Bees for Development Journal Edition 49 - December 1998

journal for sustainable

beekeeping

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BEEKEEPING

DEVELOPMENT 49

INSIDE INFORMATION

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Workshop, Karnataka State, India ....3

First Caribbean Workshop, Tobago....4 Practical Beekeeping: News from Njir0.....0.cccecccccececceeees 6

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News Around the World

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Index 1998

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dear Friends Bees and beekeepers are working all over the world, quietly harvesting and selling their golden harvests of honey and beeswax. Perhaps too quietly: too often

beekeeping is missed out by planners, policy makers, authors and lecturers.

A very important function of this magazine is to raise the profile of beekeeping: it is an important industry,

vital for agriculture. Beekeeping is already practised almost everywhere, it is often small-scale but it is widely spread.

The industry has potential to develop and new problems to face.

We need your help with this. The more readers we have, the larger our network and the more news we can carry.

COVER PICTURE

training at Njiro Wildlife

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previous €-mail addre longer valid for us.

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Enclosed with this edition you will find a subscription form for Beekeeping & Development. If you are not already a subscriber, please sign up today. If you are already subscribing, please consider sponsoring another subscription, or pass the leaflet to a beekeeping friend. You will be helping them and us.

“

ANreal f f

Research Centre in Tanzania.

Learn more about the Course on page 10. Eunice is wearing a “Bees for Development” dress, made in Ghana, courtesy of Kwame Aidoo.

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PS Make sure you do not miss the next Beekeeping & Development: our special 50th edition!

SPONSORS with

We are grateful to all the beekeeping groups. and individuals who assist us.

We depend on sponsors to support our many readers working in countries where itis impossible to pay the cost of a subscription.

You can help!

Production and distribution &

Apiculture

A,

Editor: Dr Nicola Bradbear

Meetings of apiculturalists are addressing these issues: two important meetings are reported in this edition: The First Caribbean Congress held last month in Tobago, and the Workshop on Sustainable Beekeeping Development held in India. Beekeeping & Development is the only international magazine reporting on these meetings, spreading their ideas further and helping to raise the status of our industry, world-wide.

Eunice Chimbadzwa, participant in the 1998 Beekeeping in Rural Development Course makes her own veil during practical

v3

EDITORIAL

& Développement

is supported by

aSUI Crk API-Promo GTZ (Germany):

Co-ordinator: Ms Helen Jackson

PUBLISHERS Bees for Development, Troy,

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Y

Monmouth, NP5 4AB, United Kingdom

PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION The journal is published four times a year.

5000 copies of each edition are printed and distributed by airmail to readers world-wide.

English and French versions are available. The French edition is Apiculture & Développement.

Ms Valérie Petey is the translator for A&D. This edition of A&D was translated by Ms Josephine Carter and Mr Gilles Ratia.

SUBSCRIPTION DEPARTMENT A year’s subscription costs just 16 or 35SUS for four editions. Air mail costs are included.

Past editions are 5 each. Readers in developing countries may pay by Beeswax Barter or Candle Currency (see page 16).

Changed your Address? Keep us informed, and include your current address label so we can quickly change our records.

REPRODUCTION Beekeeping & Development provides information to help beekeepers world-wide, and to ensure this, Bees for Development allows you to reproduce or translate material. Please acknowledge the author and quote the source as Beekeeping & Development, giving the issue number. We would like to receive a copy of the item at Bees for Development.

ADVERTISEMENTS Quarter page, two-colour advertisements in and a full page only 200.

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Notice Board (classified advertisements) cost 0.50 per word (5 minimum charge).

Enclosures cost 50 per kilogram. Prices are subject to VAT in EC countries.

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Advertisements and enclosures reach readers in many countries.

BEES FOR DEVELOPMENT Troy, Monmouth, NP5 4AB, United Kingdom

Fax +44 (0)16007 16167 Phone +44 (0)16007 13648

E-mail busy@planbee.org.uk World Wide Web http://www. planbee.org

A Bees for Development publication

BEEKEEPING

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DEVELOPMENT 49

Workshop on Sustainable Development Beekeeping August Dharwad, Karnataka, India 1-5

1998

This Workshop on Sustainable Beekeeping Development was attended by 347 people

FAO SUPPORT FOR APICULTURE IN

including apicultural scientists, project workers and beekeepers.

Government and NGO staff from throughout India, and FAOsponsored resource persons from Vietnam, joined FAO personnel from Bangkok, New Delhi and Rome.

Beekeepers also travelled from Nepal to participate in the

The Workshop was sponsored by FAO (the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization). The Workshop was intended to conclude and assess the work achieved during the 18-month period of FAO support for

KARNATAKA

apicultural development in Karnataka State. This was provided under FAO’s Technical

Workshop.

The FAO project in Karnataka State has focused on strengthening the apicultural skills of extension staff, such that they know how to manage the indigenous bee Apis cerana for worthwhile and productive beekeeping. Extension staff have also been encouraged to consider honey hunters as part of the apicultural community who can benefit from assistance - most honey in India is harvested from the rock bee, Apis dorsata.

Staff of the Central Bee Research and Training Institute, Pune, and their Workshop display

The Workshop took as it themes those areas which have been significant issues for the FAO project. These included: e@

@

Bee products and value addition;

In some parts of India Apis mellifera is generating

significant income for beekeepers: Government personnel and beekeepers in favour of Apis mellifera were also well represented at the Workshop.

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e@

The Honey Festival displayed the excellent products of Karnataka beekeeping, including the famous Coorg honey

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Income generation from beekeeping and honey hunting; Beekeeping extension and training;

Consideration of the benefits of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera beekeeping; Thai sacbrood virus and its control; Queen rearing in Apis cerana.

The State of Karnataka Directorate of Industries and Commerce arranged a Honey Festival to be held simultaneously with the Workshop. This also took place in Dharwad and local and national honey co-operatives and traders displayed their products, as well as technical institutes and NGOs displaying their services and skills. The Workshop and Festival together stimulated considerable media interest, with reports appearing in many newspapers, on radio and television.

Cooperation Programme.

Karnataka State sought assistance from FAO to promote apiculture as a source of income-generation for landless people. In previous years beekeeping with Apis cerana was believed to have become difficult due to the presence of the virus disease, Thai sacbrood.

It was proposed that a way to overcome this difficulty was to introduce the European honeybee Apis mellifera and promote its use amongst landless people.

However, assessment of the prevailing situation in Karnataka revealed that the answer did not lie in the introduction of an exotic species of bee. Extension staff had little practical beekeeping experience or training and had few resources available. The introduction of Apis mellifera would be likely to benefit only wealthier farmers and would not be sustainable for the project’s intended target group: landless people.

The FAO project therefore focused on strengthening the skills and resources of the extension service. Extension officers received training in how to manage Apis cerana, how to use queen rearing to multiply colonies, how to contro! Thai sacbrood virus, and how to generate maximum income from the products of beekeeping and honey hunting.

THREE

BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 49

FIRST CARIBBEAN BEEKEEPING

CONGRESS

@

Dr Nicola Bradbear enlightened her audience with instances of her world-wide experience to impart powerful philosophical principles concerning developmental initiatives. @

Tobago, 17-20 November 1998

by Jorge Murillo-Yepes,

B&D’s

Dr Theodore Cherbuliez, President of the Apimondia Standing Commission for Apitherapy, delivered a magisterial presentation on the topic of honeybee products as healing agents.

Correspondent in Grenada

Mr Mohammed Hallim from the Apiaries Unit, Ministry of Food Production, Trinidad, provided a comprehensive and authoritative view of “Beekeeping legislation in the

Caribbean”.

The tempo of this highly successful beekeeping get-together was set from its very beginning by the remarks from prominent political and technical officers of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, and the President of the Apimondia Standing Commission for Beekeeping for Rural Development, Dr Nicola Bradbear. The inauguration culminated with a note of high emotion in the form of a public recognition ceremony honouring the apicultural pioneers of Tobago.

Lively discussion Tobago, one of the most beautiful West Indian islands, was the venue for the First Caribbean Beekeeping Congress, held under the auspices of the Apimondia Standing Commission for Beekeeping for Rural Development.

Participants, speakers and scientists from 24 countries were gallantly co-hosted by the Tobago Apicultural Society and the Tobago House of Assembly at the splendid Mount Irvine Bay Hotel.

