BELARUS #11/2012 by BELARUS Magazine

Soyuz

Belarus — Russia

pp. 25—32

No.11 (950), 2012

BELARUS Magazine for you

Star trek

of Oleg Novitsky

Беларусь. Belarus

Politics, Economy, Culture

Events in Belarus and abroad

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Contents

6-8

Беларусь.Belarus Monthly magazine No. 11 (950), 2012

Present in time for holiday

Published since 1930 State Registration Certificate of mass medium No.8 dated March 2nd, 2009, issued by the Ministry of Information of the Republic of Belarus

Founders: The Information Ministry of the Republic of Belarus “SB” newspaper editorial office Belvnesheconombank Editor: Viktor Kharkov Executive Secretary: Valentina Zhdanovich

Design and Layout by Vadim Kondrashov

4 12

Making greater use of intelligence Belarus and Russia are ever developing their joint military-technical co-operation

UN is common home for all

With age comes maturity

The strategy is supported by practice

Friendship stretches to the borders

Belarus is responsible for about 1.5 percent of the world’s milk but is among the five leading suppliers of dairy products worldwide, exporting half its produce. Belarus is ranked the 5th for cheese and milk powder

Unique collection The State Literary Museum of Yanka Kupala stores over 560 manuscripts by the great writer

36 Theatre of sincere feelings National

Academic Drama Theatre named after M. Gorky soon to celebrate 80th anniversary

the Belarusian nobleman Vasiliy Kazanovich was a more successful partisan during the times of the Patriotic War of 1812, than famous Denis Davydov, but the former didn’t write memoirs….

Distributed in 50 countries of the world. Final responsibility for factual accuracy or interpretation rests with the authors of the publications. Should any article of Беларусь.Belarus be used, the reference to the magazine is obligatory.

They work miracles Country’s top restorers return painting and architectural masterpieces to their former glory

The magazine does not bear responsibility for the contents of advertisements.

Portrait of the future descendant

Publisher: “SB” editorial office

Theories abound on the future of people; how will we evolve?

Searching for one’s own truth

It will be assessed by viewers Nikolay

Knyazev has no doubt that his new comedy, To Steal Belmondo, will prove a hit

Talking to an Emergency Ministry worker, they tell me, “You can hardly imagine the gathering of young rescuers in Zubrenok. It’s like the Olympics!” Asking for them to tell me more they simply assert, “You need to visit and see for yourself!”

That’s what fell to their lot… Perhaps,

Беларусь.Belarus is published in Belarusian, English, Spanish and Polish.

This magazine has been printed at “Belarusian House of Press” Publishing Office” UE. 79 Nezavisimosti Ave., Minsk, Belarus, 220013 Order No.3489 Total circulation — 1963 copies (including 736 in English).

Write us to the address: 11 Kiselyov Str., Minsk, Belarus, 220029. Tel.: +375 (17) 290-62-24, 290-66-45. Tel./Fax: +375 (17) 290-68-31. www.belarus-magazine.by E-mail: mail@belarus-magazine.by Subscription index in Belpochta catalogue — 74977 For future foreign subscribers for ‘Belarus’ magazine, apply to ‘MK-Periodica’ agency.

Mysterious world of rarities

E-mail: info@periodicals.ru Telephone in Minsk: +375 (17) 227-09-10.

2012 беларусь.belarus

editor’s note

Spectacular singularities

e almost take space exploration for granted these days but it’s still impossible to remain completely indifferent to rocket and satellite launches. Belarus is very proud of its cosmonauts Piotr Klimuk and Vladimir Kovalenok, who began our tradition of space adventures. Chervenborn Oleg Novitsky is the latest to go into space, captaining an aircraft launched from Baikonur cosmodrome in late October. Our article entitled Star Trek of Oleg Novitsky details the moment of launch, when his relatives, friends, classmates, teachers and acquaintances awaited the moment with bated breath. Alongside members of the international crew, they counted down to take-off, watching in awe as the rocket finally ascended into orbit. Breathing once more with relief, we’ve seen that nothing is impossible for our people. Pleasingly, Oleg is one in a long line of Belarusians in space. On October 25th, Oleg’s rocket docked with the International Space Station, marking the start of over five months of work with Russian Yevgeny Tarelkin and American Kevin Ford, conducting over 50 scientific experiments relating to medicine, industry and education. In their free time, the crew plans to photograph and film the Earth’s surface for relay via an Internet blog. The Belarusians have a special attitude and long tradition regarding space exploration. Before Oleg Novitsky, Belarusians Piotr Klimuk and Vladimir Kovalenok visited the cosmos, as did the first female astronaut, Valentina Tereshkova (who had Belarusian origins). Our country aims to actively explore the universe, having recently launched its own satellite; in late August, the Information Processing Centre received its first pictures. Belarus now has an independent system of remote Earth sensing.

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Since Soviet times, Belarus has focused on technical development, building up its legacy of science-intensive goods, which were always highly in demand. The recent meeting between Alexander Lukashenko and Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin was significant in demonstrating that such potential remains high.

Mr. Rogozin stressed the importance of uniting the potential of Belarus and Russia in the military-technical sphere. Following the results of a working group meeting in Minsk which discussed co-operation between our military-industrial enterprises, Mr. Rogozin noted that the Russian military industry is eager to work closely with that of Belarus, as well as with Integral and MAZ. “Industrial interaction between the enterprises of our two countries is connected not only by the acquisition of assets, purchase of shares and other transactions. Co-operation may also exist between enterprises which preserve their independence and have different forms of property,” he said. Such practice already exists in the space sphere and the military-political sphere is close behind. Belarus and Russia have signed

a programme of measures to strengthen cooperation between their military-industrial enterprises from 2012-2015, as explored in Making Greater Use of Intelligence. We welcome any progress which benefits citizens, raising standards of living, so the opening of new Metro lines is very welcome. The launch coincided with the eve of October Revolution Day — November 6th. A new section of Minsk’s first metro line has opened, with Belarus’ President, Alexander Lukashenko, in attendance. The stations of Grushevka, Mikhalovo and Petrovshchina are now operational along the new section, connecting the stations of Institut Kultury (Institute of Culture) and Petrovshchina. High-speed transportation between the residential districts of Minsk’s south-west and its centre will improve travel for many residents. These residential districts are also now joined to the south-eastern industrial area via the second line. The new 5km+ line uses several advanced technical solutions in its design and construction. The President has praised the quality of work at the newly launched stations, which are not simply beautifully decorated but have been completed without excessive expenditure. “It’s great that the job has been done economically. There’s no need to build palaces, as functionality is key,” stresses Mr. Lukashenko. “Everything should be done simply and affordably. Primarily, clean orderliness should be achieved without excess, using durable materials.” Our Present in Time for Holiday is dedicated to this event. Meanwhile, the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Belarus to the UN and other international organisations in Geneva, Mikhail Khvostov, has given us an interview regarding Belarusian initiatives at the UN. Belarus is known as one of the founders of the United Nations, as you can read in our UN is Common Home for All. Undoubtedly, hosts should be hospitable to their guests. It’s a tradition long honoured in our country, passed from generation to generation. To learn more about Belarusian hospitality, please read on! BY Viktor Kharkov, magazine editor Беларусь. Belarus

Panorama 

Upwards through world rankings

Belarus improves world ranking for business conditions Belta

Railway heavyweights Belarusian Railways hosts presentation of electric freight locomotive, manufactured in China

ailway workers have long anticipated the arrival of the powerful BKG-1 electric locomotive, produced by Datong Electric Locomotive Co., Ltd of CNR, for Belarusian Railways. Zhdanovichi station hosted the launch on October 31st, with the engine applauded by various specialists from Belarusian Railways and its head management, as well as by a delegation from the People’s Republic of China, headed by Vice Commerce Minister Jiang Yaoping. Other Chinese officials attended: the Chairman of the Board and Director General of China National Electric Import & Export Corporation, Wang

Air passengers to receive new service Belavia to allow check-in via mobile phone

elavia is working to allow check-in for its flights from mobile devices, as announced via its twitter page. From November, it has launched a new system

Jinsong; the Chairman of the Board of Directors of locomotive manufacturer China CNR Corporation Limited, Cui Dianguo; and the Chairman of the Board of Datong Electric Locomotive Co., Ltd of CNR, Go Sanzhong. Representatives of various business and banking circles of China also took part, as did diplomats accredited in Belarus and the heads of railway administrations from neighbouring states. The new electric locomotive arrives as Belarusian Railways celebrates its 150th anniversary — marked on December 27th, 2012. Several investment projects are underway to develop the country’s transit potential, including the purchase of two BKG-1 main-line freight electric locomotives (using Chinese loans). In all, twelve such engines are to be bought, at a cost of $100m. The initial two have been commissioned for the Minsk-Brest, Minsk-Orsha and Minsk-Molodechno lines and will also soon cover Minsk-Osipovichi. of online registration, enabling passengers to check-in online, choosing their seats. The system

doesn’t yet work with mobile devices so the drawback is to be removed in 2013. Online registration is permissible up to 22 hours before departure and ends three hours beforehand. However,

elarus is ranked 58th among 185 economies globally for ease of doing business, according to a new report by the International Finance Corporation and the World Bank: Doing Business-2013. Over two years, Belarus has moved up 11 positions. Comparing Belarus with its partners in the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space, it is slightly behind Kazakhstan but ahead of Russia and considerably more attractive than Ukraine, China, Brazil or India. According to exp er ts, t he improved position should encourage investors; each step forward brings a measurable rise in direct foreign investments. However, Alexander Shvets, t he C hair man of t he Belarusian Scientific and Industrial Association, believes that we still have much to do to form a truly competitive environment. For example, an equal economic environment for all forms of ownership is required. passengers for charter flights, t hos e re quir ing s p e c i a l s er vices, of f icia l passengers and those travelling in groups of more than nine still need to present themselves at registration desks. Online check-in is available for scheduled flights departing from Minsk, Baku, Batumi, Gomel, Grodno, Yekaterinburg, Ye r e v a n , K a l i n i n g r a d , M i l a n , Moscow, Novosibirsk, Prague, Rome, St. Petersburg, Tbilisi and Frankfurt.

2012 беларусь.belarus

Belta

NEW APPROACHES

Alexander Lukashenko and Dmitry Rogozin discussed further development of the joint military-technical co-operation between Belarus and Russia

Making greater use of intelligence Belarus and Russia are ever developing their joint military-technical co-operation

ith President Lukashenko recently meeting the Deputy Chairman of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Rogozin, in Minsk. Mr. Lukashenko noted, “We have a great number of questions to discuss regarding the defence industry of Russia and the military-industrial complex of Belarus; issues need to be solved.”

