Belarus (magazine #2 2015) by BELARUS Magazine

Magazine for you

No.2 (977), 2015

BELARUS

www.belarus-magazine.by

Беларусь. Belarus

Politics, Economy, Culture

May dreams come true 2015 declared Year of Youth in Belarus

Events in Belarus and abroad

Weekly newspaper read in dozens of countries Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be late to subscribe

contents

Беларусь.Belarus Monthly magazine No. 2 (977), 2015 Published since 1930 State Registration Certificate of mass medium No.8 dated March 2nd, 2009, issued by the Ministry of Information of the Republic of Belarus

Founders: The Ministry of Information of the Republic of Belarus “SB” newspaper editorial office Belvnesheconombank Editor: Viktor Kharkov

Open dialogue

Executive Secretary: Valentina Zhdanovich

Design and Layout by

Youth affairs President takes part in the

42nd conference of the Belarusian Republican Youth Union, tackling issues of youth policy, staffing support and how to help young people find a path through life in the best way

Giant for opencast mines BelAZ first

Made in EEU Belarus increases sales of food to Russian market

Everything begins with love

450-tonne heavy-duty dump truck breaks record in Kuzbass

42 45 48 30 years after

Light with rays Infra-red rays could become the ‘heating of the future’. Belarusian scientists have already developed such economical heating systems and, as soon as the Belarusian nuclear power station comes into operation, infra-red devices could replace radiator panels in our homes. Braslav keen to lead the way District centre in Vitebsk Region receives 600,000 Euro grant to develop energy savings technologies in line with Covenant of Mayors international project

беларусь.belarus 2015

Adam Mickiewicz’s native lands

Future beauty 38 ancient buildings to

be restored or conserved by 2018

Generous hand uplifts culture Patrons of art make major contribution to development of the national culture Architect of sand castles Two exhibi-

tion halls in the capital of Italy’s Sardinia — Cagliari — host young Yuri Ptashinsky’s sand show

Vadim Kondrashov Nadezhda Ponkratova Беларусь.Belarus is published in Belarusian, English, Spanish and Polish. Distributed in 50 countries of the world. Final responsibility for factual accuracy or interpretation rests with the authors of the publications. Should any article of Беларусь.Belarus be used, the reference to the magazine is obligatory. The magazine does not bear responsibility for the contents of advertisements.

Publisher: “SB” editorial office This magazine has been printed at State Entertainment “Publishers “Belarus Printing House”. 79 Nezavisimosti Ave., Minsk, Belarus, 220013 Order No. 479 Total circulation — 1884 copies (including 724 in English).

Write us to the address: 11 Kiselyov Str., Minsk, Belarus, 220029. Tel.: +375 (17) 290-62-24, 290-66-45. Tel./Fax: +375 (17) 290-68-31. www.belarus-magazine.by E-mail: mail@belarus-magazine.by Subscription index in Belpochta catalogue — 74977

Leonid Shchemelev:

“Life is the GREATEST VALUE”

For future foreign subscribers for ‘Belarus’ magazine, apply to ‘MK-Periodica’ agency. E-mail: info@periodicals.ru Telephone in Minsk: +375 (17) 227-09-10.

editor's note

Prominent examples

the Belarusian Automobile Works launched the most powerful mine dump truck in the world, confirming again its leading global position. In 2014, the vehicle established a record load capacity of 504 tonnes, as recorded in The Guinness Book of Records. Developers advise only loading to 450 tonnes during constant operation but this still surpasses the capacity of any other such vehicle worldwide. Of course, designers and customers need to see how the giant performs in ‘the field’ and it is always a concern as to whether a new model will recoup production expenditure. Accordingly, last year, a prototype was delivered by train to Russian Kuzbass, with results used to tailor the vehicle for the best performance. Since November, the BelAZ75710 has been carrying rock at Chernigovsky’s open-cast coal mine. The vehicle is considered to be experimental but is being set to work at full capacity, day and night. Having undergone regular technical servicing, it continues to be operational, and available for inspection. Various foreign specialists and experts have assessed the truck for reliability, compactness, load-capacity and safety and will soon be able to see the ‘improved’ model, based on the trial results of the BelAZ-75710 being used in real conditions. The latest vehicle is soon to undergo tests before a panel of customers, dealers and scientific institutions, in Zhodino. BelAZ has already made the frame for the third vehicle of such a kind, although there is no buyer as yet. Many countries are displaying interest, showing that the demand for giant trucks is real enough. Read on to discover more fascinating news. NADEZHDA PoNKRATOVA

o much is happening in our capital and, even more valuably, in the regions. It’s a true pleasure to detail Belarus’ progression into the 21st century as a world leader in certain niche spheres. Braslav, a district centre in Vitebsk Region, has received a 600,000 Euro grant to launch energy saving technologies in line with the Covenant of Mayors international project. This aims to promote sustainable energy development and the economic use of fuel resources, with 5,000 cities worldwide participating. Each city is voluntarily undertaking ‘20-20-20’ commitments: to cut carbon emissions by 20 percent, to reduce energy consumption by 20 percent and to increase the share of renewable energy by 2020. In practice, each city signatory develops a sustainable energy action plan, which includes a number of measures to reduce consumption of resources, while maintaining comfortable living standards for local residents. Braslav aims to become Belarus’ first climatically neutral municipality, promoting energy-saving technologies and renewable energy at a local level. It was launched in 2012, with the support of the Centre for Environmental Solutions (a non-profit NGO) and with European financial assistance. The project includes various activities - from seminars and study tours to neighbouring countries, through to sharing experience in renewable energy. Braslav Keen to Lead the Way further explores this topic. Zhodino, also located in the region, is known worldwide for BelAZ enterprise, which produces heavy-duty trucks. Recently,

By Viktor Kharkov

2015 беларусь.belarus

Panorama  Taking into account common interests

 Partnership developments Vietnam to continue supporting ties with Belarus, says Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Vietnam to Belarus, H.E. Mr. Do Van Mai, speaking at the House of Friendship, to mark the 23rd anniversary of Belarusian-Vietnamese diplomatic relations

At the first session of the UN intergovernmental negotiations in New York, Belarus presents guidelines for negotiating post-2015 development

peaking at the UN session, Belarus’ Deputy Foreign Minister, Valentin Rybakov (heading our delegation) outlined the need to take into account the interests and the potential of middle-income countries. He also highlighted the importance of the UN’s full-frontal approach to energy issues, and the necessity of setting up a mechanism to provide access to progressive technology. Mr. Rybakov added that Belarus proposes connecting the issues of sustainable development and climate change by encouraging countries to reduce hazardous emissions, yet without affecting their development. The Foreign Ministry’s Press Service states that Belarus will continue participating in intergovernmental negotiations, preparing for the UN summit.

While in New York, Mr. Rybakov met the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, Wu Hongbo, telling him about Belarus’ priorities in preparing for the UN summit, scheduled for September 2015. Mr. Rybakov noted Belarus’ intention to host a regional conference on inclusive and sustainable industrial development among middle-income countries, in co-operation with UNIDO, in April 2015. Moreover, he invited UN representatives to take part in preparing for and organising the event.

 Direction of new possibilities India invites Belarusian companies to work on Indian market and to invest in various sectors of the economy

he Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of India to Belarus, H.E. Mr. Manoj Kumar Bharti, notes that Belarus may be interested in tendering for projects to build residential accommodation in India, as well as developing infrastructure, and manufacturing joint products. He comments that a record 49 percent of foreign investments are currently involved in the defence industry (a closed sector until recently). “I’m absolutely confident that India offers wide opportu-

беларусь.belarus 2015

he Vietnamese Ambassador underlined that Vietnam and Belarus have been consistently and successfully promoting co-operation across all spheres: politics, economics, science and culture. Moreover, our two states are keen to boost bilateral trade in goods and services. Vietnam believes that bilateral relations will grow even stronger following the free trade agreement with the Customs Union. The Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Nguyen Phu Trong, visited Minsk at the end of 2014, to meet Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko. Both parties confirmed plans to advance bilateral collaboration and partnership to the highest level possible.

nities for all sectors of the economy,” the Ambassador emphasised, urging investors to research more widely. In his speech to Parliament on January 15th, the President of Belarus, Mr. Lukashenko, called upon Belarusian enterprises to seek out new markets for their goods and services. Mr. Manoj Kumar Bharti considers that co-operation between companies from Belarus and India would see success in the spheres of industry and information technologies. In addition, Indian companies are ready to invest in pharmaceutical manufacture in Belarus and the Government of India is eager to see closer co-operation with our country. The Embassy of India to Belarus, based in Minsk, stresses that it is open to all proposals.

Open Open Open The President of Belarus recently gathered representatives of national and foreign media

belta

In total, the meeting at the Palace of Independence attracted 260 journalists from 152 newspapers, 16 news agencies, 3 Internet editions, 26 TV channels and 41 radio stations. At the beginning of the meeting Mr. Lukashenko urged those present to be open, emphasising that no topics were out of bounds and that he would answer all questions candidly. Everyone was encouraged to express opinions, resulting in lively, interesting and sincere debate. Journalists showed great interest, and were well prepared, asking questions posed by their readers and listeners. The meeting lasted more than seven hours: a record for such events.

Alexender Lukashenko is answering the journalists’ questions

Economic situation The President called for calm regarding economic and financial issues. The country was facing serious challenges in late 2014, due to external forces: events in Ukraine and the devaluation of our neighbours’ national currencies (early in 2014, the Kazakh Tenge weakened considerably, followed by the Russian Rouble).

These affected Belarus greatly because of its export-oriented economy. Meanwhile, public fear led to a run on foreign currency. Mr. Lukashenko noted that, although this initially did not lead to the devaluation of our Belarusian Rouble, steps needed to be taken to avoid the country’s gold-and-currency reserves being exhausted. He explained,

“We tried to act as quickly as we could, taking measures of which you’re well aware; we tried to ensure stability for the country’s financial market and have succeeded for the moment but will need to see what happens next. We’re keeping a close eye on issues relating to inflation and the provision of consumer goods to our domestic market.”

2015 беларусь.belarus

dialogue dialogue dialogue According to the President, prices on the domestic market can be restrained. He commented, “Some proclaim that the Belarusian authorities are restraining prices, preventing them from rising due to the devaluation of the national currency. However, the situation is really quite different. Previously, oil cost $120 a barrel, making our purchases three times as expensive. Now, oil is cheaper, so the cost of production has lowered. What is it that you want? Do you wish to have the opportunity for the situation to get out of hand? Do you wish to fatten your wallets even more than businessmen in Russia and in the West? Prices weren’t falling because of a drop in the cost of production. I asked to preserve prices and the Government received a corresponding instruction. We’re solving this issue with those who want to find a solution.” He added that exceptions exist, such as for imported goods not manufactured in Belarus. Regarding the economic future of the country, Mr. Lukashenko noted, “We are proceeding calmly, without pressure; regarding finances, psychology plays a great part in a market economy.” He accepts that problems exist, including the ones within state apparatus, and the agro-industrial and construction complexes. The country’s leadership and the new Government are engaged in solving these issues. In particular, we seek diversification of exports, including to Venezuela and China. The President is convinced that Belarus can overcome all difficulties. Regarding structural reform, Mr. Lukashenko announced that he understood the media’s call for cuts, including the sale or closure of inefficient enterprises. He noted that he had called for this himself during the first presidential elections, promising to only keep ‘the best’ running. “We’ve kept and launched enterprises which are working well and will continue to do so,” he declared.

беларусь.belarus 2015

Integration From January 1st, the most important integration was launched: the Eurasian Economic Union. Of course, our country has been moving towards this, with its partners, for several years. “We’ve been creating criteria to govern the distribution of imported duties. We’ve now launched this movement; there is no alternative, since the whole world is currently integrating,” underlined the President. Mr. Lukashenko focused on integration processes between the USA and Canada, and in Latin America, saying, “We need to preserve our integrity.” Moreover, he asserts that we must use the opportunities opening before us. The President promises that the Republic will promote integration and the creation of an equal union, without exemptions or restrictions. Belarus is presiding over the EEU in its first year of work and is eager to prevent trade wars within our common space. “The economy remains and will continue to be a foundation for further movement, probably, across the political and military-political spheres.” Mr. Lukashenko admits that there’s no need to demand the same coherence as within the European Union. “We’ve created this structure within just a few years, built upon great legislation. No one can demand from us that all economic issues should be solved immediately.” Supranational EEU bodies have work to do, for instance, relating to current bans on the supply of some Belarusian goods for sale to the Russian market. We need a common body or laboratory to provide independent conclusions. Taking this into account, the supranational structure is working towards adopting a final and independent decision. “We’ve just begun work and questions do arise. Just imagine: huge Russia is obliged to give powers to the supranational body in equal measure with Belarus and Kazakhstan. We need a transitory period,

in order to adapt and elaborate new approaches and areas, and establish new structures,” believes the President. According to the Head of State, the Eurasian Economic Union should develop co-operation with Ukraine though its membership of the Union. Methods of collaboration with our southern neighbour are being elaborated, since Ukraine will now have obligations to fulfil under its signed agreement with the European Union. It’s not acceptable for cheap European and Ukrainian produce to deluge the EEU. The President notes that the country may leave the integration structure if agreements are violated, as was the proviso under which the treaty was signed: if agreements aren’t observed, Belarus has the right to leave the Union.

Foreign policy The President refutes the idea of ‘zig zag’ foreign policy between the East and the West, saying, “Russia is sacred. I don’t wish to see us gain any enemies in the West, seeing none at present. The Americans have never pressed us, and aren’t doing so now. On the contrary, we’re conducting mutual dialogue and have agreed to stop throwing mud at each other in the media. The Americans have kept their side and we are no longer seeing the rhetoric common in the past.” The Head of State pins no hope on seeing major progress in Belarus-West relations until the presidential elections have been held. “If it doesn’t bother the Europeans or Americans, it doesn’t bother us, but I’d like to see us all unite in ending the conflict [in Ukraine]. Europe seems little worried by crises beyond its territory, as do the United States (so far from this crisis). Russia is involved and Belarus cannot step aside from this real threat; events could move into the territory of Belarus and Russia,” Mr. Lukashenko stressed. The President accentuated that, during this uneasy political international

Open Open Open situation, Belarus has kept rigidly to its foremost foreign political principle: its multi-vector policy. He notes that, at present, our geo-political position imposes this policy, saying, “Our older brother is east; these are our native people. We are intermixed so greatly that it’s impossible to break [our union].” He called Ukraine’s policy ‘brainless’ and ‘nationalistic’ and noted that it bears responsibility for the conflict and the loss of part of its territory.

The President reminded journalists that Chinese President Xi Jinping is keen to extend liaisons with our republic, having allocated around $15bln for joint programmes, at affordable interest rates. Mr. Lukashenko recollected Mr. Jinping’s statement that China will never let anyone ‘offend’ Belarus and will ever support it. “I’m thankful to China for the current level of relations,” added the President. Mr. Lukashenko has several times visited China — including before his

some warn me that Mr. Putin may come to Belarus but I cannot imagine such a thing. How could Russians war with Belarus when they share our territory as their own native land. We need to calm down and remove such thoughts from our heads. We have many other problems which need to be settled.” Some people already view Belarus as part of Russian territory but Mr. Lukashenko underlined that everyone must respect our sovereignty and independence.

Speaking to journalists, the President paid special attention to the socially-focused model of state development, favoured by the Government. He said, “We have created this model and have defined it, and we must now follow it, without deviation — especially in crisis” Chinese vector Mr. Lukashenko noted that he counts upon China’s support in export diversification and that Belarus enjoys good relations with this country. “We’d like to sell more to China than it’s buying from other states — including those in the West, since this accounts for hundreds of billions of US Dollars. It would be a great achievement for Belarusian exports to reach around $5bln. We enjoy direct dialogue with China on this issue and have no problems in other areas,” the President underlined. The prospective Chinese-Belarusian Great Stone Industrial Park is a promising project, capable of generating billions in revenue, with its ultramodern facilities. “If this project is realised, we’ll have no problem with our gold-and-currency reserves and with sustaining the national currency,” Mr. Lukashenko stressed.

presidency — and urged that we learn from Chinese experience. During his time as a parliamentary deputy, when the country’s course of development was being chosen, his views were severely criticised. Now, two decades on, China boasts the globe’s second largest economy and the first regarding exports. “This country has virtually ensured world multi-polarity, which is very important,” the President stressed. “I’ve always said that the People’s Republic of China is a friendly state to us. Belarus is proud of its relations with such countries as Russia, China and India; these friends are always ready to offer support.”

Territorial integrity Belarus has never had pretensions towards other territories, as highlighted by Mr. Lukashenko’s declaration on Belarus-Russia relations. He stated, “I cannot imagine how Russians can war with Russians. Following events in Crimea,

Fraternal links Last year will be remembered as the time when international tension escalated not only in neighbouring Ukraine but in many other places around the globe. The President admitted, “The tragedy of our fraternal nation pushed us to think once more of the importance of peace, calm and order.” He noted that Belarus, Russia and Ukraine are united by close historical, cultural and economic ties which cannot be broken.

2015 беларусь.belarus

dialogue dialogue dialogue

belta

“I’d love to see this year, when we mark the 70th anniversary of the Great Victory, become a reminder that we can survive through hard times, counteracting drastic threats only by uniting our efforts and standing shoulder to shoulder,” Mr. Lukashenko announced. He is convinced that a wide range of opinions should be taken into account in ensuring the country’s security and that those sparkling conflict domestically should be

stopped. “If military action continues in Eastern Ukraine, it will gather rotten mercenaries; they will flock to Russia and our country, which worries me most of all. No matter who attempts to fight Belarus, with whatever weaponry, we’ll respond in kind,” the Head of State warned.

Ukraine Regarding negotiations for peace in Ukraine, the President sees no better alternative to the ‘Minsk format’.

