OFFICE COPY mma
49
Keeping
evelopment DECEMBER 1996
ABWE BEE TREE
BEEKEEPING
&
DEVELOPMENT 41
INSIDE INFORMATION As
we go to press, the most important international meeting on hunger for 20 years is about to begin in Rome. This is The World Food Summit, convened by the United Nations Food
World Vision Award for Development Initiative 1990
and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The last Food Summit took place 22 years ago. At that Summit Henry Kissinger famously vowed that world hunger would 6e eradicated “within ten years”.
This Summit will agree more modest, and perhaps attainable aim, to halve the number of hungry by 2015. And this at a time when 90 million mouths are being added to the world’s a
population each year. The big question is: how do we halve the number of hungry?
Some believe that food security is attainable by the United States providing grain reserves for the world. But the world already produces enough food for all of us - yet still 840 million people go hungry. The real cause of hunger is not lack of food, but lack of money to buy it.
Apimondia Gold 1989, Bronze 1993
Poverty is the problem. Every country needs to be producing its own food, to have food security. Lasting food security will come from solutions that are not capital intensive. These allow people to work with their own local resources to produce their own food. Beekeeping is just one of many ways that rural people can create income from the natural resources around them. It is one of the small solutions that can contribute to answering the
big question.
ANS ANTENNAE IN THIS
ISSUE .
Inside Information
Practical Beekeeping
.
2 3
6
News around the
Investing Money in Honey............... 7
AAA
Conference in Vietnam............. 8
Look & Learn
Ahead.
10
EDITORIAL OFFICE
Notice Board Trees Bees Use
Bookshelf Index 1996
.
.
.
li .12 14
REPRODUCTION Information in B&D
Editor: Dr Nicola Bradbear Co-ordinator: Helen Jackson
PUBLISHERS Bees for Development, Troy, Monmouth, NP5 4AB, United Kingdom
SUBSCRIPTION DEPARTMENT The subscription rate for 12 months is 16 by airmail to any address. Past editions are 5 each. Readers in developing countries may pay by Beeswax Barter or Candle Currency
B&D38 page 13). PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION (see
COVER PICTURE
4000 copies of each edition are printed and distributed world-wide.
Our cover picture features Ms Nguyen Thu
ADVERTISEMENTS
a lady with an important and prominent role in beekeeping development in
Hang,
Vietnam. Ms Hang was a member of the Local Organising Committee for the highly successful Third AAA Conference, reported on pages 8 and 9. Ms Hang is pictured here
taking life a little more easily after the end of the Conference - she holds a dragon fruit - a delicious fruit popular in Vietnam.
TWO
is intended to help beekeepers everywhere. We are happy for items to be reproduced or translated. Please give acknowledgement to B&D and the author of the item you are using, and send us a copy of the reproduced or translated item.
SPONSORS Bees for Development has received financial support from The Secretariat for the Environment and Sustainable Development, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark, towards the production and distribution of Beekeeping
& Development
in 1996.
Bees for Development acknowledges CTA (the
Advertisements and enclosures in B&D reach readers in many countries. Advertisement rates are: Quarter page Half page 100; Full page 200. 50; Enclosures 40 per kilogram. Prices subject to VAT in EC countries.
\\
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation), The Netherlands for providing sponsorship. We are grateful to Sandoz SPC Ltd and all the beekeeping groups and individuals who assist us.
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BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 41
NEWS FROM NJIRO A bee smoker appropriate for African conditions by
RS
O Koisianga
INTRODUCTION A smoker is a very important tool used when beekeepers and honey hunters work with bees. In its modern shape it is metal container filled with smoke-giving material and a ows to produce the air flow. It is necessary ~emoke honeybees before the colony is touched. The smoke is puffed into the colony and the bees sense it. They move back to the combs and concentrate on eating honey. The most commonly accepted theory about smoke is that it breaks the communication within the colony and causes bees to engorge themselves with nectar or honey. Thus they prepare to abandon the hive and avoid the source of the smoke. The result of smoking bees is that they become less defensive and less likely to sting. a
THE PROBLEM Many modern smokers are unable to calm African bees. These modern smokers need refuelling inconveniently often when working with African bees. When used intensively they produce a hot blue smoke that burns the bees and makes them aggressive. The modern okers are also too expensive for poor keepers.
Tanzania three types of smokers are used by beekeepers: traditional smokers; locally made, modern style smokers; and imported smokers. In
Traditional smokers Honey gatherers smoke bees when harvesting honey. Some of these gatherers burn pieces of plant or fruit to produce smoke Some cut branches and grass They make a fire on the
TABLE
1.
ground directly beneath the colony so that the smoke blows in the direction of the colony. Honey collecting this way is done usually ona dark night. This gives the beekeeper some defence against the angry bees. However these traditional methods can cause forest fires and also harm the bees and make them abscond. These methods are still used by honey hunters and beekeepers.
PRACTICAL
2353 BEEKEEPING es
Locally made, modern style smokers According to reports from beekeepers, locally made smokers are neither efficient nor durable. They claim that these smokers give hot smoke that makes bees more vicious instead of calming them. At the same time the smoker itself becomes very hot and becomes difficult to hold. This is due to use of the wrong type of tin in making the smoker body. However we have seen some smokers made locally from scrap material that work very well The problem is that their volume is too small.
Imported smokers Many imported smokers are unable to calm African bees. These European-style, modern smokers are durable and efficient but expensive: beekeepers cannot afford to buy them. Most imported smokers are also small and therefore burn out quickly and need to be re-filled.
Mr Koisianga with fis ideal smoker
THE OBJECTIVE We have seen how each smoking method has disadvantages. The objective of this project was to test and develop an appropriate bee smoker for African conditions, and to recommend the best materials to use as fuel.
TRADITIONAL SMOKER MATERIALS
Place in Tanzania
Tribe
Smoker material
Zanzibar Kondoa
Waswahili Wasandawe
A thick sisal rope
Arusha/Kilimanjaro
Wameru/Wachaga
Coconut shell with natural fibres
Kiteto/Simanjiro Dodoma
Puff balls (a type of fungi) Waarusha/Wamasai Dry stick of Commiphora africana (osilalei) Cow dung in local bee smoker of Botswana type Wagogo
Many parts of Tanzania
Many tribes
A bunch of dry grass, sticks or leaves wrapped in green leaves
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FIGURE
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1
Smoker 4
TABLE
2
The optimum volume for a bee smoker
Smoker Number
19 18cm
Volume (litres)
Average time smoke lasted (minutes)
1
1.6
39
2 3
1.9
58
2.1
4
2.1
Average
1.9
70
(High) (Wide)
71
60
METHODS a) Three types of bellow springs of different heights were tested:
Rhum
isan
,
An ideal smoker is one that produces plenty of cool smoke for a long time yet without . threatening to cause fires. Therefore the objectives were:
FIGURE 2
°
Three volumes of smoker were tested with fuels. The results show that the
smoker with the volume 2.1 litres is @®
the most appropriate
To
how
ow
sit ifferent smokers cou id
|
one Produce SMOKE.
8 @
10
50
To study the quality of the smoke produced and its acceptance by both beekeepers and bees.
Tan
Tae
ener
ee x
(high)
(wide)
Volume in litres
FIGURE 3 Eight
types of smoking materials were
Aspring with fittings @ A
cm
cm
b) Four containers of different volume were
tested of leather were tested for types durability. d) The costs for making these different designs of smokers were compared. e) Eight types of smoker fuel were tested. c)
Three
Of the three types of spring tested, spring (I) was easiest to work and most durable. The others were too hard. As a result the operator of the smoker became tired. These hard a only period before springs for short lasted the returning mechanism spring became weak due to hard pressure from the operator.
@ Soft and hard pieces of leather
@ Durable tin of
(I)
13.0 x 10.5 x 3.5 cm
Spring
Cheap, locally available were materials selected. The materials required for making and using a smoker are:
30
12.0x94x3.5
RESULTS
MATERIALS
40
(I)
1
piece of wood
mm thickness 19.
cm x
13.
Container
cm
Table
@ Smoker fuel
2
shows the results for each container
tested. The results show that elephant
dung is the best material used 130
4
120
+
100
+
TABLE
3
Time in minutes
s
Comparison of smoker materials
6040
20
4
+
Wy
FOUR
Smoker material
Time smoke lasted Remarks (minutes)
Elephant dung
125
Papaya fibres Mixture (of dried leaves, sacks and cow dung) Cow dung
120
Not easy to find Needs to be prepared from the dried papaya trunk
84
Needs to be prepared Needs to be prepared
Rice husks
50
Produce sparks
Pieces of sack (hessian or burlap, made of sisal fibre) Maize cobs
36
Often contaminated
28
Wood shavings
18
Difficult to light Sometimes produce a bad smell!