Tobago: a Caribbean paradise for bees

Current beekeeping status reports were presented by representatives of all participating Caribbean territories and lively discussions on technical, commercial, sanitary and socio-economic issues followed. The general consensus was that there are many more apicultural factors in common, than those which might tend to divide regional

beekeepers.

Dedicated @

reporting

Research papers were presented by Dr Christopher Starr “Basic biology and taxonomy of the genus Apis”, Dr Alfred Dietz “New honeybee pest confronting beekeepers in the Americas”, Ms Laura Robinson “Studies on the prevalence of Varroa jacobsoni in Grenada and the use of nutmeg Myristica fragrans as an acaricide”, and Mr Mischa Dijkstra “Bee research on Tobago: reproduction of stingless bees; and nectar food plants of honeybees in Tobago”.

@

Field trips On the third day participants were provided with a first-hand experience among Tobagonian apiculturists, some of whom have attained top awards at the National Honey Show in London.

A taste of the natural beauty of magnificent Tobago and its people’s warmth was highly appreciated by the happy touring beekeepers.

Final day A special treat when Dr William Ramirez shared his profound apicultural knowledge, with emphasis on the “Management of Africanized bees”, and Dr Malcolm Tom Sanford, in his

highly motivational style, presented views on practical issues about “Managing beekeeping profitability in the new Millennium.”

Top officials of local, regional and international organisations provided comprehensive outlines concerning the nature, principles, goals and services of each institution. e@

Ms Denise Dickson of the Agricultural Development Bank described the financial avenues available to local beekeepers.

Ms Pathleen Titus of the Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute described their rural outreach efforts and capabilities.

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Mr Kamau Akili, General Manager of Environment Tobago, and Mr William Benjamin of the Policy, Research and Development Institute, Tobago House of Assembly, explained the rationale and initiatives of their respective institutions in terms of environmental protection.

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Ms Shamina Maccum-Barrow from the Agricultural Development of the Caribbean Community Secretariat, reported on the policies and developmental tools encompassed by this regional body.

e@

FOUR

The author explored topics "Beyond beekeeping: addition of value to hive products”.

Rural development undertaken on a continental level was the topic of Mr Willard Phillips’ presentation in his capacity of Policy Analyst of the Inter-American Institute for Co-operation on Agriculture.

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RESOLUTIONS FROM GROUP DISCUSSIONS These Resolutions are addressed to the stakeholders of the beekeeping sector in participating countries of the First Caribbean Beekeeping Congress.

BUSINESS PRACTICES AND PROFITABILITY To find examples of successful honey producers in the region and to transfer such expertise to others;

To look at management styles of organisations outside the beekeeping sector, and transfer that experience to beekeeping; To focus on two markets — a local and a tourist market and the specific requirements of each; To look for successful co-operatives within and outside the bee products area, and transfer that technology to value-added bee products.

PESTS AND DISEASES e@

e @

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No changes in the current laws of the various countries about the importation of honey; importation of queens to be stopped altogether; Each country should be encouraged to develop their apiculture to the point of

meeting their own needs in hive products, thereby discontinuing the reasons for import; Governments are to take strong steps to ensure the inspection of apiaries for health.

INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT Society's dynamic President, and Chairman of the Congress Organising Committee, lights the smoker during a beekeeping demonstration QUENTIN HENDERSON

e Institutions play @ @ e@

both local and regional: Institutions play a role in the drafting of legislation; Conditioned support to local and regional beekeeping organisations; Preparing beekeepers in responding to the new requirements of international trade. a role in training

—

EXTENSION SERVICES @

Mr Werner Lohr, Project Co-ordinator of API-Promo GTZ, defined his organisation's framework pertaining to apicultural projects in developing countries and offered concrete examples of experiences concerning good projects which went sour due to faulty planning.

(Read more about these on page 10 of B&D48 - Ed).

e Dr Don Robinson, FAO Local Representative gave an account of services available to apiculturists through official channels in FAO. Deliberations came to an end with five Group Discussions where all participants expressed their views, opinions and concerns to be submitted as Congress Recommendations and Resolutions.

After summarising the Congress Evaluation, Mr Gladstone Solomon, President of the Tobago Apicultural Society and Chairman of the Congress Organising Committee presented each delegation with their respective country flags and bid all participants an emotional farewell.

Delegates from Cuba, Jamaica and Nevis informed the audience of concrete plans to consult with the Governments of their respective countries concerning the venue for the Second Caribbean Beekeeping Congress, in light of the resounding success achieved on this occasion through the extraordinary efforts and exemplary dedication of the Tobago Organising Committee

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Governments to be made to focus on developing comprehensive policies to assist the extension service, in conjunction and with the help of all associated private and public organisations; Allow for specialist field extension officers with a total focus on apicultural management, development and profitability; Provide a means to facilitate continuous follow-up training in the field of apiculture to the relevant extension officers at local, regional and international levels; Encourage Governments to facilitate local applied research in apiculture to support the extension service; Set up a beekeeping unit in each country with the capacity and staff to execute its own country policy and liaise with other countries in executing regional policies.

AFRICANIZED AND INDIGENOUS BEES Measures to be taken to prevent the advent of Africanized honeybees to Islands that currently do not have them; Recognising the potential of Africanized honeybees as a tool for the avoidance of the negative effects of Varroa and other pests and diseases, research should be

continued in order to reach conclusions and recommendations concerning the introduction of other strains of the genus Apis into those territories that have ,

Africanized honeybees at present; Recognising the potential of stingless bees and other non-Apis bees as pollinators and producers of special honeys; research should be continued and intensified.

Concurrently, emphasis should be strongly placed on habitat preservation; Two sections be adopted for future congresses: one for empirical matters and the second for scientific issues; The example of inviting school children to actively participate in the Congress should be continued in the future.

TOBAGO APICULTURAL SOCIETY

TOBAGO HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY

FIVE

BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 49

SUCCESSFUL HARVESTING FROM TOP-BAR HIVES

by Rose Shaushi and Steven Liseki, Nijiro Wildlife Research Centre, Tanzania

Niiro Wildlife Research Centre carried out experiments to determine how best to harvest honeycombs from top-bar hives.

Honey is often contaminated by the beekeeper during the process of harvesting. This reduces its value as a food product. Careless harvesting also results in disturbance of the honeybee colony such that many bees die or the colony absconds.

Many traditional harvesting methods are good, for example using a selection of herbs to produce smoke, and employing skilful techniques when lowering hives to the ground.

Careful methods improve the standard of bee products harvested.

The best time of day to harvest After many trials we learnt that the best time of the day to harvest is in the evening before dusk; during this time all the bees are back in their hive and calm.

Harvesting a top-bar hive top-bar hive bees place honey at the back of the hive, far from the entrance, so you must first smoke the bees at the entrance (Figure 1).

The bees will begin eating honey and after two minutes you can open up the top cover and smoke the bees from the other end. The bees In a

will now move towards the entrance, and you can comfortably start harvesting from the back

of the hive.

It is important to smoke bees on their combs to

move them away, rather than shaking the combs. Shaking causes comb to break off from the top-bar. The small number of bees remaining on the combs after smoking can be brushed away using a special bee brush, or a bunch of clean leaves or feathers. [t is much

better that you brush the bees so that they fall inside the hive rather than falling on the ground.

Selection of combs to be harvested The combs which are suitable to be harvested are those which contain sealed honey over more than half of the comb. The combs should not contain brood and should have little or no pollen. Any other combs are not good for harvesting and should not be disturbed (Figure 2).

After the bees have been brushed away from the comb, move a little distance away from the hive to a bucket covered with a clean white

1. Smoke the colony for two minutes before opening the hive. Note that the beekeepers are standing to the side of the entrance.

Figure

SIX

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BEEKEEPING

piece of cloth. Remove the cloth and cut the comb so that it drops into the bucket (Figure 3). Large, sealed combs should be cut in three steps as shown in Figure 4. Replace the cloth quickly.

Often some sealed honey is found here but we

DEVELOPMENT 49

Combs in this area usually contain brood

leave this for the bees

This is the area from which we harvest combs with sealed honey

The person who cuts the combs must have clean clothing. A bucket of clean water should be nearby for washing gloves, brushes and knives every now and then during the harvesting operation. It is very important to wash the equipment after harvesting one hive and starting work on a different one. many bees start flying around the bucket, it is better to move and harvest another apiary a good distance away. The remaining hives in the first apiary can be harvested another day.