беларусь.belarus 2012

He noted that much time was spent discussing such issues at his last meeting with the President of Russia in Sochi, adding, “I’d like to discuss our strategy of co-operation seriously, taking into account our existing liaisons and mutual work. Most importantly, I’d like to find concrete solutions to specific issues, to guide us in future.” Mr. Lukashenko suggested that Mr. Rogozin should learn about oppor-

tunities in the Belarusian militaryindustrial complex, noting, “In truth, we have a ‘common’ army so should have a common defence sphere; you know all that is happening around the world and the threats which exist.” Mr. Rogozin stressed the good dynamics of Belarusian-Russian military cooperation, saying, “Indeed, this year, we’ve come a long way in finding new paths of strategic partnership.”

PERSPECTIVES The Russian Deputy Prime Minister stressed the importance of combining the potential of Belarus and Russia in the military-technical sphere, explaining, “We don’t simply aim to trade readymade products but wish to combine our intellectual potential and industrial abilities. Our existing strategic partnership can be taken to a new level of industrial capitalisation.” Mr. Rogozin noted that the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, has launched a huge state arms programme with the aim not just of strengthening defence of Russia and its allies, but of inspiring further industrialisation. He added, “No one can afford to be weak in this world. Of course, weakness is determined not only by a lack of weapons and military equipment but by market conditions. True protection lies in powerful industrial potential. In this sphere, we see great possibilities in the co-operation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus.” The President of Belarus confirmed this assessment, saying Belarus felt similarly regarding security. Following the Minsk meeting, a working group is to continue discussing the best path to military-industrial cooperation. Mr. Rogozin notes that the Russian military industry is interested in close co-operation with Belarusian military-industrial enterprises, as well as with Integral and MAZ. “Industrial co-operation between the enterprises of our two countries is connected not only by acquisition of assets, purchase of shares and other transactions. Co-operation may be also preserved between enterprises which keep theimselves independent and have different forms of property,” he said. Belarus and Russia have now signed a programme of measures to strengthen co-operation between their militaryindustrial enterprises from 2012-2015. The First Deputy Prime Minister, Vladimir Semashko, is confident that this joint action plan will promote integration of military-industrial complexes of Belarus and Russia.

Commited dialogue Alexander Lukashenko speaks to students of THE Belarusian State Economic University’s International Economic Relations Department

he topic of conversation with tomorrow’s international economists was, appropriately, ‘Belarus under conditions of globalisation, our points of growth and prospects’. The President proposed those present ponder the topic in relation to their future profession. He set forth the foundations of the Belarusian model of economic development, saying, “It uses a combination of market economics, state regulation and strong social policy.” The Belarusian President laid out the characteristics of the Belarusian economy, and the advantages and disadvantages of its extreme openness, as well as its foreign economic interests. He explained its work in relation to the WTO, the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space, as well as its strategies of modernisation, innovation and promotion of intellectual assets. The President is sure saying "We’re judged by our actions. True patriots help grow the national wealth of Belarus, taking responsibility for their share of the nation’s well-being". In their questions to the President, the students focused on a variety of topics — from professional forecasts for the 2014 IIHF World Championship to the state’s relations with private

business. State policy was presented unambiguously: businesses can form a true partnership in which mutual obligations and social responsibilities are met. The Belarusian leader treats private property with respect, stressing, “I’ve always emphasised that I’m not against private property. I’m happy to see more private property where it helps people to realise their potential and creates a greater number of wealthy people in the country who bring benefit to themselves and the state.” Of course, it can be the case that property is acquired in a different fashion, through underhand dealing. Others have worked hard from scratch to build their own businesses. Politics also arose in the conversation, which lasted over three hours. Later, the students were able to chat among themselves and with journalists, hardly able to conceal their satisfaction. The President seemed to be pleased, finally recollecting his own days as a lecturer. Evidently, it was a pleasant memory, as was his sincere interest in the youngsters’ attitude towards their future and the future of their country. By Denis Krylov

By Vladimir Khromov

2012 беларусь.belarus

MODERN LOOK

Present in time for holiday

On the eve of October Revolution Day — November 6th — a new section of Minsk’s first metro line is launched, with Belarus’ President, Alexander Lukashenko, participating in the solemn opening ceremony for the stations of Grushevka, Mikhalovo and Petrovshchina

new 5km section, connecting the stations of Institut Kultury (The Institute of Culture) and Petrovshchina, is providing high-speed transport communication between the residential districts of Minsk’s south-west and its centre. Several advanced technical solutions have been applied in the design and construction, as the Head of State noted. He reported on the reconstruction of Dzerzhinsky Avenue and the development of its neighbouring territory, asserting his commitment to further developing Minskmetrostroy. He is keen to see the export of construction services extended. The Chairman of the Minsk City Executive Committee, Nikolai Ladutko, added that Moscow is eager to use the services of Belarusian metro builders. “We need to go there, without hesitation, as it’s a perfect form of service export,” stressed

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Mr. Lukashenko, adding, “The metro shouldn’t just be maintained but also expanded, including the export of services.” The development of inter-city railway passenger transportation is also in the limelight, with the existing route towards Zaslavl soon to be extended with lines to the satellite town of Smolevichi and Rudensk. This should aid their development. Moreover, one kilometre of city line is about ten times cheaper than metro construction. “It makes sense to develop this cheap public transport,” said Mr. Lukashenko. “Of course, we’ll preserve the present scale of metro construction as it’s convenient; we’re preserving our school of metro construction and certainly won’t destroy it.” The President has praised the quality of work at the newly launched stations, which are not simply beautifully decorated but have been completed without excessive spending. “It’s great that the job has been done economically. There’s no need to build palaces, as functionality is key,” stressed Mr. Lukashenko. “Everything should be done simply and affordably. Primarily, clean orderliness should be achieved without excess, using durable materials.” After inspecting the new stations, the President answered journalists’ questions. Asked about his preferred mode of transport from his pre-presidential days, he replied, “I love cars.” Recollecting those years, he explained that he first rode a motorbike, having a car later. “I’m not a great expert in modern foreign cars but cars are my favourite mode of transport. Beginning with a motorbike

Belta

MODERN LOOK

The Belarusian Head of State Alexander Lukashenko during the opening ceremony of the first line’s station of Minsk underground railway

and ending with a car, I learnt to drive quite well. Buses were not my favourite form of transport, although I used them a great deal, alongside trains,” he admitted. The new metro stations’ opening to coincide with November 7th prompted the question of why Belarus celebrates October Revolution Day. “I support the good ideas with which revolutionaries approached simple people: that the land must belong to ordinary rural citizens and factories to workers. This aimed to save the country, bringing it into order. There were no bad slogans. The Revolution won under those slogans,” the Head of State noted, stressing, “Many of those ideas form the basis of today’s state policy. When we celebrate October Revolution Day, we are remembering those values and slogans.” Speculating as to why some post-Soviet states do not celebrate this holiday, Mr. Lukashenko answered, “They daren’t do it in the past. There was much criticism that the Revolution brought grief, killing people. Actually, they were killed later. We’re speaking of ideas. The negative aftermath — of murder — was the result of the ideology of the Revolution being put aside. It was wrong but it happened later; we do condemn those events. However, we can’t reject everything which happened in 1917, selecting the ideas which inspired Vladimir Lenin and his team to bring about the Revolution.”

Mr. Lukashenko advises us to take care in assessing the past. “Never hurry to assess the past, as that can lead to politicisation. The past is ours and we cannot reject it but to look at it objectively, we need to see shortcomings, without hiding them. We should also take the best from the past,” said the President. “At present, we realise that it’s wise to keep this holiday and have saved the best ‘presents’ for our people to coincide,” noted the Head of State. Speaking of the construction of the new Minsk metro stations, Mr. Lukashenko stressed that each kilometre has cost $50m. “We’ve done this not for the benefit of anyone but the ordinary people; it’s evidence of our declared strategy.” Asked whether it’s too expensive for the state to build transport infrastructure, Mr. Lukashenko stressed the importance to the economy of developing such infrastructure. He views the new metro lines and logistics centres as crucial to ‘driving forward the economy’ and ‘raising interest among investors’. He added, “Of course, if we can afford to do this, things can’t be so bad economically.” According to the Head of State, national development relies on the building of infrastructure. He mentioned the new hydroelectric power station on the Nieman River, near Grodno, which will almost provide the entire city with electricity for domestic use. Similar power stations are also being built on other rivers. “We are building woodworking enterprises, furniture companies

THE PRESIDENT HAS PRAISED THE QUALITY OF WORK AT THE NEWLY LAUNCHED UNDERGROUND STATIONS

2012 беларусь.belarus

MODERN LOOK

and infrastructure such as the road to Mogilev, driving forward the economy through investment. Infrastructure is absolutely essential,” the President is convinced. Speaking of Belarusian-American relations after the presidential elections in the USA, Mr. Lukashenko noted that he expects no change — regardless of who holds the US presidency. “As far as changes in US policy towards Belarus, little will change, due to their great inertia. They are like a bulldozer traversing the world and it will be very difficult to turn it or turn it around!” asserts the Belarusian President. “I hold no hope that anything will change in our relations with the USA, although we’re open to this when the Americans are ready,” stressed Mr. Lukashenko. The Belarusian President was asked why he had never voted ahead of time at elections, to set a good example to his electorate — as his American colleague, Barack Obama did. “I’ve never thought of it,” admitted the Head of State. “Probably, it wouldn’t be appropriate to cast my vote ahead of time, given my position. Moreover, a great many journalists want to meet the President on this day; I can’t escape this, as it’s my duty to talk to them.” The Belarusian leader added that he always wants to be with the people on the main day of elections, as it’s a holiday for his nation. Mr. Lukashenko was asked how he feels about negative assessments of the elections in Belarus, given by Western countries and the OSCE. In particular, journalists commented on the comparison with the recent parliamentary elections in Ukraine which took place under a ‘rampage’ of democracy. Of course, OSCE observers are not welcomed at elections in the USA, so some might say that the organisation’s role in this respect comes into question, especially as its standards appear to be unknown. “Such an organisation would be needed if it pursued the goals declared at its inception. The problem is that the West and America were interested in the OSCE when they faced a powerful Soviet Union. Today, they have no need of this organisation, and neither do we — since it is not fulfilling its functions,” underlined the Belarusian leader. “The Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe does not tackle any security issues, while their co-operation tends to generate confrontation and disorder!” he added. “What