беларусь.belarus 2015

“Somehow we’ve achieved positivity in this issue,” he noted, adding that points on the Minsk memorandum remained a priority for the opposing parties until recently. He notes with regret that there has been a departure from the Minsk agreements of late and new formats of negotiation, such as in Normandy. He comments, “If we want to start again from scratch, then we can invent new formats. We could go to Astana; nobody is against Astana’s offer to host negotiations, but why is Minsk inappropriate? The Minsk format will be cancelled and agreements will be thrown into the dustbin.” According to the Head of State, in reformatting negotiations on Ukraine, we’ll be starting from the ground up, which can only have a negative influence on the situation. Mr. Lukashenko underlined, “Importantly, the offered format, as far as I know, is to be held at the level of heads of state. However, so many meetings have been held already, with so many statements declared. Points of coincidence and dividing lines between forces are not determined at the level of heads of state. We’ll just see more general political statements: gathering, talking then departing. What is next? A new contact group?” Mr. Lukashenko noted that the President of Ukraine, Petro Poroshenko, is insistent on keeping Minsk as the hosting venue for negotiations. The Belarusian President emphasised, “If the line defined during the Minsk memorandum has changed, it must be defined anew. We must agree on a front line. When agreed, the parties should then begin withdrawing the weaponry which has killed so many people.” The President considers that prolonging conflict serves no one’s interests. “I’m convinced that the Minsk format will be chosen again soon, since none other is better, and it’s harmful to begin reformatting. We’ll waste time for no reason,” he asserted.

Social focus Speaking to journalists, the President paid special attention to the socially-focused model of state development favoured by the Government. He said, “The socially-focused model we’ve had so far will continue, placing people at the centre of attention. I’ll stand by this until the end of my presidency. We have created this model and have defined it, and we must now follow it, without deviation — especially in crisis.” Mr. Lukashenko recalled the state of the economy in Belarus after the collapse of the USSR, when it was difficult to find food in the shops, even when citizens had food ration coupons. “We did our best with what remained from the Soviet Union, and from that economy, as we had nothing else. Many reformers wished to embrace privatisation — as in Russia and Ukraine. However, we were wise, as most people realise now. We might have generated a system of oligarchical capitalism and have been obliged to live with the consequences of that capitalism,” the President emphasised. “We have problems today but they are due to external factors; the world is still in crisis. America has finally 'begun to breathe', and China is in fair condition, but the rest are still suffering. Meanwhile, another trouble has appeared: the crisis of our neighbours, with whom we are historically, economically and financially connected.”

Power and personnel Mr. Lukashenko asserts that lobbying for position within the state mechanism is impossible. He is adamant that state personnel have responsibility for the welfare of millions of people, and the country as a whole, as well as its neighbours. Recent changes to personnel were discussed, with the President noting why he had appointed new heads of departments and why he is eager to see more women attain high position.

Regarding the creation of advisory councils under the President, Mr. Lukashenko sees no benefit to this. He commented, “I’m categorically against the formation of any bodies under the President. Today, we have only one council under the President: the Council for Entrepreneurship. If we need to discuss a certain problem or brainstorm ideas, special working groups are created.” He noted that, in the fight against dependency on the social welfare system, one minister is working on the issue, deciding whom to invite into the group overseeing the creation of the relevant legislation. Talking about managerial personnel, the President noted that the top positions are of prime minister, ministers and governors, through which people move according to their merit. Personal ambition is nothing without talent and dedication. The President is also keen to appoint energetic young people, able to work efficiently. Civil servants, the military, police and others working to the benefit of society should be promoted through merit.

belta

Open Open Open

Salaries Regarding artificial increases in salaries, the President warned that he won’t respond to populism. He noted, “The state has brought prices under control reasonably. Salaries have fallen in Dollar equivalent, but why does this matter? If prices had increased by 30-40 percent,

then it would be another issue, since it would then truly impact on spending power.” Last year was the first in recent times that the country has achieved greater growth in labour productivity than in salaries. The trend needs to continue, notes Mr. Lukashenko, saying, “If an en-

Form generates content Once journalists had found their places in the conference hall at the Palace of Independence, the President commenced his ‘Open Dialogue with Journalists’. Alexander Lukashenko began by asking that media representatives ask questions openly, and be ready to discuss, argue and share their views on the most acute social and economic problems facing the nation. Conference participants’ reaction to the new format. Lilia Ananich, the Information Minister: The tone set by the Head of State in our country is open, democratic and dynamically developing. This discussion and this new format have again demonstrated to society that our state boasts huge potential. Our major wealth is our people, who need to be heard. As our state policy centres around individuals,

it was a wise decision to organise this dialogue with journalists. We are working towards a single goal: making our country more beautiful and filled with mutual understanding. The media has additional responsibility, as Mr. Lukashenko’s press conference has shown. They are deeply involved in state development and bear

the burden of speaking the truth. After the conference ended, some commented that the President had been too sincere but I feel that our Head of State is always sincere, for which the Belarusian nation loves him.

Ivan Mikhailov, the Deputy Director of the TV News Agency: Journalists were initially surprised to be invited to ask questions freely. They chose not to hold back and were rewarded with detailed answers, as usual. Often, dialogue finishes with unexpected resolutions. The President set a record of speaking with journalists for seven hours but, still, time passed too quickly. Alexander Lukash-

2015 беларусь.belarus

dialogue dialogue dialogue terprise has enough income, it can pay more to its workers; nobody will deter it. In the budgetary sphere, where there is money, we pay; where it is lacking, we wait. There will be no populist policies during the election campaign. We can’t just print money.”

Corruption Regarding this painful battle, Mr. Lukashenko noted, “Having been engaged in this issue, I believe that it isn’t impossible to eradicate it but it certainly won’t be easy!” He recognises that it may be possible only to minimise corruption rather than remove it altogether. He charged the Procurator-General with informing the media on corruption facts quarterly, so that the public know the situation. Journalists sometimes express discontent that those in authority fail to disseminate information adequately, to which the President noted that any departmental instructions preventing the media from receiving information should be ‘removed’ — through decree or Presidential order. enko was sincere with us and I found his words interesting as a journalist. He repeated often that he was eager to share all with us.

Tatiana Zenko, a commentator for the 1st National Channel of Belarusian Radio: This was the President’s first open dialogue meeting with journalists and the experiment proved successful. It’s important for media representatives to be heard and to establish mutually interesting discussion. This time, we shifted from the traditional format, whereby journalists can feel inhibited. It’s been quite the opposite here. It seemed to me that the President was interested in not simply answering questions but in listening to others’ problems and alternative views on events of importance to our

беларусь.belarus 2015

He commented, “If a minister or an official is asked for information and refuses without grounds to answer journalists’ questions, they are failing to do their job. Whenever a journalist addresses you, you should answer. We have a decree you must follow but it’s not the first time that I’ve heard about such unwillingness to communicate with the media.”

Education The President believes this sphere needs to be brought to order or reformed, with lecturers and teachers freed from unnecessary duties, so that they can focus fully on teaching. He asked, “Why do teachers need to prepare political, economic or financial reports?” Regarding the use of Belarusian language in education, he stressed that teachers should be allowed some freedom of choice. “There are enough Belarusian language classes in schools at present. I once noticed that five classes of English were taught to fourth grade pupils in a single week, against three country. To gain a full picture, you need a variety of sources.

Prof. Igor Goncharenok, the Pro-Rector for Academic Affairs and Director of the Managerial Personnel Institute of the Academy of the Public Administration: The President said that we are all citizens of Belarus. It doesn’t matter whether we disagree on some matters; the state’s interests and security remain our priority. Our modern world is complex, with many external problems and threats. The situation in Ukraine, so close to our borders, could spread globally, threatening our national security. We must not let this happen. The President communicated with us so openly that the opposition media seemed to have no call to confront him with tricky questions, as is

or four Belarusian lessons; afterwards, more classes were added to the curriculum,” Mr. Lukashenko commented. The issue of language went to a referendum, deciding that, until the end of the current presidency, the country will have two state languages: Belarusian and Russian. Mr. Lukashenko emphasised, “Our nation has contributed greatly to the development of Russian language and has suffered no less to gain it as a native language. Like most Belarusians, I view Russian as a native language; it’s part of our heritage and wealth, which we mustn’t ignore.” He added that he supports Belarusian, noting that ‘it distinguishes us from Russians’. He asserted, “A language indicates that a nation exists. We shouldn’t ruin the Belarusian language and should know it as well as we know Russian. It’s the greatest asset any Belarusian can have and I don’t wish it to be lost. It’s worth more than any money.” However, the President wishes to see no pressure exerted to ‘make’ people speak Belarusian. usual. He set the record straight and set clear tasks. Today’s world is not so simple and national security is vital, making it all the more important to be united. It matters not that citizens have differing political positions; we can still join forces.

Tamara Subbotko, the Editor-in-Chief of Gomelskie Vedomosti (Gomel News): On the eve of the conference, I hardly imagined that it would be so sincere, open and fruitful. I loved Alexander Lukashenko’s commentary: that we need to forget our quarrels and join together to overcome events observed in neighbouring Ukraine and Russia. Even representatives of the opposition media agreed, although they usually argue against the President’s opinion.

POINTS OF VIEW

Picture without clichés Reassessing Lukashenko, written by American publicist Professor Grigory Ioffe, of Radford University, presented to President in mid-January Prof. Ioffe is convinced that the Belarusian President is widely underestimated. He notes, “In my book, I wanted to show the Belarusian leader as citizens here view him, rather than from an outside viewpoint. It’s generally held that a politician influences society, but I rather think the opposite: that a political leader is largely the product of the society being headed.”

eality does not operate in clichés, as his book emphasises. Speaking at the presentation in Minsk, Prof. Ioffe noted, “Mr. Lukashenko began by heading a country less prepared for statehood than other post-Soviet countries. During his presidency, a feeling has emerged that Belarus is a sovereign and independent state. Alexander Lukashenko is a father of Belarusian statehood, consolidating those loyal to him and his enemies. He is positively assessed in the country’s history. My goal is to show a more balanced image, free from the usual clichés.” Prof. Ioffe regularly writes about Belarus for Eurasia Daily Monitor magazine, run by the Jamestown Foundation: increasingly popular among Englishspeaking audiences since Minsk’s hosting of the contact group on Ukraine conflict settlement. He believes that the level of awareness of Belarus leaves much to be desired in the West, especially in America, so his book aims to improve the situation. The Minsk presentation became an expert round table discussion, with Mr. Ioffe detailing the most urgent contempo-

rary issues. In his opinion, a major reason for the Ukrainian problem is that Ukraine, unlike Belarus, lacks a ruling elite concerned for national interests. “The country is torn by oligarchal interests, which has greatly aggravated the cultural split long existing in Ukrainian society, and reflected on electoral maps. However, this split shouldn’t have led to kin-on-kin war; it’s a tragic situation,” he underlined. The American praises the Belarusian model of economic and social management. He comments, “Russia is one of the world’s richest countries in terms of resources while Belarus is much smaller territorially and is poor in resources, except for potassium — for which the country controls the whole cycle of production. The rest is the result of labour and brains. Mr. Lukashenko manages Belarus’ everyday regime. He is involved in geopolitical manoeuvring not because he is cunning but because this is a vital necessity. Look on the state of Belarusian roads, small and medium-sized towns and fields. Neighbouring countries began with the same but it’s now as if they are on different planets. Much that exists in Belarus is worthy of praise.” By Maxim Osipov

2015 беларусь.belarus

belta

YEAR OF YOUTH

Youth affairs President takes part in the 42nd conference of the Belarusian Republican Youth Union, tackling issues of youth policy, staffing support and how to help young people find a path through life in the best way

he President focused on education, saying, “Today’s technology is making the entire world accessible and, in some ways, homogeneous. People have equal opportunities to education and starting a business, to finding information, conducting research and trading, while being able to take advantage of the latest medical treatments. In order to succeed in business or to achieve academic recognition, or simply to have a happy family, there is no need to go overseas. You don’t even need to move to the capital for this. No matter where you live, only hard work and persistence are necessary. It’s important that every one of you understands this simple truth as soon as possible.” Mr. Lukashenko emphasised, “We should give every young person the opportunity to gain high-quality, basic education, to form the foundation of

беларусь.belarus 2015

personal growth. After that, it is up to young people to decide how to attain happiness and success. Today’s employers pay attention not only to diplomas, but to additional skills: courses, training sessions, internships, research projects and self-development.” It seems that the current younger generation is more prepared for such a system of education than the last yet those aged under 30 account for a third of those registered with employment services: over 55,000 people. “What is the reason? Lack of knowledge or inflated requirements by employers?” wonders the Head of State. He believes that job seekers have unrealistic expectations, since plenty of work exists. He is convinced that university graduates want everything at once and are reluctant to start at a lower position, believing they deserve the highest salary possible. A young engineer wants the same salary as a company director

general, but lacks understanding of the obstacles overcome to attain such status. “Nothing comes all at once,” warned Mr. Lukashenko. “You can’t just speed off down the motorway. You must first start your car and gain acceleration, without skidding to a halt. Education is just a driving license, and it can take many years of experience before you become the best in your profession, climbing the career ladder and making good money.” The President also noted staffing problems relating to youth state policy, seeing this as a major task for the BRSM: to find and train leaders who ‘can engage Belarusian youth in activities important to society and the state’. Competence, engagement, independence and, especially, social responsibility for the country’s future should be the main qualities instilled in young citizens. According to the President, teachers and mentors play a key role in the process. Moreover, the best scientists and researchers should be involved: a practice undeservingly neglected by state bodies and organisations, although mentoring is a unique method of support in educating workers. Mentoring facilitates professional development and promotes professional adaptation, while creating a consolidated team. By Alexander Ivanov

belta

YEAR OF YOUTH

May dreams come true 2015 declared Year of Youth in Belarus

he Deputy Chairman of the Standing Commission on Human Rights, National Relations and Mass Media of the House of Representatives of the National Assembly of Belarus, Oksana Nekhaichik, notes this year’s focus on youth

projects, and summarises the results of the state’s youth policy of the last twenty years. The Law of Belarus ‘On the Basis of State Youth Policy’ comprises 40 Presidential decrees and more than 100 Governmental enactments. The state has been creating conditions for effective education, and professional growth, as well as spiritual and moral develop-

ment, so that each citizen can reach their full potential. Secondary and higher education are free, and young experts are guaranteed their first place of employment. At the instruction of the President, a modern Student Village has been built, sited in one of the most picturesque Minsk suburbs, near a metro station, housing tens of thousands of young people. The site

2015 беларусь.belarus

YEAR OF YOUTH has largely solved problems of lack of hostel rooms. The state also supports young families in building their own homes, with most emphasis on young families raising children: the state covers part of the cost of loans for such building. Meanwhile, where a parent is taking childcare leave and the child is under 3 years old, credit payments can be deferred. Since January of this year, as in Russia, the Big Family project has begun. Talented youngsters are being supported through the Special Presidential Fund, across all spheres - from science and art to sports. A number of awards exist and there are various regional and national competitions. The state has been developing a system of out-ofschool education, including creativity centres, and musical and art schools, in which hundreds of thousands of children study. Meanwhile, the Belarusian Republican Youth Union has been making a major contribution to patriotic education. Last year, it received the Presidential award ‘For Spiritual Revival’. All those interested are welcome to put forward ideas for programmes at their own school or institution of higher education. They must then defend their proposal during public debate, before the idea is voted upon. In particular, in my constituency, in Zavodskoy District of Minsk, young people have assisted in building a fitness centre in one of the micro-districts. City authorities have supported the initiative and building has begun. Today’s young people understand that our future depends on individual contributions for the greater good, and a desire to improve oneself — to develop and learn. Results will soon be evident. In this Year of Youth, we should analyse our youth policy, accumulating new ideas and embodying them within new projects. 2015 is also the 70th anniversary of the Great Victory, reminding us that the hopes of future generations depend upon what we achieve today.

Relay race of the generations 2015 is the Year of Youth, aiming to promote trust in our young citizens and offering more opportunities than ever for taking part in social events, bringing our young men and women satisfying experiences. Innovative ideas are welcomed, doors are ready to be opened and even the most ambitious plans may be accommodated.

he older generation would once lament: ‘If only the young of today knew...’ However, we can easily argue that today’s young people know rather a great deal! They’ve enjoyed Olympic sporting success, and have a host of scientific achievements, including helping create a satellite, and build our first nuclear power station. In fact, they’ve contributed to all socially significant campaigns: from building the National Library to volunteering at the Ice Hockey World Championship. They take an active part in encour-

aging citizens to enjoy a healthy lifestyle and support the development of tourism. With so much energy, the possibilities are boundless. The state reciprocates young people's feelings, having encouraged open and creative dialogue between generations for three decades. Every town, big and small, has a host of facilities to support youngsters, encouraging their creativity. Yet, those aged 14 to 31 years comprise under a quarter of the population (just 24 percent). They account for 36 percent of able-bodied residents. By Maxim Osipov

Delegates of the Congress First Secretary of BRSM’s Pervomaisky District Committee of Vitebsk Tatiana Lazurkina: Thanks to Youth Day, which is held during the International Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk Arts Festival, we have many friends countrywide. We’ll meet at the Congress, discussing our common problems, as well as sharing ideas on interesting projects. For example, we’re going to hold street sports competitions, to promote healthy living. Last year, we acquired the region’s first specialised platform for ‘street sports’ and are happy to invite colleagues and friends to attend.

Belarusian State University of Transport 3rd year student Yekaterina Fedchenko: The Gomel delegation’s main project aims to set up a Republican Help Centre for veterans, disabled people, and all those who need support. While participating in various events, we often receive offers of help: for instance, people wishing to donate toys to children's homes or make a financial contribution to surgeries. An electronic database will aid in matching such offers to recipients.