&

Entrance

If

Figure 2. The combs containing honey are found at the back of the hive; far from the entrance.

Conclusion If these harvesting procedures are followed well, the best honey can be obtained, and very few bees will be killed during the process. The honey will contain no bee venom. It can be used for all food preparations. This honey will be first class, and it can fetch a good price.

4

EXPLANATION PLEASE! Brood comb is that part of the bees’ nest containing the developing bees: eggs, larvae and pupae.

Njiro Wildlife Research Centreand Bees for Development

~.

if

a

are co-operating on the project “Sustainable Beekeeping for Africa” funded by

the United Kingdom DFID.

made my first trial hive from a broken box and filled it with non-embossed wax sheets. I made the sheets by pouring about 50 ml of melted beeswax onto a wet newspaper, folding the newspaper over to make a “sandwich” and pressing out the sheet between the newspaper on a table.

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Figure 4. Cutting the sealed honeycomb - steps one to three.

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Figure 3. The honeycombs should be put into a clean bucket. Replace the bucket cover immediately to prevent bees getting in.

aH He,

also shape sheets to fit inside my gourd hive, made from four dried gourds sewn together. By the second week the bees will have made about half the sheet into comb |

:

.

made my honey extractor from 0.3 mm tin and the gear from a hand drill. The combs are spun at about 300 rpm and the honey extracts well. Using thinner tin is cheaper but the extractor vibrates too much to be operable. |

After reading the articles in B&D41 made the smoker (shown on the photograph). The smoker works well and dried papaya trunk serves as a long lasting smoker material In previous years papaya trunk was worthless to me, but now I can give it many lovely names! lam so glad to receive Beekeeping & Development to know that am not working alone for am working with encouragement from many hundreds of miles away: thank you for sponsoring |

|

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me.

Abrham Tesfaye, Arbamich, Ethiopia

A Bees for Development publication

PHOTOGRAPH

ABRHAM TESFAYE

SEVEN

BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 49

BOTSWANA Beekeeping in Botswana: on the up!

Bernhard Clauss worked in Botswana with the German Volunteer Service. The result is the excellent “Beekeeping Handbook”, a perfect text for people who want to start beekeeping with simple equipment. The Beekeeping Unit has regularly produced updates of the Handbook available from

Bees for Development for

7.75.

In 1976 the German Volunteer Service began teaching beekeeping to remote area dwellers in Botswana, as a way of supplementing diet and generating income. The Beekeeping Unit was established in 1980 within the women’s extension section of the Ministry of Agriculture. The aim was to assist women to generate income through honey and beeswax sales and to secure bee products for household use. In 1981] a countrywide extension service began operating and in 1991 an introduced agricultural policy encouraging non-farming activities enhanced the role of beekeeping. Currently the Unit has 14 beekeeping officers, nine of whom are women.

During dry weather beekeepers are forced to feed their colonies. Some farmers do not have funds available to buy food for their bees and again colonies abscond. To counter this problem the Beekeeping Unit is advocating the planting of melliferous plants, especially those which flower in winter and are

HAITI

There is no problem with marketing bee products within Botswana as supply is lower than demand.

Batswana prefer comb honey to liquid honey, so beeswax production remains low. The small amount of wax harvested is used for baiting hives and in batik.

COSEVO (Co-operative for Animal Production and Veterinary Services) helps beekeeping associations by providing assistance for honey production in the north-east regio Haiti, one of the poorest areas in the

@

Compared with other agricultural projects this is a new venture and the take-up rate is still low;

@

Ashortage of qualified personnel means depending on agricultural extension staff to do all the work;

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Extension areas are big and transport problems add to a low level of follow-up to farmers to assist in management. The result is a high level of honeybee colonies absconding due to pests, predators, drought and vandalism;

|

drought-resistant.

The Government now operates schemes to assist farmers in establishing apiaries and purchasing beekeeping equipment. Beekeeping is taught in primary and secondary schools.

There have been many successes but still the beekeeping project has faced setbacks:

Noah's hive plastered with a cowdung and clay mixture. Entrance holes are made during plastering by inserting sticks

@

Khaliso Kepaletswe, Agricultural Scientific Officer

country.

The demand for assistance is always increasing and the constraints for honey production are numerous. To provide heip in a more organised way a project covering the area has been conceived. The objectives of the project are: ®@

®

@

increased honey production in the area;

support for environmental protection by the promotion of beekeeping; reduction of poverty.

Future activities include: forming more beekeepers’ associations;

initiating a credit system for beekeeping activities; creating a central shop to make beekeeping materials available;

establishing a small unit for the collection and processing of honey; assisting in the distribution and exportation of honey and wax produced in the region.

“We plan to implement this project over two years and require a budget of about USS420,000.

We would be thankful for any assistance", writes Dr Audalbert Bien-Aimé, President of COSEVO,

178 rue Alerte, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

INDIA KHALISO KEPALESTWE

Rendering beeswax from deserted combs of Apis dorsata bees A very tall Syzygium

).

cumni skeels tree in deep forest about 50 km from Wardha (Maharashtra) is home to between 145 and 175 Apis dorsata colonies every year. Honey hunters have permission from the

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BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 48

Forest Department to harvest the colonies. There is no road to the site.

D B MAHINDRE

We visited the site in December 1997 to determine whether it would be possible to use the area to train tribal

Field technician Mr Sontakke holds the comb up to show its size

people in handling Apis dorsata. Many huge combs had been deserted by the bees.

A villager agreed

to climb 40 m up the tree and bring comb down to us. The comb broke into three pieces. It was not possible to weigh the comb and render the wax in the forest to show the villager the importance of the comb. We asked him to visit our office in three a

days.

The comb measured 150 cm horizontally and 95 cm vertically. The honeycomb weighed 600 g and the brood comb 550 g. After processing we were left with 850 g of beeswax. One kilogram of beeswax is worth Rs100 at market (1SUS = Rs42).

The villager came to our office and I showed him the beeswax cake rendered from the deserted comb. He was surprised to see it and hear of its value. I told him that if improved methods of managing Apis dorsata colonies were adopted income for the village would be doubled. By the end of March 1998 the villager had delivered 9 kg of beeswax rendered from deserted combs of Apis dorsata.

Beekeeping Technician, Ngwe Ruben.

Biosphere Reserve of Calakmul in 723,185 ha Within the area are 72 communities who represent an impressive threat to conservation. The main goal of the “Community Development Project” is to stop the deforestation and deterioration of the biodiversity of the area. The project has four different aspects: organic agriculture; use of family plots; production of backyard animals; and

community beekeeping.

The main goal of the beekeeping aspect is the establishment of community-orientated beekeeping to increase the security of the forest, the foraging area for the bees, and to increase income for families. A participatory approach detected several important factors: @

Beekeeping for rural development in the Biosphere Reserve of Calakmul One of the most important applications of beekeeping is its use in natural reserve areas. It provides economic incentives to preserve priceless natural areas. This is particularly important in the tropical forest of the Mayan Zone of Calakmul. Jn 1989, the Mexican Government established the

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Control of Varroa with formic acid in a campaign involving government agencies, NGOs, local beekeeping associations and local authorities;

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Beekeeping courses at different levels;

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Local manufacturing of beekeeping equipment;

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Development and training of extension staff;

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Beekeeping with women’s groups;

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Availability of credit for beekeeping;

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Analysis of foraging areas;

D B Mahindre, Pune, India

MEXICO

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TANZANIA El Nifio rains affect honey and beeswax production The heavy rains of 1997 and 1998 prevented beekeepers from harvesting honey and beeswax between June and August, which is the major honey production season.

The Tabora Beekeepers Co-operative Society has been affected by the failure. Its members have reported that many colonies absconded and hives were unoccupied. They have noticed however, that after cleaning, the hives were occupied again in a very short time. Beekeepers hope to start harvesting again in November.

Rain also causes problems in harvesting and transporting honey to the Co-operative’s premises. hope that the honey will be transported before it is spoilt. |

Promotion and marketing, for example of organic honey.