Average
70
-
92
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A
good smoker filled with the right fuel will produce plenty of mild, cool smoke over a
with a range of smoking materials. See also Figures and 2.
long period
|
Material The different types of leather materials tested were hard, medium hard and soft. A suitable leather was the soft one especially goat or calf leather. The hard side of the leather should be outwards and the wood pieces should be polished to avoid any sharp edges.
REFERENCES
Cost In
ANDERSON,R H, BUYS,B; JOHANNSMEIER,M P (1983)
this test the cost of making each tha
despite the materials used being slightly different. Cus
als
aight smoker materials tested were harmless to beekeepers and bees (no side effects observed). The materials differed in the length of time they produced cool smoke
(Table 3).
CONCLUSIONS 1.
Asmoker that produces smoke for more than one hour should be considered
satisfactory. 2.
3.
Disadvantages were noted for rice husks (produced sparks), sacks (often contaminated with chemicals), maize cobs (difficult to light), and wood shavings (extremely short smoking time and bad smell).
still difficult to find a workshop in Tanzania that can produce quality smokers that last many years. To develop a good smoker is easy in theory but to have them prepared on a large-scale to benefit poor beekeepers is very difficult! It is
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS express my sincere gratitude to our research co-ordinators, Mr Stephen Liseki and Mr Bérje Svensson for their help with my project. Many thanks also to the Director, Mr Liana Hassan for his constructive opinions and logistical support. Field attendants and beekeepers in the field played a good role in evaluating the smokers. Many thanks to my wife Joan for taking my responsibility at home when was out collecting data for this project. Thank you to all my co-workers, who in many ways facilitated my work. |
|
Beekeeping in South Africa.
Department of Agricultural Technica! Services Bulletin no 394, Pretoria, South Africa.
CRANE,E
(1990)
Bees and beekeeping:
science, practice and world resources.
Heinemann Newnes, Oxford, United Kingdom
FREE,] B (1982) Bees and mankind. George Allen & Unwin, London, United Kingdom.
GOULD] L; GOULD,C
G (1988)
Scientific American Library, New York, USA
The honey bee.
KIGATIRA,K (1988) |
Nairobi, the author. Kenya, published by Beekeeping for beginners.
Both smokers (3) and (4) in Table 2 burned for more than one hour. Smoker (3) is very tall in shape and smoker (4) is wide bodied. From this experiment we judged
4.
From this project we can conclude that the best smoking materials, easily available in most parts of our country, are dried cow dung or dry fibres from the papaya trunk. Also a mixture of these materials is suitable.
5.
The so-called Botswana smoker (a simple tin held with a wire hook) is easy to make and cheap. Unfortunately it produces smoke for only a short time (28 minutes), produces flames and sparks, and puts the beekeeper at risk from inhaled smoke during its operation. Also it is not advisable for use where the chance of
TA QUAYE
that the shape of the smoker container is not so important but the volume must be at least two litres.
forest fire is high. 6.
Some of the traditional and locally-made smokers are good but not recommended to be used in fire hazard areas.
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Making equipment for beekeepers can be a useful source of income for craft workers Here are well made smokers made in Ghana by FOBE - Friends of Bee Enterprise
FIVE
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N EWS
ST KITTS AND NEVIS
GHANA
ARO U N D
Beekeeping inspector checks Nevis bees Mr Laurence Cutts, Senior Beekeeping Inspector for the State of Florida, USA,
recently visited Nevis to advise local beekeepers on pests and diseases and Africanization of their bees. His journey and accommodation were funded by the Florida Aid Agency FAVA/CA to whom Nevis Beekeepers are very grateful.
Ebenezer Franko Agonnor is a volunteer teaching apiculture in nine schools in rural areas of Eastern Here he shows how Ghana. to make a top-bar hive. PHOTOGRAPH SENT BY NANA AFUFFO-LARTEY
While Mr Cutts is impressed that Nevis is pest and disease free and that, subject to laboratory confirmation, there appears to be no Africanization of Nevis bees, he is very concerned that Nevis bees will soon have these problems. He warned Nevis Beekeepers that Africanized bees had taken hold in Puerto Rico, St Croix, Trinidad and probably in Dominican Republic and Haiti as well. Africanized bees were to come to St Kitts or Nevis they could:
If
@
Seriously threaten the tourist industry;
@
Ruin a thriving local beekeeping industry on both islands, with unique export industries based on honey and beeswax;
@
End the possibility of raising queen bees for export.
MEXICO The Proceedings
of the Ninth
American Conference of Apiculture
are now published. They contain papers on Africanized honeybees, pathology, stingless bees and honey production. Sixteen papers in Spanish, five in English.
Available from: Programa Nacional Para El Control de la
Abeja Africana, Campeche N 285 Ex, Hipodromo Condesa,
Be SR
Jig ae
S
WAG
grees ee
As well as the above named islands Varroa mite is known to be on Grenada, because beekeepers from that island imported queens with infested attendant bees from the USA. There is no cure for Varroa and control is very costly. Other bee diseases to be wary of, and not found in Nevis bees by Mr Cutts, are American foulbrood and European foulbrood (brood diseases that can be carried in honey - for example honey imported from countries whose bees have these diseases) and tracheal mite.
DF CP 06100, Mexico.
oe
Africanized bees have found their way to Caribbean Islands as swarms on container ships. They cluster between the containers and come ashore at any port of call. There is also a danger that these swarms, or bees brought into St Kitts and Nevis by other means, carry Varroa.
Laurence Cutts pointed out that if diseased or Africanized bees found their way into either St Kitts or Nevis they would spread, by flying across The Narrows to the sister island. It is important that a sharp and watchful eye be kept on sea port facilities in Nevis and St Kitts. J
Quentin Henderson
Source: The St Kitts-Nevis Observer October 1996
SIX
SOUTH AFRICA The “Hail
annual award to recognise those whose work has uplifted agriculture in South Africa. In 1996 it was won for the first time by a beekeeper, Philimon Modileng. of Fame” is an
Philimon is a remarkable entrepreneur who succeeded despite great difficulties. He began beekeeping at age 13 in 1950, working for a commercial beekeeper. In 1973 he started his own bee farm, beginning with just 12 hives. Today he is regarded as the most successful beekeeper in South Africa, running 3200 colonies, and employing eight people. Average production is 90 tonnes of honey per year.
Philimon M dileng’s career has been difficult: He had tod eal with the aggressive apartheid years. Trave ling around the country, Philimon did not expe rience too many problems with the authorit ies as the police force considered that all beel eepers were white. White beekeepers used black labourers to transport their hives < ll over the country and wheneve Philimon ca me to a road block, he was summoned to carry on. The police were not wanting to € ntertain a truck load of bees. Philimon he d to also contend with farmers who could r ot accept him.
About this t ime Philimon had to deal with the arrival of the Cape bee. This was a shattering period wher 2800 of his colonies were destroyed. | eft with 400, he managed to increase to 000 colonies once again. Being in Bophuthats’ ana, Philimon could not benefit from the Go vernment subsidy being enjoyed by his Sout! African counterparts. Philimon could hardly cope with this episode and his finances we e dwindling. After the 19' 4 elections representation was made to the authorities: permission was granted to a flow Philimon to receive assistance i the same way as the others. This led to misct ief amongst some beekeepers who
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INVESTING MONEY IN HONEY by
Merlin Willcox,
Voluntary Representative for Shared Interest
I
Ji
Jt THE WORLD
Many people have some money which they wish to put aside for later in life. Wouldn't it be wonderful to invest it in a way which helps to create or sustain jobs for poorer people? This is possible inthe United Kingdom thanks to an organisation called “Shared Interest”.
People in the UK become members of investing 100 or more, and they can get their money back by return of post when they need it. The interest rate is 1.75%, but many members choose to waive their interest. There is also the option of investing in loan stock - 2000 or more for five years with 0% interest, guaranteed by the Co-operative Bank. This is just the type of long-term funding needed by many projects in developing countries. Shared Interest by
poisoned a whole apiary belonging to Philimon. Vandalism is experienced by many bee farmers in South Africa: hives are sometimes totally destroyed. if these curses were not enough, Philimon wot a further 2000 colonies during 1995 to the Cape bee. Nevertheless he is not broken and looks forward to being involved in developing new beekeepers in the new dispensation of this land.