By German Moskalenko

беларусь.belarus 2015

panorama  Charter flights for every region

 Chinese authors’ explorations of Belarus

Direct flights to Bulgaria, Egypt, Greece and Turkey from all regional cities of Belarus

Belarus through Chinese Eyes unites the impressions of Chinese politologists, scientists and journalists visiting Belarus through the years

 Robots exclude risk of human error State Science and Technology Committee of Belarus plans to launch joint robot technology project with scientists from Japan and Republic of Korea

“S “F

or the first time in many years, we’ll be operating a charter programme from Mogilev and Grodno — to Burgas. From Vitebsk, you can reach Antalya and, from Brest, you can go to Antalya and Hurghada. Meanwhile, Thessaloniki and Zakynthos are accessible from Gomel,” notes Belavia’s Deputy Director General, Igor Cherginets. He notes that residents of countries bordering Belarus also use the opportunity to fly from our regional cities, viewing this option as more convenient than travelling out of busy Moscow. “In terms of scheduled traffic from the regions, the MinskGomel flight has done well, although it’s yet to run at a profit. Such flights have transit potential too. Currently, we’re looking at the possibility of running flights from Gomel to Moscow and linking Grodno and Vitebsk with Minsk,” adds the Director General of Belavia, Anatoly Gusarov.

cientists from Japan and the Republic of Korea are showing interest in our research into robotics so we’re now discussing a joint project for 2015,” explains Alexander Shumilin, the Chairman of the State Science and Technology Committee. He adds, “Robotics involves various technologies, including software development: in which Belarus excels. Precise mechanics and hydraulics are needed, alongside new materials, so, by developing robotics, we advance other areas.” Mr. Shumilin remarks, “Robots never make errors, allowing us to eradicate product flaws. Moreover, there is a huge market for robots, with the number of such devices doubling every two years.” Automation and robotics will become our priority directions for the next five-year term,” underlines the Chairman of the State Science and Technology Committee of Belarus. The 18th Automation. Electronics-2015 Expo was recently hosted by Minsk, featuring about 100 exhibitors from eight countries.

he Belarusian translation is of good quality, showing that Chinese language studies in our country are successful. The Head of Zvyazda Publishing House, Alexander Karlyukevich, notes that Chinese language expert Vasily Alexeev translated Chinese legends and poems from Thousands of Tales into Belarusian 105 years ago, first published in Nasha Niva newspaper. Century of Acquaintance, published to mark that date, unites stories, poems and novels from various historical periods. In addition, the Serene Signs poetry series is now being published. Mr. Karlyukevich tells us that his publishing house enjoys a long translation of translating Chinese literature into Belarusian and is especially proud of Under Dragon Wings, which unites works by 100 Chinese poets. China: My Country and My Nation (which has already been published in many countries worldwide) is currently under translation into Belarusian. Not long ago, his publishing house produced an album devoted to famous sculptor Vladimir Slobodchikov, featuring photos of sculptural compositions erected throughout China.

2015 беларусь.belarus

panorama  Capital construction continues

 Prioritized equality Constitutional Court considers it expedient to publish laws in Belarusian and Russian languages

Minsk City Executive Committee deputies approve Minsk’s investment programme for 2015, worth Br9 trillion 37 billion in financing

ver Br500bln is being allocated to build the third metro line and Br1 trillion 112 billion is being similarly spent on Minsk’s metro in 2015. Br2 trillion 781 billion is allocated to constructing housing-and-communal services and accommodation (including Br179bn on rental housing), while reconstruction of Minsk’s roads and construction of new streets will be a priority, as will be the development of city territories. Minsk’s 2015 investment programme envisages particular financing of healthcare, education, physical culture and sports, culture and social protection. Br1 trillion 421bn will be spent on constructing new healthcare facilities in the Kamennaya Gorka and Druzhba residential districts, as well as reconstructing

Minsk’s City Oncological Centre and Children’s City Infectious Hospital. The programme envisages Br327.7bln of financing for physical culture and sports sites, including reconstruction of Dinamo Stadium and Traktor Stadium. Reconstruction of educational sites will cost Br91bln.

 According to data of gerontological rating 568 residents of Belarus surpass the age of 100

ccording to the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection, on January 1st of this year, ten Belarusians had celebrated their 110th birthday (or beyond): three reside in Grodno Region and three in Minsk Region, while two are from Brest Region and two are from Vitebsk Region. Women traditionally lead by age, with 497 aged over 100 years, compared to just 71 men (7 times fewer).

беларусь.belarus 2015

Grodno Region has the most ‘long-livers’, with 112 people aged over 100 years at the start of 2015. Minsk Region ranks second, with 104 people, while Minsk is third (78 people). Vitebsk Region has 74 people over 100, with Brest Region close behind (71 people) followed by Gomel Region (67) and Mogilev Region (62).

he Constitutional Court of Belarus believes that legislative acts covering the rights and freedoms of citizens should be published both in Belarusian and in Russian. The Chairman of the Constitutional Court, Piotr Miklashevich, made the recommendation during his annual message to the President of Belarus and both chambers of Parliament ‘On the Condition of Constitutional Legality in the Republic of Belarus in 2014’. He underlined, “The Constitutional Court believes that, at the present time, in order to maintain free access to justice, legislative acts covering the rights and freedoms of citizens should be published in two state languages - Belarusian and Russian - according to the provisions of Article 17 of the Constitution, on the equality of the two state languages.” He added, “In our country, the Constitution guarantees equality for these two languages. Recollecting the Soviet times, our codes comprised two parts: the first stated in Belarusian language; and the second in Russian.” He noted that the Constitutional Court has been developing the use of Belarusian language at the state level so that its use in the legal sphere is a logical step. Mr. Miklashevich believes that the availability of laws in both languages will help support legal proceedings in Belarusian language.

NADEZHDA PoNKRATOVA

THE MOST POWERFUL

More than 200 Belarusian mine dump-trucks operate in Siberia

Giant for opencast mines BelAZ first 450-tonne heavy-duty dump truck breaks record in Kuzbass

T 16

he Belarusian Automobile Works, in Zhodino, has developed and manufactured the most powerful mine dump truck in the world: the BelAZ-75710. This once again confirms its leading position globally. In 2014, the vehicle established a record load capacity of 504 tonnes, as recorded in The Guinness Book of Records.

D evelopers advise only loading to 450 tonnes during constant operation, but this still surpasses the capacity of any other such vehicle worldwide. Of course, designers and customers need to see how the giant performs in ‘the field’ so, last year, a prototype was delivered by train to Russian Kuzbass, for trials with KuzbassBelAvto enterprise. The results enabled the vehicle to be tailored for best performance.

2015 беларусь.belarus

ACCELERATION Since last November, BelAZ-75710 has been undergoing strict trials at the open-cast coal mine in Chernigov, working day and night with a full load. The Deputy Chief Designer of BelAZ, Leonid Semenov, receives a daily report on performance. He tells us, “The vehicle has already made more than 2,000 journeys, covering over 10,000km, and transporting cargo of about a million tonnes. Our designers at the Scientific and Technical Control Centre and our representatives in Kemerovo Region have observed constant reliability, while solving all problems quickly, feeding into the manufacturing process for the chassis. Initial results allow us to say with a high degree of certainty that the 450tonne vehicle will work as reliably as our other mine dump trucks, but with greater efficiency.” The innovation recently underwent regular technical servicing and was observed by various foreign experts eager to witness its reliability, compactness, record load-carrying capacity and safety. Belarusian automakers have once again diverged from standard canons, equipping the vehicle with two diesel engines and two traction alternators. A second BelAZ-75710 is now being produced at the Belarusian Automobile Works, soon to display its capabilities before a panel of customers, dealers and scientific institutions, in Zhodino. BelAZ has already made the frame for the third vehicle of such a kind, but it may be likely that full-time production will move to BelAZ’s Russian partner site. Several enterprises are showing interest in BelAZ’s latest heavy-loader, including Severstal. The Russian company recently ordered two 220-tonne trucks for its Karelsky Okatysh JSC subdivision, which have been in operation since December. These join over 200 Belarusian mine dump trucks, self-propelled rollers, and water-sprinkling vehicles. Since the first Belarusian mine dump-trucks appeared 30-40 years ago they have been endlessly improved, to reflect the needs of their working environment. By Vladimir Yakovlev

Apart from it, the following machines are produced at BelAZ:

Front wheel loaders and bulldozers

Machines for underground works

беларусь.belarus 2015

Heavy hauler-evacuators

Heavy-duty trailers for metallurgical production and another technique

Steel plans Pace of life ever accelerating, with Belarusian railway workers keeping pace

e’ll soon be able to reach the most remote regional centres from Minsk within just three hours, as the Head of Belarusian Railways, Vladimir Morozov, emphasises. He is convinced that the goal is achievable, especially as new rolling stock can operate at 160kmh (compared to the usual 100kmh to 140kmh). Electrification countrywide is also helping with the target, as is the optimisation of stops and train schedules. Another good piece of news is that, in 2015, Belarusian Railways will buy seven-carriage trains for the Minsk-Gomel and Minsk-Vilnius routes. In total, at least 20 electric trains and around 50 contemporary diesel trains will be needed and, of course, major funds are necessary. Mr. Morozov underlines that sources of financing are being sought, with assistance from regional budgets. In our modern IT world, time is the most precious resource. Trains in Germany, France, China and Japan can already travel at up to 300kmh and beyond while Belarus has some way to go to achieve its goal.

Prospects

Heating and healing

Vadim Kondrashov

Light with rays

Infra-red rays could become the ‘heating of the future’. Belarusian scientists have already developed such economical heating systems and, as soon as the Belarusian nuclear power station comes into operation, infra-red devices could replace radiator panels in our homes.

Infra-red saunas are well-known, although many of us may remain suspicious regarding their ‘safety’, linking them to the potentially dangerous UVA and UVB rays of the sun. Of course, sunlight is also a source of life. An online search reveals that the infrared spectrum has a range of ‘healing’ waves (from 7 to 14 micrometers). The human body receives these comfortably, as something ‘native’, absorbing the energy to positive effect. In fact, such infra-red light enhances our cell activity and encourages us to reduce water retention. In addition, our immunoglobulin levels rise, as do levels of enzymes and oestrogen. A whole host of positive bio-chemical reactions occur throughout the body. Artificial infra-red light sources can be charged in an ordinary socket but even health professionals sometimes fail to realise that this can not only warm but heal. In the 1930s, French surgeons discovered that wounds repair quicker, and immunity is enhanced, allowing the body to fight infection better, if patients spend time under infra-red light. At that time, there were attempts to install special stoves in operating rooms but this proved dangerous, requiring many precautions, since stoves needed to be heated to at least 500 degrees to produce a healing effect. It can be useful to view old ideas from a new angle, via the prism of modern technologies and materials. Times change and, at present, infrared emitters produce the same range at under 140 degrees. They can be installed on the ceiling — like ordinary lamps — although special schemes are needed (depending on room features). An inner computer can choose an optimal mode of work, creating an artificial sun to aid healing. Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences Valery Kolos explains that, in Soviet times, scientists experimented with economical heating systems, fol-

2015 беларусь.belarus

Prospects lowing an order from the defence industry. Of course, working with radioactive substances and electronics is far more challenging than usual plumbing, requiring training in how to maintain a stable temperature and minimal air convection. After much consideration, infra-red radiation was decided upon. Elderly people may remember the old spiral electro-reflectors which used to be popular, using ASLOTU technology (automated system of ray provision for technological conditions). The two technologies are absolutely different: like an old cart and a modern Mercedes (although both have four wheels). That promising idea failed to be developed in Soviet times, as the USSR collapsed and its defence industry cut its orders.

Electrical cable better than heat pipelines Scientific developments proved useful in post-Soviet times, when state energy saving programmes came to the fore. Then, Belarusian specialists studied global experience, to discover that the USA and Western Europe prefer electrical cables over heat pipelines. Among those countries employing energy saving technologies were Austria, Sweden, France and Norway. In the latter, over 75 percent of buildings are heated by electricity. With this in mind, the conversion idea of ASLOTU received support in Belarus and specialists from our Academy of Sciences continued developing ‘a ray system’. Initially, much hope was pinned on ASLOTU, which actually helped engineers and technologies at Minsk’s

His Majesty Designer 35˚С

18˚С 15˚С Convection

15˚С

18˚С

18˚С 20˚С Infra-red radiation Vavilov Mechanical Plant create a microclimate rivalling the most advanced technologies in 1998. This was necessary to establish production of gas meters and other highly accurate devices. To sustain the required temperature, workers used to create an artificial ‘hothouse’ effect with cellophane above. ASLOTU exceeded expectations, saving around $400,000 annually. Seminars were held to train specialists from other enterprises and, as a result, over two dozen ASLOTU systems were installed at Belarus’ leading plants, including Atlant, Integral and Horizont. Much profit was generated but, some time later, the process slowed down…

 In 1997, BelIKO Scientific-Production Enterprise was established at the Academy of Sciences, to introduce ASLOTU — headed by Doctor of Physico-Mathematic Sciences Valery Kolos (in the photo). Among the leading engineers were Victor Parshin and Alexander Rodionov. Later, the enterprise was transformed into the Belarusian National Academy of Sciences’ Energy Institute. Mr. Kolos is its Deputy Director of Innovation Work while his colleague, Candidate of Technical Sciences Alexander Akhramovich, is Academic Secretary.

беларусь.belarus 2015

It’s always a challenge to achieve wide application of an innovation, since it must be proven that the effects are large enough in scale. The necessary certificates and specialists’ reviews were obtained and ASLOTU was then supported by the Council of Ministers, the State Committee on Energy Efficiency and the Health Ministry. However, old ideas need to be put aside before anything new can come to our life; change does not always come easy. Some ASLOTU systems installed at Minsk medical establishments were dismantled and stored. An investigation was launched and it turned out that designers were unaware of the important innovation and preferred traditional heating systems. An interesting poll was once conducted by the Health Ministry on ASLOTU, with the former Deputy Minister and Chief State Sanitary Doctor Mikhail Rimzha ready to study proposals from ASLOTU developers. He admitted that he hadn’t personally studied the healing possibilities of infrared rays. Meanwhile, the Department of Investments, Capital Construction and Material-Technical Base noted that it endeavoured to take into consideration the recommendations of the Committee on Energy Efficiency when modernising medical establishments. However, investigation showed that officials responsible had little interest in issues of energy efficiency, relying exclusively on designers’ experience. Clearly, designers can either slow down or facilitate technical progress! Even if my own house is being repaired, my opinion does not matter; the designer makes all the decisions. An official from the Health Ministry once tried to convince us that the system was failing to yield positive results. As a result, it was not approved by sanitary norms and regulations. However, following an order by the Council of Ministers, a document was passed envisaging the use of ASLOTU in medical and industrial establishments. As Mr. Kolos later stated, the

Prospects Health Ministry reported to the Council of Ministers in April 2002. Sadly, much money and heat has been lost since then, and officials have changed positions. It appears that medical specialists have forgotten that artificial sun — created by infra-red rays — may not simply save energy but produce major healing effects on patients at hospitals and polyclinics and on maternity wards. It can reduce the incidence of pneumonia and the risk of infection following an operation. A head doctor once attempted to explain his cautious attitude to ASLOTU, saying that each organ has its own radiation wavelength, and that nobody knows for sure how our lungs, hearts or brains would react to permanent infra-red rays. ASLOTU developers have their own arguments, saying that ‘walking, breathing fresh air and the warmth of the sun is useful for all’. With this in mind, it seems unreasonable to challenge truths with experimental data… Interestingly, infra-red rays positively influence expectant mothers, allowing newborns to better adapt to their new life and for young mothers to recover well in their post-natal period. Patients recover more quickly when surrounded by ‘artificial sun’ — as noticed by doctors from Minsk’s 7th city hospital and the Belarusian Scientific-Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics (where ASLOTU was previously used and later stored during reconstruction of the building). The system is especially convenient in the colder seasons, to create ‘a surgical heat regime’. Computer software can ensure that operating rooms are warmed to a comfortable temperature for doctors and patients. Importantly, the system — operational at Minsk’s Emergency Aid Hospital — also has state hygienic registration. Guided by positive results, in March 2002, the Health Ministry allowed ‘installation of infra-red ASLOTU-type systems at industrial enterprises, health and recuperative sites, sports facilities and agricultural enterprises’. However, a minor step remains: to obtain current from the Belarusian nu-

clear power station and shift to electric heating. It’s evident that specialists (and the public) must first be ready to accept a new energy reality. Those designing new buildings need to accept infra-red rays as ‘the heating of the future’. However, where a residential block already has heating pipes, builders will face a dilemma regarding which kind of heating to use.

physics and electric technologies) are sure that this process in inevitable. ASLOTU can be viewed as a test indicating the receptiveness of officials to new ideas and technologies. Some Minsk pensioners do not use mobile phones, which is their personal choice. Meanwhile, young people may not work in the same way as their counterparts generations ago: our economy is open

Heating radiators vs infra-red radiation

and we face modern challenges. Before the nuclear power station launches, we may like to reconsider our views on heat supply. It’s quite possible that it will become more profitable to heat residential houses in Belarus with electricity, rather than combusting exported petroleum pitch and laying heating pipelines. Lower electricity prices are a decisive argument for ASLOTU implementation. About five years ago, the State Committee on Energy Efficiency gave a press

It’s interesting to study obstacles on the path to ASLOTU implementation, realising that it’s not easy to let past technologies go. It’s unreasonable to expect residential blocks and large enterprises to make immediate changes to electric heating once the Belarusian nuclear power station is launched. However, scientists such as Alexander Mikhalevich and Leonid Gerasimovich (experts in thermo-

2015 беларусь.belarus

Prospects conference stressing that heating residential houses in Belarus with electricity was unprofitable. It asserted that the idea is economically unfeasible, ignoring the fact that the idea clearly works for Norway, for example. The system has many advantages and we simply need to look closer at them: all information can be found on the Energy Institute’s site. Hundreds of sites - such as warehouses

wise for the Health Ministry and Education Ministry to offer seminars devoted to ASLOTU, allowing experts to share their views and enlighten those who harbour misunderstandings or ignorant assumptions (such as ‘infra-red rays produce radiation’). As the Energy Institute admits, such views have influenced the decision not to realise truly efficient projects in heating Minsk’s Palace

for white goods and special machinery, and large public buildings — could benefit greatly, saving money and creating a healthy environment for those within.

of Children and Youth, and a green construction laboratory at a Minsk college. An attempt was made in autumn 2008, with huge funds allocated from the city budget. However, teachers were wary of the change: an anachronism in our 21st century enlightened age, when educated people should embrace ‘the new’. While installation of the first systems was in full swing at Minsk hospitals, a newspaper reporter wrote: ‘In the future, around 650 medical establishments coun-

