees starting at the age of six. Working for the
British Foreign and Commonwealth Office,
A Bees for Development publication
Ways to Pay see page 14 THIRTEEN
BEEKEEPING
&
DEVELOPMENT 40
LOOK AHEAD
NOTICE BOARD
BELGIUM APIMONDIA International Apicultural Congress 1-6 September 1997, Antwerp
Further details from: APIMONDIA, General Secretariat, Corso Vittorio Emanuele I] 101, [-00186 Rome, Italy Fax: 39 6685 2286
BROTHER ADAM
CANADA APIMONDIA International Apicultural Congress
We regret to announce the death of Brother Adam on September at the age of 98. Known world-wide for his work in bee breeding Brother Adam lived for many years at Buckfast Abbey in Devon, United Kingdom, where he carried out his famous work. |
13-21 September 1999, Vancouver
Further details from: APIMONDIA, General Secretariat, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 101, 1-00186 Rome, Italy
Colloquium on Apidology 18-20 March 1997, Jena Further details from: Prof Dr Erwin J Hentschel, Friedrich Schiller Universitat, Am Steiger 3, D07743 Jena/Thiiringen, Germany
an Egyptian beekeeper and Diploma holder with 23 years
Fax: 36 41 635 382
Please contact:
Abdel Mannam Abd Aziz Osman, PO Box 475, Salalah 211, Sultanate of Oman
TREES
IN TANZANIA The Tanzania Tree Planting Foundation has a major objective in promoting and developing tree planting and environmental conservation.
Write
to:
R Bahreini, Chairman, Meda Company Ltd, PO Box 31535-791, Karadj, fran
WORKSHOP TO RUN? If you are organising a beekeepers’ meeting then write to
Bees for Development. We may be able to support your event with past editions of B&D and other material. Let us have the likely number of participants and details of the meeting at Jeast three months ahead of the date.
Short courses in November 1996, February and May 1997, Njiro Wildlife Research Centre Further details from: Njiro Wildlife Research Centre, PO Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania Fax: +255 57 8242 or
First Meeting of the indian Honeybee Research Association
from
9-11 January 1997, Bangalore Further details from: Dr M S Reddy, National Seminar on Apiculture & Honey Festival,
Two year training courses commencing in July Further details from: The Principal, Forestry Training Institute, Olmotonyi, PO Box 943, Arusha, Tanzania Fax: +255 57 2271 Attn FTI
Bees for Development Training in Beekeeping
VENEZUELA
00100 Rome, Italy Fax: 396 5225 5249
Magister Scientiarum en Recursos Naturales Renovables - Produccién Animal Integral (MSc in Renewable Natural Resources Integral Animal Production) Further details from: Programa de Produccién Animal UNELLEZ, Mesa de Cavacas 3323, Guanare, Edo Portuguesa, Venezuela Fax: 57 68157
For your Event or Notice to appear here, send advance details to Bees for Development, Troy, Monmouth NP5 4AB, United Kingdom Fax: +(44) 0 16007 16167
-
Ways to Pay BY FAX: (+44) 0 16007 16167 BY PHONE: (+44) 0 16007 13648 BY POST: Nina Gibson, Publication Sales, Bees for Development, Troy, Monmouth, NP5 4AB, United Kingdom BY E-MAIL: 100410.2631@CompuServe.com Credit cards Access, JCB, Mastercard or Visa accepted. We need to know your card number, expiry date on card, name on card
Cheque, Eurocheque or Bank draft in UK Bank transfer Account number: 10167967 Sort code: 20-00-85 Barclays Bank pic, PO Box 29, Monmouth, NP5 3YG, United Kingdom Post Office Giro transfer Account number: 4222067 Payments to Bees for Development please Current titles are shown in our list, Books te Buy. Your order is processed as soon as we receive it.
Bees for Development stocks all the best books on beekeeping and development, especially LU
FOURTEEN
Training in Tropical Beekeeping
on Tropical Bees and the Environment, Century Foundation, No 8, If Block KHB Building, 13th Cross, Indiranagar 2nd Stage, Bangalore 560 038, India
ITALY
BEE PRODUCTS FOR EXPORT Meda Company Ltd have many bee products for export: - honey, propolis, royal jelly, pollen and venom (from honeybees and wasps)
19-21 December 1996, Bangalore
World Food Summit 13-17 November 1996, Italy Further details from: World Food Summit Secretariat, FAO Headquarters, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla,
More information from:
Further details from: APIMONDIA, General Secretariat, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 101, 1-00186 Rome, Italy
Further details from: Secretary, National Conference
Department of Industries & Commerce, No 14/3A Nrupathunga Road, Bangalore 560 002, India
Tanzania Tree Planting Foundation, Ndelekwa N Nyitti, Regional Co-ordinator, PO Box 295, Usa River, Arusha, Tanzania
SOUTH AFRICA APIMONDIA International Apicultural Congress 13-18 September 2001, Sun City
TANZANIA
Assistant Director (Bee Research),
To date 2,000,000 trees have been planted by the Foundation.