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kind of interaction is it when, prior to the elections in Belarus, they had already prepared a report, which they presented afterwards. The same happened in Ukraine, where they had prior drafts. The OSCE presented these although Ukraine’s elections were absolutely democratic. They did everything to please the OSCE and the West,” emphasised the President of Belarus. “Standards have gone. Together with Russia and other countries, including Kazakhstan and Ukraine, we’re insisting on standards being clearly set out and uniformly applied. Where are these standards? They are currently interpreted in any fashion they desire.” According to Mr. Lukashenko, CIS observers primarily base their judgements on criteria ‘which are closest to all of us’. “The way we assess elections here, within the CIS, is contrary to the system used by the OSCE. The OSCE is trying to force its standards upon us when those standards are non-existent, being completely politically biased,” asserted the Head of State. As proof of these double standards, Mr. Lukashenko notes the USA’s positioning of itself as a stronghold of democracy. “International observers arrive and are told that, if they cross the threshold, they’ll be arrested. What if we acted like that? We invite the Americans to act as observers in Belarus; we don’t arrest them,” said the President. “Even today, they want to be able to count votes. This is evidence of double and triple standards. We cannot allow it.” “I haven’t noticed any concern here about elections in the USA,” noted the Belarusian President. “They can hold elections in any way they choose. The entire world laughs at these elections. Firstly, they are indirect and, secondly, the person with fewer votes can become president. What kind of elections are they? They like their system, as it’s their tradition, and people remain silent while their leaders are pleased. Well, may God be with you!” “Whatever we do here, if we pursue a policy which is in the interests of our nation, preserving independence and self-determination, deciding our own path, it won’t be to their advantage. They’ll challenge us and bomb until their people rise to power in this country,” the Belarusian leader is convinced. “We should build our own life and repel those who infringe on it.” By Vladimir Khromov

SPACE OBSERVATIONS

Star trek

of Oleg Novitsky Baikonur cosmodrome recently launched the Soyuz TMA-06M, commanded by Belarusian Oleg Novitsky

ot only his relatives, but his friends, classmates, teachers an d a c qu ai nt a n c e s aw a i te d the moment with bated breath. Along with members of the international crew, they counted down to the launch, watching in awe as the rocket finally ascended into orbit. Breathing once more with relief, we’ve seen that nothing is impossible for our people. Oleg is one in a long line of Belarusians in space.

What lies beyond twinkling stars?

On October 25th, Oleg’s rocket docked with the International Space Station. Over five months, he’ll be working with Russian Yevgeny Tarelkin and American Kevin Ford, conducting over 5 0 s c i e nt i f i c e x p e r i me nt s relating to medicine, industry and education. In their free t ime, t he cre w pl ans to photograph and film the Earth’s surface for relay via an Internet blog. During a press conference with the main crew of the MKS-33/34, Oleg admitted that, as a child, he was afraid of the dark, so would make himself gaze at the star-filled sky to overcome his fear. Perhaps, his childhood dream was born from those moments, which must have inspired a yearning to see what lay among those twinkling stars. Before launch, he told us, “I’m sure that many unforgettable feelings lie ahead; it’s frightening to imagine being at the very top of this huge and powerful rocket!”

Satellite contact

Belarusians have a special attitude and long tradition regarding space exploration. Before Oleg Novitsky, Belarusians Piotr Klimuk and Vladimir Kovalenok visited the cosmos and the first female astronaut, Valentina Tereshkova, had Belarusian origins. Our country aims to actively explore the universe, having recently launched its own satellite; in late August, the Information Processing Centre received its first pictures. Belarus now has an independent system of remote Earth sensing. “The launch of the Belarusian satellite is wonderful for our country, demonstrating our ultra-modern technologies and showing that Belarus is among the prestigious space powers,” emphasises the Director of the Centre of Information Technologies of the Belarusian State University, Yuri Vorotnitsky. Belarus is preparing its national space programme for 20132017, led by the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences. Space communications are a priority of the new document.

2012 беларусь.belarus

SPACE OBSERVATIONS Piotr Klimuk, pilot cosmonaut and twice Hero of the Soviet Union: When I learnt that Belarusian Oleg Novitsky would be going into space, I was delighted: our ranks have swollen! Before meeting him, I followed his professional success with interest, as he is my countryman. In our sphere, news spreads fast. It was nice to hear that someone from Belarus is held in such high regard, with trust placed in him. From the earliest, I couldn’t help feeling that he’d go far. Star City bid farewell to Oleg Novitsky as he set off to Baikonur. Alongside the military attaché, I wished him good luck on behalf of all Belarusians and on behalf of the Belarusian diplomatic mission in Moscow. It wasn’t just a spiritual meeting but a pleasant professional and personal conversation between two like-minded individuals. It was also an opportunity to give a symbolic gift to my countryman: a small Belarusian flag. Oleg promised to take it with him. I think it’s a worthy symbol to orbit the Earth and will make a good exhibit for a museum in Belarus one day. Oleg and I agreed that Russia and Belarus are working hard to make life more comfortable for those on Earth, using space technology. Recently, Minsk joined the ‘space club’, launching its own BKA spacecraft for remote Earth sensing. More than a month has passed since its launch from Baikonur and it’s now fully operational, transmitting photos of the Earth’s surface and changes to the atmosphere. It’s a pity that I didn’t manage to fly to Baikonur this time. My colleague Vladimir Kovalenok and I are honorary citizens of the city. We’re enjoying surprisingly clear, sunny and warm days, with only light frosts at night, so it’s a real spectacle to see the sky cut by the rapid launch of a rocket.

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Cherven’s flag flies to cosmos Secondary school #2 in Cherven is easy to find, as any passer-by can guide you. “Are you journalists?” asks a tall teenager, showing us the way. “Are you interested in the school where Oleg Novitsky studied?”

ou can’t help but feel that this small town is still adjusting to all the attention it’s received since the world discovered that the third Belarusian to conquer the cosmos hails from Cherven. Naturally, they are proud but life continues as normal. It’s a small place, so many know Oleg personally or are friends with his relatives. Of course, some worry is also natural in such situations. His close friends and relatives were restrained beforehand and, naturally, are not ‘stars’ to be interviewed. They advised us to wait for Oleg, who would tell all on his return. Multi-coloured wooden houses line both sides of Barykin Street, where Oleg and his brother and sister, Dima and Marina, went to school. On the ground floor, the school’s Stand of Honour features photos of Baikonur’s space pad; Oleg is smiling, surrounded by colleagues. “This cosmonaut studied here,” explains a small girl, noticing our interest. Her friend adds, “Not long ago, he came to see us.”

Teacher Irina Zhulego holds a thick file of photos, saying, “I’d never thought that Oleg would become a cosmonaut, as he never mentioned his dream to me.” We’re sitting in a small classroom for English language studies, where Oleg stewed over his books 25 years ago. Since then, little has changed here: the walls and doors are still painted in blue, the wide chalkboard is covered in writing and the windows face the stadium... “I’ve found it!” exclaims Irina, showing me a black-and-white photo of Oleg’s class. Dark-haired, he sits at the last but one desk, in the front row. A new table is there now. Another photo features an older Oleg: slim and evidently mature, wearing his cadet uniform. “They were good pupils: active and sporty. They supported any idea with enthusiasm. On their day of graduation, I quite wanted to cry,” Ms. Zhulego admits. She came to the school as a Pioneer guide in 1986. A fire

SPACE OBSERVATIONS damaged the Pioneers’ room but eighth grade pupil Novitsky was eager to help clean and redecorate it. Almost from a scratch, the room was returned to service, due to the hard work of pupils. Oleg helped the girls clean, carrying heavy buckets of water out tirelessly. Teachers warmly recollect their former pupil and his family. Oleg seldom visits his native Cherven but always pays the school a visit when he does appear. “I loved to ask: Olezhka, when will you fly into space? He would reply: soon — I just need to improve my English. Really, he needed to study harder in his school years,” smiles Ms. Zhulego. Not long ago, Oleg met pupils, telling them about his unusual profession. He took a flag bearing Cherven’s coat of arms and promised to take it into space, then return with it. The flag is to become the first exhibit at a museum of cosmonautics being set up at school #2. Dmitry Krasnogir is Oleg’s cousin and former classmate. He still lives in Cherven, running a shop selling white goods, jointly with his wife Natalia. Dmitry and Oleg are united by close friendship and joint secrets from childhood. He recollects how they took Oleg’s father’s bike secretly and how they tried to repair it. The boys also played football together. Oleg was fond of sports and even took part in competitions. Speaking of when his friend decided to become a pilot, Dmitry notes, “It seemed to happen just as we were to graduate from school; our army service was approaching and we had a good example in our cousin, who studied at Borisoglebsk’s Aviation School for Pilots. Oleg decided to follow in his steps but was initially rather afraid. He kept his plans private, only daring to hold them in his own head. Of course, the requirements for admission to flying school were tough: you needed to be fit and knowledgeable. However, Oleg is strong-minded and determined, so he set a goal and achieved it.”

After graduation, Oleg served in Northern Caucasus, including Chechnya, then later attended the Gagarin Air Force Academy before successfully passing a contest for cosmonauts. They meet less often these days, since both are so busy. However, with his wife Yulia and daughter Yana, Oleg visited his relatives a year ago — helping his mother with household jobs, as usual. Sadly, two years ago, his father — Victor Novitsky — died; Oleg had a close relationship with him. Dmitry explains that Oleg told him about his intense training schedule, including in the centrifuge and tackling docking and emergency situations. Currently located in Star City (Zvezdny Gorodok), Oleg’s family attended the Baikonur launch. “Yulia is great — a true support,” stresses Dmitry’s wife, Natalia. “Naturally, they are often apart but each farewell is emotional. This one has been especially so. Just imagine, her beloved is leaving her for six months, travelling into space! I love to read her blog; she writes so well that tears appear in my eyes.” Yulia Novitskaya is a journalist, with an Internet blog read by thousands. Her notes are full of her feelings, alongside fascinating details. One of her last blogs reads: ‘Before flying to Baikonur, Oleg presented pendants to me and Yanochka, which symbolise the emblem of their crew. Like all women, I love beautiful jewellery and these are truly wonderful! I put on the necklace to see off the crew as they headed to Baikonur and have decided to never take it off. I’ll wear it the whole time Olezhka is at Baikonur and, if everything goes smoothly and he flies, it’ll be our talisman’. When Oleg called her from Baikonur, Yulia asked him whether he could see his rocket. “Yes,” he replied. “Despite all rockets being identical, mine is the most beautiful!” All cosmonauts feel the same. ‘I hope that the crew travel into space in the most beautiful rocket!’ she adds.