Reasonable conservatism welcomed It’s certainly possible to understand caution and healthy conservatism of those who must decide to implement new heating systems but progression is the natural order of life. It would seem

беларусь.belarus 2015

trywide will be equipped with ASLOTU’. Once the Belarusian nuclear power station begins its work, this prospect looks more realistic. Being built in Grodno Region, 18km from Ostrovets, the first reactor should launch in 2018, with the second coming into operation by 2019. Clearly, the Health Ministry and the Architecture and Construction Ministry need to gather and regulate all ASLOTU related documentation — to take a firm decision on replacing obsolete heating systems with new efficient devices. Importantly, this should positively influence public health. The idea isn’t new, having been proposed by Candidate of Technical Sciences Gennady Dmitriev, who formerly headed Rational Use of Fuel-and-Energy Resources in Minsk and now works at the National Academy of Sciences’ Energy Institute. He is well aware of the problem and believes preserving old heating systems is a major ‘loss-making’ mistake. It’s always a challenge to implement change but this is not a reason for giving up. Think of the progress in TV set technology, radio, cameras, and television and music recordings: old fashioned vinyl records, cassettes, cathode-ray TVs and videotape recorders remain in the past. The same is true for ASLOTU: arguments seem illogical since its financial sense is already proven. It should pay for itself within three years. The Belarusian Optical-Mechanical Association (BelOMO) is already using infra-red radiators, as is the LEMT Scientific-Technical Centre, led by academician Alexey Shkadarevich. They are now trying to convince Belarus to save millions of Dollars annually on heating. The workshops of our major machine building enterprises have capacity to build the equipment, if only we can overcome our fear, conservatism and red-tape barriers. The National Academy of Sciences has developed a new concept for the country’s energy security, which is undergoing adoption at the moment. Electronic technologies are the way forward and could consume a whole edition of this publication alone. By Ivan Zhdanovich

EXAMPLE OF EFFECTIVENESS

Braslav keen to lead the way

0 2

District centre in Vitebsk Region receives 600,000 Euro grant to develop energy saving technologies in line with Covenant of Mayors international project

he Covenant of Mayors is a major project seeking to promote sustainable energy development and economic use of fuel resources, with 5,000 cities around the world participating. Braslav is t he s e vent h tow n in Belarus to join the agreement, voluntarily undertaking ‘20-20-20’ commitments: to cut carbon emissions by 20 percent, to reduce energy consumption by 20 percent and to increase the share of renewable energy by 2020. Each city signatory develops a sustainable energy action plan, which includes a number of measures to reduce consumption of resources, while maintaining comfortable living standards. Having signed the Covenant of Mayors, Braslav sent in a tender to gain a European Commission grant, under the Support for the European Partnership Cities programme. This will be used to help implement its sustainable energy action plan as part of the Covenant of Mayors initiative. As a result, on December 30th, Braslav District signed a grant contract with the European Commission. Its Braslav District — the First

Carbon Neutral Municipality in Belarus project suggests that, by 2030, its CO2 emissions will be fully offset by sources of oxygen. The total budget for the project amounts to 735,000 Euros, of which 600,000 Euros is European money. The term of implementation is 30 months, with the active phase beginning in May 2015. During this period, Braslav District is expected to undertake studies on the use of renewable energy, to assess and purchase various energy-saving equipment, while implementing a number of projects. Andrey Davydenko, the Deputy Chairman of the Braslav District Executive Committee, tells us, “We want to install two 1.5MW boilers running on straw left over from harvests. More than 1km of heating systems will be replaced, and solar panels are to be installed on the roofs of kindergartens — to provide autonomous water heating. Another project will be the installation of a heat exchanger in a high-rise building without central heating. The doorways will

0 2

2015 беларусь.belarus

EXAMPLE OF EFFECTIVENESS

According to the project all cities voluntarily undertake

‘20-20-20’

беларусь.belarus 2015

SHO

DRa ON IM K VA D

be fitted with sound and movement sensors, while street lighting will be partially replaced by LED lights.” Braslav’s other energy saving project aims to promote energysaving technologies and renewable energy at local level. It was launched in 2012, with the support of a non-profit organisation (The Centre for Environmental Solutions) and with European financial assistance. The project includes various activities, ranging from seminars and study tours to neighbouring countries to sharing of experience in the use of renewable energy. The old boiler at the Braslav Local History Museum has been replaced with one more energy-efficient, showing the benefits of investing in the energy-saving equipment. Initial expense is repaid over time and, of course, equipment is more environmentally friendly and safe. Meanwhile, solar panels have been mounted on the roof of the children’s and youth sports school in Braslav District, to provide hot

commitments: to cut carbon emissions by 20 percent, to reduce energy consumption by 20 percent and to increase the share of renewable energy by 2020

water for school shower rooms from May until October. The devices (costing around 4,000 Euros) were purchased at the end of the last year, forming part of local energy and climatic plans for the region. “Reduced energy consumption is one of the few parts of the local budget where significant savings can be made. Our enterprises and organisations have not had a clear system of assessing potential solutions to reduce energy consumption and losses in energy delivery networks yet. Therefore, the development of local energy and climate plans is vital, inspiring Braslav to join the Covenant of Mayors European programme in February 2014,” explains Mr. Davydenko. The new project will be a direct continuation of this work, implementing a strategic plan to reduce CO2 via energy-saving technologies, while improving the work of municipal services in this sphere and involving locals, while sharing the best practice with interested regions. “We want to show opportunities for renewable energy: water, sun and other sources can help us significantly reduce energy consumption. Our district already has quite a few such examples. Their promotion and understanding of how they can be applied is important, because energy prices are constantly rising,” notes Mr. Davydenko, explaining the goals of the new project. By Vladimir Khromov

REAL SECTOR

Made in EEU

Russian Roubles. Accordingly, enterprises which saw losses in the autumn, while trading on the Russian market, are now generating a profit. Initially, our Russian partners weren’t so keen on the new ‘rules’ and it took time to address all issues and stabilise the situation. Annual agricultural exports fell in value — to around $3.15bln (5 percent less than in 2013) although physi-

41 10 Pork

Cheese and quark

The increase of deliveries of Belarusian food to the Russian market in the year of 2015 (thous. tons)

Whole-milk products

his year, the Russian market is to receive a g re ate r volu me of Belarusian milk, meat, cheese, butter and other food imports. Deliveries of whole-milk products are to rise by 75,000 tonnes, with those of cheese (including cottage cheese) by 41,000 tonnes, and of pork by 10,000 tonnes. Belarusian exports of beef and whole milk powder are also to rise, with exact figures decided at a meeting between the heads of our two states’ agrarian ministries: at a joint session of the Russian Ministry of Agriculture and the Belarusian Agriculture and Food Ministry, scheduled for February 10th, in Minsk. The Head of the Belarusian Agriculture and Food Ministry’s Main Department for Foreign Economic Activity, Alexey Bogdanov, tells us, “Although the past year wasn’t great in terms of exports, we’ve managed to cope with our problems. As a result, our stocks of meat and milk products (held at warehouses) were truly low by late 2014. We’ve overcome food export losses owing to fixing prices to a Dollar rate while accepting payments in

belta

Belarus increases sales of food to Russian market

cal sales volumes rose. Over 90 percent of sales were to the Russian market; we all know that our neighbours enjoy Belarusian food. We value buyers’ trust, always working to enhance quality and features.” Importantly, representatives of the Belarusian and Russian real sector have been proposing establishing a single ‘Made in EEU’ trademark, for the Eurasian Economic Union. According to Mr. Bogdanov, Belarusian agrarian companies are now ready to produce under this trademark. He explains, “If we realise the project, we’ll need to set requirements and regulations for ‘Made in EEU’ goods. We’re advocating this idea and are ready to support existing enterprises and new companies in meeting ‘norms’. This will expand possibilities and enable agricultural firms

2015 беларусь.belarus

Positive fact

 Positive trend in food preferences Healthy lifestyle is in trend now: Belarusians buy more fruit and fish in 2014

In the year of 2015 Belarusian agrarians aim to raise exports to Russia by 10 percent

to increase profit, selling their goods both domestically and abroad.” Union partners are annually accumulating experience in working jointly to promote national products to the third countries. At present, our three states are working on an agreement to establish a free trade zone with Vietnam, which would allow duty-free promotion of export-oriented products to the Vietnamese market — including meat and milk products. This year should see the launch of a co-ordinated agro-industrial policy by the EEU and the Customs Union member states. Mr. Bogdanov notes that the ultimate aim is to enhance the free movement of goods and services within the EEU. He comments, “To realise the concept, the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council adopted a stage-

беларусь.belarus 2015

by-stage plan of action in November 2014, focusing on financing, state support for agriculture, regulation of the single market and protective measures, as well as single requirements for agriculture production, procession and exports.” This year, Belarusian agrarians aim to raise exports by 10 percent, while expanding their geography of sales. Everything necessary to achieve the goal is available. Last year, Russia’s Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance placed a ban on 23 Belarusian companies’ produce, but only nine now remain restricted. According to the Russian agency, these enterprises are soon to be inspected by Russian specialists, with the purpose of allowing them to export their beef.

s Belarus’ Deputy Trade Minister, Irina Narkevich, notes, demand for fruit rose by 20.9 percent last year. Belarusians bought 9.7 percent more baby food and 8.5 percent more vegetables, while sales of fish, shellfish, mollusks and vegetable oil rose by 7.4 percent. Ms. Narkevich views this as positive, since vegetables, fruit and fish should occupy the major share in our diet. In 2014, Belarusians bought 5.4 percent more meat and sales of sugar-based confectionery increased by 4.4 percent. Regarding non-food products, sales of construction materials rose by 25 percent, 14.6 percent more footwear was sold and 12.1 percent more TV sets. Domestic produce accounts for 69.8 percent (in 2013, 69.6 percent) of sales: 82.2 percent of food and 53.1 percent of non-food products.

By Lilia Khlystun

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Treasures of Polesie sea It seems incredible, since local stone covers the site, but Polesie Sea was once 1km deep, as Belaruskali geologists assure us. Our planet’s present appearance is quite different to that of millions of years ago.

olesie was once completely underwater, as proven by rich deposits of potassium salt, stretching towards Ukraine, left behind from evaporated seawater. Under favourable conditions, up to 5cm of salt can be deposited annually: in some places, the salt layer is over 100m wide and is found to 1km depth. Two thousand years ago, Herodotus described these Belarusian places in his History: ‘After leaving this lake, the Gipanis River [as ancient Greeks called our Dnieper] is shallow and its fresh water is sweet for five days of sailing. Afterwards, it is bitter for four days — due to a bitter spring flowing into the river. This spring is so bitter that, although insignificant, it makes the Gipanis — a river rivalled by few in length — become bitter’.

In the early 19th century, famous researcher Eremich said, “Belarusian Polesie is probably the lowest part of the European continent. Several millennia ago, it was the deepest area of the diapered ocean but, even now, it is full of life: in spring, almost a third of its territory is covered by water.” Legends state that Polesie’s marshes conceal anchors and ship tools, and that salt water bleeds through some wells. Pit shafts show multi-coloured veins, reflecting ‘tightly compressed

millennia’, while Soligorsk miners produce potassium salt from a depth of 500m or more: the sea floor from 350-400m years ago, when rocks were formed and fish and molluscs reigned. No vertebrates existed at that time, with merostomes — resembling lobsters and scorpions — living in those ‘infant’ years; well-preserved 25cmlong remains have been discovered by workers at Mine 2, at a depth of 640m. Yelena Isaeva, a Belaruskali specialist, tells us, “Belaruskali’s dressing

Merostomes conserved by human hands

2015 беларусь.belarus

PHOTO SHOW

Bright and unusual colour Photo exhibition in Mogilev invites us to experience colourful trade fairs of Europe

April morning in Belarusian Polesie

plants grind down the fossilised remains of thousands of organisms, although observant minors sometimes spot a fossil while cutting, and manage to save it from becoming fertiliser.” Miners have discovered four merostome fossils, although the remains of the first three fell to pieces under the influence of sun and light. The fourth was ‘luckier’, being covered with a protective layer of clue and spirit and now kept at Belaruskali’s Museum of Labour Glory, neighbouring the claw of another merostome, an ancient fern leaf and some other findings, which confirm that deep and vast Polesie Sea once covered the land.

Yelena Isaeva: ‘This fern leaf sees sun again, millions of years later’

ntil early February, Mogilev’s Folk Museum is hosting a photo exhibition by young Dmitry Shemetkov, who has shot colourful festivals and trade fairs over the past three years, in Berlin, Cologne, Essen, Oslo, Kaliningrad, St. Petersburg, Vilnius, Trakai, Minsk and elsewhere. Over 40 photographs are on show, capturing the emotion, movement and positive energy of the events, as well as the atmosphere of freedom and creativity. Each picture is accompanied by a short description, explaining such festivals as the ‘bathroom regatta’ and the ‘burial of the cod’, a holiday of snow and the world championship in pyrotechnics, a parade of torches, and an onion fest. Such events bring together dozens of thousands of tourists to their host cities. The photos depict local customs and national costumes, as well as traditional household items, utensils, the technology of cooking and the decoration of dishes. Dmitry Shemetkov was born in Zhodino and graduated from the Belarusian State University’s Biological Department. He works as a geneticist at the Scientific Research Centre, at the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. He has been keen on photography since 2007 and has won various regional and international photo contests.

By Vladimir Bychenya беларусь.belarus 2015

HAPPY PERSON

Free ornithologist During the month of work in Turkey Denis Kitel from Brest Region ringed about 3 thousand birds

Denis Kitel, from Malorita settlement, is happy in his work, studying the wild world. He graduated from the Biological Faculty of Brest State Pushkin University, before going to the University of Algarve (Portugal) and taking employment at the APB-BirdLife nongovernmental organisation. Now, he is a ‘free ornithologist’ and an active conservationist, enjoying his childhood hobby at the highest level.

etween travels, which are always connected with bird watching, Denis lives in Minsk. He occupies himself with studying owls in nest boxes, and writes articles on environmental themes. This year, he recorded a new bird species for Belarus: a yellow-browed warbler. This brought him a prize from the Championship for Sporting Ornithology. Over the past 27 years, he has visited over 20 countries, travelling to Georgia last summer, to attend a festival of birdwatchers; he shared his experience of Belarus’ ecological tourism, and his adventures in Turkey, where the Belarusian ornithologist was the main bird ringer at a station in the North-Eastern part of the country (on the floodplain of the River Aras). Denis believes that his experiences at the station are priceless. Only foreigners work there, since Turkey lacks professional ornithologist-ringers with a license for such activity. Every year, the ‘Kuzey Doga’ organisation invites experts from other

countries to undertake work. Denis took over from an ornithologist from Bolivia, who is now living in Spain. Denis was the only professional ornithologist, joined by six amateur enthusiasts. ‘Kuzey Doga’ ringing station is situated in the valley between the mountains, about 5km from the border with Armenia. The ornithologists lived in a village half a kilometre from the station, in a house donated by local authorities. The keen bird-watchers would go to the station each day about half an hour before dawn and would return at dusk, Denis determining the species of birds and ringing them. On average, they would catch about 100 birds daily, amounting to around 3,000 over the whole month! At night, when he was ready to sleep like a baby, Denis went to catch owls: the nocturnal birds of prey are his ‘old love’, so he couldn’t lose the opportunity to see local representatives. He tells us, “I’ve worked at a lot of ringing stations, in various countries, but Turkey is a special place. There are not only a great many species of birds, unseen in Belarus, but it’s been a very useful experience for me.” Work at ‘Kuzey Doga’ ringing station is performed on a volunteer basis, without payment, although it defrays all travel expenses and provides accommodation and meals. Denis enjoyed his time there very much and plans to return if he can. He has already been invited to Turkey for the winter but has other plans for January, although he won’t tell us where until he returns. By Yelena Trigubova

2015 беларусь.belarus

RARE BIRD

belta

10 interesting facts about the long-eared owl:

Winged queen Long-eared owl is announced to be the bird of 2015 in Belarus

his year the cuckoo was the centre of attention, but the long-eared owl is already flying towards next year’s leading role. The nature organisation APB Birdlife Belarus declared the bird the main focus of the next campaign. According to Karina Solovey, the development officer of the APB, the national campaign Bird of the Year has been held in Belarus since 2000, “The main objective is to draw the attention of the population to the beauty of nature and birds living round us and the necessity of preserving them. Activities are carried out throughout the year with the opportunity for people of different age groups to take part.” Members of the APB’s rare bird club will organise an owl excursion. Among the nature protection activities is the search for long eared owl nesting sites and the hanging of artificial nests. An information pack about the bird is being prepared. The smallest partici-

беларусь.belarus 2015

pants in the campaign will take part in drawing and photo competitions, craft activities using natural materials amongst other events. “Our experience shows that longeared owls respond well to our interventions and will occupy artificial nests.” They plan to build as many nests as possible and teach all those interested to make them,” said Semen Levy, the APB’s expert on nature protection. The campaign is actively promoted by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, and the Ministry of Education. In addition, the National Bank and the Belarusian Postal Service is planning to issue traditional coins and stamps with the image of bird of the year on them. Previous birds on the list include the white stork, white wagtail, oriole, house sparrow, house martin, great gray owl, lapwing, thrush nightingale, great white heron, grey goose, kestrel, Eurasian curlew, common swift, hoopoe and cuckoo.

 The distinguishing ‘ears’ made from the feathers of this owl have nothing to do with ears. Its real ears are difficult to see, as they are hidden underneath the feathers.  The long-eared owl is one of 11 species of owls nesting in Belarus.  According to bird-ringing data, the oldest long-eared owl lived for 29 years and 9 months.  This owl can turn its head 270 degrees!  In common with other species of owls, long-eared owls do not build nests. Rooks, hooded crows and magpies are threats. The nest should be well hidden in the densest part of the tree.  Long-eared owls will willingly use artificial nests.  The birds spend the winter in Belarus. At winter sites they gather in large groups. It is usual to see a train of 8-12 owls and often up to 30 and more will spend the daytime hours together, frequently on one tree.  Its sharp ‘ears’ made from feathers of different lengths and the bright orange colouring of the iris, make the longeared owl resemble a smaller version of an eagle owl.  Long-eared owls do not have many enemies. The eagle owl is the greatest danger for the bird, as well as the pine marten, which likes to take any chicks from the nest.  Long-eared owls exclusively eat rodents, especially grey voles. In order to snatch one victim, the owl needs to make 2-3 passes, and in strong winds or rain the efficiency of their hunting decreases enormously.