Max Garcia-Millan and Ana Parra-Canto ®@

Justin Madaha,

B&D's

Correspondent

in Tanzania

NINE

BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 49

A COURSE TO CONSIDER

For some it was the first opportunity to meet Apis mellifera scutellata. This bee’s strongly

defensive behaviour was seen to require different management from that required for European and Asian honeybees. After many years of research, Njiro Wildlife Research Centre has confirmed that ‘minimum management’, or put another way, ‘minimum disturbance’, is best for the honeybees of East Africa.

by Nell Holt-Wilson August and September 1998 Bees for Development held another extremely successful

In

Beekeeping in Rural Development Course at Cardiff University in the United Kingdom, and Nijiro Wildlife Research Centre in Arusha District, Tanzania.

Participants from Botswana, Ethiopia, India, Jamaica, Nepal, Tanzania, United Kingdom and Zimbabwe made this monthlong Course truly international, and prompted lively discussions.

There was learning from fellow participants, as well as from the international experts who lectured on the Course.

The first two weeks at Cardiff University involved an intensive study period with lectures and workshops. Subjects ranged from bee biology and genetics to extension techniques and preparing project proposals.

The following two weeks at Njiro Wildlife Research Centre in Tanzania focused on practical beekeeping techniques. Time was spent in the apiaries handling bees and studying the good and bad aspects of different management methods. Appropriate methods of beekeeping were discussed in relation to the different races of bees and habitats throughout the world.

Learning about appropriate hive design and construction is another important component of the practical training in Tanzania. Through working with bees in many different designs of hives it was seen that almost any container can be used to keep bees, as long as it is of a good volume and shape, secure, dry and out of the reach of pests and predators.

The disadvantages of using frame hives for

beekeeping with Apis mellifera scutellata were evident: e@

the spaces between frames allowed bees to fly out of the hive to harass the beekeeper during harvest;

e the fragility of the frames and the large amount of propolis caused the frames to break when taken out of the hive during harvesting; @

itis difficult to hang hives with supers out of reach of predators such as honey badgers and ants.

The participants all took part in making top-bar hives in the Centre’s workshop. This was also the venue for processing honey and beeswax, and making secondary bee products.

The participants worked on making candles and cosmetics. It all seemed very easy! In fact this is the message that the Centre tries to convey to all students who attend the Course.

The programme included field trips to other Districts in Tanzania and participants met people and organisations involved in beekeeping training and promotion. This gave an opportunity to learn about beekeeping extension, and the great benefits of integrating beekeeping into all agricultural, developmental and forestry programmes.

The Course was intensive and hard work and all the participants learnt a great amount whilst having a fun time. All those who can find funding to attend in 1999 should not hesitate!

Beekeeping in Rural Development 1999 See Learn Ahead in this issue (page 12), and future editions of Beekeeping & Development for further information.

TEN

Important note:

Learning bee biology in Cardiff University. Course participants from top: Cecil Willis (Jamaica); Dr M Muthuraman (India); Tilahun Gebey (Ethiopia).

Bees for Development is not a funding agency and cannot provide financial support for you to attend this Course: participants must locate their own sponsorship.

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Swarming occurs throughout the year and does not have a fixed period. The most common time is from September to December.

Problems The lack of working materials in the local market is a serious handicap to the promotion of beekeeping activities. Due to the devaluation of the currency, the cost of imported items has become exorbitant and exceeds the resources of those beekeepers who want to use imported equipment.

Number of beekeepers Unknown

Melliferous vegetation Melliferous plants are abundant throughout the country and particularly in the Plateau Region.

Seventy-three melliferous plants were identified during a study in 1991. The major melliferous plants in the northern and central parts of the

A clay hive in Togo

country are Azadirachta indica (neem), Parkia biglobosa (néré), and Vitellaria paradoxa (karité). In the South are: Acacia sp, Citrus sp, Cocos nucifera, Eucalyptus torreliana and Mangifera indica.

Size

Honey production

56,785 km?

Population

The period of harvest is December to April. The average harvest per colony per year is 10 kg.

3,643,000

Research

Location

January 1992 a Centre was created at the University of Benin in Lomé to promote research into indigenous technologies. This Centre studies the eco-ethology of bees in different regions of Togo.

Togo is in West Africa. To the North is Burkina Faso, Benin is to the East and Ghana to the West.

Main agriculture Most people are employed in agriculture. Main crops include cocoa, coffee, copra, cotton, groundnuts, maize and palm kernels.

In

Parkia biglobosa (néré)

Honeybees Apis mellifera adansonii

Beekeeping The collection of honey is a time-honoured activity of honey gatherers in Togo.

Traditionally this honey is used in ceremonies and the preparation of medicines.

Frame hive beekeeping is only practised by a few individuals scattered here and there throughout the country. Beekeeping is found mostly in the South of the country and in much

of the Central Region.

We are grateful to MrY A Poutouli and Ms Homa Smith for providing the information and

illustrations.

A Bees for Development publication

ELEVEN

BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 49

NOTICE BOARD CALL FOR CONTACT

LOOK AHEAD AUSTRALIA

Traditional beekeepers in Central Guinea are looking for

International Union for the Study of Social Insects

training assistance in the use of top-bar hives. We would like to contact beekeeping organisations in, or dealing with West Africa to exchange ideas about a beekeeping programme for development.

29 December 1998 - 4 January 1999, Adelaide

Please contact: Mattheeuws Christel, Schorenshof 5/145, 3012 Wilsele, Belgium Fax (+32) 16 20 73 89

OP

Hw

PRESTIGIOUS AWARD Professor Jerzy Woyke has been awarded the title of “Doctor Honoris Causa” by the University of Agriculture in Szczecin, Poland, for his work as an outstanding specialist in the field of apiculture.

Congratulations from Bees for Development.

INFORMATION AVAILABLE for organisers of workshops and courses. Send us full details of your meeting, and the anticipated number of participants, at least three months ahead of the date.

Bees for Development can support your event with information materials.

Further information from: Dr M P Schwarz,

Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, Australia

CANADA

Further details from: Apimondia 99,

c/o Venue West Conference Services, #645 - 375 Water Street, Vancouver, BC V6B 5C6, Canada Fax (+1) 604 681 2503 E-mail congress@venuewest.com

{NDIA Fifth International Congress International Society for Ethnopharmacology: Plant Derived Drugs in the 21st Century 8-12 February 1999, Thiruvananthapuram

V George, Tropical

Botanic Garden & Research Institute, Pacha Palode PO, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 562 Kerala, India Fax (+91) 471 431 178

ISRAEL XIV International Plant Protection

Further details from: British Beekeepers’ Association, National Agricultural Centre, Stoneleigh, Warwickshire, CV8 2LZ, United Kingdom E-mail bobka@bbka.demon.co.uk

LEARN AHEAD NETHERLANDS Participation in Local Development 19-23 April 1999, Wageningen Further details from: Agromisa, PO Box 41, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Fax (+31) 317 419 178 E-mail agromisa@worldaccess.nl

THAILAND Marketing of Tree and Forest Products 22 March - 2 April 1999, Bangkok

Congress

Further information from: Dr Somsak Sukwong,

25-30 July 1999, Jerusalem Further details from: Congress Secretariat,

XIV International Plant Protection Congress, PO Box 50006, Tel Aviv 61500, Israel Fax (+972) 3514 0077

SOUTH AFRICA Apimondia International Apicultural Congress

Director, RECOFTC, Kasetsart University, PO Box 1111, Bangkok 10903, Thailand Fax (+66) 2561 4880 E-mail ftesss@nontri.ku.ac.th

UNITED KINGDOM So, You Want to Help Beekeepers Overseas?

16-17 January 1999, Monmouth

[3-18 September 2001

Further details from: Bees for Development,

Further details from: APIMONDIA, General Secretariat, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 101,

1-00186 Rome, Italy Fax (+39) 6685 2286

E-mail apimondia@mclink.it

Send us details of your conference or workshop well in advance and we will print ee

Oa

Association, c/o Honeybee Science Research Center, Tamagawa University, Machida Shi, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan Fax (+81) 427 39 8854 E-mail hitomi@agr.tamagawa.ac.jp

24 April 1999, Stoneleigh

12-18 Septernber 1999, Vancouver

DERM

19-25 March 2000, Chiang Mai Further details from: Asian Apicultural

UNITED KINGDOM British Beekeepers’ Spring Convention

Apimondia International Apicultural Congress

Further details from: Dr

THAILAND Fifth Asian Apicultural Association Conference

ee

address on page two.