Vladimir Kovalenok, pilot cosmonaut, twice Hero of the Soviet Union: I’ve been waiting for this event for a long time: finally, a third Belarusian has entered space! To tell the truth, I wanted to watch the Baikonur launch of the Soyuz TMA-06M, which carried Oleg Novitsky and his colleagues to the International Space Station. I was eager to wave them farewell, holding my breath in anticipation before feeling the breath expelled from my lungs in a shout of ‘Let’s go!’. I watched from Moscow, as I didn’t manage to fly to the cosmodrome; urgent official matters called me. Two weeks ago, a large team of experts travelled to Baikonur. Every flight into space is an exam for hundreds of scientists, engineers, technicians, doctors and all those involved. It is the final stage of prelaunch for cosmonauts and astronauts. For specialists this is the detachment of the Soyuz TMA-06M with the Soyuz-FG carrier rocket while this is an acquaintance with the ship in normal mode for the crew (testing its communication and navigation devices and the location of cargo which is to be delivered to the International Space Station. They rehearsed various possible scenarios which may be encountered in space — such as the ‘manual’ coupling of the spaceship to the International Space Station. I met Oleg not long ago and our chat dispelled any doubts I may have had: our boy is a real Belarusian! He’d reach the stars if it meant hacking through thorns; he’ll succeed in everything. I’m so pleased that there are now three of us: Belarusian astronauts. It’s better to go fishing and raise a glass for Belarus and space when there are three of us. The future is growing before our eyes!

2012 беларусь.belarus

GEOPOLITICS

Belta

is common home for all

Permanent Representative of the Republic of Belarus to the UN and other international organisations in Geneva, Mikhail Khvostov, speaks of Belarusian initiatives within the UN

r. Khvostov, our country is part of the UN history, being among its founders. Is this major world organisation managing to preserve its relevance and effectiveness — as originally intended? Which avenues of the UN activity are successful and which require reform? The participation of Belarus in the UN establishment and its membership as a founder are among the brightest pages in our country’s recent history, demonstrating clear international recognition of Belarus’ role in defeating Fascism. Belarus has been and remains a responsible member of the UN, strongly sharing its principles of foundation: support for international peace and security; the development of friendly relations with other states; and co-operation in settling international economic, social and cultural problems. The UN is the centre of co-ordinated actions to achieve these goals. Everything is simple and clear. However, the world is always changing, as is political geography; states’ military

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doctrines change and new regional unions emerge. The UN needs to react to these challenges to remain effective, while making decisions in line with its Charter. It must not lose sight of its major task of supporting international peace and security. To the UN’s huge merit, the world has avoided global war on the scale of the last two; however, the scale of local armed conflict and civil unrest is tremendous. The UN has failed to tackle this but, what is the UN? It is us — its member states. Our collective responsibility and collective obligation is to preserve its effectiveness. If the UN is failing to prevent or settle conflict, a different approach is clearly required. The UN’s major functions seem to have taken second place to regional unions and military-political blocks. A certain group of states are positioning themselves as the UN’s most responsible and democratic forces yet they pursue their own goals within the organisation. It’s a worrying trend, which is reducing the UN’s effectiveness as a central peacekeeping structure, with transparent support of humanitarian issues. The UN needs a reform and we are discussing the matter but this reform

should be functional rather than structural, ensuring action remains at the heart of this organisation which represents the global community. It should remain a ‘common home’ for all humankind, where nobody feels uncomfortable. Is this behind your recent announcement that Minsk won’t co-operate with the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Belarus, Miklós Haraszti? This refers to the policy of a group of states within the UN — as I’ve mentioned before. The European Union has introduced the post of Special Rapporteur on Belarus, adopted via the Council for Human Rights. It has aroused indignation among Council members, many of whom refused to participate in this ‘comedy’. We’ve openly said that Mr. Haraszti — being appointed by Brussels — lacks the ability to be objective. Regardless of its official line, the EU is using the role as a mechanism to pry into Belarus’ internal affairs under the mask of protecting human rights. Why should we support a decision forced on the UN Human Rights Council by the EU, which can only lead to chaos and disorder? We

GEOPOLITICS are not obliged to do so, especially as our Constitution commands us to take every possible measure to ensure civic order. As yet, no UN law-protecting organ has detected that human rights are worse in Belarus than elsewhere or that those in the EU states are better than in ours. Brussels needs to stop criticising Belarus and start solving its own problems. As regards our proposals, our Head of State — Alexander Lukashenko — clearly commented on them at his recent press conference with the Russian media, saying, “We do not wish to argue with the EU; we wish to live as friends.” As regards the post of Special Rapporteur on Belarus, it’s irrelevant and discredits the UN Human Rights Council. It’s discriminatory towards a country which, according to the UN, is among those states boasting a high Human Development Index (65th place globally, ahead of 128 UN member states). How are human rights problems manifested in our modern world and what proposals does Belarus offer to tackle such violations? Our western colleagues associate human rights with civil and political rights but economic, social and cultural rights, as well as the right to development, significantly influence the wellbeing of ordinary citizens. With this in mind, Belarus consistently advocates the equal promotion of all human rights. The most serious problems relating to human rights are observed in times of conflict, where the fundamental right — to life — is violated. Ordinary people, including children, are killed as a result of civil war or from terrorist attack — as we’ve seen in Libya and in Syria recently. We watched anxiously and cannot say that the decisions taken by the UN Human Rights Council were unambiguous. In my view, politics has been prevailing over protection of the law. As regards our initiatives to prevent human rights violations, at the September sitting of the UN Human

Rights Council, Belarus proposed the setting up of a monitoring mechanism for human rights within the EU. We noted that the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights had failed in its mandate regarding the EU. We also regularly focus the attention of the UN Human Rights Council on particular violations: the US authorities’ pursuit of Australian journalist Julian Assange; the

cruel suppression (using rubber bullets and full water jets) of peaceful protests in EU states; and the participation of Poland, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and other states in CIA secret arrests. At the 63rd session of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, the Belarusian delegation called upon the organisation to pay closer attention to refugees in EU states. What inspired our interest in this issue and is it really a topical problem for Europe?

At the October session of the UNHCR Executive Committee, the Belarusian delegation called on the UN High Commissioner to re-consider the situation regarding refugees in the EU. After the well-known events in Libya and the current events in Syria, millions of people have become refugees or have been internally displaced, with dozens of thousands attempting to find shelter in Europe. The EU has not welcomed these people. Many sources have reported that their conditions of accommodation at distribution centres fail to meet international standards. In addition, serious problems have been observed regarding social integration and protection of rights. Some awful situations have been observed (covered by the media). Emergency assistance was denied to refugees whose ship was sinking in the Mediterranean; hundreds drowned — as witnessed by border guards. The UNHCF Executive Committee has failed to study these problems thoroughly, with numerous migrants facing similar problems in the EU. It’s probably easier for the European Union to talk about human rights in general but problems exist regarding the rights of refugees and migrants; the UNHCR should not keep them secret. Europe has another sensitive point: the revision of WWII history. Some European states have erected monuments to those who aided Fascism — such as the Latvian SS-Legion. You’ve called this ‘an outrage on the part of the Latvian

BELARUS HAS BEEN AND REMAINS A RESPONSIBLE MEMBER OF THE UN, STRONGLY SHARING ITS PRINCIPLES OF FOUNDATION: SUPPORT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY; THE DEVELOPMENT OF FRIENDLY RELATIONS WITH OTHER STATES; AND COOPERATION IN SETTLING INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PROBLEMS 2012 беларусь.belarus

GEOPOLITICS authorities to the memory of hundreds of thousands of Belarusians who were killed by the Nazis and cynical ignorance of the results of the Nuremberg Process and WWII’. It was a cutting statement... We’ve severely condemned the Latvian authorities’ action, without hesitation. There are sacred values which we would protect by all possible political-diplomatic means. The Soviet people paid a high price for their victory in WWII. The countries which Soviet people liberated from the Nazis have no moral right to call those who helped the Fascists ‘heroes’ or revise historical facts. The Nuremberg tribunal ruled that the Latvian SS-Legion was a criminal group consisting of those who officially joined the SS. Belarus shall act similarly severely towards any action by states who doubt the reality of WWII; in doing so, they attempt to revive the ideology of an ‘overworld’ establishing its own order. The facts of WWII victory and the verdict of the Nuremberg tribunal are covered by the UN General Assembly’s 66/143 Resolution on the fight against

pendently, without external encouragement. If some forget — as we’ve noticed in Latvia — we immediately remind them. Most EU member states support us. WWII resulted in the establishment of the UN, with Belarus among its founders. It still advocates the strengthening of its central role in the support of peace, security and development of friendly relations between states. Another serious problem has been highlighted by our Foreign Minister, Vladimir Makei. Sadly, attempts are made to influence people through emotive slogans: ‘democracy’, ‘human rights’ and ‘wise management’. What can be done to ensure that the law remains absolute? The supremacy of law in international affairs needs to come from political agreements fixed in legally binding documents such as the UN Charter. As I’ve already said, this is a collective obligation. Certain countries (and their political associations) have neglected the UN Charter and international law in forcing their will onto other countries.

BELARUS IS CONSISTENT IN ITS INTENTION TO CO-OPERATE WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION, VOICING READINESS TO COLLABORATE AT ALL LEVELS. HOWEREVER, WE DEMAND TO BE TREATED EQUALLY, WITHOUT PRELIMINARY CONDITIONS OR PRESSURE neo-fascism. It was adopted in 2005 and is supported by most UN member states. The EU and the USA voted against or abstained, so you can draw your own conclusions. Perhaps Belarusian diplomats should remind others of our nation’s tragedy during WWII; our tragic experience should inspire us to prevent others from enduring any manifestation of racial or religious intolerance. Does the Belarusian delegation actively defend such principles at the UN? I think countries should be able to recall the tragic lessons of WWII inde-

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In signing the UN Charter, nations agreed to condemn ‘conditions of pernicious anarchy or total mayhem’. Is the organisation able to keep global states within legal frameworks? Isn’t the situation in Syria a test of the UN’s ability to act as the world’s major arbiter? Will ‘humanitarian intervention’ undermine the sovereignty of states? The UN remains a universal international organisation able to keep states within the law. Looking at the situation in Syria, how many attempts have been made by western states to realise a military scenario there? The UN

Security Council cannot afford for this to happen and our Russian colleagues on the Security Council have worked hard to avoid bloody conflict similar to that observed in Libya. Humanitarian intervention can threaten states’ sovereignty — whose preservation is guaranteed by the UN Charter. However, it’s impossible to realise humanitarian intervention without the UN so I repeat that the UN has a role to play in our modern times; it can ensure international order. There is no alternative. Your view is backed up by the fact that some new problems have appeared on the UN agenda, whose solution is only possible via joint effort. The UN General Assembly, presided over by the Belarusian Foreign Minister, has arranged a ministerial meeting of the Group of Friends United Against Human Trafficking. What is Belarus’ contribution to this initiative? Our Foreign Ministry is giving its attention to this problem, trying to tackle modern slavery. All such issues promoted at international level proceed from the initiative of the Belarusian President, Alexander Lukashenko. He voiced his concerns at the UN Summit