HOSPITABLE COURT

belta

New layout

“Mikhalova” agrofarm in Volozhin District

Around eight years ago, the chance of earning your living by running a homestead was viewed as the ultimate idyll by Belarusians. Agro-ecotourism has been steadily developing, with the range of services on offer ever growing — beyond mere accommodation and food. Guests seek new experiences and knowledge, which cannot be acquired in the city.

ura l business men are creative and meticulous, always eager to stand out from their neighbours, proposing unique products. In addition, they have to be competitive: from 2006-2013, the number of homesteads rose 10-fold — reaching 1,881 in number. Interestingly, despite most people thinking that pensioners tend to run such accommodation, many young people are now moving from the large cities, to undertake the rural dream.

Belye Luga (White Meadows) farm is being run by the Radyukevich family, in Korelichi District, bringing new life to the almost ‘dead’ village. In 2010, the family (with help of the local authorities) began its search for heirs of abandoned houses in the village of Tinevichi, to try and purchase the properties. Those which were impossible to restore were demolished and new blockhouses used instead. At present, the complex comprises three buildings for accommodation; by the New Year, repairs will be complete on another seven. Interestingly, the new owners are attempting to revive an early 20th century atmosphere, covering

roofs with wood lath, and returning to high ceilings, whitewash painted walls and stove heating. Each homestead has its own tavern and stage, with the hosts roping in their neighbours to help. Of course, each homestead owner hopes to achieve something unique, regardless of outside help. Another farm, in Volozhin District, certainly has its own flavour and it’s impossible for guests to become bored, since neighbouring farms pull together to offer a variety of activities. All owners are eager to sustain their reputation in the region. The US International Development Agency has initiated a Local

2015 беларусь.belarus

Small business Entrepreneurship and Economic Development project, being realised by the UNDP, to offer ideas and support to prospective homestead owners. As a result, 17 destinations have been created in Brest and Grodno regions. Stolin District calls itself the Polesie Amazonia, inviting guests to explore the marshes, while the Kobrin and Zhabinka districts are proud of their ‘From the Varangians to the Greeks’ route, with a dragon ship and raft available for ‘cruising’. It’s sure to prove a hit with tourists. Even language is no obstacle, since many hosts have learnt foreign tongues. Last year, just 18 percent of guests (271,000) came from abroad (mostly Russian) but the

Klitsounova, explains that many of those running homesteads in Europe inherit a family business, so grow up with knowledge of how to manage everything. Few Belarusian young people are eager to remain in their villages and those who set up a business may be thinking primarily of commercial profit, rather than working with love and soul. Of course, such young heads may have good ideas for business promotion and, if successful, would be wise to encourage their children in learning the ropes, while showing them that rural life can be fun. The Director of the Sports and Tourism Ministry’s Tourism Department, Vadim Karmazin, notes that

Magister’s household Nadezhda-Faraj sheep breeding farm located near Shklov, in Mogilev Region, owned by Syria’s Faraj Abdul Hamid: a Master of Agriculture

Rural businessmen are creative and meticulous, always eager to stand out from their neighbours, proposing unique products. In addition, they have to be competitive number is growing, so knowledge of foreign languages is a great help. Independent development is great but experts do advise businessmen to consider their ‘customers’ carefully, to tailor services appropriately. The Chair of the Country Escape Agro- and Ecotourism Public Association, Valeria

most hosts are self-employed, so need to make provision for their own retirement, since they won’t qualify for a state pension. Regular savings can be made with a social protection agency but, at present, only 10 percent are making such preparations. By Maria Druk

belta

In “Korobchizy” agrotourist complex (Grodno Region)

беларусь.belarus 2015

he farmer was born and educated in Syria but, in 1975, came to the USSR to study at Gorky Agricultural Academy, where he met his wife and married. After graduating, he took his family to Syria but, later, they all returned to Belarus. Initially, he worked at a state enterprise but then decided to set up his own sheep breeding business, having bred sheep in Syria. “Of course, I wouldn’t have succeeded without state support,” admits Abdulovich — as many local villagers call him! “There’s no doubt that I took a risk, having sold my flat and garage. I took out a loan to buy 225 sheep,” he tells us. In fact, he now owns 25 hectares of land and over 300 animals. Needing less water and food, he finds sheep more profitable to breed than pigs or cows; moreover, they rarely fall ill and are able to have lambs twice a year. Lamb is low in fat, without cholesterol, while ewe’s milk makes extremely tasty cheese and lamb fat is wonderful for treating colds and bronchitis. Sheep skins make cosy and warm fur coats while the wool is used to produce bed linen: all made in Belarus, saving foreign currency on purchasing raw materials.

CULTURAL RICHNESS

Everything begins with love Galina Kalyuzhnaya — an Honoured Worker of Culture of Ukraine and the Head of Minsk’s Zapovit Public Association (soon to celebrate its 25th jubilee) — can hardly imagine her life in Belarus without strong ties with Ukraine. She has lived in the Republic for over 50 years but still endeavours to help Belarusians learn about the rich and beautiful culture of her homeland

s. Kalyuzhnaya called our editorial office asking us to tell our readers of a wonderful contest dedicated to Taras Shevchenko’s 200th birthday. Later, she visited personally, showing us drawings submitted by pupils of Minsk’s art schools and centres of supplementary education. I soon realised that our conversation would focus on more than those drawings. Her manner aroused sincere sympathy and

respect, being full of enthusiasm for the Ukrainian community, which she headed 15 years ago. We heard stories of Ukrainets v Belarusi (Ukrainian in Belarus) newspaper, of her devoted assistants and of co-operation with schools and libraries — in particular, with the National Library of Belarus. Last year, the country’s major library hosted a round table session dedicated to ‘Taras Shevchenko and the Influence of His Artistry on the Slavonic Spiritual World’. Initiated by the National Library’s Director, Roman Motulsky, it drew experts from the Belarusian National Academy of Sciences’ Literary Institute and the Belarusian State University. Ms. Kalyuzhnaya tells us that Mr. Motulsky was born in Lvov Region, so understands Ukrainian feeling well and cherishes Ukrainian literature. Her own life is intricately connected with books, as she worked at a Trade Union library for many years. “She is unique,” notes Mr. Motulsky, adding, “Anyone would envy her energy. Everything she does is wrapped in the warmth of her heart.” It’s possible that Ms. Kalyuzhnaya’s forefathers once lived in Belarus. After her mother died, she came to stay with Minsk relatives, travelling from Ukrainian Dubno (in Rovno Region). Galina grew up in the Belarusian capital, entering the Maxim Tank Pedagogical University, to study librarianship. She then married in Belarus, having two daughters. She firmly believes that Fate has played its hand, feeling that she is destined to strengthen Ukraine’s ties with Belarus, having left her homeland. Ms. Kalyuzhnaya has adopted this mission eagerly, while working at a Minsk library. Some people become heavily involved in public activities, devoting their excessive energy selflessly, to help others. Of course, this brings joy and inspiration and Ms. Kalyuzhnaya is one such. In 2005, she headed the first Ukrainian association: Zapovit. Before this, she led a department at library #20, working hard to unite Ukrainians living in Minsk and to

2015 беларусь.belarus

CULTURAL RICHNESS

Works of the winners and other participants of Shevchenko Contest of Drawings, dedicated to Taras Shevchenko’s 200th birthday

familiarise Belarusians with Ukrainian culture, via meetings, literary and song parties and diverse contests for both nationalities. Zapovit is now among the nine strongest branches of the Belarusian Vatra Public Association of Ukrainians, uniting around 100 members; Ms. Kalyuzhnaya fully appreciates their activities and is always ready to share information on its work with the media, describing its new projects. She notes that all its members are similarly active and passionate. Among them are Alena Yudina, Anna Sapsay, Yaroslav Kozyuk, Nadezhda Nemko and Olga Sukharenko; all give their time and effort, and Ms. Kalyuzhnaya appreciates their involvement and friendship. When asked whether she’s tired of 15 years of such work, she asserts that she has no time to become tired, as there is too much to do! The next major event is planned for March 9th: the anniversary of Taras Shevchenko’s 201st birthday. Her newspaper also requires funds and time and has been helping those seeking refuge in Belarus, from Ukraine. Naturally, Ukrainians already living here have been doing their best to help those in trouble, donating clothes, food and footwear to the Red Cross Society office. Everyone hopes that the east of Ukraine will soon enjoy peace. Those who are truly cultured tend to be recognised for their tolerant attitude to other nations and their desire to learn about all spheres of art, literature and other nations’ customs. Of course, Belarus shares Slavonic roots with its neighbours. Ms. Kalyuzhnaya tells us, “It’s not only useful for Ukrainians to sing their native songs and feel unity with their homeland but for Belarusians to listen and to learn the Ukrainian language.” She believes that Ukrainians enrich their souls while listening to music in Belarusian, since it is similar to Ukrainian. The Vatra folk group has won international, Republican and city festivals three times, while poetry and art contests are now common among Belarusian schoolchildren, enriching not only participants but all involved. Zapovit has twice held contests for readers and for artists: dedicated to the 195th and 200th anniversaries of Taras Shevchenko’s birth.

беларусь.belarus 2015

It’s clear that such contests should be a regular occurrence, allowing Ukrainians to draw strength from their love for their native country. Ms. Kalyuzhnaya recollects with pleasure the awards ceremony for the 2nd Minsk Shevchenko Contest of Readers and the 2nd Shevchenko Contest of Drawings, hosted by Minsk’s Palace of Children and Youth. She smiles, “It was a triumph for the artistic spirit and friendship between our nations. The desire to organise it is rooted deep in our human nature, nurtured since childhood, and shaped by our environment and other cultures. Art inspires us to our own endeavours, be they singing, reading, drawing or sculpting. Art is a gift from God.” The above mentioned contests gathered over 200 children, with more than 60 receiving diplomas, letters of gratitude and recognition, as well as collections of Taras Shevchenko’s books. In all, 140 editions were presented, with 22 participants named as winners and awards handed by representatives of the Ukrainian Embassy to Belarus, the Plenipotentiary for Religious and Nationality Affairs Office, the National Library, the Union of Belarusian Artists and the Minsk City Executive Committee’s Education Department. Zapovit members attended the event, which recognised winners in two nominations: ‘Taras Shevchenko is a Great Humanist, Singer, and Fighter for the Freedom and Independence of the Ukrainian Nation’; and ‘The Spiritual Influence of Taras Shevchenko’s Freedom-Loving Ideas on the Artistry of Belarusian Folk Poets Yanka Kupala and Yakub Kolas’. Interestingly, 24 streets across various cities are named after Taras Shevchenko and not only Ukrainian but Belarusian fans of his artistry attend his monuments in Minsk, Brest, Mogilev, Gomel and Slutsk on the anniversary of his birth. Ms. Kalyuzhnaya will be coming to Shevchenko’s monument near the Ukrainian Embassy in Minsk this year, to honour the great poet, bringing her love and flowers. As she says, her heart continues beating only owing to this love. By Valentina Zhdanovich

Theatre

years after

The Belarusian State Young Spectator’s Theatre has moved to a new building, celebrating its 30th jubilee with a humorous excursion through its history and reflecting on the role of actors in today’s world. Among the invited guests were representatives of the Ministry of Culture, and the administration of the city, and directors and actors from Minsk theatres. Кіраўнік дыпмісіі Яўген Шастакоў

2015 беларусь.belarus

Theatre

he double holiday at the Young SpectaYelena Khristich has great experience of working with tor’s Theatre turned out well, with the children, having served with Minsk’s Young Spectator’s Company clearly delighted at moving Theatre for ten years. Only talented actors can win and into their own building at last, with keep the attention of children and teenagers and her colits cosy make-up rooms, convenient leagues admit that Yelena certainly manages to do so. stage, and hall with excellent acous- Sergey Zhuravel, a People’s Artiste of Belarus, worked with tics! Only those who have experienced her for some time, recollecting, “Yelena acted the parts of endless upheaval can truly appreciate schoolgirls so naturally that teenagers would sit with bated such joy. A mood of elation reigned. breath in the hall, watching her games.” Grigory Borovik The company began under director Grigory Borovik, invited Zhuravel and Khristich, among others, to Minsk’s based at the Belarusian State Philharmonic Society. Its Young Spectator’s Theatre to ‘revive’ it. Yelena is among actors rehearsed in clubs, palaces of culture, and in the just five ‘old timers’ who were there from the early days. former Spartak cinema, as well as on the stage of the PalSome have since moved to other theatres or left Beace of Culture of Builders (now, the Young Spectator’s larus, while some have retired. Valeria Likhodey moved Theatre). However, all past inconvenience can now be to Moscow, and Vasily Nikitenko to St. Petersburg. Igor put firmly behind them, as they embrace the wonderful Filchenkov and Marina Dudareva now work for the Belaaesthetics of the new building: sparkling chandeliers, and rusian Army Drama Theatre, while Vladimir Mishchana tasteful interior, whose foyer is hung with stylish por- chuk has moved to the Theatre-Studio of Film Actors. traits of actor. Meanwhile, Sergey Zhuravel recently took up employment Their humorous skit was the result of the actor’s own at the Yanka Kupala National Academic Theatre. invention, without a director’s interference, and did raise Yelena remembers fondly how the theatre came into many smiles. It rather reminded me of her life during her childhood, saying, their light-hearted January perform“I dreamt of becoming a ballerina but ance of Russian Style Cabbage, staged at my parents advised me against enterthe National Academic Drama Theatre ing choreographic college, leaving the of Maxim Gorky. During the interval, I family home in Baranovichi. Minsk heard senior generation actors praising had no boarding school for students their young colleagues, who had writfrom other cities. My desire to appear ten the performance. on stage only grew over time however. The skit accentuated the good and Like many girls, I was fond of dancbad of theatre life, showing not only ing and sports and began taking part past troubles but the subtleties of the in performances by the Baranovichi acting trade. One scene featured a trio People”s Theatre.” of ‘elders’ singing of how they are yet It was there that she realised that a match for the younger generation: she couldn’t live without the theatre. Yelena Khristich, Natalia Podvitskaya As soon as she finished school, she and Anna Laukhina were on applied to study acting at the Belaruexcellent form. sian State Theatre and Art Institute Boris Lutsenko, the Di(now the Academy of Arts). Aged Scene from ‘Bankrupt’ rector of the Maxim Gorky just 16, she failed to gain a place, performance National Academic Drama as Vladimir Malankin said that Theatre, commented she was too young and naïve, adon the mission of the vising her to apply again the folYoung Spectator’s Thelowing year. Lena then fell into atre, saying that it the hands of other master, Alexanaims to ‘embody der Butakov, whose students were the vitality and among the youngest, with most havimmortality of ing only just finished school. She exthe human spirit, plains, “After five years of study, my in its eternal enfriend Galina Kukhalskaya, and I, thusiasm, ever alongside Kupala Theatre actor Alexsearching for new ander Podobed, graduated from the forms’. Institute. Tamara Levchuk moved to

In a humorous form the actors celebrating the jubilee not only reflected on their life in the past, but also paid attention to the nuances of their profession

беларусь.belarus 2015

Theatre Brest, while Vladislav Karaka and Alexey Bychkov went to Gomel.” Some of her fellow students died young; everyone had their own destiny. After graduating, the young actress was sent to work at the Drama Theatre named after Wincenty Dunin-Marcinkiewicz, located in Bobruisk. The company toured across the whole former Soviet Union, allowing Lena to gain impressions and experience. Grigory Borovik, the chief director of the Young Spectator’s Theatre, then offered her a permanent position and her Minsk acting life began. Yelena, your life has been connected with that of dramatic theatre. Do you regret having left behind ballet? Certainly not, because who knows what my choreographic destiny would have been? Probably, I would have danced in the corps de ballet. Meanwhile, now I have a quite successful career, having performed many interesting roles. You worked with the Young Spectator’s Theatre for a long time. What are your first memories? I recollect the children, whose faces reveal so much; you can tell how sincerely you are acting by looking at their expressions. Children always see falseness, yet are also naive. They can believe in fairy tales, and dream. They are complex creatures. Do you have any particular acting or psychological methods to keep the attention of children? There are no such methods; you just need talent, charm and charisma. People’s Artiste of Belarus Mikhail Petrov could hold the attention of an audience, bewitching them

all! He was always amazing! What a Karlsson he was! We used to crowd backstage and roar with laughter. Mikhail was a real virtuoso. Why did you move to the Young Spectator’s Theatre? I grew out of children’s roles and wanted to test myself elsewhere. Besides, I was invited to join by the chief director. Seven of us moved there and launched everything from scratch. I remember our feelings of delight and enthusiasm. We were united in spirit. For a long time, we lacked our own hall, performing on various stages and rehearsing at clubs, often at night: even at the Belarusian State Musical Theatre. It was ten years before we were given the former Spartak cinema building. We had used the Palace of Culture of Trade Workers but it wasn’t designed to be a theatre, requiring us to reconstruct it with our own labour. We then ‘wandered’ for five more years, until our very own building was finally completed and we celebrated our jubilee. Did this ‘wandering’ place a strain on the troupe? No, we never had conflicts, as we all understood the reality of our situation and the need to accept it. Those who didn’t simply left. Yelena is now the ‘old timer’ of the Young Spectator’s Theatre. I last saw her perform in Eight Women, by Robert Thomas, playing the Grandmother of the family in which no men are born. The plot revolved around Marcel: the host of the house, her son-in-law. Under his roof, all are women: his wife, their daughters, the sister, and the housekeeper. An ‘ironic detective story’, Marcel feigns death on

Scene from ‘Eight Women’ performance

2015 беларусь.belarus

Theatre

At the Young Spectator’s Theatre it is beautiful, cosy and comfortable now

the advice of his youngest daughter, to discover how each family member really feels about him. On discovering the truth, he shoots himself ! I attended the show with memories of François Ozon’s musical comedy version of Eight Women, starring Hollywood’s Catherine Deneuve as Marcel’s wife Gaby, and Fanny Ardant as his sister. The stage performance surpassed all my expectations, being dynamic, harmonious and touching. The actors internalised their characters, showing true understanding of their roles, so it was a pleasure to watch them, and empathise. Yelena was perfect as the Grandmother, urging her daughters not to quarrel. We realise that she and Marcel’s youngest daughter wish to stay in the house at any cost, being unwilling or unable to support themselves. Their internal anxiety comes across clearly. How does this skilled actress, who was awarded the Frantsisk Skorina medal for creative achievements, feel about working alongside young actors? Does she like the new hall, or feel nostalgic for former times? We chat in Yelena’s personal make-up room. I do feel nostalgic for the past at times, as that was my youth. I enjoy the company of young actors; I take something from them, and I hope that I also give them something. I like

беларусь.belarus 2015

the hall very much: it is neither too big, nor too small, and its amphitheatre design has good acoustics. Rows of seats are staggered downwards, so no views are impeded. What do you feel about today’s young actors? Various people come to us: some are very talented and all comes easily to them, while others gain success through persistence. I can’t help but perceive them as ‘another generation’; they hail from the same acting school but speak and behave differently on stage. This doesn’t prevent me from understanding them, and I hope that they understand me too. If they ask me for advice, I give it, but I don’t offer without being asked, as it’s easy to cause offence. I’ve been young too, so I understand the feelings of the young. I’ve heard of the superstition that a stage sometimes ‘takes against’ an actor, causing them to stumble, or forget words. What do you think? Thank God, I’ve never experienced such oddities. I feel comfortable here; perhaps, the stage remembers the first ‘heroes’. I remember reports of the actors of Master and Margarita experiencing unexplained difficulties while filming. Do you feel wary of spending so much time in a wheelchair: as if life might then emulate art?