During the Bophuthatswana homeland rule, the authorities requested Philimon to work for them as an apicultural advisor. Being very sceptical of this position, Philimon declined. He felt that during a rough time the Government would rebuke him by laying him off, not realising that it was the forage decline and not his management. He knows how to run his business and he knows the pitfalls: he wanted to realise his own destiny. Philimon plans to retire in a few years. For me to have interviewed Philimon at his home in Makapanstad was a great experience it gives me pleasure to announce that limon is the first beekeeper in South Africa to have been recognised in the Agricultural “Hall of Fame’. 1
Eddy Lear, Chairman - South African Federation of
EN LEAR
Bee Farmers’ Association
Some of Philimon Modileng’s 3200 hives, cleaned and
The money is channelled to borrowers in two ways. Firstly, some is lent through The Ecumenical Development Co-operative Society. This organisation finances projects which contribute to the social and economic advancement of poor communities. Secondly, Shared Interest lends money to Fair Trade organisations such as Traidcraft, Oxfam and Tropical Forest Products. So when Zambian beekeepers part with their honey and wax, they can be paid quickly, rather than having to wait for six months or a year until the honey is sold in Europe.
Tropical Forest Products was set up by David Wainwright, a British beekeeper, to import honey from Zambia and Tanzania. No one else in the UK had been willing to buy it. The rich, dark, strongly flavoured honey had been classed as “industrial grade” by buyers who believed that the British only like light, flowery honeys. Luckily for David and his African colleagues, the pundits turned out to be wrong. The honey is bought from a co-operative of beekeepers made up of about 360 village groups, each of these with about ten members. Everyone places hives in the forest - hollowed trunks and tubes made of bark are hung in the trees and are colonised by bees. One of the biggest problems for
the beekeepers is transporting honey out of the forest to the villages. The honey is packed in 30 kg buckets and these have to be carried by bicycle or on the beekeepers’ head for 15-30 km. In the past, during a bumper harvest, the market price of honey would drop so that it was not worthwhile to carry the honey very far. The old beekeepers tell of squeezing the honey on to the forest floor and only keeping the valuable beeswax. Now the co-operative has helped by providing a steady price for as much honey and beeswax as the beekeeper is prepared to carry out of the forest. y
The Zambian beekeepers need income to pay for schooling and health care. These are no longer free in Zambia. But money is not always the most appropriate payment in the middle of the forest, where they are no shops. So the co-operative’s buyers bring much needed goods such as blankets and salt when they come to collect honey. The beekeepers can choose to buy these with the cash they get from selling their honey. The beekeepers do not harvest honey just for export, most is consumed in the forest where it is produced or in local towns. When the crop is small there is not much honey available from export. Tropical Forest Products becomes important in years when there is bumper harvest to provide a market for the surplus. This is where Shared Interest comes in, by providing financial back-up to enable Tropical Forest Products to buy as much honey and beeswax as the beekeepers can a
produce. For investors, the financial returns from Shared Interest may not be record-
breaking, but the social returns certainly are. do not now know of any other investment where so little money can create and sustain so many decent jobs, in parts of the world that need them so much. |
If you would like more information or an application form for membership, please write to: Shared Interest, Freepost,
Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom
NEI 1BR,
ready for use
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AAA is the Asian Apicultural Association. AAA exists to link people in Asia - and beyond who are interested in Asian bees and Asian beekeeping. AAA functions by having Chapters (Representatives) in almost every Asian country, which together form a network for information flow. AAA is administered from the Honeybee Science Research Center of Tamagawa University, Japan.
AAA welcomes new members. A list of all Asian countries with Chapters, and contact names and addresses was published in B&DA4O, page 10. The AAA Membership is USS$20 per year, or the local equivalent. If you live in one of the countries with a representative, contact them direct. Otherwise send US$20 to: AAA Office, c/o Honeybee Science Research Center, Tamagawa University, Machida Shi, Tokyo 194, Japan. Fax:
81
427 39 8854,
Hanoi is a city of unexpected, tranquil beauty. A city with green lakes, red pagodas, tree-lined boulevards, and streets full of bicycles and cyclos (rick-shaws). Market streets spilling over with every kind of merchandise: produce, videos, silks, baskets, plastics. All mixed with grand buildings in the style of French villas, in shades of muted yellow, standing amid cool, leafy precincts. In the centre of Hanoi is Ho Chi Minh Museum. This was the setting for AAA’s third Conference. People from Africa, America, Australasia, Europe and the Middle East joined representatives from most Asian countries to participate in the Conference. In the centre of the Museum is an excellent lecture hall, and surrounding this are areas where beekeeping displays from around Asia were presented, and where the all-important meetings between friends and colleagues could take place.
And there was plenty to talk about: newly identified honeybee species, fresh insights into how honey is harvested from bees, new efforts to stimulate beekeeping in rural development. Apiculturalists in different fields presented their recent work. These were some of the highlights:
Traditional Tikung beekeeping, similar to the Apis dorsata rafter beekeeping of South Vietnam, is practised in Indonesia in West Kalimantan and Bilitung Island (see picture below right). @ Professor Niko Koeniger from Germany presented the research of his team on Apis nuluensis, the honeybee they have newly described from Borneo. (Nuluensis means belonging to mountains). @
@
Professor Gard Otis from Canada described work with Ms Soesilawati
Hadisoesilo on Apis nigrocincta, another previously unrecognised honeybee species from
ANG BEE MEDICAMENT ;.., OF CHINA TEACTORY |
CGottina dawn ta husinocs at
ano
af the
trade ctauds
hunters filmed using night-sight technology. These honey hunters are in the forests of Sabah (Borneo) collecting honey from the giant bee, Apis dorsata. The bees are nesting 20 m above ground in trees of the rainforest, and honey hunting is always done only on completely dark, moon-less nights. The video unveiled secrets, revealing the true skill and horror of the work involved. Professor Sasaki from Tamagawa University, Japan, described his team’s work to explain why Apis mellifera (the European honeybee) ventilates at the hive entrance facing in towards the hive, whereas Apis cerana (the Asian honeybee) faces the other way. Are Apis cerana facing outwards so they can watch for
approaching predators? Dr Naomi Saville described her work to
promote sustainable beekeeping in a remote part of Western Nepal. The conclusion?
Truly participatory development requires great commitment!
Indonesia. @
Ms Nguyen Thu Hang described Vietnam's work since 1989 to train farmers in Apis cerana beekeeping. A “Training of Trainers”
NEXT CONFERENCE The next AAA Conference will take place in Kathmandu,
Nepal in 1998. Keep reading
B&D for further details.
EIGHT
@
Mr Harryanto, Mr Tamrin and Mr Ade Jumhur are beekeepers from West Kalimantan (Indonesia). They are standing beside a
“Tikung”
a wooden
board underneath which one
programme is meeting with success.
colony of the giant honeybee Apis dorsata will build its
Mr Michael Gries (a member of the Koeniger team) showed a fascinating video of honey
single comb. In this traditional honey collecting system, the “Tikung” is placed in a forest tree and thus provides a nesting place convenient for both the bees and the beekeeper.
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J
DEVELOPMENT
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Of course there were many other interesting presentations: too many to mention here. All presentations will be published in the
Conference Proceedings. Watch this space for details! for
in Northern
Vietnam
Mr Paliwal of India shows the bee-proof clothing, incorporating a safety helmet, he has designed for honey hunters. This is part to ensure honey hunting can continue without a project harm to the bees’ nest or the honey hunters.
of
AAA NEWS Changes at the top! Mr Tetsuo Sakai, the Founding President of AAA has retired. Conference delegates thanked him warmly for his work in initiating AAA.
Where are they going? Conference delegates did not miss any opportunity to visit beekeepers
Professor Mitsuo Matsuka now carries the torch as President of AAA. Professor Matsuka’s previous role as Secretary General is filled by Dr Tadaharu Yoshida, whose shoes as Treasurer of the Association, are filled by Dr Jun Nakamura.
BEEKEEPING IN VIETNAM these are now controlled by biclogical methods, effectively practised simultaneously by beekeepers in each area. Beekeeping in Vietnam is well supported by the Ministry of Agriculture's Bee Research and Development Centre. This Centre has a staff of 35, including 20 researchers. The Centre provides advice and training to beekeepers. There are also more bee research units within the Universities of Vietnam.