The United Nations Office at Geneva

in 2005, stressing the need for international efforts to fight human trafficking. Belarus has initiated several resolutions at the UN, forming the basis for an inter-agency co-ordination mechanism and a fund to support victims of human trafficking. Following our country’s initiative, the UN has, for the first time, approved a complex strategy to battle modern slavery: the UN Global Action Plan. Belarus is at the centre of the Group of Friends United Against Human Trafficking. The President of the UN General Assembly, Vuk Jeremic, recently expressed confidence that Belarus’ priorities in such major spheres as sustainable development, energy and the sharing of energy technologies with states in need of them would find support among UN member states. What has inspired such appreciation of Belarusian initiatives? The sustainable development concept comprises three parts: ecological, social and economic. The international community’s plan for the systematic solution of related tasks is known as ‘The Agenda for the 21st Century’ — adopted in 1992 by the UN Conference on Environment and Development. The Millennium

Summit — held in New York in 2000 — adopted the Millennium Declaration, which envisages eight international development goals. UN member states have agreed to achieve them by 2015. In addition, the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development approved ‘The Future We Want’ document, according to which the Sustainable Development Goals are to be ready by 2015. On meeting Mr. Jeremic, our Foreign Minister stressed that Belarus is ready to constructively liaise with all UN member states in developing the Sustainable Development Goals. We can share our experience with the international community in realising the Millennium Declaration. We’ve already fulfilled its eight development goals, having developed a national strategy for the country’s sustainable development until 2020. We really have much to share with the international community. As regards sharing energy efficiency expertise with other states, we’re convinced that energy saving technologies should be promoted via international interaction. We’re insistently promoting this approach across all UN structures which focus on matters of

sustainable development. Back in 2007, Belarus voiced an initiative at the UN to establish a global mechanism for the sharing of energy technologies with countries in need of them. We want to see efforts united by all international structures involved in energy issues, creating a single mechanism to ensure access to new technologies in this area. My last question for you is about security, since this requires joint action with our European partners. Belarus, being at the centre, must be crucial to this strategy. What are our prospects for co-operating with Europe? Belarus is consistent in its intention to co-operate with the European Union, voicing readiness to collaborate at all levels. However, we demand to be treated equally, without preliminary conditions or pressure. Discriminatory decisions lead us down a blind alley, without prospects. Our European partners should reject stereotypes from the Cold War. Our common European history is too complicated and tragic to doubt the necessity of co-operation. The fifty year history of the UN is a good example, as it aims to create a common home; we are its builders. by Nina Romanova

2012 беларусь.belarus

Belta

BODY OF KNOWLEDGE

With age comes

maturity National Library of Belarus among premier IT-rich libraries in Europe

he countr y’s main librar y was established 90 years ago but, of course, now occupies a modern new building. “We’re getting younger every year!” jokes librar y director Roman

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In one of the National Library’s rooms

Motulsky. “To remain relevant, we have to move with the times, rather than relying on technologies from past centuries.” According to foreign experts, the Belarusian ‘diamond’ is one of the most innovative and information-rich libraries in Europe today.

Electronic catalogue

It used to take librarians some time to find particular editions, rummaging through card files. Now, everything is listed on a computer database, search-

Vilnus facsimile edition ‘Bukvar’ (ABC book) of 1767 is presented by the National Library Chief Roman Motulsky

PIECE OF NEWS able by title, author or theme. The electronic catalogue of the National Library of Belarus includes not just books and periodicals but dissertations, documents from international organisations, music books, audio and video materials, visual arts documents, maps and atlases.

Virtual enquiry service

The library’s online facility also allows readers to locate the books they need without leaving home. Librarians can even conduct specific research, with requests received daily in Russian, Belarusian and English; these tend to take two working days to complete.

Electronic document delivery

From the comfort of your own home, you can request electronic copies of documents from the library. Required chapters from books, magazines pages and snippets of audio documents can be sent to your email address for a fee: Br700 for a black and white copy of a single page up to Br7000 for a digitised page from a 16th century manuscript.

National electronic library

The electronic librar y of the National Library currently includes about 300,000 digitised items — all

outside of copyright. The idea of digitising every book in circulation is still a distant dream. “We’re doing everything legally possible to ensure that every citizen has access to information, including in electronic form,” says Mr. Motulsky. “Creating an electronic library for Belarus will take many years and will be the work of more than just our National Library. Our task is to create a roof under which a variety of projects initiated by libraries and other institutions across the country can be implemented.”

Virtual reading room

How convenient would it be to sit at your home computer, sipping hot tea, while reading documents remotely, from the National Library of Belarus? The ‘International Resources’ category is accessible from within registered libraries and other organisations but ‘Resources of the National Library of Belarus’ and ‘Resources of Partnerorganisations’ are both available online from your own home. From within the National Library, you can read texts being used, for example, by students and professors from Oxford or Cambridge universities. The National Library provides access to approximately 150 databases worldwide. By Larisa Minakova

 President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko has congratulated National Library staff on the 90th anniversary of its foundation, saying, “Today, the library is the repository of a unique collection of books and other ancient documents electronically; it is the largest information and social and cultural centre in the country, leading research and policy in the field of librarianship and bibliography.” Mr. Lukashenko has also wished staff and readers of the National Library good health, success in their work, happiness and prosperity.

Home from home Celestial hotel sky gains addition of ‘three stars’

n visiting another city, travellers’ first thoughts are on where to stay. Unfortunately, for those coming to Belarus, including Minsk, the choice can be limited. Nevertheless, the situation is beginning to change, driven by 2014’s Ice Hockey World Championship. The capital is opening several new options, with one of the first ‘swallows’ on the horizon being the comfortable three star Garni Hotel, located in the centre of Minsk. Currently, 40 Belarusian hotels have star certification, with just two awarded the highest status of ‘five stars’: the capital Crowne Plaza Minsk and the Europe. These are joined by three four star hotels: the Hotel Minsk, the Victoria and Vitebsk’s hotel complex of Luchyosa. However, 27 hotels hold ‘three stars’ across Belarus. The Garni Hotel is located in a historic building, on Internatsionalnaya Street. It’s about 70 percent complete, with businessmen from Russia and other countries already making bookings, alongside tourists — mostly from Europe, Turkey and China.

2012 беларусь.belarus

ECONOMIC FACTOR

The strategy is supported by practice

term. Of course, to further increase exports, new markets are being sought. To ensure success, Belarus needs to offer good value for money. This can be achieved by reducing expenditure while producing high quality products: a task which requires technical modernisation of the dairy industry. Mr. Lukashenko’s mission to modernise or rebuild every dairy farm by the year’s end involves 1,200 dairy

o w e v e r, t h e President plans a major programme of constr uction and reconstruction of dairy farms, aiming to elevate Belarus’ export potential. By 2015, the country should produce 10 million tonnes of milk annually (up 53 percent on 2011’s 6.5+ million tonnes). Such dynamic development will strengthen the competitive advantage of Belarusian products abroad. To expand milk yields, cows need to be well fed and kept in comfortable conditions. Accordingly, much is being done to improve the quality of cattle

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feed. This year’s record harvest of over 9 million tonnes of grain has reduced import requirements while sunflowers and soya beans are also being used. Meanwhile, of almost 4,800 dairy farms countrywide, only 830 were using modern technologies at the beginning of this year, with animals milked through automation. Old methods were less efficient, more stressful for animals and hard work for employees, all reducing productivity. By 2015, Belarusian farmers hope to have raised export revenue to $7bn from today’s $5bn, with about half from dairy products. Russia is traditionally our main market, due to transportation and consumer preferences — and is likely to remain so, at least in the short

farms being equipped with the latest technology. The President is taking personal control, making regular trips to the regions to view progress. Role models include Agro-combine Dzerzhinsky (30km from Minsk) which now has the most advanced technologies at its Tomkovichi farm. It is almost unrecognisable; its dark, reinforced concrete room with closed windows has been replaced by open doorways, light and fresh air. As recommended for dairy herds, it should unlock the true potential of Belarusian livestock. Agro-combine Dzerzhinsky notes that the reconstruction at Tomkovichi farm should pay for itself within three years, with each cow producing $1,000 profit annually. In reconstructing

ECONOMIC FACTOR the site, Agro-combine Zhdanovichi used the most expensive, cutting edge automated technology — as rarely seen. Light years away from the old, obsolete technology, it should bring significant results, notes the Head

Russia — main buyer of Belarusian dairy products — is now a WTO member, requiring us to improve our competitiveness even more urgently. B elarusian companies must

1,500kg. We are near success, which should impact dramatically on our competitiveness and export potential.” According to experts, the new dairy breed could raise milk yields by 180,000 tonnes, creating revenue of over Br100bn. Today, only a few Belarusian farms

of Agro-combine, Grigory Chuiko. Located near the capital, it also solves the staff problem involving labour force from the suburban villages. However, fewer workers are required to service such farm. The reconstruction of dairy farms should revolutionise milk production in Belarus. PM Mikhail Myasnikovich asserts that more work has been achieved at dairy farms over the last two years than over the past five, with developments achieving a whole new level. Work will continue over the coming year, with at least 120 new dairy farms becoming operational and the number of cows being raised by over 78,000. By 2015, Belarusian herds should comprise 1.6m cows.

compete with international companies, requiring costs to be reduced and quality improved. Highly productive cattle are needed, as the Director General of the ScientificPractical Centre for Animal Breeding, of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, explains. Nikolai Popkov believes that scientists can make their contribution, noting, “For many years, our Belarusian black and white cows have only managed to yield 800kg of milk annually per 100kg of body weight. Accordingly, we’ve been working to adapt the breed, raising yields to around

match European milk yields of about 7,000-8,000 litres of milk per year per cow, creating stable revenue (compared to riskier crop production). Such farms strengthen the whole agricultural sector while expanding export potential. The Agriculture and Food Minister of Belarus, Leonid Zayats, is keen to see the livestock industry become more efficient and profitable, with average milk yields per cow rising to at least 7,500kg by 2020. His ministry is currently developing an appropriate programme, guided by the best experts and practitioners. Soon, the country could be recognised as a significant exporter of dairy products. By Lilia Khlystun

2012 беларусь.belarus

EXAMPLE TO FOLLOW

Friendship

stretches to the borders

I’

ve come to Zubrenok for the opening of the 10th International Young Rescuers’ Forum, which has gathered over 200 participants at the National Recuperation Centre. The children’s faces are filled with anxiety and pride but the last preparations have been made, with senior children instructing the younger on what to do; they listen attentively with sincere expressions. Suddenly, the wind band conductor waves a hand and the children — as if obeying the music — head for the concert hall, accepting congratulations from top ranking guests at the gathering. The solemn ceremony followed a t radit iona l p atter n but L i a Shevidze’s singing created an e mot i ona l d e p ar tu re. From Russian Krymsk, her city was severely damaged by an awful flood. Her presence at the event was her way of thanking the rescue services for helping the settlement’s citizens. Many were moved to tears, proving that only those who have experienced sorrow or tribulation can arouse sympathetic emotions in others.