Theatre

Yelena Khristich in her youth

In honesty, the thought had never occurred to me. The wheelchair is nothing more than a prop. Just like any person, actors can experience failure. I’m not superstitious or afraid of anything. If I was, it could lead to paranoia. Everything is ultimately in God’s hands. An actor’s professionalism must reveal itself if you can rise above such talk. Would you say that’s so? Is there a pinnacle you can reach? Only a fool would say such a thing, as it’s impossible to ‘reach the top’. Finishing acting school means nothing; having a diploma does not make you an expert. Experience gained through performance is vital in bringing professionalism. If you have this experience and cease striving to improve your skills, you are in danger of losing them! Women are encouraged to retain their youth. Do you think actresses are the same? Actresses cannot show their age, and must always be on good form. It’s better for them to leave the theatre if not; the stage does not stand for careless work. Which roles would you like to perform and, which performances do you like most of all? Actors tend to be very dependent, having to perform roles bestowed upon them. However, any role can be interesting. It actually becomes more satisfying if you find the role challenging, since it requires greater effort for you to

master the character. Of past performances I like ‘A Simple Story’ by Goncharov, and ‘If I Had Golden Mountains’ by M. Lado. Both were staged by talented people, with the works displaying depth and philosophical sense. Audiences were able to reflect on something important, leaving the theatre without feeling deceived or dissatisfied, as sometimes happens with modern interpretations: a beautiful wrapper, with nothing inside. How do you feel about constantly submitting to the director? I understand the hierarchy of ‘director-actor’, with the director dominating. It’s the norm, although our Theatre lacks a chief director at present. What can you say about your repertoire? We have full houses, and no ‘shallow’ performances. Will the art of theatre endure? While we remain alive, we’ll always seek out theatre performance. We already have TV, the Internet and 3D cinema but we seek out ‘live’ performance as it’s more real. If you are having a bad time, depressed by the weather or your job, with problems, as we all have, you can escape to the theatre, feeling the breath of actors. It’s nothing like the cinema, although a story can be identical. Of course, not all actors can play every role, no matter how hard they persevere. Think of Innokentiy Smoktunovsky [a famous Russian actor] in Chekhov’s ‘Ivanov’. I saw it in Moscow. Do you know what Smoktunovsky did? He hit his hand on the table so hard that you’d think he’d broken the bones. Afterwards, his acting was transformed for the better. What do you do when you cannot act a part? If you are performing, you cannot assume bad moods. Regardless of personal preference, you have a job to do. I’m performing in ‘Bankrupt’ and, every morning, must prepare myself for the role. I cannot stand on stage with a cold heart, without responding properly to my fellow actors, as the audience would never forgive such a thing. Do you feel that audiences respond to your acting? It is easier to assume a role if you feel the audience behind you. I think only actors will understand what I mean. The Theatre is 30 years old: is this young or old? I think it is the beginning of maturity. The Yanka Kupala National Academic Theatre is 75 years old and some others have been going 90 years. Ours is middle-aged. Does a theatre’s repertoire reveal its age? I doubt that. We’re currently staging timeless classics, such as Chekhov’s ‘Seagull’, and Ostrovsky’s ‘Bankrupt’ and ‘The Dowerless Girl’. What advice would you give to future stars of the stage? I choose to give none, since wise people do not give advice. I wish them only good luck! By Alisa Krasovskaya

2015 беларусь.belarus

ANCIENT CITY

Novogrudok, like neighbouring Nesvizh and Mir, though modest in size, has made a significant contribution to the culture and history not only of Belarus, but of neighbouring Lithuania, Poland and even Russia. Founded by Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise, the city celebrated its 970th anniversary recently. We visit one of the country’s oldest towns. беларусь.belarus 2015

PAVEL CHUIKO

Adam Mickiewicz’s native lands

The monument to Adam Mickiewicz in Novogrudok

elarus is relatively flat, making Novogrudok seem more like Switzerland! Some streets are on a steep incline, so that local residents joke about walking up and down rather than forward or backward. Tourists flock to one of the highest points in Novogrudok District (at 323m above sea level), which features the majestic ruins of a medieval stone castle. It cuts a romantic stance in the morning mist. Interestingly, its walls and towers went unassailed by Teutonic knights and Tatar soldiers. After the war, archaeologists from Leningrad conducted digs, taking most of their finds to the Hermitage and the Institute of History of Material Culture. Part of the building is now undergoing restoration, using specially made bricks (easily distinguishable from the old), conducted under the state Castles of Belarus programme. Its Shchitovka Tower is to host a museum exhibition, including a model of how the castle would have originally appeared. Residents of Novogrudok hope to make their ancient city a tourist centre, attracting those who head to nearby Mir and Nesvizh. Of course, it’s important to retain originality and individual-

ity. The city boasts the house-museum of ingenious poet Adam Mickiewicz (claimed by Lithuania and Poland). Born in Novogrudok, the museum is the only such in Belarus dedicated to the poet. Nikolay Gaiba, who directs the site, has spent many years researching Mickiewicz’s life. The typical manorial estate dates from the early-19th century, including a side wing, a storeroom for utensils, a well and arbour. Mr. Gaiba comments, “Unfortunately, all this has been reconstructed, as the original house, where the well-known poet was born, burnt down twice. Meanwhile, a bomb destroyed the museum, operational from 1938, during the first days of the Great Patriotic War. Only the fundamental parts date from Mickiewicz’s times. The decision to restore the museum was made in 1948 and, in 1955, it opened to the public. It has been welcoming guests in its present form since 1990 (following reconstruction).” The fate of Mickiewicz’s family home echoed that of the poet, who experienced much drama. The exhibition currently boasts over 500 artefacts, including books published while the poet was alive. For five years, he lived in Russia, becoming friendly with Zhukovsky, Pushkin and other known poets of that time. Pushkin gave a glowing account of his Belarusian colleague, as confirmed by exhibits in Novogrudok, thanks to co-operation with the Moscow Museum of Pushkin and other Russian archives. Pushkin’s manuscripts include sketches of Mickiewicz’s portrait in the margins. This affinity of poetic souls grew over time, and is manifested today by genuine interest among Russians, who are keen to discover more about the creativity and fate of Adam Mickiewicz. Every year, ever more Russians visit his house-museum in Novogrudok. Mr. Gaiba tells us, “One of the most paradoxical questions asked is who was more talented: Pushkin or Mickiewicz? Obviously, Pushkin is closer to Russians but, when they learn that Mickiewicz was not only a poet but a professor of two universities they realise that comparison is inappropriate. He

ARTUR PRUPAS

ANCIENT CITY

The first Belarusian monument to Vladimir Vysotsky, by sculptor Gennady Buralkin, erected in Novogrudok in 2012

taught in Swiss Lausanne and France’s Collège de France, and headed the Department of Slavonic Architecture at the University of Paris. Each of these poets was a genius.” It is surprising that their destinies are so closely intertwined. In fact, Pushkin’s son, Alexander, served in Novogrudok and, at the age of 5 months, Alexander’s son (the grandson of the great Russian poet) died. He was buried there, his gravestone located in the old Christian cemetery, and inscribed ‘Младенецъ Петръ Пушкинъ’ (infant Piotr Pushkin). Not far from the museum, in a tiny public garden, there’s a bust erected to another well-known Russian poet:

talented singer, composer and actor Vladimir Vysotsky. Created by Belarusian sculptor Gennady Buralkin, it was unveiled in 2012 and was the first one of such a kind in Belarus. Mr. Gaiba explains, “In 1969, Vladimir Vysotsky spent several months in our city, shooting a film based on works by famous Belarusian writer Ales Adamovich: Sons Go to Fight and War Under the Roofs. Here, he wrote several famous songs and it’s said that he performed his guitar songs for local residents sometimes. His beautiful wife, Marina Vladi, is remembered fondly.” Several well-known Belarusian poets are closely connected with Novogrudok District: Yanka Kupala lived there

2015 беларусь.belarus

ANCIENT CITY for some time, while Yakub Kolas was the Deputy for Novogrudok Region during the days of the BSSR Supreme Soviet. Last June, a private art gallery opened and has since been welcoming student-sculptors for open-air events. Some of their best works now adorn the city’s squares and streets. The local children’s and youth sports Olympic reserve school #1 has already produced several biathlon champions. Young Dmitry Budilovich is one of its most recent successes,

Ancient Novogrudok is home to Leor-Fish Joint Limited Liability Company, which grows a worthy crop, ready for processing and tinning. Leor-Plastik joint enterprise cans fish, with trucks regularly going to Moscow. Meanwhile, Novogrudok Gas Equipment Plant JSC employs about 1,200 workers and exports 60 percent of its production to Russia. Novogrudskie Dairy JSC also exports almost all its production to the Russian Federation. Last year, agrarians of the district achieved record harvests

The fate of Mickiewicz’s family home echoed that of the poet, who experienced much drama

беларусь.belarus 2015

in grain, sugar beet and rape, also producing much milk and forage. The First Deputy Chairman of the Novogrudok District Executive Committee, Yuri Makarevich, notes that more young people than ever are coming to the district, taking advantage of accommodation and interesting jobs. There’s no doubt that Novogrudok District has a bright future.

“Homestead of Kastus Kachan painter” art gallery was built in 2012. It is situated in the centre of Novogrudok, on the way from the city square to Zamkovaya mountain

By Vladimir Yakovlev

ARTUR PRUPAS

having taken medals at the Biathlon World Cup. The school opened its own museum of skiing over five years ago, gaining more exhibits over time. Some are already over a century old while others are more modern. Famous past pupil Lyudmila Ananko, of double Olympic Games biathlete success, has contributed several artefacts. Meanwhile, Novogrudok boasts the recently opened Biathlon and Skiing Department: the Lida branch of the Grodno Olympic Reserve College (at Gymnasium #2). There, youngsters are fully supported by the state as they train. Close ties exist with Russian colleagues, as the school’s director, Victor Litvinsky, confirms. He tells us, “Twice annually, we send our guys to Murmansk, where the snow is knee high by November — unlike here. Our guys usually ski 550km daily during training. Russians also come to our sports-biathlon complex to train, located near the village of Selets. This allows coaches to exchange experience, and compare results.”

One of the main sights of Novogrudok Region are the ruins of the ancient castle. Novogrudok Castle (Mindovg’s castle) was laid at the site of the ancient town, at Zamkovaya mountain — a high, partially bulk hill, that was surrounded by a ditch

Link of times

Future beauty

Reconstruction of Novogrudok Castle continues

38 ancient buildings to be restored or conserved by 2018

n 2012, for the first time at governmental level, Castles of Belarus state programme was adopted, aimed at restoring the iconic citadels which defended Belarus from enemies in the Middle Ages, and which have been at the heart of our culture. With their architectural beauty, they attract tourists from far and wide. Of course, similar fortresses and palaces in neighbouring countries, such as Lithuania, also draw a great number of visitors. Build around the same period as our castles, during the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, they are the focus of reconstruction. The Castles of Belarus state programme, adopted in 2012, has been creating good conditions for preserving, restoring

and making good use of historical and cultural heritage sites, with the aim of developing domestic and inbound tourism. Nesvizh and Mir Castles have already been completely restored, with several others now gaining attention.

Novogrudok: concrete piles reinforce old walls Works began on Novogrudok Castle in the 1920s, with the Poles conserving the ruins of Kostelnaya and Shchitovka towers. In the second half of the 20th century, Leningrad archaeologists, headed by Frida Gurevich, undertook work, moving artefacts to St. Petersburg. In the 1990s, Kostelnaya Tower received minor restoration, with works ending prema-

2015 беларусь.belarus

Link of times

Krevo Castle was built in the 14th century, making in the oldest in Belarus. But the citadel has not been reconstructed yet. It was heavily damaged during the First World War turely. From 2008 to 2009, studies near Novogrudok revealed a large underground reservoir had been washing away the castle walls, undermining the foundations of its two towers, so that they may collapse at any time. In 2012, Novogrudok Castle again received attention, with 105 piles sunk to 11m in the foundations of Kostelnaya Tower; and a monolithic cement pillow placed between the two. Part of the tower was also restored and work is ongoing. Research supervisor Sergey Drushchits notes that, before restoration began, he and his colleagues considered how similar buildings in Lithuania and other countries had been revived, forming a plan not only for the two towers but for the ruined citadel hidden underground, which is to be dug and exposed. Shchitovka Tower is next to be highlighted, restored to its original appearance with the help of photos, engravings and pictures. A museum is planned for the top level, housing such items as Dutch tiles, kernels and pikes found during archaeological digs on the site.

Krevo: the mystery of Egyptian frescoes Krevo Castle was built in the 14th century, making it the oldest in Belarus. In 1385, the Krevo Union Treaty was signed on the site — between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. The Castle was heavily damaged during the First World War and only received attention in the 1920s, from Polish specialists who strengthened the ruins of the former residence. In 2012, Knyazheskaya Tower ruins (destroyed in the First World War) were excavated by archaeologist Oleg Dernovich, who discovered fresco fragments inside. He notes, “We can suppose that the frescoes were created by German masters, with whose participation the first stone castles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were built: in Krevo, Lida, and Miedniki (Medininkai). Until that time, there was no tradition of building of stone castles in the principality. Krevo’s frescoes are really mural paintings, being placed upon a dry surface rather than wet plaster. Unusually, they include ‘Egyptian blue’ paint:

беларусь.belarus 2015

first developed in Ancient Egypt, this travelled over the civilized world. The formula was lost in the Middle Ages but was revived by Italian masters during the Renaissance. Intriguingly, chemists affirm that ‘Egyptian blue’ is the main colour in one Krevo’s frescoes, dating from the 14th century: prior to its revival in Renaissance Italy.” This fact alone is a sufficient reason for the restoration of at least some of the paintings. Krevo Castle Festival takes place every summer, gathering folk masters, who sell their works, and folk groups, who sing traditional songs. Life near the old fortress continues. The fortress in Medininkai, not far from the Belarusian-Lithuanian border, is considered to be the twin of Krevo Castle, just 45km away, and 2km from the state border. The Eastern Tower of Medininkai Castle is even called Krevo Tower. As at Krevo, Miedniki was damaged during the First World War, when Germans disassembled part of the western wall. The site was conserved in the 1960s and was recently given some restoration, including its tower, thanks to the European Union grant of 3 million Euros. Lithuanian restorers worked professionally, leaving an obvious delineation between old constructions and the restored wall, including the ones inside the rebuilt tower: new walls were plastered but the old walls remained bare brick. Oleg Dernovich explains, “In early Gothic buildings, walls weren’t plastered at all; they applied plaster and painting only on vaults. It’s important for us to learn from our reconstruction at Medininkai, so that we can use the experience at Krevo Castle, where Belarusian experts intend to rebuild Knyazheskaya Tower.”

Bykhov: three thousand artefacts from under the ground In 2013, Bykhov’s District Executive Committee opened a charity account, hoping to enrol sponsors and citizens in the restoration of the castle in the district centre. Built in the early 17th century by Grand Duchy of Lithuania hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, it passed to the Sapega family in 1628, who rebuilt the residence.

belta

Link of times

While visiting Bykhov Castle

Competent opinion: Igor Chernyavsky, Head of the Department for Protection of Historical and Cultural Heritage, at the Ministry of Culture: Historically, Belarus, being at the crossroads of trade and war, had to look to its defence. Accordingly, it’s no accident that our territory has a lot of defensive structures. According to archaeological studies, we had more than 120 castles in the Middle Ages, inspiring the title ‘Country of Castles’. Few remain: Mir, Nesvizh, Grodno’s Old Castle, Krevo, Novogrudok, Olshany, Smolyany, and Bykhov castles are the most known. We need to make the most of them, helping create our country’s ‘brand’. Unfortunately, it’s impossible to restore every castle in its original form. We lack documentary information and have no desire to see experts undertake guesswork. We can’t restore Olshany Castle, as we have no idea of its original height or decorative features. However, we do foresee restoration, adaptation and exhibiting of 38 castles, across four directions. We’ll restore, reconstruct and adapt seven sites — among them the Old Castle in Grodno, Lida and Lyubcha Castles, and Kamenets Tower (already begun), as well as the grounds of Mir Castle and Nesvizh Palace and Park. We’ll be conserving seven sites with partial restoration — including Novogrudok, Krevo, and Olshany castles, and the remains of castles in Geraneny (Ivye District), in Smolyany (Orsha District) and in Bykhov. We’ll improve 19 archaeological sites, where castles were once situated; Braslav and Zaslavl castles are among them. In addition, we’ll be preserving five archaeological sites: the ancient settlements of Turov and Milograd (Rechitsa District), Glusk and Ryzhkovichi (Shklov District) and Minsk.