UNITED KINGDOM/TANZANIA Beekeeping in Rural Development August 1999, Cardiff University and Njiro Wildlife Research Centre Further details from: Bees for Development, address on page two.

COMPETITION CONGRATULATIONS B&D47

issued a challenge for logo designs to “Promote the Apis cerana beekeeping group’. From the many entries received at Bees for Development the outcome is that Dr Otto Boecking’s challenge won. Well Done!

TWELVE

A Bees for Development publication

BEEKEEPING

honeybee. The 20,000 species of social insects in the world have many behavioural tendencies in common, but dance language Is unique to honeybees. This film devised by Dr Francis Ratnieks at the University of Sheffield, United Kingdom teaches viewers to decode the waggle dance language and explains how the

messages “danced” by forager bees provide other bees in the hive with details of where to forage, how far away the source is, and how much nectar

Perspectives in Indian Apiculture edited by

R C Mishra

and poilen are

1998 - 412 pages Hardback. Available from

available.

Bees for Development price 20.00

By decoding the dance messages relayed by the bees it is possible for the observer to determine local forage ecology which can be difficult to otherwise

Sixteen chapters from different ote PRES contributors have been : in Indian Perspectives assimilated to

J

compile a worthy text on Indian

|

7

APICULTU RE} RG MISHRA

covered include

beekeeping development

beekeeping, pollination, bee flora and its Botanica:

throughout India, honey and other hive products, mites and other enemies of honeybees in India, the ever present problems associated with pesticide poisoning of bees, and the equipment used in beekeeping in India.

Each chapter provides many references for further

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DEVELOPMENT 49

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THIRTEEN

BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 49

INDEX FOR BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 1998 Figures in

BOLD

denote issue number followed by relevant page number(s) for that issue.

A

Australia, 46.3,10.15; 47, 10.11; 48,5,8;

AAA, 47,8,9,10 Fourth Conference, 46,10; 47,8 Fifth Conference, 48,5; 49,12 President. 47.8

Austria, 47,9 Austroprojekt, 48.7 Avitable.A, 48,14 Azadirachta indica, 49,1

Abejas sin aguijén: su Biologia y ta organizacion de fa colmena, 46,15

absconding, see management Acacia sp. 49,11

acaracide, 49,4 Acarapis sp, 48.8 acid, formic, 46,2: 49,9 lactic, 46.2 organic, 47.14 A course to consider, 49,10 Adams.S. 46.5 Adrichem,E van, 47,14

african honey bees, see bee africanized honey bees, see bee Agricultural Development Bank, 49,4 Agricultural Development of the Caribbean Community Secretariat,

494

Agricultural Research, 46.5

Agromisa, 49,|2 guide to grants, fellowships and scholarships ut

international forestry and natural

46,9 agroforestry, 46,6 Aidoo,K S, 47,13; 48,12; 49.2 Allan,M, 47,2 Al-Mughrabi, 47.10 aid programmes, 46,9 alternative therapy. 47,14 resources.

America, central, 46,3 latin, 48,10 south, 46,3: 47.6 Amnesty International, 48,13

Andes, 47,6 ant, 46,6; 49,10 anthropology. 47,14 API-CAM, 49,9 Apiculture

&

Développement,

46,2, 47,2;

apiculture, see beekeeping Apiculture sans Frontieres, 46,11 Apimondia, 47,12,13; 49.4 Congress, see International Beekeeping Congress Publishing House, 46,14 Standing Commission for Apitherapy,

49.4 Standing Commission for Beekeeping for Rural Development, 47,13: 49.4 Symposium on Apitherapy. 47.11 Api-Promo GTZ, 46,2: 47,2; 48,2,8,10:

49,25 Apis, 47.5: 49.4.5 Apis cerana, 46,3; 47,2,8,9,16;

48.2.4,5,6.8: 49.3,12,13 grooming behaviour, 48,4,5 queen rearing, 49.3 removal behaviour, 48.4.5 Apis cerana japonica, 46,13 Apis dorsata, 46.12.13; 47,15; 48,9 Apts florea, 47,15, 48.9 Apis laboriosa, 47.15 Apis mellifera, 46,2,3.5.13.14; 47,12; 48,2.4.5.6,7,8,9: 49.413 introduction of, 49,3 versus Apis cerana, 49.3 Apis mellifera adansonii, 49,11 Apis mellifera tigustica, 47,7 48,8 Apis mellifera mellifera, 47,6; 48,2 Apis mellifera scutellata, 47,7; 49.10 Apiservices, 48.16 apitherapy, 47,11,12, 49,4 apple, 48,6,7 pollination, 48.6.7 red mite, 48,7 scab, 48,7 Appropriate design of top-bar hives, 47,3 Arab Beekeepers’ Union, Second International Congress, 46,10; 47,11 Argentina, 47,6 Armenia, 48.12 Asociacén de Apicultores de Pichincha, 47,7 Ascosphaera apis, 47,7 Asia, 47,8,9,10: 48,10; 49,13 Asian Apicultural Association, see AAA Association for the Promotion of Community Initiatives, 47,12 Altalea colenda, 47,7

beeswax, 46,4,6; 47.15.48,12; 49,7,8.9 buyer, 47,11 cosmetics, 46,16; 49,10 polish, 47,15 processing, 49,10 production, 47,6; 49,9 soap, 46,16

Beeswax Barter, 49.16

B&D Useful Publication Award, 46.14: 47.14: 48.14; 49,13 47,7 backstopping, 48,10 banana, 47,6; 48,12 battery, 48,2,3 cost-free, 48,2 organic, 48,3 Bangkok, 49,3 Bangladesh, 47,10 Institute of Apiculture, 47,10 Bangyu.K, 47,9 batik, 49.8 Bayer, 47.2 Bayvarol, 47,2 bee, 48.6 african, 47,11; 48,14; 49.10.11 africanized, 46,3: 47,7,13, 48.14,

49.45 asian, 47,8,9, 49.10 behaviour, 48,7.14; 49,13 biology, 49,4, 10 brood, 49.6 communication, 49,13 crawling, 46,4 crippled, 46,4 dance language, 49,13 disease, 47,7,14; 48,8 resistance, 47,14 eco-ethnology, 49.11 european, 46,14: 47,6; 49,10 flora, 47,5,7, 48,14; 49.4,11,13 genetics, 47,14; 49,10 himalayan, 47.8.9 hunters, see honey hunters

indigenous, 48.8 leafcutter, 46,15 parasite, 46,2,3.4.5: 47,14 pathology, 46,10 pest, 47,14; 48,8: 49,4.5.8 plants, see bee flora predators, 46,6; 47,14; 48,11.13;

49.8

48.2,49,2

FOURTEEN

|

B Baccharis floribunda,

AemprapiS. 47,9 Afghanaid, 47,9,12 Afghanistan, 47,9.12 Africa, 46,3: 47,3.4,14; 48,10,14,15; 49,6,10,11 east, 46.14; 49,10 west, 49,12

A

49,12

49,3,4,5,6,13 seasonal cycles, 48,14 research, 48.8,15; 49.4,11 tack, see Apis dorsata species, see Apis Bee Books New and Old, 47.11

48,14

bee hive, see hive

beekeepers, 46,14; 48.11 African, 46,14; 47,12; 49.6 beginner, 48,14 experienced, 48,14 European, 46,2 penfriends, 48,13 small-scale producers, 47,7 beekeeping, 48,14; 49,9 African, 46,14; 47,12; 49.6,8,10,11 Asian, 47.8; 48,8; 49.5.8 association, 47,6,7; 48,8,13; 49,8,9 British, 46,14 Caribbean, 49,4,5 commercial, 46,15; 48.6.7 Ecuador, 47,6 equipment, 46,6; 48,11; 49,13 extension, 48.10; 49,9,10 frame hive, 48,8; 49,11 income from, 49,3 legislation, 49,4 low-cost, 48,11 management, see management migratory, 47,7; 48,6 network, 49,2 Papua New Guinea, 48,8 project, 46,14; 47,3: 48,2,8,10,11;

49.6 problems, 48.8 science, 48,14 sustainable, 47,11,16: 48.10 theft, 48.7 Togo, 49.11 top-bar hive, 47,3 traditional. 48,8 Beekeepers’ Handbook, 49,8 Beekeeping in Malaysia; pollen atlas,

48.9

BEENET, 46,13 Bees and beekeeping in Bolswana, 47,4 Bees and forest in the tropics, 48,9