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The tragedy in Krasnodar Krai’s Krymsk took many lives and homes. Their common grief showed how vital it is that we help each other. With this in mind, the international gathering of young rescuers is a perfect way to show children how to render medical aid, while involving them in rescue campaigns on water and at heights, as well as taking part in relays. As rescuers

say, they are prepared ‘just in case’. However, it is not a vague desire to master certain skills which brings children from different countries together. I initially failed to appreciate their deeper desire to stretch out the hand of friendship — especially in adverse circumstances. All know first-hand that the profession of a rescuer is a hard job but friendship knows no borders. The head of the US delegation, David Tilley, noted that they first came to Zubrenok in 1998; this year is his team’s fourth visit. On previous visits, the American children made friends with their Belarusian peers, inviting them to the USA. After the opening ceremony, I chatted to Victoria Avtushko, Vlad FilippovichandVeronikaKnyazeva, who travelled across the Atlantic, taking excursions to fire-fighting stations in Manchester, Boston, Hampton and Old Forge — as well as visiting New Hampshire’s Fire Academy. Wearing the uniform of rescuers, the Belarusian children navigated the dark labyrinth Young Belarusian rescuers at their American friends’

Artur Prupas

At the opening ceremony of the X International Young Rescues' Forum at the National Recuperation Centre 'Zubrenok'

of a ‘ruined building’, descending walls with alpine equipment. They travelled to the mountains and to the Atlantic coast, representing their country. Their performance of a traditional Belarusian dance, wearing national costumes, and singing This Is My Belarus was so admired that they were asked to show it at the Academy, at a fire-fighting station and on an open stage during Old Forge’s jazz concert for local residents. This year, they were awaiting the gathering with much anticipation, eager to meet their American friends again and recollect their holidays in the USA. The forum ended with an impressive contest entitled ‘Line-up Inspection’ in which each team presented itself in uniform, with matching hair styles and footwear, performing a song. I ask the Head of the Belarusian Emergency Ministry’s Department for International Co-operation, Alexander Dokuchaev: From where did the idea come to organise international gatherings for young rescuers and fire-fighters? It was inspired by co-operation with rescue services from other states; the Poles were our first partners, with Lithuania and

Latvia following. We now also liaise with Ukraine and Russia, while Azerbaijan has shown recent interest. Of course, our colleagues are yet to achieve the scale of youth rescue work seen in Belarus. As far as I know, the South Korean team requested particular dishes on the menu. How did you tackle that situation? It’s true. South Korea has been coming to our gathering for several years and, despite our language barrier, we enjoy mutual understanding. When they first arrived, we faced some difficulties, as the Koreans primarily eat spicy rice and seafood dishes while their national dish is kimchi (piquant cabbage, with about 8,000 recipes). We lack such a dish but managed to cope with the situation, purchasing several bags of rice to which the Koreans added their own spices and sauces. Over time, the Koreans have adapted, trying our food and, this time, ate the same menu as everyone else. Our main problem was coping with the huge number of teams wishing to participate. Kazakhstan, Russia and some other countries would like to send up to three teams but we’re sticking with the principle of one team per country,

so that we don’t devalue our gathering. The Armenians are here for the first time, joining the Swiss, British and Germans; these teams have had trouble with financing, since they rely on charity funding. Last year, the Americans failed to raise enough air fare donations. Of course, Belarus covers all costs relating to guests’ stay, also providing a rich cultural programme to reserves and museums. The Azerbaijani team has been coming for the past five years but recently visited our newly restored Nesvizh Castle; they’re hugely impressed. Foreign guests always say that Belarus impresses them, despite its small size. How do foreign colleagues rate this project for young people? Our CIS colleagues express only positive views. When Ukraine was organising a similar gathering, the Azerbaijani team praised its efforts but recommended that the organisers use Belarus’ forum as a model for further improvement. There’s no doubt that such international gatherings create a positive image for Belarus and, importantly, encourage children to make friends easily. It’s reallife diplomacy. By Natalia Popova

2012 беларусь.belarus

Pages of History

That’s what fell to their lot… Perhaps, the Belarusian nobleman Vasiliy Kazanovich was a more successful partisan during the times of the Patriotic War of 1812, than famous Denis Davydov, but the former didn’t write memoirs…

uch is the custom that the winners write the war history. And in the great battles, where both small and large peoples take part, the large ones get all the glory. The matter is that the Battle of Borodino didn’t become an exception, as well as other operations of the Patriotic War of 1812. Everybody probably knows that the first major defeat suffered by Napoleon's troops took place while they were crossing the Berezina River in late November of 1812, but about the roles and exploits of the natives of the Belarusian lands in those battles is written too little taking into account that some of us are direct descendants of the heroes of those battles. Analyzing our genealogies, it is possible to gain an insight into the very story of the Napoleonic invasion and the resistance to it,

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which, as Mikhail Lermontov wrote, "is remembered by entire Russia". Well, the ancestors not only should be paid tribute, but they also can give some lessons how to roll with the punches. This year the XVI Petersburg genealogical readings, which took place at the Russian National Library, were dedicated to the genealogies of the participants of the Patriotic War of 1812. Among all the reports, great interest was aroused by the speech of Anatoliy Stetskevich-Cheboganov, researcher of the history of ancient Belarusian families from Minsk. He talked about the members of the Kazanoviches family with the ‘Grzymala’ coat of arms, having in his hand his own book, published on the 200th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812, since the representatives of this well-known family of Mogilev became famous and died on the battlefields. Memorial Chapel to Russian soldiers — heroes of the Battle of Borodino in the squadron of Raevsky

Note that the book is the forth volume in the series called ‘Chronicle of the Belarusian nobility’. What the researcher got to know? "I found out that the six Kazanovich brothers, sons of Gabriel Petrovich Kazanovich (who was the chairman of one of the departments of the Mogilev province magistrate), fought valiantly in many battles, including Galicia, Saxony, and France during the War of 1812, Anatoly says. — One of the brothers was killed in Tarutino." It should be noted that historians believe that the battle on October 18, 1812 in the village of Tarutino (Tarutin) in the Kaluga Region, which ended with the victory of the Russians, was one of the crucial points of the war having strengthened the spirit of the army. In the Akhtyrka Hussars, said Anatoliy Stetskevich-Cheboganov, bothers Alex and Gilyariy Kazanoviches served as lieutenants being in the army of General Bagration, and they took part in the Battle of Borodino. For bravery in the battle, the two brothers were decorated with golden arms. The name of Gilyariy Kazanovich was immortalized on the 15th wall of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow. By the way, there is a record of his participation in the battles of 1812 (in the settlements of Mir (where the Castle of

Vitaliy Gil

Pages of History

The Battle of Borodino theatricalizing

Mir is situated), Romanov, Novoselki, Saltanovka, and Borodino, where he was wounded) in the published book ‘Kazanoviches of the ‘Grzhymala’ coat of arms’. The hussar brothers were welleducated and new the Russian, German, French languages and arithmetic. Later, Alex and Gilyariy Kazanoviches became lieutenant-colonels and ‘holders of many orders’. Their brother Feodor who also participated in the evens of the 200-year’s prescription became a captain and lived in the Brest ‘yezd’ (district). "The life of Vasiliy Gavriilovich Kazanovich turned out to be very interesting. His great-granddaughter Helen, the daughter of the famous White Guard General Boris Ilyich Kazanovich, wrote in the memoirs that her great-grandfather organized peasant guerrillas in 1812". I will explain. In the book the researcher tells how he managed first to get the some part of the manuscripts, Helen’s diaries, and then collect the missing notebooks. The memoirs are read like a fascinating family saga, and it was published for the first time. She writes about the times of Kutuzov and Napoleon the following: "My great-grandfather

THE MEMBERS THEMSELVES OF THE KAZANOVICH ANCIENT FAMILY ARE STILL LIVING IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND BELIEVE THAT A GENTLEMAN PAOLO DI CASANOVA FROM MILAN, WHO CAME TO POLAND IN THE RETINUE OF QUEEN BONA SFORZA WAS THEIR ANCESTOR (XVI C.) started serving in Akhtyrka Hussars and went through the whole Patriotic War of 1812. His brother-officer Denis Davydov mentions him in his notes: "Early on the 14th, we came to Belynichi (now a district center of the Mogilev Region. — Ed.). On our way we met Akhtyrsky Hussar lieutenant Kazanovich who considered that area free of the enemy and was going to

meet his parents. Having got to know of my approach, he rode to inform me that the enemy was staying in the place and to be my guide". My great-grandfather went to his ancestral manor Ermolovichi not only with the purpose to visit his parents, but also to organize guerilla bands from among the neighbouring peasants and he was in the lead. Later on, Colonel Rudnev told me that, according to the archives of the Akhtyrka Hussars, my great-grandfather used to organize the guerilla movement all over Belarus and was even better in that than Denis Davydov. “But didn’t write the memoirs”, he added. Of course, Helen Kazanovich takes much responsibility, sharing the glory of the partisan hero so ‘well-established’ in the public mind, but she is not going to give its Belarusian part to the casual hussar. Yes, this woman is not inferior in courage and honor to her great-grandfather and father-general! Then she continues saying that admits that her great-grandfather worked in his native Belarus, knowing the territory perfectly, and speaking with farmers in their language. “However, he really was a man of decision and courage”.