Maquette of Bykhov Castle

In the 1990s, a woodshop was still standing, but was destroyed by fire in August 2004. Restoration began in 2013, following archaeological studies under Igor Marzalyuk. He tells us, “More than 3,000 items have been found, including Dutch tiles from the 17th and 18th centuries. These display various ornamental patterns, including the coats of arms of the former owners: Chodkiewicz and Sapega. Some show images of weapons of that time: kernels, a musket bullet, and a bronze tip of the scabbard of a sword. There is also a gun-cradle. The numismatic collection features over a hundred coins and is especially interesting.” The site’s restoration should be finished by 2018. Castles already restored have completely changed local views and are sure to inspire admiration from foreign travellers in years to come. We can imagine them passing near Novogrudok or Krevo and exclaiming, “What a magical country of castles Belarus is!” By Viktar Korbut

2015 беларусь.belarus

TRADITIONS OF PATRONSHIP

Generous hand uplifts culture Patrons of art make major contribution to development of the national culture

At Radziwill Castle in Nesvizh during Bolshoi Theatre Evenings at Radziwill Castle festival of opera and ballet

belta

беларусь.belarus 2015

ust a few years ago, Belarusians thought of ‘patrons’ as having lived only in the past: rich industrialists and bankers who admired art, collecting paintings, which they then donated to society and the state. Now, such people are appearing again, donating money to restore cultural monuments and to purchase museum treasures, as well as to fund festivals of drama, folklore or knightly chivalry. A considerable number of banks, mobile operators, enterprises and, even, wealthy individuals, have donated money to develop culture. In appreciation of this support, the Ministry of Culture has instituted the ‘Patron of Culture of Belarus’ award. This year, the country’s most generous commercial companies were recognised for their kind sponsorship.

TRADITIONS OF PATRONSHIP

The premiere of Pan Tadeusz, by the Yanka Kupala National Academic Theatre, took place in June 2014, in Paris. The staging was based on the poem by the same name, written by Adam Mickiewicz: a Polish poet born in Belarus. Mickiewicz wrote Pan Tadeusz in Paris, where it was first published, in 1834. By 1859, it had been translated into Belarusian and is now available in 33 languages, exploring the customs of the gentry. The Yanka Kupala Theatre’s staging of Pan Tadeusz was the first by a Belarusian director on the Parisian stage and coincided with the 180th anniversary of the poem being written in Paris by Mickiewicz. It gathered over 600 spectators to the MC93 Theatre, who watched the Belarusian language performance with French subtitles; the translation was by Iosif Semizhon, with transliteration into French by Robert Bourgeois. The audience’s approval was evident from the 10 minute standing ovation and, of course, none of this would have been possible without support from the state and patrons. More than 10 companies helped fund the performance, which is now on stage in Minsk.

Where friends gather The Alexandria Gathers Friends festival is held in the village of Alexandria on Kupala Night, gathering guests not only from Belarus but from neighbouring regions of Russia and other countries. The event features variety stars and is complemented by the Alexandria

Crafts Fair, on the picturesque banks of the River Dnieper, including master classes, exhibitions, excursions and performances by amateur talent groups. President Alexander Lukashenko has made time to attend the festival, praising the choice of venue, on the Dnieper, where three Slavonic peoples — Belarusians, Russians and Ukrainians — are united. Last year, 60,000 people gathered, with local authorities and businessmen funding the event, to ensure that conveniences and comforts were met.

Skaryna's business continued by descendants In 2017, Belarus will celebrate the 500th anniversary of the first Belarusian printed book, which was created by Frantsisk Skorina, a native of Polotsk, in Prague. The National Library is joining forces with a bank to publish copies of Skaryna’s editions: The Book Heritage of Frantsisk Skorina. Each of the country’s higher educational institutions is to receive a complete set of the first Belarusian books, with Polotsk State University being the first to receive a facsimile of Skorina’s Bible. Presentation and solemn ceremony of transfer of The Book Heritage of Frantsisk Skorina facsimile edition takes place in many cities of the country now

belta

Ovation to Pan Tadeusz

According to the Deputy Director of the National Library, Ales Susha, presentations began in Polotsk. He tells us, “This city, as we know, is the birthplace of Frantsisk Skorina. All the books published by Skorina in Prague (15171519) and Vilnius (1522-1525) will be republished by 2017, based on electronic copies, which remain in better condition. These are stored in libraries and museums across Belarus, Russia, Ukraine and Germany, accompanied by expert comments. We have translations of forewords and afterwords into modern Belarusian, Russian and English for the first time. There are a thousand copies being made of each book, with a hundred issued in leather binding. The National Library of Belarus has only 10 Prague copies of Skaryna's Bi-

2015 беларусь.belarus

TRADITIONS OF PATRONSHIP

A new exhibition “Museum of War — Territory of Peace” opened at Brest HeroFortress memorial complex

course, in the 18th century, Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł founded one of the first theatres in Belarus, in Nesvizh.

Fortress-hero expertise A new exhibition opened in 2014, at Brest Hero-Fortress memorial complex (in the southeast part of the defensive barracks): Museum of War — Territory of Peace. Designed by the Deputy Director, Larisa Bibik, and artist Yuri Sukhov, it received sponsorship from a huge gas company. Br15 billion has funded the latest technologies: touch screens, sound effects, and installations. According to the Director, Grigory Bysuk, almost 400,000 people visited Brest Fortress last year.

*** ble, but about 360 printed copies of this unique edition exist worldwide.

Solo in a castle Bolshoi Theatre Evenings at Nesvizh Castle is already a traditional cultural event, hosted in the courtyard of the former residence of the Radziwiłł family: once the most powerful magnates in Eastern Europe. Besides state support, it has received bank funding and sponsorship from a mobile operator. Such open-air festivals are popular across Europe, and Belarus is no exception, offering an individual flavour. Music fans and theatre-goers alike enjoy the open-air atmosphere in historical surroundings. In 2010, just 600 seats were available, rising to over 1,500 last year, gathering an audience from Belarus and abroad. Vladimir Gridyushko, the Director General of the National Academic Bolshoi Opera and Ballet Theatre, notes growing interest in performances and concerts at Nesvizh. He tells us, “Our concert programmes and creative evenings are diverse, including soloists from the Bolshoi Theatre, and opera and ballet performances by Belarusian, Russian and European composers.” Of

беларусь.belarus 2015

The traditions of patronage in Belarus began many centuries ago. At the end of the 12th century, Saint Yevfrosiniya of Polotsk requested that Kievan jeweller Lazar Bogsha make an altar cross with precious metals for Polotsk’s Church of the Holy Saviour. Wealthy Vilnius residents financed Frantsisk Skorina’s printing in the city in the early 16th century and, in the early 20th century, Ivan Lutskevich spent his own money on purchasing artefacts for the Belarus Museum in Vilnius, which operated from 1921 to 1944. Thanks to the help of sponsors, Mogilev’s Museum of History has received rare old editions, while the National Art Museum has gained pictures, and Minsk’s History Museum has been filled with rarities. Private individuals have donated money to help restore ancient estates and churches, with some wealthy donors supporting major national cultural projects. Someone may write a book on the subject one day. Of course, the state takes note of such generosity, encouraging with its thanks; tomorrow’s generations (including historians) will do the same. National culture and treasures endure forever.

Authoritative voice Minister of Culture Boris Svetlov: Patronage is an example of state-private partnership; for many people, such partnerships are a reason for living. The state is grateful to collectives and other citizens for their sincere generosity and social responsibility. Their names will be recorded in the contemporary history of Belarus. In 2014, almost Br50 billion was donated in sponsorship, allowing major cultural projects to be achieved: the Christmas Opera Forum, ‘Teart’, the ‘Ten Centuries of Art in Belarus’ exhibition, and premiere performances at theatres. Other good examples of co-operation between the state and business are the ‘Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk’ Arts Festival, the ‘Listapad’ Film Festival, and the Yuri Bashmet International Music Festival. How can we thank these people? By showing respect and recognition for their contribution to Belarusian culture.

Victor Babariko, the Director of the Bank: We can all choose to contribute via patronage and charity donations. Some feel moved by compassion, while others wish to swagger or be ‘noticed’: whatever your motivation, the results are the same, bringing wider social good and changing the world for the better. Our world cultural heritage has always relied on funding from wealthy patrons; the riches of society bring a richer cultural foundation.

By Viktar Korbut

ASTONISHMENT AT CREATIVENESS

Architect of sand castles Two exhibition halls in the capital of Italy’s Sardinia — Cagliari — host young Yuri Ptashinsky’s sand show

lmost immediately after his exhibition ended, I called Yuri, who was at home, having recently returned from Italy. We agreed to meet at the school in which he teaches art: a place where he feels relaxed. On entering Gomel’s secondary school #49, I was rather confused, as Mr. Ptashinsky looks very much like his senior pupils. Then he appeared suddenly, with a large camera on his shoulder. First I asked him about his own school days. Drawing has been my passion since childhood. I inherited this interest from my father, who draws wonderfully, although he has a technical profession. I couldn’t resist this path, attending famous Belarusian artist Valentin Pokatashkin’s studio for four years. He is such a great person: all who meet him admire his artistry. I’ve been lucky to meet people so full of ideas and enthusiasm. When it came time for me to choose a profession, I decided to choose something artistic. I turned to architecture but, at the end of my University studies, realised

that I had to place painting foremost. Accordingly, I took a teaching job, enabling me to do what I love. I have time to devote to my artistry. Working with children can be difficult, can’t it? Not at all! It’s great! Children remind us of what we lose on becoming adults. They can be so happy with simple things: snowfall, sunny days, insects and puddles. All these are a special event for a child while we adults notice nothing special, being too caught up with daily routine. Children have no idea of the pressure of being busy. They are relaxed enough to produce great ideas and images; some take your breath away… Yuri admits that he hasn’t discovered his own style yet. Occasionally, graphics prevail but, some time later, he might turn to bright pictorial painting: a desert sea, night courtyards and unusual faces. Interestingly, his Cagliari promotional poster featured a girl’s face, wearing a red kerchief. Is the girl a friend? It’s my schoolmate, Yekaterina Dupanova, who is now a successful model, working for European agencies. She lives in Moscow these days. I love to discover not only interest-

2015 беларусь.belarus

ASTONISHMENT AT CREATIVENESS ing faces but new places, observing the rhythm of urban life: residents’ customs and traditions. What inspired your interest in sand? It has no colour, taste or smell. This was pure accident. Yuri tells me that, four years ago, he happened to visit a Belarusian holiday agency site. They were seeking an artist and Mr. Ptashinsky, being ‘guided by a passion for new discoveries’, needed a job. Yuri was then a student of architecture but accepted the idea of creating a new form of artistry: sand graphics. He admits, “I was interested and decided to experiment. I trained, using equipment provided by the firm. I contributed my hands and imagination.” Although the art of sand graphics is no longer so rare, Mr. Ptashinsky still surprises people. However, he remains modest about his abilities, while praising others who work with sand. He particularly admires some female sand artists in Minsk, saying that they create true miracles. Using just sand, a table and light, he creates realistic portraits, images of romantic couples under street lamps and rain drops on window glass. Even when you watch them being made, it’s hard to fathom. Yuri explains, “Of course, there are many tricks, such as the height from which an artist scatters sand onto glass, and the sand’s dampness. Even a minor mistake can ruin a picture.” Yuri recalls a recent performance, when organisers forgot to bring sand, obliging him to tear about before the show, trying to find a solution. “I tried breadcrumbs (which I’d used previously at

home with success). Sand is the ideal material, since it can be used to create any image at all,” he tells us. In Sardinia, Mr. Ptashinsky’s sand shows certainly impressed visitors of the АСLI art gallery and hall. Yuri explains that he chose Italy, having fallen in love with the country in childhood. He notes, “As a schoolboy, I visited Italy as part of a recuperation programme, living with a wonderful family. I found a lot of new friends and kept in touch. Tarcisio Pani is among them. He’s 60 now but is still full of energy, passion and new discoveries. Once I told him that I was working with sand and he asked for a demonstration. He was impressed very much, proposing to show this art to the Italians. Incredibly, the country has much sand but almost nobody works with it. This is how my series of exhibitions came to be organised in Italy. Some time later, the project received support from the Honourable Consulate of Belarus to Cagliari, inviting me to bring my show to Sardinia. Everything turned out wonderfully and I’m grateful to all those who have supported me. I plan to return to Cagliari at the end of the summer, bringing my new programme and show. Beforehand, I’ll be organising an exhibition in my native Gomel, as I’ve only had one show there as yet.” As our time comes to an end I can’t help but be struck by Yuri’s intelligence. He has found his true niche. However, I can’t but ask if he wishes sand was better recognised as an artistic medium. He answers openly, “Initially, this hurt me but I think now that nothing happens by accident. All events complement each other.” By Violetta Dralyuk

In Italy Yuri Ptashinsky’s friends helped him

беларусь.belarus 2015

person

Leonid Shchemelev:

“Life is the greatest value” People’s Artist of Belarus Leonid Shchemelev has always been open and sincere: in his art and personal assertions. Criticised for his strong and stubborn character — especially in youth — he has never ignored his principles. Celebrating his 92nd birthday in February, art and culture remain his passions and he continues to fascinate others with his thoughts on life, history and modern life. His rich experience has made him clear-sighted and, of late, the Ukrainian situation has perturbed him. He is almost lost for words, saying, “How has this occurred? How can it have been permitted? It’s a war and people are dying…” War is a subject of which he knows much, having fought for Ukraine’s liberation from Fascists in the 1940s. His sincerity, honesty, and blood-won right to tell the truth of ‘what happened’, his talent and great professionalism informed his pictorial war chronicles. Here, he shares stories on military life.

he Sunday morning of June 22nd, 1941 was sunny and joyful for Leonid, aged 18. He was in high spirits, as life was wonderful: he had his parents and friends nearby, and was surrounded by the beauty of nature. He enjoyed Polotsk’s bustling streets and market, the horses were hurrying to their watering place and the river was calm and clear. All was serene and joyful. That morning, Lenya went to the Vitba River (a left tributary of the Western Dvina) with his friends, to go rowing, as in the song ‘Across the seas, the waves, here today — gone tomorrow’. Suddenly, at noon, the black speaker of the boat station announced that the Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs Mr. Molotov would deliver a speech.

L. Shchemelev. “Dovator”

As war was announced, people fled in panic in all directions. Lenya ran home, as did his friends, consumed with horror at what might be happening. Only a week previously, TASS Agency had reported that war wouldn’t break out… yet here it was!

The next day, German Junkers dropped the first bombs on Vitebsk, near the airfield and oil facilities. One exploded near the LUX department store. Most disturbingly, the armada of ominous black birds went unchallenged, with Soviet anti-aircraft guns remaining terrifyingly silent. Leonid recalls his mother’s nightmare the day before: of a huge flight of birds covering the sky over Vitebsk. Nobody had believed her mystical dreams. A few days later, Leonid’s father was called to the army and, as part of a railway battalion, went in the direction of the Surazhsky highway, unarmed and with only a knapsack on his back. His last words were: ‘Wait, I’ll be bac ...’ He never returned and it remains unknown where or how he died. On July 3rd, Vitebsk residents heard Stalin’s speech on the radio: ‘Comrades! Citizens! Brothers and sisters!..’ The phrase ‘it smells of kerosene’ became a bitter joke [much like ‘all hell is breaking

2015 беларусь.belarus

person

People's Artist of Belarus Leonid Shchemelev and his picture “The Farewell to the Homeland”

loose’]. Between July 5th and 6th, 1941, an infantry division held back the onslaught of the enemy near the villages of Gnezdilovo, Lipno, Parnevo, Moshkany and Alexandrovo. By July 10th, they were forced to leave Vitebsk. Two days beforehand, with most residents remaining in the city, Leonid’s sister Galina received a visit from her Soviet officer husband, whose regiment was about to be sent to the front line. She was in the seventh month of pregnancy and was horrified to hear her husband say that the German colossus was unstoppable. He urged her to flee, so the family went to the city commandant, Major General Trostenko, who issued Leonid a pass for exit, accompanying his pregnant sister and mother. At that time, it wasn’t easy to leave the city, as the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs strictly controlled the evacuation process. Grandmother Alexeevna, and Polina Alexeevna, with her husband

беларусь.belarus 2015

and Anna — sister to Agafya Venediktovna — remained in Vitebsk. Leonid and Galina, with their mother, took a train travelling east and came under attack near Rudnya, by German planes. It was then that Leonid first saw human death and grief. The train held mostly women and children; those who survived buried those who had not, and helped the wounded. Afterwards, German paratroopers appeared in colourful parachutes, the men wearing ‘sinister black — as if death itself rained down from heaven’. He notes, “Paratroopers bombarded us, with bullets whistling close; fortunately, we were not wounded.” The family stopped a passing military lorry, hitching a lift to the little station of Kardymovo (in the north-east of Smolensk), reaching a Moscow railroad station on July 21st, from where they took a freight train — passing Yartsevo, Safonovo, Vyazma and Mozhaisk, under endless bombing.