Bees for Development, 46.2: 47,2; 48,2; 49,2 Bees and beekeeping: science, practice and world

resources,

47,2

47,7 Bien-Aime.A, 49.8 Biesmeijer,| C, 46,15 Biobest, 46,12 biosphere reserve, 46.6; 49, 9 Boecking,O, 47,9,16; 48.2.4; 49.12 Bombus sp, 46.12.14 Bookshelf, 46,14; 47,14; 48,14; 49,13 Books to Buy, 46,15; 47,15; 48,15; 49,13 Boongird,S. 47,10 borax, 48,7 Borneck,R, 47,14 Bosnia, 46,12 Botswana, 47,3; 49.8,10 Ministry of Agriculture, 49,8 Bradbear,N, 46,2: 47.2.9; 48,2.13: 49.2.4 Brassica sp, 47.7 Braula coeca, 46,2 Brazil, 46.10.12, 47.11,13. 48,5 Apicultural Congress, 46,10; 47,11; 48,5 Briggs.L. 47,10 Bidens humilis,

British Beekeepers’ Spring Convention,

46,10; 49,12 Executive Service Overseas, see BESO Brunei, 47.10 Bruyn.C de, 46,2,3.14 Biichler.R, 48,4 Budakthoki,K, 47,14 Bursera graveolens, 47,7 Bussicott,C, 46.13 butterflies, 48.6 buying, see marketing Byamungu,C, 48,13 Cc

products, 46.6; 48.11,13;

Bee Culture,

Belgium, 46,11,12: 47,11; 48,9; 49,12 Berg,S, 48,8 BESO, 47,11 Bermuda, 47,13; 48,12 berseem, 48.6 Bhakta,}, 46,13

cacao, 47.6 Cairo Population Conference, 49,13 Calakmul, 46.6; 49,9 Caldecott.J, 47,14 Calver,C, 46,4 Cameroon, 46,12; 47,12: 49.9 Canada, 46.3,10,14; 47,11; 48,5; 49.12.16 Canadian Association of Professional Apiculturalists, 46,14 Candle Currency, 49,16 candles, 46.6; 49,10 Capener.F, 47.10; 48.10 Cardiff University, 46,5,10; 47,11; 49,10,12 Cardosa.D, 46,5 Caribbean, 46,4, 49,4,5 Agricultural Research and Development Bank, 49.4 First Beekeeping Congress 46,10; 47,11, 48,5.16; 49,45 Second Beekeeping Congress, 49,5 Carica papaya, 49.7 Carter,1, 49,2 cassava, 48,12 CBRI, see Central Bee Research Institute Ceiba pentandra, 47,7 Central Bee Research Institute, India.

47,5,10; 49,3 Cervancia.C R, 47,10 chalk brood, see Ascophuera apis Chandler,T, 47,4 Chaudry.M M K, 46,13 Chenier,|, 48.14 Cherbuliez.T, 47,12; 49,4 Chieruzzi,M, 47,6 Chile,47, 11, 48,5 Chimbadzwa,E, 49,2 China, 47,9,10:14 Chinh,P H 47,9 Chunbo International, 46,16; 47,16: 48,16: 49,16 CIHEAM. 47.14 Citrus sp, 47,7; 49,11, 49,11 Clauss,B, 47,4; 49,8 climate change, 48,7 cocoa, 48,8, 12; 49,11 Cocos sucifera, 47,7 cocoyam, 48,812; 49.11 Coffea arabica, 47,6; 48,8 coffee, see Coffea arabica, copra, 48.8

colony management, see management renting, 48.6 Coloma,L, 47,6 Colombia. 47.6 competition, 47.16 COSEVO, 49,8 Costa Rica, 46.15; 47,14 cotton, 49,11 courses, 46,5,10, 47,11; 48,5; 49,10.12 African, 47,11; 49.10,12 agroforestry, 46,10 beekeeping 46,10, 47,11; 48.5; 49,10,12 in rural development, 46,5, 10;

47,11:49.10.12 bee pathology, 46.5,10; 47,11 bee products, 48,5 honey analysis, 46.10 in French. 47.11

Spanish, 48,5 queen rearing, 48,5 Tanzania, 46,5,10; 47.11, 49.10.12 training, 46,10: 47.11: 48,5; 49,12 UK, 46,5,10: 47.11, 48,5; 49,10,12 Cox,D, 46,10 crab apple, 48,6 Crane,E, 48.14 creosote bush, 46,5 crop growers, 46,14 CTA, 46,2 Cuba, 47,11,12; 49.5 in

Flottum., 47,14 fluvalinate, 46,5 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, see FAO forage ecology, 49,13 forest, see also woodland, conservation, 48,]2 management, 48,12,15 non-wood products, see NWFP products, 47,11; 48.12.14; 49.12 rain, 48.15

sustainable, 48.12.15 temperate. 48,125

tropical, 48.15 Fourtht

AAA

Conjerence,

47,8,9

foulbrood. European. 47,7 foundation, 46,6; 49,7

Free]

B.

47.4

Frisch, K van, 49.13 sit, 48,14 Fu-Xing,Z, 47,9 french, 46,11; 48.15 Friends of Bee Enterprise, 46,13 Fries,1, 48,4 fuelwood, 48,9 fund raising, 46,8 funding, 46,8, budget, 46.8; 46,1] objectives, 46,8, 46,11 proposal, 46.8; 46,11 travel, 46,8; 46,11 workplan, 46.8; 46,11 From where

|

|

|

Funding for research. 46,1

D

|

Furbert.R, 48.11

Dactylurina staudingen, 47,12 Dahal.S, 47,2 dance language, 49,13 Dancing for their supper, 49,13 DANIDA, 48,2 Danish-Greenlandic Arctic Beekeeping Project, 48.2 deforestation, 48,7 Delfinado-Baker.M, 48,4 Delgadillo Aguiree.R, 46,6 Denmark, 48,2 Department for International Development, see DFID Designing conservation projects:

people and

biodiversity in endangered tropical environments, 47,14

Documenting. evaluating, and learning from our development projects, 47,15

Dominican Republic, Donzé,G, 48,15 Dr Y S Parmar University, India, 48.7 Durk,B, 46,12

E Eaton,C van, 47.10 ecology 47,14 ecotourism, 46,6 Ecuador, 47,6 EH Thorne (Beehives) Ltd, 47,2 Eischen,F, 46,5 EL-Nifio, 49,9 Encomenderos Cavalos,D, 47,11 Environment Tobago, 49,4 equator, 47,6 Erythrina edulis, 47,17 Ethiopia, 49,7,10 ethnobotany, 47,14 EU. 47.11 Directive, 46,2 Eucalyptus sp, 47,7; 49,11 Eugenia sp, 47,7 Explanation Please!, 46,15; 47,15; 48,15; 49,6,13 export success, 48,4 extension, 46,14; 48,14

F FAIDERS, 48.13 FAO, 48.12: 49,3 to

field,

Farmer extension: lessons from the

48.14

farming. 48.12 promoters, 48,14 Federation Nacional de Cafeteros de

Colombia, 48.3 Federation Nacional de Apicoltores del Ecuador, 47,17 feeding, see management, Ferguson.K E. 47,10 Finding funding:

a review,

46.8

First Caribbean Beekeeping Congress,

flora, see bee flora Florida, 48.9

Garbage Power! Organic batteries, 48,3

Garcia-Millan.M, 49.9 Garg.R, 47,2 Gautier.D, 46,2 Gebey,T, 49,10 German, 48,15 Development Service, 48,8 Volunteer Service, 49,8 Germany, 46,12; 47,9; 48.4.11 Ghana, 46,13: 47,12, 48,12: 49,2 Primewood Products, 48,12 giant bee, see Apis dorsala grant providing organisation, 46,9 grapefruit leaves, 46.5 Greenland, 48,2 groundnut, 49,11 Gwiro Banso Project. Ghana, 48,12 Grenada, 464,16, 47,13; 48,3; 49.4 Guatemala, 48,2 Guinea, 49,12

development, initiative, 49.4 organisations, 48,14 rural, 48,15 DFID, 46,14; 47,3; 49,7 Dietz.A, 49,4 Dijkstra,M, 49,4 disaccharides, 46,12