The majority of beekeepers in Vietnam keep a small number of colonies of the native honeybee Apis cerana. These might be kept in horizontal or vertical log hives, or in frame ves. There are also large-scale commercial _aterprises keeping both Apis cerana and Apis mellifera, the introduced ‘European’ honeybee. There are about 900 of these largescale enterprises keeping up to 1000 colonies in each apiary and moving them around to take advantage of honey flows. There are also
Tropilaelaps clareae. Nevertheless
beekeepers harvesting from Apis dorsata colonies (featured in the video,
Vietnam’s annual honey production is around 2500 tonnes, of which half is exported. VINAPI (The Apicultural Corporation) and the Vietnam Apicultural Association are responsible for producing, processing and exporting honeybee products. A recent development has been the arrangement between VINAPI and TransFair International to export fair-traded honey to Europe. By this atrangement Vietnamese beekeepers are guaranteed a fair price for their honey. Vietnam also produces about two tonnes of royal jelly each year this is exported to
Rafter beekeeping in Vietnam).
The main problems for the native honeybee, Apis cerana, are the diseases sacbrood and European foulbraod. Sacbrood disease seems to arrive in four year cycles. At first sacbrood had a severe impact on Vietnamese beekeeping but biological, integrated methods have now been developed to control it. Bee breeding is underway to select for bees showing resistance to these diseases. The main problems for imported Apis mellifera are the bee mites Varroa jacobsoni and
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Japan and Europe.
Viewed fram above, and with the roof removed, it can be seen that this ts a top-bar log hive. The log has been cut to hold the top-bars. The combs (taken originally from a wild nest or swarm) have been tied on to the
top-bars
That man deserves
a
medal’ Vincent Mulder
worked with the beekeepers and others in Vietnam for eight years up to 1995, when he
returned home to the Netherlands. The AAA Conference was a good chance to say “Thanks very much”. Here Professor
Ngo The Dan, Vice Minister of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development presented a Gold Medal, for the Development of the Agriculture Sector, to Vincent Mulder. Others in the picture are (left to right) Mr Tetsuo Sakai, retiring President of AAA, Professor Siriwat Wongsiri and
Dr Tadaharu Yoshida.
NINE
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LOOK AHEAD
BELGIUM APIMONDIA International Apicultural Congress 1-6 September 1997, Antwerp
SUSTAINABLE LAND USE The Sustainable Land Use Association is aiming for a more positive sustainable land use in Zimbabwe. The
Association produces a quarterly networking newsletter
SLUS Co-ordinator, ENDA-Zimbabwe, PO Box 3492, Write to:
Harare, Zimbabwe Fax: (+263) 430 1162
PUBLICATIONS NETWORKING The TEPUSA Initiative aims to promote book production, marketing, distribution and reading of books in Tanzania. A future objective is to offer development agents, extensionists and village-level workers access to any technical publication required. Contact address:
TEPUSA,
Co-ordinator, PO Box 20986, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania
WORKSHOP TO RUN? If you are organising a beekeepers’ meeting then write to Bees for Development. We may be able to support your event with past editions of B&D and other material. Let us have the likely number of participants and details of the meeting at least three months ahead of the date.
USA Forest Products for Sustainable Forestry 7-12 July 1997, Washington
Further details from: APIMONDIA, General Secretariat, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 101, 1-00186 Rome, Italy
Fax: (+39) 6685 2286
CAMEROON African Rainforests and the Conservation of Biodiversity 17-24 January 1997, Limbe Botanic Garden Further details from: Ms Jane Thornback, Co-ordinator, UK Tropical Forest Forum, c/o Natural Resources
Institute, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom Fax: (+44) 1634 880077
CANADA APIMONDIA International Apicultural Congress 13-21 September 1999, Vancouver Further details from: APIMONDIA, Genera! Secretariat, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 101, !-00186 Rome, Italy
Fax: (+39) 6685 2286
GERMANY Colloquium on Apidology
Further details from: WSU Conferences & Institutes, Washington, USA Fax: (+1) 509 335 0945
VENEZUELA
II Seminario de Manejo y Utilizacién de Pastos y Forrajes en Sistemas de Produccién Animal (Management and Utilisation of Pasture and
Forage in Animal Production Systems) 20-22 February 1997, Estado Portuguesa Further details from: Programa de Produccion Animal UNELLEZ, Mesa de Cavacas 3323, Guanare, Edo Portuguesa, Venezuela Fax: (+57) 68157
ZIMBABWE 15th Commonwealth Forestry Conference 12-17 May 1997, Victoria Falls Further details from: The Secretary General, 15th Commonwealth Forestry Conference, Orange Grove Drive, PO Box HG139, Highlands, Harare, Zimbabwe Fax: (+263) 449 7066 1
LEARN AHEAD
18-20 March 1997, Jena Further details from: Professor Dr Erwin Hentschel, Friedrich Schiller Universitat, Am Steiger 3, D07743 Jena/Thiiringen, Germany Fax: (+36) 41 635 382 J]
INDIA First Meeting of the Indian Honeybee Research Association 9-11 January 1997, Bangalore Further details from: Dr M S Reddy, National Seminar on Apiculture & Honey Festival, Assistant Director
(Bee Research), Department of Industries & Commerce, No 14/3A Nrupathunga Road, Bangalore 560 002, India International Conference on Medicinal Plants 16-20 February 1998, Bangalore Further details from: Global Initiative for Traditional
Systems of Health, Department of Dermatology, The Churchill, Heading, Oxford OX3 7LI, United Kingdom Fax: (+44) 1865 228274
PAKISTAN Third International Congress of Entomological Sciences :
18-20 March 1997, Islamabad
Ali Asghar Hashmi, Integrated Pest Management Institute, NARC, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan Fax: (+92) 051 240 909 Further details from: Dr
SOUTH AFRICA APIMONDIA international Apicultural Congress
NIGERIA
Training Workshop - Modern Beekeeping Technology February/March 1997 Further details from: Dr M O Akanbi, Beekeepers’ Association of Nigeria, c/o Department of Agronomy, Lakoke Akintola University of Technology, PMB 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
TANZANIA
Training in Tropical Beekeeping Short courses in February and May 1997, Niiro Wildlife Research Centre Further details from: Njiro Wildlife Research Centre, PO Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania Fax: (+255) 57 8242 or from
Bees for Development
TRAINING IN BEEKEEPING Two year training courses commencing in July Further details from: The Principal, Forestry Training Institute, Olmotonyi, PO Box 943, Arusha, Tanzania Fax: (+255) 57 227] Attn FT!
UNITED KINGDOM Development Studies 19
April-5 July 1997, Birmingham
Further details from: Development Studies Course,
Department of Social Studies, Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham B29 6LQ, United Kingdom
13-18 September 2001, Sun City Further details from: APIMONDIA, General Secretariat, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 101, 1-00186 Rome, Italy
Fax: (+39) 6685 2286
TURKEY World Forestry Congress 13-22 October 1997, Antalya Further details from: Secretary General, XI World Forestry Congress, Department of Foreign Relations, Ministry of Forestry, Ataturk Bulvari Ankara, Turkey Fax: (+90) 312 417 9160
TEN
153,
For your Event or Notice to appear here, send advance details to Bees for Development, Troy, Monmouth NP5 4AB, United Kingdom Fax: (+44) 0 16007 16167
A Bees for Development publication
BEEKEEPING
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DEVELOPMENT 41
Julbernardia globiflora by
Reinhard Fichtl
Names The Munondo tree
Family Caesalpiniodeae
Description A well-branched, semi-deciduous tree growing up to 18 m high, with a rounded or sometimes flat crown, drooping foliage, and an often
crooked, cylindrical bole REINHARD FICHITI
Bark: pale grey and smooth when young, dark brown and rough later.
Leaves: with four to seven pairs of opposite leaflets; oblong, dark green and leathery.
Fruits: dark brown, flat, velvety pods, squareended, borne above the leaves and splitting explosively to release two to six smooth brown seeds.
Flowering: from January to May with casual flowering in November.
Habitat Found between 1000 and 1400 m in dry, evergreen forest and in most woodland types on plateau and escarpment soils and is locally frequent in woodland on Kalahari sands, often dominant in miombo forests. Its rainfall range is from 700 to 1000 mm per year.