26-30 November 1996, Rabat
LEARN AHEAD
Tropical Bees and the Environment
|
MOROCCO Forum International de Il'Apiculture (International Forum of Beekeeping)
Fax: 39 6685 2286
INDIA
beekeeping experience in Egypt, Oman and Saudi Arabia. would like to find beekeeping work which will allow me to learn English for six months.
Pest Management Institute, NARC, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan Fax: 92 051 240 909
Further details from: FORAPI,
GERMANY
lam
18-20 March 1997, Islamabad Further details from: Dr Ali Asghar Hashmi, Integrated
3 rue Al Madina, Hassan, Rabat, Morocco Fax: 217 773 2125
Fax: 39 6685 2286
EXPERIENCED BEEKEEPER SEEKS WORK
PAKISTAN Third International Congress of Entomological Sciences
We offer a speedy, efficient and economical mail order service. Please send payment with your order. We can also provide quotes in advance for payment in € sterling or USS. Remember that book prices include free packing and post to any address in the world by surface mail. If you need your book order sent by air mail, please add 25% to the total order value. Videos are dispatched by airmail at no extra cost. We cannot be responsible for books lost in transit. Insurance can be arranged at additional cost. We do all we can to maintain prices, but they are occasionally changed by publishers. B&D readers - if you find something good that you think other beekeepers would enjoy: share your information with us!
Authors and publishers - send your publication to us for possible review in a future edition. We want to expand our range of books and videos on sustainable beekeeping.
those published by people working in developing countries.
A Bees for Development publication
REMEMBER TO MENTION Beekeeping
& Development WHEN
RESPONDING TO ADVERTISEMENTS
Where will YOU be from 28 - 30 November 1996? the best
mise beekeeping friends woulda
THE NATIONAL more than a
HONEY SHOW At Kensington Town Hall, Hornton Street, off Kensington High St., London, UK
IT HAS EVERYTHING! Appliances, Books, Cosmetics Dealers, Easy access, Fun, Good company, Hive products, Inventions, Jonathan Porritt, Knowledge, Lectures, Mead, Novelties, Organisations, Prizes, Questions, Rivalry, Special offers, Trophies, Underground parking, Varroa advice, Wax models, Xmas gifts, Youngsters’ classes, Zero boredom Make your plans NOW to prepare your entries and book a visit
You won't regret it!
Send 9x6” envelope for Schedule (available from August 1996) Revd F. Capener, 1 Baldric Road, FOLKESTONE CT20 2NR, UK Support the National Honey Show - Registered Charity 233656 publicati A Bees for Develop ment publication
;
FIFTEEN
REMEMBER TO MENTION Beekeeping
& Development WHEN
TOP-CLASS SKILLS IN BEEKEEPING FOR RURAL
RESPONDING TO ADVERTISEMENTS
ATTENTION ALL HONEY; BEESWAX;
1
I I I
PROPOLIS EXPORTERS
I
WE WANT TO BUY
I 1
HONEY
1
I
Multiflower honey, forest honey and any kind of pure types ! of honey. Minimum quantity: 20 metric tonnes 1
BEESWAX
i I
Must be 100% pure, hydrocarbon max 16% Minimum quantity 5 metric tonnes
! I
PROPOLIS
I I I I I I I 1
I
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Only first class quality, without heavy metals and pesticides Minimum quantity: 50 kgs up to any quantity
Should you be willing to send us your quotation please state the quality, quantity, shipment dates et and send samples to us. HONIG MEHLER HAUPSTRASSE 4A,D-54552 Viehler HONIG NEICHEN, GERMANY Tel: 49 2692 92050 Fax: 49 2692 920550
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Dr Nicola Bradbear and Helen Jackson join the participants and several lecturers on the steps of Cardiff University. PHOTOGRAPH CARDIFF UNIVERSITY
a aw
y
98%-100%
Seventeen participants attended this year’s Course on Beekeeping in Rural Development. The Course is one month long and comprises
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two weeks of lectures and theoretical work at
Cardiff University followed by a fortnight’s study tour of African beekeeping based at
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Njiro Wildlife Research Centre, Tanzania.
The Course is jointly organised by Bees for Development and Cardiff University
Details of future courses are available from:
Bees for Development, Troy, Monmouth NP5 4AB, United Kingdom Fax: (+44) 0 16007 16167
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SANDOZ SPECIALITY PEST CONTROL LTD is pleased to support Beekeeping & Development
More information on APISTAN is available from: SANDOZ SPECIALITY PEST CONTROL LIMITED SGS House, 217 - 221 London Road Camberley, Surrey GU15 3EY, England Tel. 00 44 1276 25425 Fax. 00 44 1276 25769
Beekeeping & Development is published quarterly by Bees for Development, Troy, Monmouth, NP5 4AB, United Kingdom Telephone: +(44) 0 16007 13648 Fax: +(44} 0 16007 16167 E-Mail: 100410.2631@CompuServe.COM Environmentally friendly paper
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