The same day, the capital underwent its first raid by enemy aircraft and the first air raid was declared. Moscow and the territory of the Moscow Military District were on a war footing. Muscovites formed divisions of national militia and destroyer battalions: a disturbing picture, which made a strong impression on arriving refugees. Belarusians and those arriving from Smolensk — half-dressed, dirty, hungry, exhausted, without money or documents — were welcomed warmly by Muscovites, fed and bussed to temporary settlement in apartments and clubs. Money was then raised for them to travel further into the deep rear. The Shchemelevs settled in the Millers’ Club, opposite Kazansky railway station, receiving coupons for food, mattresses and blankets — and were offered a bath. This was Leonid’s first time in Moscow and he sought out Lavroushinsky Lane, where the Tretyakov Gallery is

person situated. Huge barrage balloons dragged by ropes created an impressive picture. Sadly, wardens at the entrance to the gallery refused to allow anyone inside, obliging him to wait until after the war to view the world's largest museum of Russian art. Pleasingly, he managed to visit Ostankino’s All-Union Agricultural Exhibition shortly before its closure (it only opened again in1954). The family then moved to Ivanovo, where they briefly stayed with relatives of Galina’s husband, but did not feel welcome. They continued their journey, to the south-east, eventually stopping in Semenov and taking a private apartment. Galya had a teacher’s diploma, so easily found employment at the local elementary school. By that time, she had given birth to son Vilya: primarily cared for by Agafya Venediktovna. Leonid enlisted in the military and was employed at the ironworks, making F-1 hand grenades. He quickly mastered welding and soon replaced experienced master-electric Nechayev, who was sent off on active duty. Meanwhile, Leonid and his peers anticipated mobilisation, undertaking general military training, and primarily mastering the trilinear Mosin rifle, of which there were few, even at the front. In December 1941, in accordance with the August decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the mobilisation of conscripts born in 1923, Leonid was at last mobilised with those from Gorky and Leningrad (who had fled from the besieged ring several months before). The future artist received his final factory salary, said goodbye to his family and arrived at the recruiting office in Semenov exactly at the appointed time, having just a 1.5kg loaf of bread in a small bag. Leonid was sent to the school of sergeants, to be trained by Commander Plashchinsky: an experienced officer who underwent a baptism of fire early in the war, being seriously wounded in one eye. Despite the bitter cold, military training continued from morning until evening. Some couldn’t stand the pressure and were demoted, while others waited im-

L. Shchemelev. “At the halt”

patiently for the arrival of spring and summer. However, the warmer seasons brought ever-biting mosquitoes. On December 2nd, 1942, Leonid took the oath of military service and received the rank of junior sergeant. He then began training young recruits; almost all were his peers, constantly arriving to join the regiment. Those were hard times, in all respects, with never enough food: a daily ration of cabbage, beets and 650g of heavy, watery bread. It was obviously insufficient for a young body but Leonid, as a junior commander, received some benefits. Moreover, he had inherited a strong constitution from his grandfather and had always had a passion for sports: acrobatics, football and swimming. He gained respect from subordinates and commanders. The soldiers anticipated the front with hope, expecting to receive not only medals but better meals. There were many hours of inactivity, resulting in organisation of amateur performances at the dugout club, where they gathered to sing, dance and listen to the radio. They heard the latest frontline news from the Soviet Information Bureau and eagerly anticipated film reels of events. The lack of opportunity to meet girls was bemoaned, and they had nowhere to go in their spare time.

By June 1943, the first march squadrons and battalions were formed and Junior Sergeant Shchemelev was appointed Squadron Commander, heading to the front line. Mr. Shchemelev recalls: “I’m not a historian or a researcher of military events but, as a man of action, I was strangely impressed by the infantry: their actions aroused deep sadness rather than frustration. Although I was only 20, I understood already that such severe battles, claiming thousands or millions of lives, would not bring happiness to the winners. The fate of the losers was even more tragic. Subconsciously, I felt the peril of such war for humanity — regardless of who was right or wrong. Even pre-Christian Roman poet Virgil understood that ‘war can do no good’, while Frenchman François Fénelon stated openly in the early 18th century that ‘war is an evil disgracing humanity’. Probably, this feeling inspired me to paint Justify (which was later renamed Court Martial) three decades later. The picture attempts to reveal the inner turmoil of a confused young man: a soldier in the brutal slaughter of war, failing to understand events around him. I met men in this state, near Rovno, Rilsk and Konotop a lot of times. Many died in their first battle — failing to take a single shot.”

2015 беларусь.belarus

person The main character in the picture is a young soldier, confused during battle and perhaps scared, who has lost heart and shown cowardice. He awaits a verdict from three members of a court martial. Of course, others in this situation might became real fighters, justifying the confidence of their comrades, commanders and homeland, overcoming confusion, weakness of spirit and natural fear. The picture’s key theme is human confusion and hope: it was a ‘trench’ truth of the war but failed to be developed by Soviet easel painting.” Leonid Shchemelev was one of the first artists to show the real face of war, rather than simple patriotism, and the true cost of the 1945 victory. In September, 1943, Central front regiments approached Chernigov. During severe fighting for the city, two-thirds of its houses, around 50 enterprises and some unique cultural monuments of culture were destroyed completely. On September 21st, Soviet soldiers secured the city and, after crossing the Desna River, went over to the Dnieper, seizing a bridgehead on the right bank of the Pripyat River: the Chernigov-Pripyat operation. Over 70 years have passed since then: the length of a whole human life! However, Mr. Shchemelev remembers everything: how Fascist self-propelled gunfire hit our soldiers; how Germans built barricades at intersections of Chernigov streets; and how they hid tanks in ambush and threw gunners to our rear. He remembers how his fellow soldiers attacked, without heroism or fear. Protecting their Motherland was their key goal; they fought without thought of acting differently, battling for their land. He also recalls being warmly greeted by residents of released Ukrainian towns and villages, and given all that was available: bread, milk, sour cream and bacon. Mr. Shchemelev recollects: “Of course, the war had a different appearance for top commanders. It’s only now that I know where and how fronts, armies, corps and divisions were located. At that time, I commanded a machine

беларусь.belarus 2015

gun section and ‘my’ war was on a small section of land. I had no idea of what was happening farther afield. However, I knew that I was defending my country, my language, my spirit and my comrades.” In crossing the Pripyat River, towards the Belarusian town of Kalinkovichi, the infantry regiment had no more than a hundred active soldiers: exhausted, they were forced to keep moving forward. They approached the silent bank of the Pripyat and nobody could guess what was occurring on the opposite side. The company commander, Senior Lieutenant Gladky, announced their mission: to clarify the topography of the water, so that they might reach the opposite bank. Four soldiers were named responsible, including Leonid, swimming across the river, to reach the far bank. Looking around, they saw thick forest not far away, as well as craters, trenches filled with dirty water and a m u -

L. Shchemelev. “Self portrait”

tilated German 88mm self-propelled ‘Ferdinand’ gun. Everything was fine, so the soldiers gave the signal to the others, allowing them to cross the Pripyat safely. The operation was Leo-

nid’s first on Belarusian land since July 1941. Something amazing, incredible and, almost, mystical then happened (one of many such events in the artist’s life). On returning from a reconnaissance, his group of four (of various nationalities) slept for a while and each had the same dream: of a very beautiful girl, slightly differently attired for each. Leonid’s had a long golden plait and was dressed in white. On waking, they shared their dream, interrupting each other. Suddenly, they looked at the opposite bank and saw what they thought was a real girl. Alas, it was just their imagination, being only a slim birch swaying in the breeze. This is how Belarus welcomed Mr. Shchemelev after two years of absence. Forests and swamps surrounded them, with no Germans visible, although they heard their voices, showing that the enemy was close. Our soldiers had no idea of how to behave, not having been taught tactics in forests. Mr. Shchemelev recalls: “At 4am on October 6th, our attack failed, as the Germans defended their position stubbornly and desperately. However, one of us, a guy from Dmitriev-Lgovsky, managed to knock out a German armoured vehicle. Attacks continued throughout the day, bringing heavy losses, including that of our company commander, Gladky — a high-spirited and bright person. He was more than our commander; he was a friend and father. Dressed in a greasy shirt, he was energetic and strong, inspiring us to fight ‘justly’. He was killed in a swampy forest, taken down by a machine gun before my eyes. I must admit that it was people like him who actually led us to victory. It w a s very hard:

person the terrible fatigue, with extremely little food. We waited in the dark: at night, German counterattacks ceased but continued throughout the evening. Not far from Kalinkovichi, our division began its last battle of the day — deep in the forest, surrounded by marshes. I remember what happened well: bypassing a broken 45mm anti-tank gun, we were counterattacked by drunk Fascists: all extremely strong and tall, with machine guns, sleeves rolled to the elbow and helmets on their belts. One, a middle-aged, tall, fair-haired man (I remember this well) — hit me on my left forearm. Initially, I felt little more than a blunt blow, as if hit with a stick. Then, I saw blood gushing and heard whistling; I thought that a bullet had entered my body, so took out the first aid kit and bandaged my arm. Then I crawled on my belly to our soldiers, where a nurse bandaged me anew: my bone and ulnar nerve were shot through. Immediately, without delay, I received a document describing my injury and was sent to a field hospital in the rear. A medical service captain examined the wound, shook his head and immediately ordered his staff to take me to the field hospital in Kursk. I was diagnosed there: a bullet wound on the left forearm and a fracture of the ulna, which placed me on the list of seriously wounded.” Leonid was sent to the heartland. There were trains full of wounded soldiers and junior officers from various fronts. Living conditions were quite tolerable: good food, clean clothes, clean sheets, and an amazingly warm and respectful attitude towards the wounded on the part of female staff. Interestingly, Mr. Shchemelev tells us about ‘women of the war’. Doctors, nurses and ward maids did not merely treat the wounded (regardless of their position or rank) but filled them with hope for recovery and for reaching Berlin. The artist calls them ‘a unique phenomenon of the human race’. On November 6th, they arrived at Moscow’s railroad station and, the same day, the Soviet Information Bureau reported that Kiev was occupied by the 1st Ukrainian Front; people were indescrib-

At the workroom

At that time, I commanded a machine gun section and ‘my’ war was on a small section of land. I had no idea of what was happening farther afield. However, I knew that I was defending my country, my language, my spirit and my comrades ably happy. On this occasion, even the wounded were treated to wine! The city of Gorky followed, with the train standing at the station for a long time. Finally, late in the evening, it resumed its movement north. The small railway station of Bor passed behind them, and Leonid decided to ask the nurse about their destination. On hearing the answer, he was stunned! They were heading to the hospital in Semenov! The train arrived in the city at night and, not waiting for dawn, Leonid and his friend, a second lieutenant, put on some ‘civilised clothes’ and set off to find the address he had for his family. They were told there that Agafia Venediktovna was alive but living at a new address. Perky teen Vanya, living in the flat, volunteered to show the ‘military men’ the way, despite the late hour. Ivan knocked on the door, which was opened by Leo-

nid’s mother. Seeing her son’s plastered hand, she was worried but Leonid quickly reassured her that everything was ok and, most importantly, he was alive. Leonid’s mother was living there with her grandson, Bilik, as Galya was lecturing at a school in Saransk. She had divorced her first husband and married another: Captain Kuzmin — whom she had met in Semenov. At dawn, the men returned and, an hour later, wrapped in blankets, were taken to the officers' evacuation hospital. In the afternoon, Leonid’s mother visited, as did Leonid’s former colleagues from the ironworks, bringing news, presents, a huge bouquet of flowers and a bottle of vodka (hidden in the bouquet). Mr. Shchemelev recollects: “In hospital, I was nursed by Katya, from the nearby village of Dyatkovo. We got talking and I mentioned that I

2015 беларусь.belarus

person knew a guy from Semenovo District in Ukraine, who was working with a partisan group. Our detachment had come across them. On learning that I was from Semenovo, he was overjoyed. He was a career officer who had been captured early in the war. He had escaped and, after many misadventures, had joined the Sumy partisan detachment, led by Sidor Kovpak. Katerina listened without saying a word then ran out. After a while, I was invited to speak with the head of the hospital and the major, who told me that an old man wanted to meet me, to clarify something. One of the Old Believers, the gentleman resembled a merchant, with a red beard, piercing eyes, a warm coat and a raccoon hat. He asked me if I was Shchemelev, but his face remained expressionless. He showed me photos, hoping that I could confirm the identity of his son, whom he believed I’d met at the front. He asked me to indicate whom I knew and, among the dozens of pre-war images, I recognised the face of a young man of 17 or 18. It was the friend I’d met in Ukraine. He looked younger in the photo but I knew that I recognised him. I told the old man that he looked a little different now, having a scar. The gentleman then invited me to spend a few hours with him at his home in Dyatkovo. As it was an unusual situation, I was permitted to go. We travelled on his sledge, with me wrapped in his fur coat. We arrived at a big house packed with people and covered in dishes and drinks. The old man immediately told all those present that he had brought a dear guest, who had met his son. I was carefully offered a seat at the table. Interestingly, as soon as we raised the first drink, a post officer rushed into the room, joyfully shouting that she had a letter from the host’s son! Life is full of coincidences, without logical explanation. The young man wrote

беларусь.belarus 2015

that he was alive and fighting against the enemy, as his heart dictated. He noted that he would probably soon be moved to Kharkov: the headquarters of the partisan movement. He also mentioned having met me: ‘a dear countryman from Semenovo’, near Vorozhba, in Sumy District. The letter made an extraordinary impression on everyone. I was so hospitably fed and watered in Dyatkovo that I thought I’d fail to return to hospital in time, causing a scandal. However, those people were wise and safely delivered me back. The old man and his family visited me with presents throughout December 1943.” Leonid was discharged on the eve of 1944. However, some time beforehand, another interesting meeting took place, playing an important role in his further life. Mr. Shchemelev tells us: “In hospital, I met a cavalryman who had been discharged and was dressed in full cavalry uniform: an overcoat, boots and spurs — everything as it should be. We began talking and I mentioned that I’d always wanted to join the cavalry, be-

discharge, ‘Junior Sergeant Shchemelev should be sent to the 2nd Cavalry Brigade’, in the city of Kovrov. Naturally, before going, I registered at Gorky’s quarantine station, passing the relevant medical and other commissions. It wasn’t easy but I was lucky. Eventually, on receiving a travel order, I went to cavalry school, which was located near the River Klyazma. Some time later, I was given the rank of sergeant and was appointed commander of the department. Of course, I had my own horse — named Bambukovy: a clever 3year old chestnut who was utterly beautiful — a feast for the eyes.” The small town of Kovrov was part of Ivanovo Region until August 1944, with a pre-war population of about 70,000. It differed little from other towns but became the USSR’s largest centre for producing small arms, including machine guns, during those war years. Mr. Shchemelev adds: “One day, during my duty with the machine-gun and mortar squadron (which united three divisions), the Commander of the Cavalry of the Red Army, Marshal Semyon Budyonny, arrived, accompanied by the Commander of the Moscow Military District, Colonel-General Pavel Artemiev, and his assistants. They wanted to inspect our cavalry brigade and other mobile forces. Dressed in a beautiful winter overcoat, with a fur cap and marshal's uniform, he came up to me, listened to the report, shook my hand and L. Shchemelev. “The End of the War” said, ‘Well, sergeant, demoning fond of horses since childhood. He strate your unit to me’. Afterwards, they warmly supported my desire, without thanked me.” hesitation, and urged me to write an apIn early 1945, the 2nd Cavalry Briplication, giving me the address of the gade was sent to Ukraine (not far from Supreme Command’s reserve office. Rovno). The special group of ‘forty-five’, The next day, with little faith in any under the command of Major Solopositive result, I sent a letter to Moscow, dovnikov, was formed on its basis, unrequesting transfer to the cavalry after der the personal supervision of Colomy recovery. nel-General Oka Gorodovikov — the Surprisingly, the answer came quick- Deputy Commander of the Cavalry of ly and, pleasingly, it was positive; after the Red Army at the time. Among its

person

During a personal exhibition at the National Arts Museum

members was Sergeant Shchemelev. The group had been created to anticipate enemy sabotage, including the destruction of Germans and Bandera parachute columns, who were hiding in forests. After Ukraine's liberation from the Nazis, they launched an active struggle against Soviet power. Before the group’s departure towards Hungary, Leonid suddenly fell ill with tropical malaria, causing him to have fainting fits and experience memory loss. With a temperature rising up to 40 degrees and a harsh fever, as for dengue fever, doctors were baffled as to where he had contracted the illness. The fate of the ‘forty-five’ remains unknown; most likely, they died. In April 1945, Mr. Shchemelev was sent to Moscow, returning to his ‘native’ military unit, the detachment in Kovrov’s hospital, where he celebrated Victory Day. His memories found form 38 years later, in his memoir, entitled First Day of Peace (1983). Deeply moving, it tells of the heroism of his fellow soldiers, bitter losses and new hopes. The book tells of the happiness of a man who survived this terrible war. Mr. Shchemelev notes: “I’ve been lucky in meeting good people — especially during my cavalry service. I will never forget a certain man of great courage and generous heart: my direct commander, Captain

The war shaped Leonid Shchemelev’s heart and soul. Without doubt, it exacerbated his feelings, making him feel every nuance of life’s tragedies Piotr Sergienko. All that I’ve achieved in life is largely owing to him. I’ve met people who knew him well, including Major General Lev Dovator — a commander of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps, who died heroically on December 19th, 1941. Many years later, I tried to paint Mr. Dovator’s portrait but I kept thinking of those whom I had the honour of meeting during those difficult war years.” His personal connection to the character and the time when he lived and struggled created the picturesque heroic and romantic man-legend. The painting shows a man standing, wearing a grey fur hat, a black cloak and a red cowl, gripping his sabre handle and field binoculars. His posture

looks natural, as if nothing is out of the ordinary. However, his smartness, elegance, nobility and passionate aspect are impressive. He radiates inner strength, appearing as a man trusted by his cavalrymen. In the background, we see energetic and restless riders’ silhouettes, against the Moscow forest. Silver-blue tones are set off by punches of golden ochre, flame red, purple, black, green and pink. Specific details conjure the winter of 1941: a machine gun cart behind the general, a frozen well with an ice-bucket, and residents standing before their homes. Somewhere, in the invisible depths, Mr. Dovator’s last battle is waiting. The enemy occupied an advantageous position, making it impossible for the Cossacks to attack. He waded waist-deep through the snow, down the Ruza’s steep bank, inspiring by personal example. As a result, he came under heavy fire from German machine guns... On looking at the canvas, you can almost hear the voice of the Great Patriotic War: an epic song about the glorious fighters of Moscow’s fiercest battles, when the cavalries of Mr. Dovator carved their names into immortal time. The war shaped Leonid Shchemelev’s heart and soul. Without doubt, it exacerbated his feelings, making him feel every nuance of life’s tragedies. By Victor Mikhailov

2015 беларусь.belarus