2012 беларусь.belarus

Pages of History

Vitaliy Gil

Some of those stories and events farmers actually took pity T h e m e mb e r s were passed, they say, in the oral on their enemies just themselves of the tradition right up to our times. In partic- saying "Look, sharoKazanovich ancient ular, Helen Kazanovich writes how the myzhniki (‘swindlers’) family are still living French first of all took horses away from c om e " a n d f e d t h e in different countries villagers. At those times, a horse was yesterday rapists. So and believe that a the main support in a household and the word ‘sharomyzhnik" gent leman Paolo the loss of it was considered a terrible is also the memory of the di Casanova from disaster. "Peasants learned the French Patriotic War of 1812. Milan, who came word ‘cheval’ (which in Russian today Still let us return to the t o Po l a n d i n t h e sounds like a half-swearing ford ‘shval’ ‘drabber’ of the partisan retinue of Queen Bona meaning something like trash — Tr.) glory Vasiliy Kazanovich. Sforza (XVI c.) was their translated as ‘horse’ and shouted with In 1814 the brave hussar ancestor. There he married, anger at the enemies: "Gosh, damned with Belarusian ancestral got the rank of a nobleman shval!". That’s how this abusive roots entered the capital and granted by the ‘Grzhymal’ Those who Russian word appeared, of France together displayed coat of arms. Paolo had three courage which turned out to with the Russian sons. The two of them married in the Battle of Borodino were merely mean a horse". troops, and was Polish women, stayed in awarded with decorated with Another piece of Austrian Poland and saved golden sabres Helen Kazanovich’s story medal ‘For the the surname of Kazanovsky, in the book of Anatoliy capture of Paris’. Then while the youngest one married a lady Stetskevich-Cheboganov he returned home with a of a manor, who had inherited the estate was in a separate section valuable ‘trophy’ — a young near Mogilev. It is thought that the entitled ‘What she saw and wife Theresia Kohlen. His great- Kazanoviches family came from him. what she heard ...’, should be cited granddaughter writes, "There Describing this information in the book, Medal as the evidence of the spiritual ‘In memory he fell in love with a charming the researcher Anatoliy Stetskevichpower of our people having guts of the Patriotic French girl, granddaughter of the Cheboganov notes that "in the XVI but bearing no malice. "When war of 1812’ Marquis Villiers de Lisle d'Adan. century two Kazanovich brothers the wretched remnants of the defeated She reciprocated his feelings and they Gabriel and Yarosh lived in Mogilev, and Napoleon's army, frozen and hungry, got married". By the way, after the from Yarosh the Kazanoviches family were making their way to the border, death of the French lady’s husband her originates. Nonetheless, the legend of when meeting our farmers, they raised youngest son Elija took care of her, and the origin of the Kazanovich sons from their hands and prattled ‘Chers amis, till the end of her days she stayed living caballero Paolo di Casanova requires chers amis!’ (meaning ‘Dear friends, in Chemernoe, the Kazanovich family further examination". dear friends!’) and the estate near Mogilev". By Ivan Zhdanovich

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Soyuz  ‘Vitovt’ innovation A prototype of the ‘Vitovt’ hybrid bus, jointly built by Belarusian and Russian engineers, has been on show at the 8th International Automotive Forum in Moscow

ombining the best features of buses and trolleybuses, it boasts a powerful diesel engine which can run on its own electric battery or from external electrical lines, saving about 20-30 percent on diesel fuel compared to regular buses

 Welcoming youngsters into tribe The Parliamentary Assembly of the Union of Belarus and Russia hosted a seminar on Union State construction on November 8th-9th in Minsk

urrent Issues of Patriotic Education for Union State Youth. Union deputies and representatives of the Standing Committee of the Union State took part, alongside subject ministries and departments, debating how best to promote the patriotic education of young people and the role of the media in supporting this.

 Schedule for the sky Russian and Belarusian air carriers are to offer five flights daily between Minsk and Moscow

while contributing far less pollution. Its bright, modern design is complemented by enhanced comfort and the latest electronic control systems.

Belarus — Russia

uch a decision was made in the course of negotiations of the aviation agencies’ representatives. This schedule is to be valid over a winter period of 2012-13. The parties also agreed on liberalising air traffic, including the Single Economic Space.

 Dreams come true 250 children from 22 Mogilev schools have taken part in the National Sports Festival, hosted by school # 45 as part of the Russian-Belarusian Youth Educational and Sports Forum City of Dreams

his is supported by the Standing Committee of the Union State and by the Ministry of Sports and Tourism of Belarus. The Russian Committee of National Sports, RosNarodSport, took the leading role in organising the event, also donating sports equipment worth $15,000.

 Secrets of success

 No more loneliness

Grodno’s first national Museums of Belarus Forum has hosted representatives from over 150 museums countrywide

The Minsk Region recently hosted an inter-state seminar on support and services for veterans, the disabled and elderly, as part of a Belarusian-Russian social welfare co-operative agreement

uests from Ryazan, Kaliningrad and Vilnius also took part, with experts arriving from 14 European and Asian countries. The unusual cultural meeting on the banks of the River Nieman featured eight seminars and ‘round tables’, discussing issues topical to museums: how to improve their image; how to

promote their educational function; and how to attract more visitors. Future cooperative plans have been agreed, particularly between Russia and Belarus.

pecialists from the Russian Ministry of Labour and Social Security and Moscow’s Social Protection Department visited the Vileika and Myadel districts, touring retirement homes, with the idea of adopting the best Belarusian expertise.

2012 беларусь.belarus

Alexander Lukashenko:

‘We can’t do without each other’ President of Belarus answers Russian journalists’ questions

t’s already a tradition for Russian journalists to take a press tour of Belarus, organised and financed by the Standing Committee of the Union State. They have the opportunity to see life in Belarus with their own eyes, including the work of enterprises and the implementation of Union State integration programmes. Interest from Russian media, especially regional, is huge, since the collapse of the USSR has led to a lack of objective information on Russia’s neighbour. Each press tour also ends with an interview with the President of Belarus, Alexander Lukashenko, who chairs the Supreme State Council of the BelarusRussia Union State. The 10th jubilee press tour, which recently finished, involved almost 90 journalists from printed and electronic media from 46

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Russian regions (all subjects of the Russian Federation). B e fore t he i r i nte r v i e w w i t h M r. Lu k a s h e n k o, they took a three day tour of B elar us. Konst ant in Sumar, the Chairman of the Brest Regional Executive Committee, told guests much of interest, stressing the role of his region as a western ‘stronghold’ of the Union State. He noted that its importance is greater than ever due to the creation of the Customs Union of Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan. Our ice palaces and other sports and recuperative facilities are certainly impressive, offering Olympic standards for professionals and amateurs at affordable prices, as is the aim of the social policy of the Belarusian state. The Russian journalists visited a successful private enterprise making plastic toys in Kobrin, which is equipped with the latest equipment.

Meanwhile, in the district centre of Ivatsevichi, they toured an ultra-modern factory making composite particle board — as used for furniture production in Belarus. In Minsk, the journalists discussed BelarusianRussian co-operation in such spheres as space and science, chatting to the leadership of the National Academy of Sciences. They also toured the High-Tech Park and the Transplantology Centre, which enjoy close business ties with similar Russian institutions. Of course, being experienced professional journalists, they understood that they were only able to see a small part of the country’s potential. Integration issues were among the first to be raised in interviewing the President at the National Library, with Mr. Lukashenko emphasising the far-sighted wisdom of our Union State,

which surpasses other cooperative projects within the post-Soviet space —including within the Single Economic Space. The President stated, “This is a truly unique integration structure, able to propel us rapidly (if the elite of our states wish) towards the creation of a powerful state union.” The topic was raised many times during the press conference, with the Belarusian leader thanking Russia for its support in the integration process. Unity has been achieved at such a level that boundaries almost no longer exist between our two countries; a single economic space has been formed, with co-operative ties developing. Moreover, a common defence policy is being pursued, with both states co-ordinating at an international level. The President of Belarus underlined, “Whatever difficulties arise, we have a single

Belarusian-Russian collaboration at inter-regional level was also high on the agenda, with the guests remarking on the strong market position of Belarusian agricultural machinery (some ineffective Russian manufacturers have closed). The Russian media were eager to learn how our two countries are uniting efforts to face competition from foreign rivals — now that Russia has joined the WTO. Mr. Lukashenko named BelAZ as an example, with its assembly of heavy duty dump trucks in Kuzbass. BelarusianRussian joint ventures may be organised in the sphere of agricultural machine building but a consensus is yet to be found. Of course, despite progress, much remains to be done. The journalists were keen to know when the Constitutional Act will be adopted and when a single

currency will be introduced, to which the Belarusian President replied, “Some polishing is taking place but there is no cardinal movement forward, as you and other nations expect.” He summed up, “Vitally, we must assure ourselves that, fundamentally, Belarus and Russia cannot do without each other in this stormy and eternally competing world.” What were the f inal impressions of the journalists, following their tour of Belarus and interview with Alexander Lukashenko? Alexey Soloviev, Deputy Editor-in-Chief of Voronezh’s Kommuna newspaper, notes, “I’m a patriot of Russia and believe that, as such, I am also a patriot of Belarus. Our delegation is eager to promote friendship between Slavonic nations in the best sense of this word. I’m happy that industrial enterprises in

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armed group in the western direction, relying on the Belarusian army.” Of cours e, issues of economic interaction were also tackled, with the press drawing on their personal impressions from the tour. They asked questions regarding Belarusian policy regarding the privatisation of state property and attitudes towards private capital. The subject has been the source of much speculation but the President’s answer satisfied liberal supporters of market relations and those in favour of traditional social values. He spoke convincingly in favour of the sacredness of private property created through legal, hard work and declared that no state enterprise will be privatised at an artificially undervalued price. Socially responsible investors are sought offering real market prices.

Belarusian towns and cities are being modernised and that many social issues are being tackled. Like my fellow countrymen, I was concerned as to whether Belarus had the ability to withstand conditions of international economic and political instability. Our conversation with Alexander Lukashenko has assured me that this is possible.” Afrikan Soloviev, Editori n - C h i e f of S ove t sk ay a C h u v a s h i a n e w s p a p e r, agrees with his colleague, saying, “The press tour and interview with the President of Belarus have given us journalists the chance to compare everything good about our countries and to accumulate useful experience. Cheboksar y is acknowledged as the most improved and best equipped city in Russia but I was greatly impressed with the streets and public gardens of Brest, Kobrin and Minsk. Of course, local authorities play a huge role. Listening to Mr. Lukashenko, I understand the real influence of the state on the economy and on the social sphere. The slogan ‘Everything for the common good!’ is certainly true here.” No doubt, the Russian journalists will return to report in their publications and on TV and on the radio, relaying all they’ve seen and heard in Belarus. Three million Russian subscribers of printed editions will learn more about their neighbours, as will 130 million TV viewers and radio listeners. By Vladimir Bibikov

2012 беларусь.belarus

Solid foundations Equal access to social welfare within Union

he Union State has erased barriers to trade and movement, wit h Russians and Belarusians able to travel freely to and from each other’s country, without visas or formalities. It’s as easy to obtain a residence permit, gain a job, get married or register a birth as it is at home. Meanwhile, issues of equal pay and pensions are almost solved. The Minister for Labour and Social Protection of Belarus, Marianna Shchetkina, tells us about improving social welfare and equality across various spheres.