ALL PHOTOGRAPHS
Flowers: white to pale yellow, fragrant, arranged in large branched heads or panicles ng the tree in flower an appearance of wn speckled with white
Apicultural value Julbernardia globiflora is the best and most important bee tree in Zimbabwe, parts of
Zambia, and other African countries. Honeybees visit the flowers for pollen and the abundant nectar supply. Granulation of the honey is very fast with coarse crystals and a mild flavour.
Recommended for planting to increase honey production
Distribution Occurring in Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mazambique, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia and ibabwe. It is the most common and most widespread tree in Zimbabwe.
USES The hard and heavy wood is used for mining, hut building and heavy constructional work as well as tool handles and firewood. The wood has also been used for making mortars and canoes. The bark is used for ropes, stitched canoes, corn bins and sacks. The bark contains a dark tannin which has also been used as a dye. Bee hives are often made from the bark.
traditional medicine the bark is used as a laxative and to treat constipation.
In
PR
emer
Practical notes Propagation is done by natural regeneration and seedlings. Pre-treatment of seeds is recommended by soaking them in cold water for about 24 hours.
A Bees for Development publication
TREES BEES USE ELEVEN
BEEKEEPING
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DEVELOPMENT
41
Atlas of Earthcare: vSerUL . PUBLICATION a major new AWARD illustrated guide to looking after our nlanet by
Miles Litvinoff
BOOK
Gaia Books Limited, London, United Kingdom, produced in association with Oxfam (1996) 191 pages. A4 Paperback. Available from
Bees for Development price 18.50 Gaia theory states that the biosphere - the thin layer that contains all living things between the Earth's crust and outer atmosphere- is itself like a living organism. Life forms have created and continue to maintain the special conditions they need for survival
‘
Bees 4nd Forest in the Tropi Piss ‘or: Joop
Beetana
According to Gaia theory, the biosphere will survive, whatever human beings do to it. But humankind may not survive unless we safeguard the natural resources (air, water, soil, plants) on which we depend. The Atlas of Earthcare illustrates our choices: it looks at the ecology, conservation and preservation, not only of plants and animals, but of land, sea, air, cultures and civilisations. Each topic is presented as a spread of information supported with a wealth of maps, charts, statistics and facts. The resources available to us are described, with discussion of how we exploit them. Case studies from around the world illustrate planet management in action. The Atlas is intended to help people to form an opinion about their own lifestyle, and to recognise how they can contribute to the well-being of the planet. This is a beautifully produced book, packed with colour illustrations and photographs. Excellent value. The scientist James Lovelock coined the term Gaia, after the name of the Ancient Greek Goddess of the Earth, the world and
”
AGui
toGrants, Fellowships,
ee enolarships intnternational Forestry and Natural Resources
A
to describe
all the life processes it contains.
Bee Health: the revitalizing power of propolis, royal jelly and pollen by Hasnain Walji Thorsons, London, United Kingdom (1996) 78 pages.
Paperback. Available from
Bees for Development price 5.00 This small book, entitled Bee Health, is not about Varroa or any other problems for bees’ health! The author is concerned with the use of products from bees for the health of humans. The book provides an introduction to hive products, written for people who have no
TWELVE
previous knowledge of bees or beekeeping. The author himself does not make any claims about the health-giving effects of these products, but quotes from those who do. He has clearly made a thorough research of available literature, and provides a concise and reasoned summary
Apicultura by José Alcobia Cooperativa de Apicultores d
Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique in collaboration
F
CIDAC, Lisbon, ; Portugal (1995) 118 pages. The Mozami Nque style hive A4 Paperback. stand: designed to deter ants In Portuguese. Available from with
Bees for Development price 20.00 There are not many books written about African beekeeping, but even fewer written in Portuguese. So we are very pleased to welcome this new publication to Bookshelf. Apicultura is written by José Alcobia, President of the Beekeepers’ Co-operative in Maputo,
Mozambique. It is a well produced publication detailing all that an introductory beekeeping text requires. Brief information is given abou many styles of equipment, including hives ranging from the simplest to the most complex. The annex provides plans for building Langstroth and top-bar hives and two styles of hive stand, including the Mozambique model (see above).
Fruits of the forest by Bureau M & O
(Gaston
Dorren and Hans van de Veen) Novib, PO Box 30919, 2500 GX. The Hague, Netherlands (1994) 54 pages. Loose leaf in ring binder. Available from the publisher.
Fruits of the Forest is manual which succinctly provides a guide for anyone starting a project concerning the harvesting of non-timber forest products. The manual suggests eight steps towards starting a well-researched project which has a good chance of successful continuation after you go home. It is based on a
A Bees for Development publication
BEEKEEPING
covering the period 1984-1992, The references are helpfully arranged according to geographical area and a comprehensive summary of each reference is given. Useful te ti fo tl
SHELF
A Guide to Grants, Fellowships and Scholarships in International Forestry and Natural Resources edited by Damon A Job
experiences of projects in Laos which have benefited from the approach described here, but examples from many countries are given.
USDA
This brief and readable work provides an excellent introduction to participatory development.
and forest in the tropics cuted by Joop Beetsma Bennekom and
There are three ways to obtain a copy of this guide. Write to: USDA Forest Service, USAID Program
Co-ordinator, International Forestry, PO Box 96090, Washington DC 20090-6090, USA
BOS, Wageningen, The
Netherlands (1992) 141 pages. Paperback. Available from
Bees for Development price 15.00
Fax:
August 1992, the Netherlands Expertise Centre for Tropical Apicultural Resources, better known as NECTAR, organised a seminar on bees and trees in the tropics. It was attended by 60 people from different In
disciplines. This book presents six excellent papers from the seminar that together emphasise the dual importance of interdependent bees and trees. There are interesting descriptions of different situations in Africa, Asia and America. A clear discussion is given of the ecological consequences of the introduction of honeybees into the neotropics.
EXPLANATION PLEASE! NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS
Valley Hills Press
Video: African honeybees - how to handle them in top-bar hives GTZ, Lusaka Bernhard Clauss
Natural medicine from honeybees Jacob Kaal 4 Soap recipes, Elaine White Beekeeping in the tropics P Segeren, V Mulder, Beetsma, Health and the Honeybee Charles Mraz }
6
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Apart from the obvious fruits, nuts, honey and beeswax, there are also fuel-wood, leaves, rubber, medicines, resins and many other materials. Forest here is not just tropical rain forest, but any area where trees, together with plants, animals, and micro-organisms form a “web of life’.