Farmer

G Gales, 46,12

49,4

H Haiti, 49.8 Hajidaud,K. 47,10 Hallim,M K 1, 49,4 Hanh,P D, 47,9

Harman,L A

M, 47.3

Heinemann Publishers, 47,2 Hepburn,H R, 48,14 Hertz,Q, 48.2 Himalayas, 48,7 Hindu Kush, 47,9 hive, 47.3, 12 baiting, 49,8 bark, 48.13 calabash, 48,13 clay, 49.11 design, 47,4; 49,10 frame, 46,14; 47,3; 48.8.14; 49,10.11 gourd, 49,7 Langstroth, 47,7, 48,8 Noah, 49,8 products, 48,14 straw, 47,2.9 top-bar, 47.3.4; 48,11; 49.67.12 traditional, 47,3,7 Holt-Wilson,N, 47.2.9; 49,10 honey, 46.6:12.13,14; 47,3,6,12;

48.8.12.54: 49.6.8.9.10.11,13 adulteration, 47.7 badger. 49.10 buyer, 47,11 cane, 47,12 comb, 49.9 co-operative, 49,3 Coorg, 49.3 cosmetics, 46,16; 49,10 extractor, 49.7 festival, 47,11,16; 49,3 gathering, see hunting, harvesting, 48,8: 49,7,9 hunting, 47,15; 48.11; 49.3,9,11 importation, 47,13 Melaleuca,

48.9

organic, 49.9 production, 47,6,7: 48,8: 49.8 source, 47,5 trade, 46, 12

A Bees for Development publication

BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 49

ISSUES 46- 49 47,14

Honeybee pests, predators and diseases, Honeybees of Africa, 48,14 How Apis cerana keeps Varroa in check,

48.4

human rights, 48,13

Huttinger,E, 47.9 Hypotrigona sp, 47,12

I ICIMOD, 47,2,8.9; 48,7 IFAD, 48.13 IFS, 46,11

47.7 INASP, 48,15 income generation, 46,6; 49,8 India, 46,10,12,13; 47,5,9,10,11,16; 48,2,5,6,7; 49,2,3,9,10,12,13 Beekeeping Development Office, 48,6,7 Department of Horticulture, 48.6,7 Kullu District, 48.6,7 Shimla District, 48,6,7 Indo-Malayan. 47,5 Indonesia, 46,3,11; 47.10.14 Indonesian New Guinea, see Irian Jaya information providers, 48,15 insect repellent, 48,9 insecticide alternatives, 48,7 Inside Information, 46,2: 47,2; 48.2; 49,2 Institut far Landwirtschaftliche, Zoologie und Bienenkunde, 48,4 Inter-American Institute for Co-operation on Agriculture, 49.5 international Beekeeping Congress, XXXIV, 46,4 XXXV, 46,10,16; 47.11.16; 48,5, 16; Inga edulis,

49,1216 XXXVI, 46,10; 47,11; 48,5; 49.12 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, see ICIMOD International Federation of Beekeepers’

Association, see Apimondia International Foundation for Science, see IFS International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications. see INASP Inuit, 48,2 Irian Jaya, 47,14 Israel, 46,10; 47,10,11; 48,5; 49,12 Italy, 46,14

J

Madaha,}, 47,11; 49.9 Mahindre,D B, 46,13; 49,9 maize, 49,11 Malaysia, 48.9 Malaysian Borneo, see Sarawak management, 46,4,14: 47,3, 48.4 absconding, 49,6 commercial, 46,14 queen, development, 47,14 mating, 47,14 rearing, 47,14; 49,3 sugar feeding, 46.13 swarming, 49.1] Mandela,N, 47,13 Mangifera indica, 49,11

marketing, 46,14 honey, 46,7,12 problems, 46,14

MatiA, 47,10 Matista sp, 47.7

Matsuka,M, 47,8.9.13 Mattheeuws,C, 49,12 Mattu,V K, 47,9,10 mead, 46,15 American Association, 46,15 books, 46,15 recipes, 46,15 Medicago sativa,

47,7

medicines, 46,7; 49,11 Meditteranean, 47,14 Megachile sp, 46,14,15

48,2,9 47,8.12 46,14 melissopalynology, melliferous flora, 46,6; 47,5 Mexico, 46,6,7; 47,6; 49,9 Microscopy Certificate Notes. 47,11 migratory beekeeping, see beekeeping minerals, 46,12 Mishra,R C, 49,13 mite, 46,2,3,4,5; 47,14; 48,4,5,8,14,15 miticide, 46,4 Mohana Rao,G 47,5 monosaccharides, 46,12 Motley,A, 47,11 Morse,R A. 47,14; 48,14; 49,13 moth, 48,6 Muid.M Hj, 47,10, 48,9 Mulder.V, 48,9 Mulenga,M, 48,13 Murakami Uchida,], 47.13 Melaleuca leucadendron,

Melipona sp,

lackson,H, 46,2; 47,2; 48,2; 49,2 lamaica, 49,5,10 lapan, 46,12; 47,9,10,13 Job,D, 46,9 fardan, 46,10; 47,11

Mutillo-Yepes,|, 46.

K

N

Kaftanoglu,O, 47,10 karité, see Vitellaria paradoxa Karnataka State, 49.3 Katebwa Beekeepers’ Group, Uganda, 48.13 Kathmandu, 47,9, 10 Ken,T, 47,9 Kenya, 48,12 Enterprise Microfund Foundation, 47.11 National Beekeeping Station, 48,12 Kepaletswe,K, 49,8 Kiew.R, 48,9 Kigatiira.K 1, 47.4 Kinross,|, 48,12 Koeniger,N, 48,4 kola nuts, 48,12 Korea, 46.16; 47,10,16; 48.16; 49,16 Krishnaswamy,S N, 47.5

National Honey Show, UK, 47,10.11;

Muruiki,| M, 48,12

Muthuraman,M, 49,10 Muzaffar,N, 47,10 Myristica fragrans, 46,4; 49,4

L Laidlaw, H H Jr, 47,14

Lakshmik, 47.5 landless people, 49,3

Laney, 47,12 Langstroth hive, see hive Lear,E N, 46.3 Learn Ahead, 46,10; 47,11; 48,5; 49,12 Lensky,Y, 47,10 Letters to BKD, 49,7

Libong.A, 47,12 Liebefeld Institute, Switerland, 48.15 Linde.H van der, 47,14 Lin.C-Y, 47,19 Liseki.S, 49.6 Lohr,W, 48,2,10; 49,5 Lomé, 49,11 Look Ahead, 46.10; 47.11; 48,5: 49.12 Low productivity in East African beekeeping,

46.14 Luzon, 47,14

M Machado de Moraes.R, 46,12 Mad about mead! nectar

of the gods;

46,15

485,10; 49,4 Natural housekeeping; rediscovered recipes for housecare,

47,15

nectar, 48,9; 49.13 neem, see Azadirachta indica Nepal, 46,10; 47,2,8.9,10,15; 48,7;

49,3.10 Nepal: its bees aud Geekeepers, 47,15 Nepal: the high mountain home of the honeybee, néré,

47,15

see Parkia biglobosa

Nestlé, 46,!2 Netherlands. 46,10,15; 47,14; 49,12 Foundation for (he Advancement of Tropical Research, 46,15 Nevis, 49,5

News Around The World, 46,12; 47,12; 48,12, 49.8 New Delhi, 49.3 News from Niiro, 46.14; 47,3; 49,6 New Zealand, 47.10; 48,8 NGO, 46.6: 47,11.13: 48.13 Newainmbi,S C, 46,12 Newe,R, 49,9 Nigeria, 47,14 Njiro Wildlife Research Centre,

46,5,10.14; 47,3.4,11; 49,6,10 Non-governmental organisation, see NGO non-timber forest products, see NTFP Non-timber forest products from the tropical forests of Africa, 47,14 Non-wood News, 48,12

North Transvaal Beekeepers’ Association,

South Africa, 48,5 Norton,M, 46,9 nosema, 48.8 Notice Board, 46,10; 47,11; 48,13: 49,12 Ntenga.G, 47,4 NTFP. 47.14; 48,14 nutmeg, see Myristica fragrans nutrition, 46,7 Nyuki Newsletter, 48,12