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THIRTEEN
BEEKEEPING
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DEVELOPMENT 41
INDEX FOR BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 38-41
Figures in BOLD denote issue number followed by relevant page number(s) for that issue. A AAA; 38,7: 39.4: 40,10: 418.9 chapter, 38,7; 39.4: 40,10: 41,9 Third Conference, 41,8.9 AAA Conference in Vietnam, 41.8.9 Abdel Mannam Abd Aziz Osman, 40.14 Abdul,Q, 39,10 A bee smoker appropriate for
conditions,
African
41,3
Acacia spp, 38,9; 39.4; 40,11
Acarapis woodi, 39,10
acarine, see Acarapis
woodi
Actes du lroisieme seminaire regional sur la rechereche et le developement de Vapiculture en Afrique de (Quest,
40,13 Adam_Br, 40,14 Adenia cissampeloides, 38.6
Adriano,S, 39,13 Afendia,F }, 40.6 Africa, 38.3: 41,11,13 African honeybees - how to handle them in top-bar hives, 38,15; 41,13
africanized honeybees, see bee Afuffo-Lartey.N, 41,6
A
good way to work a honey extractor,
39,5 Agriculture Man Ecology, 39,14 agroforestry, 40,9 A Guide to Grants, Fellowships and Scholarships in International Forestry
and National Resources, 41,13 Ahn.W-S, 38.7; 40,10 Aidoo.K S, 38.6 Akonnor,E F, 41.6 Al6bizzia spp. 38.9 Alcobia,} F. 41,12 Al-Jboory,], 39,10 Al-Mughrabi,}, 38,7; 40,10 America, 41,13 amoeba, 40,11 Anderson.R H, 41,5 A nomad amongst the bees, 40,13 Angola, 41,11 Antennae Waving, 41,2 ants, 38,12; 41,12 Antwerp, 41.16 Apicultura, 41,12 Apiculture sans Frontieres, 38.6 Apimondia: 38,13; 39,7: 40,14; 41, 0,16 Congress, see International Beekeeping Congress |
Bronze Medal, 38.2: 39.2; 40.2: 41.2 Gold Medal, 38,2; 39.2; 40,2; 41,2 Apis cerana, 40,5,6; 41,89 Apis dorsata, 38.14; 41,8,9,13 Apis florea, 38.8, 40,13 Apis mellifera, 40,13; 41,89 Apis mellifera abyssinica, 40.11 Apis mellifera jemenitica, 38,8: 40,11
Apis mellifera litorea, 40.13 Apis mellifera monticola, 40.11.13
Apis mellifera scutellata, 38,8: 40,11
Apis mellifera syriaca, 39.8 Apis nigrocincta, 41,8 Apis mulensis, 41,8
Apistan, 39,10; 40,16; 41.16 apitherapy, 41.13 Arumeru Beekeepers’ Society, 40.6 Ascophaera apis, 39,10 Asia, 38,7; 40,10; 41,13 Asian Apicultural Association, see AAA Atlas of Earthcare: guide
to
a major new illustrated
looking after our planet,
41,12 Australia, 38,7; 39,7,8; 40,10 Axemite Period, 38.8
B B&D Useful Publication Award, 40,12; 44,12 bacchacs, see ants Baidya,D K, 38.7 Ball,B V, 39,10 Bangladesh. 38,7; 40.10 institute of Apiculture, 38.7: 40,10
FOURTEEN
Basnet.S, 39.6; 40.6 beans, Atta, 38,11 Becium grandiflorum, 38.9
Bradbear,N, 38,2,12; 39,2,8; 40,2:
bee:
Brazil, 38,13: 39.6 Briggs.L, 38,7; 40.10 British Isles Bee Breeders’ Association, see BIBBA Bruenig, E F, 40,9 Brunei Darussalam, 38.7, 40,10 Bureau M & O, 41,12 Burton,S, 39,5 Buser,R, 40,4 buying, see marketing Buys,B, 41,5
41:
Brassica spp, 40,11
african, 38,6,8; 41,3 africanized, 41,6 breeding, 41.9 Cape, 41.6,7 disease, 38.10: 41.6
pathology. 41,6 pest, 41,6 predators, 41,8 products, export of, 40,14 species, see Apis sting treatment. 39,14 stingless, see stingless bees venom, 41,13 Bee Health: the revitalizing power of
propolis, royal jelly and pollen,
41,12
bee hive, see hive
beekeepers: Vietnamese, 41,9 women, 38,9 Zambian, 41,7
beekeeping African, 38,3.4,5.8.9,10,12; 39,12,13,14; 40.11: 41,3,4,5 American, 40,4 North, 40,14 South, 40, 4 co-operative, 41,7 frame hive, 41,7 management, see management Middle East, 39,8 museum, 39,7 Namibian, 38,12 sustainable, 39,2 “Tikung’, 418.9 traditional, 38,10: 39,8 training, see training tropical, 41,13 Vietnamese, 41,9 with stingless bees, see Meliponiculture Beekeeping in South Africa, 41,5 Beekeeping in Namibia, 38,12 Beekeeping for beginners, 41,13 Beekeeping in the tropics, 41,13
c Cameroon, 38,12: 40,6; 41,10 Canada, 38,13: 39,7;40,14:; 41,8,10 Candle Currency, 38,13 candle making, 41,13 candles, 38,9 Capener,F, 38,1: 40,15 CBRI, see Central Bee Research Institute Central Bee Research Institute, India. 38.7; 40.10 Century Foundation, India. 39,6 Cervancia.C R, 38,7; 40,6,10 Chale,T A, 40,7 chalk brood, see Ascophaera apis Chile, 40.4 China, 38.7; 40,10 Chone.W, 38,12 CIRAD-Forét, 40,9 Citrus spp. 38,9 Clauss,B, 38,12,15; 39.3.4 Combretum spp. 38,9,12 competition, 41,16 congress, see conference Conservalion and management of tropical rainforests: an integrated approach to sustainability, 40,9
Cooperativa de Apicultores de Maputo, 41,12 Cordia spp. 38,9; 40,11 Coreopsis boraniana, 40,11
Costa Rica, 38,13; 39,7, 40,4 courses: 38,13, 39,7: 40,14,16; 41,10
Bee pollen: properties, collection,
preservation and consumption,
beekeeping, 40,14,16; 41,10 in rural development, 38,13; 39,7; 40,16
39,14
beer, see honey beer
Bees for Development, 38,2; 39,2: 40,2; 41.2
Bees and beekeeping in the former Dutch
East lndies, 38.14 Bees and beekeeping: science, practice and world resources, 41,13 Bees and forest in the tropics,
Bees and mankind, Bees as artists,
41,13
41,5
39.11
Bees, beekeeping and ecological
agriculture, 39,14
beeswax: 38,9; 40,3: 41,7,13 buyer, 39.15; 40,16 foundation, see foundation marketing, see marketing
model, 39.1]
Beeswax Barter, 38,13 Beetsma,}, 41,13 Behnam.D, 39.11 bekyem, see Adenia cissampeloides Belgium, 38.6,13; 39,7; 40,14: 41.10.16 bellows, see smoker Benin, 40,13 Belter beginnings for beekeepers, 38,14
BIBBA, 384 Bidens sp, 40.11
Bierna,M, 38.6 Bilitung isiand, 41,8 bio-diversity, 41,10 biological control, 41,9 bitter Albizia, see Albizia amara bitter leaf, see Vernonia amygldalina
40 9 Bookshelf, 38,14, 39,14; 40,12. Bois et foréts des tropiques,
41.12
Boongird,S, 38,7; 40.10 Bophuthatswana, 41,7 Borneo, 39.6; 41,8 Botswana, 41.11
tropical, 38.13, 39,7; 40.14: 41,10 Tanzania. 38,13; 39.7; 40,14, 41,10 train the trainers, 41,8 UK, 38,13; 39,7; Crane.E, 41,5 ‘Crawling bee syndrome’,
393.9101
Croton spp, 38.9
CTA, 38.2, 39,2; 40,2; 41,2 Cuba, 38,13; 39,7 Cutts.L, 41,6
D Dan.N J. 41,8 DANIDA, 39.2; 40,2; 41,2 dearth period, 38,4 Denmark, 39,7 Directory of forestry research organizations
1995, 40.9
Dominican Republic, 41.6 Dorren,G, 41,12 Duggan.M, 40,6 Durst.P B, 40,9
E Eaton, C van, 38,7; 40,10 Ecuador, 39,4,5 Ecumenical Development Co-operative, 41.7 Egerton University, Kenya, 38.6 equipment: design, 38,4; 39,5 making, 40,3 Eritrea, 38.8.9.10 Eritrean People's Liberation Front,
Ethiopia, 38,8; 40,2,11 Eucalyptus camaldulensis, 40,8
Eucalyptus spp, 38,9; 40.8
log, 40,5 movable-frame, 40,1 [ support, 41,12 Mozambgiue style, 41,12 top-bar, 38.4,12; 39.3.4; 40,11;
Euclea spp, 38,9
Euphorbia sp. 38.9; 39.4
Europe, 41.9 Euphrates, 39.8
416
Explanation Please!, 41,13
frame for, 39.3.4 top-bar-log,41.8 traditional, 39.8; 40.11 Zander, 40.11 Holeta Bee Research and Training
extractor, see honey