A Bees for Development publication

oO

oil,

essential, 46,4 nutmeg, 46,4 Oman, 47,10 Onore,G, 47,6 Osmia lignania propingua, 46,14

organic matter, 48,3 Oudemans, 46,3

P Pacific, 48,8 Page,R E |r, 47,14 Pakistan, 46,13; 47,10,12 palm kernels, 49,10 papaya, see Carica papaya Papua New Guinea, 48,8 Parkia biglobosa, 49,11 Parra-Canto,A, 49,9 Partap,U, 48.6 participatory appraisal, 49,9 Pasteur,K, 46,6 Paterson,P, 47,4 paw paw, 48.12 Pechhacker,H, 47,9 Pelinck,E, 47,8 Peng, YC, 48,4 People and the planet,

49,13

pepper, 48,12 Persea americana, 47,7 Perspectives in Indian apiculture,

49,13

Peru, 47,6,11,13 National Apiculture Progamme, 47,13

pesticides, 46,12; 48,7, 49,13 use, 48,7

Pétey,V, 46,2; 47,2; 48.2; 49,2 pharmacology, 47,14 Philippines, 46.10; 47,10,11,14 Pirie,C, 47,2 plant, derived chemicals, 48,5; 49.12 extracts, 47,14 plantain, 48,12 Poland, 49,12 pollen, 46,13.14; 47,5,6; 48.6,7.9; 49,13 compatible, 48,6 supplement, 46,14 microscopic analysis, 46,14 pollination, 46,14; 48.6,7.14; 49.13 agent, 48,6 "bouquet", 48.6 hand, 48,7 successful, 48.6,7 pollinators, 48,6,7 scarcity of, 48.6 -plant interaction, 48,6,7 pollinisers, 48,6 lack of, 48.6 Ponce,P, 47.6 Pontifica Universidad Catdlica del Ecuador, 47.6 PoutoullY A, 49,11 poverty, 47,7; 49.8

Practical Beekeeping, 46.4: 47.3; 49.6 Practical Beekeeping, 46,14

predators, see bee primary products, Proceedings Melaleuca Symposium,

48,9

project, see also beekeeping project economic viability, 48,10 evaluation, 48,15 failure, 48,10 implementing, 48,10

sustainable, 48,10 systematisation, 47,15 writing, 46,8; 48,10 Promote Apis cerana group,

Tobago, see Trinidad and Tobago Apicultural Society, Togo, 49.11 top-bar, see hive traditional. beekeepers, see beekeepers beekeeping, see beekeeping training, 46,7.14; 47.11: 48.5: 49.12 tree, see also forest and woodland 47, 6 Trees Bees Use, 47,5: 48,9 Trinidad, see Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago, 46,10; 47,11,13: 485.16; 49.4.5 Tropilaclaps clareae, 48.8 TSO, 48.7 Turkey, 47,10

S

U

sacbrood, Thai, 46,10 Sammataro,D, 48,14 Sanford,M T, 49,5 Sapindus emaginalus, 47,5 Sarawak, 47,14 Saudi Arabia, 47,10 Saville,N, 47,9 Seeley,T. 49,13 Selener.D, 47,15; 48,14 self sterile, 48,6 Shaushi.R, 49,6 Shrestha.K K, 47,9,10 Singh,G, 48,6 slash and burn, 46.6 Slovenia. 47,11

Uganda, 48.13 UK. 46,10; 47,9,11; 48,5; 49,12 United Kingdom, see UK United Nations, 46,9; 48,14 University of Cardiff, see Cardiff University Unlocking trade opportunities. 48,14 USA, 46.3.5: 47.612: 48.9 USDA, 46,5 USAID, 46,9 Utrecht University, 46,15

Vv Varroa! 46,2,3,4 Varroa, see Varroa jacobsoni Varroa jacobsoni, 46,2,3,4.5,7,12:

Smite the mite with smoke, 46,5

Smith,H. 49.11 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, USA, 47,12 smoker, 49,7 Snowdrift, 48,6 soap, 48,9 soap nut, see Sapindus emaginalus Soapnut: Sapindus emaginatus, 47,5 socioeconomy, 47,14 Solomon.G, 47,13: 49,5 South Africa, 46,2.3.10; 47.11.13; 48,5, 49,12 South African Bee lournal, 46,3 Spice the mite with nutmeg, 46,4 spanish, 46,1 1,15; 58,5 Spence.P. 46,15 Spordia purpurea, 47,7 Sri Lanka, 47,9,10 stamps, 46,13 Stam,C, 49,4 Sterk,G, 46.12 Stinging tales of adventure, 46,15 stingless bee, 46,15; 49,4,5 foraging, 46.15 life history, 46,15 organisation of, 46,14 Successful harvesting from lop-bar hives, Successful pollination of apples, 47,6

49,6

Sucré Villages, 47,12 sugar feeding, see management Surinam, 47,11 Sustainable beekeeping for Africa, Svensson.B, 47,3 swahili, 47,11 swarming, see management Sweet Maria Apiary, 46.16 sweet potato, 48,8 Sweden, 46,11 Switzerland, 48.15 syrup feeding, see management Syzygium cumnt skeels, 49,8

47,8,16: 49,12

49,16 consumption, 47,13 production, 47.11 researchers’ association, 47,13 Prosopis juliflora, 47,7

47,7

Tabebuia chrysantha,

Waring,C, 47.6 wax, see also beeswax wax foundation, see foundation Widiaja,M C, 47,10 ,

Williams,| H. 47,4

WinckellA, 47,6 Winston.M L, 48.14 Women beekeepers in Calakmul, Mexico,

46.6

women with respect to beekeeping, 46,6; 48.13 Wongsiri.S, 47,89

Woo,K-S, 47.10 workshop, 46,10,14: 47,11,12,16: 49.3.4 WWF Netherlands, 47,14

Y yam, 48.8

Yoshida,T. 47,9 Yucatan Peninsula, 46,6

Z Zapata.G, 47,15 Zelaya,R, 48,14 Zimbabwe, 49,2,10 Zoom in on Ecuador, 47,5 Zoom in on Papua New Guinea, .48.8 Zoom in on Togo, 49.11

47.7

49.9 Taiwan, 47,10 Tam.D Q, 47,10 Tamarindus indica, Tan.N O, 48,9

46,12

Punchihewa.R W K, 47,9.10 Purdy.C, 47,15 pyrethroid, 46,5

Q

Terminalia amazonea, 47,7

queen, importation, 49,5 rearing, see management,

Thailand, 47.8.9.10, 48.6 Thai,P H, 48,9

Textbook of melissopalynology,

Queen rearing and bee breeding, Queen's land, 46,15

47,14

R

46.14

The beekeepers’ guide book, 48,12 The beekeepers’ fiandbook, 48,14 The INASP directory of organisation and networks tn rural development: Africa,

4815

Radloff,S E, 48,14 Rains,P, 46,12 tainforest, see forest Ramirez W, 49,5 Rath.W, 48.4 Ratin, G, 49,2

WwW

Tabora, 47,11; 49.9 Beekeepers’ Co-operative Society,

Tanzania, 46,5,10,14; 47,3,4.11; 48,13 tea, 48,8 Technology Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation, see CTA

Rafter beekeeping in Vietnam,

47.7,13,14, 48,2,4,5,8,15; 48,15 control of, 46,2,4,5,: 47,14; 48,4,5, free from, 48,12 removal, 48,4,5 research programme, 46.4.5; 47,14: trap, 48.4.5 Varroa: flow to control it, 46,5 video, 47,15: 48,15, 49,13 Videoshelf, 47,15: 48,15; 49,13 Vietnam, 47,9,10; 48,8,9 Vitellaria paradoxa, 49,11

T

Pronatura Peninsula de Yucatan, 46,6 propolis, 46,16; 47.1!,13,16; 48,16,

Prunus serolina,

Ratnieks,F, 49,13 Reddy,C C, 47,10 resolutions, 47,8; 49,5 Rice,N V, 46,15 Roberts,S, 48,14 Robins.N, 48,14 Robinson,D, 49,4 Robinson F, 48,9 Robinson,L, 49,4 Rome, 49,3 RometA, 46,12 Roubik,D, 47,12 Roy.P, 47,9 Royal Delicious, 48,6 Rubus sp, 47,7 Ruttner,.F, 46,12

48,9

The organisatios: of foraging in stingless bees of the genus Melipona. 46,15 The sustainable management of tropical rauiforests, 48,15 The Tanzania bee hive, 47.4 The Varroosis in the Mediterranean Region,

47.14

index prepared by Helen lackson Bees for Development 1998

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