F Facts about “A frame for the Kenya topbar hive", 39,3
fair trade: 41,7,9 honey, 41,7,9
Centre, 40,2.11
honey: 41,7.13 analysis, 38,13 beer, 38,9 bucket, 41,7 buyer, 39,15; 40,16 comb, 39,3
FAO, 38,14; 39.6.8: 409,12: 46,2 FAVA, 41.6 feeding, see management Ferguson,K E, 38,7; 40,10 FichtLR, 38,8,9, 40,7: 41,11 First aid for bee stings, 39,14 Fisher.E. 39,12 Fisher.M, 38.2.7 Florida, 41,6 Folbex VA, 39,10 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, see FAO forest: see also woodland non-wood products, 41,13
co-operative, 41,7 Eritrean, 38,9 extractor, 39,5 home-made, 39,5 Festival, 39,6 gathering, see hunting, hunting, 38,12; 41.3.8 industrial grade, 41,7 marketing, see marketing price, 38,9 production, 41,69 show, 38,6,7.16, 40,15
products, 41,10 protection, Forest products and household incomes: a review and annotated bibliography,
Honey: a practical guide for African community beekeepers, 39.14
40,9
Forests, Trees and Food,
Honeybee Science Research Centre, 38,7; 40,10; 41,9
40,9
forestry, 41.13 books on, 40,9 foulbrood: 39,10
Honey News, 40.6
Honig Mehler, 39.15; 40,16 Hoood Bin Saif Al-Alawi, 40,13 ‘hukum adat’, 39,6
American, 41,6 European, 39,10; 41.6,9 foundation, 39,9 frame:
feeder, 38,45 for top-bar hive, 39.3.4
Ruai, 39,3 France, 40,9
Free] B, 41,5 Friends of Bee Enterprise, 41,5 Fruits of the forest, 41,12 Fumagillin, 39.10 funding sources, 41,13
G Gaia, 41,12,16 Garn Products, 38.16 Germany, 38.13; 39.4.7; 40.14; 41,10 GHABA, see Ghana Beekeepers’
[ACR-Rothamsted, UK, 39,10 ICIMOD, 39.6 ICRAF, 38.11 Igboanugo,A B |, 40,8 India, 38,7; 39.6,14; 40,5,10.14; 41,10 Indonesia, 38,7, 40,10; 41,8 inside Information, 38,2; 39.2;
40,2:41,2
XXXV, 38,13; 39,7; 40,14; 41,10.16
XXXVI. 39,7, 40,14; 41,10 XXXVIL, 39,7; 40,14: 41,40
Association
Ghana, 38,6,16; 39.7,16; 41,5,6 Beekeepers’ Association, 38.6 giant bee, see Apis dorsata Gibson,N, 38,15: 39,15, 40,14; 41.13 Gould) L, 40,5 Gould,C L, 41,5 Grenada, 41,6 Gries,M, 41,8 GTZ, 38.10 Guatemala, 40,4 Guizotia spp, 40,11
H Hadisoesilo.S, 41,8 Haiti, 41,6 Hajidaud.K, 38,7; 40,10 “Hall of Fame", 41,6 Hang,N-T, 39,4; 41,1,8 Hanoi, 41,8 Harryanto,Mr, 41,8 Hassan.L, 38,3: 41,5 Health & the honeybee. 41.8
|
Institute of Honeybee Science. see Honeybee Science Research Centre, international Beekeeping Congress,
International Centre for Integrate7 Mountain Development, see ICIMOD International Federation of Beekeepers’ Association, see Apimondia Investing money in honey, 41,7 Iraq, 39,8,9,10,11 Beekeepers’ Association, 39,9 Iran, 39,14, 40,14 Ireland, 39,7 irvine,F R, 38,11 Israel, 38,13 Italy, 38,13; 39,7; 40,14 IUCN, 39.6
J Jackson,H, 38.2; 39,2; 40,2; 44,2 Japan, 38,7; 40,10; 41,89 Job,DA, 41,13 Johnston.], 40,13 Julbernardia globiflora, 41,11 Juma,R, 39,13 JumhurA, 41,8
Helianthus annus, 40,11
Henderson,} Q, 41,6 Henry Doubleday Research Assocation, UK, 39,7 Himalayan Bee Concern, 40,6 hive: bark, 39,12; 40,7; 41,7 design, 38,12; 39.3.4 frame, 39,3,4,8 Kenya top-bar, 39,3,4 frame for, 39,3,4 Langstroth, 39,5
K Kaambu.,T, 38,12 Kaftanoglu,O, 38,7; 40,10
Kagio.S, 38,6 Kanshahu.A I, 40,12 Kashio,M, 40,9 Kasimila,P, 39,13 Kathmandu, 41,9 Keens-Dumas.H, 40,3 Kenya, 38,6, 39,1,2,3,4.16
A Bees for Development publication
BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT
Kenya top-bar hive, see hive Kevan,P, 40,13 Keystone, 40,5
Kibungu,K, 38,1! Kirkuk, 39,10 Kissinger,H, 41,2 Koeniger,N, 41,8 Koisianga,R SO, 41,3 Koppell.C, 40,9 Korea, 38,7; 40,10 Krell,R, 40,12
L
Natural medicine from honey
bees,
41,13
NECTAR, 41,12 Nepal, 38,6,7; 39,6; 40,6,10; 41,8,9 Netherlands, 41.8 Expertise Centre for Tropical Apicultural Resources, see
NECTAR Nevis, 41,6
10
ck.|,
49,12
M Madaha,J, 39.6.13 Mahawa,M E, 40.6 Malawi, 41,11 Malaysia, 38,7; 40,10,13 Maliti,A, 40,7 management: 413 feeder, 38,4,5 feeding, 38,4,5 queen, 38,10 cage, 38,10 supering, 38,10 swarming, 38,10 Mande,G, 39,1,2 Manimba,A, 39,13 Manimba,P, 39,13 marketing: honey, 38.9 Marketing information systems for non-timber forest products, 40,9
Martin,L, 39,13 Mati,A, 38.7; 40,10 Matsuka, M, 41,9 Mattu.V K, 38,7; 40,10 Mavrik, 39,10 Max Havelaar, see The Max Havelaar Foundation Mbobua,S,k, 39,3 >,R, 39,13 1g River Delta, 41,13 meurerous flora, 38,9,11; 40,11;
Beekeepers’ Association, 41,6 New Forests Project, 38,6 News Around The World, 38,6; 39,6; 40,6; 41,6 News from Nijiro . 38,3, 41,3 New Zealand, 38,7; 40,10 Neganzi, 38,11 Ngwainmbi,S C, 38,12 Nigeria, 38,11; 40,8; 41,10 Nightingale,], 39.3 Nijiro Wildlife Research Centre, 383;
4lil
Menon.A, 39,6 Mexico, 40,4; 41.6 miombo, see woodland Min Bahadur Rana, 38,6 mite: 43,6,9 parasitic sydrome, 39,8,9,10,11" tracheal, 41,6 MITIAS, 38,10 Modileng,P, 41,6.7 Morley,A, 39,4,5 Morocco, 40,14 Morse,R A, 40,12 Mozambique, 41,11,12 Muid,M Hj, 38,7; 40,10 Mulder,V, 41,8 multipurpose tree, 38,11; 40.8; 41,11 Multipurpose
a
shrub database,
museum, see peekeeping museum Muzaffar,N, 38,7; 40,10 Mwanyangoapo.M, 38,12 Mwaraba.R, 39,4
N Namibia, 38,1 2,16; 39,16 Namibian Directorate of Forestry, 38,12 Nakamura,], 41.9 National Honey Show, UK, 38,6,12,16; 40,7,15
413
non-timber forest products, see NTFP Non wood forest products in Asia, 40,9 North West Beefarmers Association, see NOWEBA Nosema apis, 39,10; 40,11 Notice Board, 38, !3: 39,7, 40,14; 41,10 NOVIB, 41,12 NOWEBA, 40,6 Nsubuga,G, 40,7 NTFP, 41,33 oO
ODA, 38,3,12; 39,6 oil bean tree, see Pentaclethra macrophylla
Oman, 38,7; 40,10,13 orange, see Citrus spp Opuntia ficus, 38,9
O'Temgo,U, 39,12 Otis,G W, 41,8 Overseas Development Administration, see ODA Oxfam, 41,7 owala oil tree, 38,11 oxytetracycline, 39,10
P Pakistan, 38,7; 40,10, 14; 41,10 Paliwai,Mr, 41,9 Pamplona,B, 39,6 parasitic mite sydrome, 39,8,9,10,11
participatory: development, 41,8 research, 38,6 PAUAL, 40,4 Europe, 40,4
PAUAL
- Peguefos Apicultores Unidos
de América
Latina, 40,4
Peguefios Apicultores Unidos de América Latina, see PAUAL Pentaclethra macrophylla, 38,11
pesticides, 39,9 Philippines, 38,7; 40.6,
10
Planning and implementing sustainable projects in developing countries theory, practice and economics, 40,12 Plantes Hotes des Chenilles Commestibles,
poison, see venom pollen, 39,14; 41,13 pollination: 38,4 ecology, 39,14 pollinators, 38,14 portuguese, 41,12 poverty, 41,12
Practical Beekeeping, 38,4; 39,3,5; 40,3; 41,3 predators, see also bee, 41,8 Proceedings: Ninth American Conference of Apiculture, 41,6
Proctor,M, 39,14, Programa Nacional Para El Control de la Abeja Africana, 41.6 propolis: 38,16; 39,6,15; 41,13 buyer, 38,16; 39,15; 40,16 Pterocarpus angolensis, 38,12 Puerto Rico, 41,6 Punchihewa,R W K, 38,7, 40,10
A Bees for Development publication
Quaye,T A, 41,5 queen cell, 38,10 Queen management,
40,12
Quercus spp, 40,5
R
..
Lack,A, 39,44 Laere, O van, 39,7 Langstroth hive, see hive Latham,P. 38,1] Lear,E N. 41,7 Learn Ahead, 38,13: 39,7; 40,14; 41,10 Lebanon, 38.13, 39,7 Letter to B&D, 38,12 Lin,C-Y, 38,7; 40,10 Liseki,S, 38,3,4: 41,5 Litvinoff,M, 41,12 Log hives of Serag, 40,5 Look Ahead, 38,13; 39,7; 40,14;
Q
tafter bee, see bee Rafter beekeeping in Vietnam, 38,15;
41,9,13 rainforest, see forest rape, see Brassica spp recipes, 38,7; 40,10 Reddy.C C, 38,7; 40,10 Rhododendron spp, 40.5 Ricciardelli D'Albore,G, 38,13 Riley,S, 39,4 Rio Bamba Beekeepers’ Co-operative, 39,4 Robbins,P, 40,12 Rothamsted Experimental Station, see IACR-Rothamsted
Roubik,D W, 38,14 Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, see DANIDA royal jelly: 41,913
production, 41,9 Ss
Saad,Mr, 39,8 Saadatmand,S J, 39,14 Sabah, 41,8 sacbrood, 41,9 Saho culture, 38,9 Saint Croix, 41,6 Saint Helena, 38,2 Saint Kitts, 41,6 Sakai,T, 41.8.9 Saleh.H, 39,13 Sandoz SPC Ltd, 39,2; 40,2,16;
412,16 Sasaki, M, 41,8 Saudi Arabia, 38,7; 40,10 Saville,N, 40,3; 41.8 Schefflera abyssinica, 40,11
Seeley,T D, 38,15 Selling honey, 40,12 Selman,T, 39,11 Serengeti Wildlife Research Institute, 38,3 Shared Interest, 41,7 Shimanuki,M, 39,11 Sherratt,D, 38,12 Shoaa,Mr, 39,8 Shrestha.K K, 40,10 Simics,M, 39,14 Sivaram.V, 39,6 Smith,F G, 40,12
supers, see management Sustainable Land Use Association, 41,10 Svensson,B, 38.3.5; 41,5 SVS, 38,3 SWEBA, 40,6 Swedish Volunteer Service, see SVS Switzerland, 40,4 syrup feeding, see management
T
4189
Tamrin,Mr, 41,8 Tanzania, 38,3,4,13; 39,4,6,7,!2, 40,6,12,14; 41,3,10,)1 Tree Planting Association, 40,14
Tapera,Mr, 40,7 Technology Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation, see CTA tej, 40,11
TEPUSA Initiative, 41,10 Thailand, 38.7; 40,10 The Asiatic hive bee: apiculture, biology and role in sustainable development in tropical and subtropical beekeeping.
40,13
41,5 The Max Havalaar Foundation, 40,4 The natural history of pollination, 39,14 The honeybee,
The new complete guide to beekeeping,
41,12 The oil bean tree: Pentaclethra
macrophylla, 38,11 The social sustainability of beekeeping, The St Kitts-Nevis Observer,
41,6
The wisdom of the hive, 38,15 Three cells of honeycomb, 40,12
Tigray, 38,8,9,10 Tigris, 38,8
Tizo,39,5 Tobago, see Trinidad and Tobago top-bar, see hive Townson,] M, 40,9 Towry-Coker,S, 39,14 trade:
alternative, 38,13; 39,7; 40,4 organisation, 40,4 traditional: beekeepers, see beekeepers beekeeping, see beekeeping Traditional
Soap recipes: seventy tried and true ways to make modern soap with herbs, beeswax and vegetable oils, 38,14:
multipurpose, 38,11; 40.8, 41,11 Trees Bees Use, 38,!1: 40,8, 41,11
Super formulas: how to make more than 360 useful products that contain honey and beeswax, 38,14; 41,13
Ulrich W, 40,9 United Kingdom, see UK Uruguay, 40,4 USA, 38,6,13: 39,7; 40,12; 41,6,10 USDA, 41,13 Use of tobacco smoke against parasitic mite syndrome. 39,11
Value added products from beekeeping,
40,12 Varroa, see Varroa jacobsoni Varroa jacobsoni, 39,8; 40,11.16;
41,6,9,12,16 Veen,H van de, 41,12 Venezuela, 38,13; 39,7; 40,14; 41,10 venom, 41,13 Vernonia spp, 40,11 Videoshelf, 38.15; 39,14; 40,13 Vietnam, 38,7,13,14; 39,4,7; 40,10;
4189
Apiculture Association, 41,9 Bee Research Centre, 41.9 Village Aid, 38,7,13 VINAPI, 41,9 volunteer, 38,12 Vries, R de, 38,14 VSO, 38,12,16; 3916 Ww
The complete guide to beekeeping, 41,13 The Documentary - Honeybees in Oman,
tobacco, 39,11 treatment, 41,3,4,5 smoker: 40,7; 41,3.4,5 Botswana type, 41,3,5 disadvantages, 41,3 fuel, 41,3,4,5 making, 41,3,4,5 materials, 41,3,4,5 traditional, 41,3 soap, 38,14
41,13 Solomon,G, 40,7 South Africa, 39,7; 40,14; 41,6,10 Federation of Bee Farmers’ Association, 41,7 South Western Bee Farmers’ Association, see SWEBA spanish, 41,6 Sri Lanka, 38,7; 40,10 stingless bee, 38,8,14; 41,6 Strainaway, 38,16; 39,2 Stroud,S, 38,1 SUAS/IRDC, 40,9 Sugar feeding using a top bar feeder, 38,4 sugar syrup, 38,4 Sulimanovic,D, 39,15
UK, 38,6,13; 39,7,12; 40,12; 41,7,10 beekeeping groups,
Vv
Tabora Beekeepers’ Co-operative Society, 39,6,12 Tadesse,G, 40,2 Taiwan, 38,7; 40,10 Tam,D O, 38,7; 40,10 Tamagawa University, 38,7; 40,10:
smoke:
41
bee management as a basis for beekeeping development in the tropics,
41,13 Traditional candlemaking: simple methods of manufacture, 41,13 Traidcraft. 41,7 training, 38,6,10,12,13; 39,7; 40,6,14,16; 41,8 Transfair International, 41,9 Tree Aid, 39,7 trees: see also forest and woodland
Trees of Nigeria, 38,11
Trifolium spp, 40,11
Trigona spp, 38.8
Wainwright,D, 41,7 Walji.H, 41,12 Wang,W-Y, 38,7; 40,10 Waring,A, 38,14,15 wax, see also beeswax wax foundation, see foundation Wax foundation making, 40,3 Wendorf,H. 39,12 West Africa Bee Research Seminar. Third, 40,13 West Kalimantan, 39,6; 41,8 White,E C, 38,14 Widjaia,.M,C 38,7; 40,10 Willcox,M, 41,7 Wilson,Mr, 39,5 World Seed Programme 1996, 38,6 Wongsiri,S, 41,8 Woo,K-S, 38,7; 40,10 Woody plants of Ghana, 38,11
work wanted overseas, 38,16; 39.16
World Food Summitt, 39,7; 40,14; 41, Vision Award for Development Initiative, 38,2; 39,2; 40.2; 41,2 :
2
Y Yang,G H, 38,7; 40.10 Yeboah Gyan,D, 38,6 Yeo,P, 39,14 yield, see honey Yoshida,T, 41.8
Z Zaire, 38,1); 41,11 Zambia, 39,12; 40,7, 41,7,!1 Zimbabwe, 39,1,2,14; 40,7; 41,10,11 Women’s Bureau, 39,1,2 . Eritrea, Zooming in on 38,8.9,10 Zooming in on. . . Ethiopia, 40,1! Zooming in on.. . Iraq, ..
39,.8.9,10.14
Zufferey,M, 40,4
Trinidad, see Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago, 38.6; 40,6;
416
tropical products, 40,12 Tropical commodities and their markets: a guide and directory, 40,12
Tropical Forest Products Ltd, 41.7 Tropilaelaps clareae, 41,9 Turkey, 38,7; 40,10; 41,10 TWIN Ltd, 40,12
U Ugalla Game Reserve, Tanzania, Uganda, 39,2,7; 40,7 Beekeepers’ Association, 40,7
Index prepared by Nicola Bradbear and Helen Jackson. Bees for Development }996
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