Choose your own pension

On Decemb er 25th, 1998, an agreement was signed between Russia and Belarus on the equal rights of citizens. This took the union of our independent states to a completely new level, although the document was purely declarative in many respects. Over the following eight years, key issues of civil rights were settled, relating to pensions, social insurance, benefits and compensation for work accidents and occupational health problems. An

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agreement on co-operation in the field of social security was signed on January 24th, 2006. Of course, there were teething problems for the 5,000 retired Russians and Belarusians living in each other’s states (2006 figures). On moving, a citizen would no longer receive their pension in their homeland. However, it could take up to a year or more for permission to be granted for permanent residence, until which time, no ‘new’ pension would be paid. Many were left without means of support, relying on relatives. Fortunately, an agreement which came into force in 2007 solved the problem, including issues relating to the amount of contributions paid before and after the collapse of the Soviet Union. For work years up until 1992, pensions are liable from the state in whose territory the person resided permanently. For years after 1992, payments are the duty of the country of employment. However, some variation is permissible. For instance, a pensioner who worked within ‘Russian’ territory for most of their life but moves to Belarus to retire may choose to have his pre-1992 years paid by Russia. Combination is also possible, with pre-

1992 years paid by Belarus, and the rest by Russia. “We provide continuity and pay pensions promptly to migrating retirees within the Union State,” Ms. Shchetkina stresses. “Belarus pays 11,327 Russian pensions of various sizes: some under a million Belarusian Roubles. It a l l

depends on the employment term and volume of earnings. In Russia, it also relates to the amount of insurance payments paid since 2002.” The Russian pension system has its own specific features while Belarus g i v e s a g e n e rously consistent 40 percent of average annual income in pension p ay m e nt s . Taking into account d e m o -

graphic trends, it’s clearly important to adapt the pension systems of Belarus and Russia to changing conditions.

In working order

Belarusians and Russians also have no need to complete migration cards on entering each other’s territory and are not considered to be foreign nationals. In looking for a job, they are completely free to choose their employer. Since 2009, the number of those coming into Belarus to work has exceeded those leaving. In 2011, 8,434 workers entered the country and 5,522 left. In the first half of 2012, the figures were looking more equal:

3,737 people entered and 3,500 left. It’s a positive trend. Those temporarily residing in Russia are not obliged to pay social security locally, but this also means that employers are not obliged to issue sick pay or provide medical insurance or compensation for injury. However, employment term and earnings abroad do count towards pensions. “In the first half of this year, we worked with our Russian colleagues to ensure pension rights for Belarusian citizens who worked in Russia while having

temporary residency, before Januar y 1st, 2012,” Ms. Shchetkina notes. “Those periods of work will now be taken into account by Russia in determining their pension, under the 2006 agreement, if premiums were paid into the Pension Fund.” From January 1st, an agreement between Russia and Belarus came into force, regarding compulsory social insurance for migrant Union State workers, for contracts of at least six months. This is another important step to ensure the adequate social protection of our citizens. “Both sides are implementing treaties and agreements to the full extent,” adds Ms. Shchetkina. “It is important that we solve issues of social welfare for Union State citizens via open and constructive dialogue, resolving issues promptly.” Another Union document in the social sphere relates to the investigation of accidents in the workplace for those temporarily working outside their usual state of residence.

Rewarding hard work and expertise

By 2015, Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan should b e work ing wit hin t he Eurasian Union, despite their economies differing significantly. Even wages vary greatly between Russia and Belarus. Ms. Shchetkina tells us, “Statistically, the Russian Federation pays higher salaries than Belarus. In August 2012, the average salary across the whole of Russia was 1.7 times

higher. Of course, if you look at specific regions or kinds of economic activity, the picture differs. From January-July 2012, certain jobs were paid 4.1 times more than the average in Belarus, and 5.1 times more in the Russian Federation. S econdly, international comparisons can be made relating to purchasing power: the real value of incomes. Purchasing power in Belarus is higher than in neighbouring countries, due to housing, utilities, health care, social services and transport being state subsidised. There is also social assistance for those on low incomes. Across small and mediumsized businesses, employers can encourage efficiency and high standards by rewarding hard work, initiative and creativity. Of course, the extent of such rewards depends on the finances available, so legislation cannot be harmonised in this area — especially since the legal frameworks of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan differ so greatly. In August 2012, organisations where average salary stood at Br 5m and higher accounted for 7.3 percent. Importantly, the Union State is creating solid ‘social foundations’ of equal rights for Belarusians in Russia and Russians in Belarus: in movement, in choice of place of residence, employment, pension payments, education and health care. Citizens of both countries have access to the same opportunities: a fact which should be appreciated and taken forward. By Aelita Syulzhina

2012 беларусь.belarus

World level research conducted as part of Union State programme

tem cell research is being held up as the Holy Grail for treating every type of illness — even for halting the aging process. While this is, undoubtedly, overly optimistic, grounds do exist for some such hopes. The Belarusian Medical Academy of Post-graduate Education (BelMAPGE) is developing a unique method of recovering nerve connection where cells have been damaged by serious injury. The stem cell project is being financed from the Union State budget as part of Developing New Methods and Technologies in Restorative Therapy of Pathologically Changed Tissues and Organs Using Stem Cells. Candidate of

беларусь.belarus 2012

Artur Prupas

Science battling diseases

medical sciences Marina Zafranskaya, who is heading the project, notes that theoretical results are being backed up by animal testing and clinical trials. Igor Volotovsky, the Academician Secretary of the Biological Sciences Department at the NAS of Belarus, believes that the launch of the Union State Stem Cells programme is activating further research in this sphere domestically, across five areas by eight organisations and institutions. This should lead to clinical treatments for dangerous diseases. Since the Union State programme was launched two years ago, much has been achieved. A few months ago, Grigory Rapota, the State Secretary of the Union State, toured the Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering at the NAS of Belarus. He praised the work of its scientists and clinicians, including extraction of stem

cells from bone and fatty tissue. Over the coming year, this should become standard practice, as should extraction of cells from the umbilical cord. Such cells can be stored for future use by the baby and mother (and, probably, other relatives), without risk of immune incompatibility. A bank of stem cells needs to be built up, with samples able to be stored for long periods. Such storage already exists in many countries and the first banks of umbilical cord blood have now appeared in Belarus. In several cases, stem cells have been used to treat cancerous diseases, significantly enhancing the effectiveness of bone marrow transplants. According to data from the Republican Scientific and Practical C ent re of Pae diat r ic Oncolog y, Haematology and Immunology, this has proven successful in making the deadly disease retreat at least temporarily (without the need for chemotherapy — known for its complicated side-effects). Russian stem cell research (as part of the Union State programme) is being conducted by the Almazov Federal Centre of Heart, Blood and Endocrinology at the Russian Health Ministry in St. Petersburg. From time to time, colleagues meet to share their results and to discuss prospects for co-operation after 2013 — when the current project ends. Mr. Volotovsky tells us, “We’ll discuss another Union State programme to develop definite treatments for particular diseases, based on the achievements of the current programme. The new one will also span three years but will require greater financing: about 800m Russian Roubles. Its breadth of work will be significantly wider.” In 2013, Minsk is to launch the Belarusian-Russian Stem Cell Centre, which will also have a contemporary clinic. By Vladimir Fiodorov

en years ago, in 2002, the first children from areas affected by the Chernobyl disaster in Belarus and Russia took rehabilitation trips. Each year, more money is set aside for this purpose, explains

Roubles were allocated; in 2013, we plan to spend 32m. We’re also keen to see children who missed out this year gain places in 2013. Health resorts are chosen according to strict criteria in Russia and in Belarus, with most Belarusian children travelling

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Gather your strength, guys!

12,000 children from Chernobyl affected districts have improved their health, thanks to state funding the Head of the Social Policy at the Social Policy and Information Support Department of the Union State Standing C ommittee, Ivan Yanovich. He tells us, “Over the past ten years, the allocation of funds for this purpose has grown 30-fold, allowing 12,000 B elar usian and Russian schoolchildren to improve their health. In 2012, 23m Russian

to Russian health resorts, including those on the Black Sea.” The 10t h annivers ar y of t he programme has seen the heads of Belarusian and Russian health resorts meet with the Union State Standing Committee to share their experience. The Zhemchuzhina Children’s Health Improvement Centre, located in the Vitebsk Region of Belarus

has already welcomed over 1,800 children from across the Union State, including about 260 this year. Its light and spacious buildings are connected by covered walkways and boast new furniture and bedding, and bathroom facilities in every block. Each building has a medical station and there are games rooms on each floor. A gym is even available, helping the youngsters to build up their muscles under the eye of a trainer. Zhemchuzhina also has a swimming pool and sauna, including a Charcot’s douche (a cedar barrel from Russia — so called ‘minisauna’). Its salt cave is equipped with Belarusian ultrasound apparatus paid for by the Union State and there is a clinical laboratory, attended regularly by leading experts from the Vitebsk Regional Children’s Hospital. Soon, a pump-room using curative mineral water is to open: wells have already been drilled. Z h e m c hu z h i n a i s a l s o f u l l y equipped for lessons, with highlyexperienced, friendly teachers and a computer room. The children are encouraged to make friends with those from different regions, learning more about the Union State’s diversity, as well as its common history and traditions. “We’re ve r y e xc ite d,” a d m it s Svetlana Kirikova, who has brought 1 9 c h i l d re n of v ar i ou s a g e s t o Zhemchuzhina, travelling from the village of Khotkovo, in the Kaluga Region’s Duminichi District. “There are wonderful conditions here and a cordial attitude towards children. Everything is tailored to their needs: the menu, treatments and service. They dream of coming here again.” Such words of gratitude are the ultimate praise for Zhemchuzhina and similar health resorts which aim to improve the health of children affected by the Chernobyl disaster. By Vladimir Fiodorov

2012 беларусь.belarus

u lt i - s i d e d c u ltu r a l relations are a top priority of the Union State, as recently highl i g ht e d by f am ou s cultural figures from Belarus and Russia at Moscow’s Topical Problems of RussianBelarusian Humanitarian Co-operation

ago) is a major project supported by the Standing Committee. The TV and Radio Broadcasting Organisation of the Union State (TPO) is to make the new film, which will coincide with the 100th anniversary of the beginning of World War I. I’ll share a secret with you: its budget is to exceed that of ‘Brest Fortress’ two-

phers — was recently hosted by Minsk. Which were its brightest moments? Traditionally, ‘Listapad’ is a meeting place for our cinema workers. Over the festival’s lifetime, almost every leading Russian director has visited Minsk: as a jury member or honorary guest or to screen their films. Among them

Making films together Belta

WWI film being Union State funded

forum. The event was attended by the General Director of Belarusfilm Studio, Oleg Silvanovich, who met the Union State’s State Secretary, Grigory Rapota, alongside our Belarusian and Russian culture ministers. Mr. Silvanovich tells us, “During the meeting, it was noted that cinema is the most important sphere of cultural cooperation for our two states. Belarus is currently reforming its cinematography, guided by Russia’s experience. It boasts a strategic partnership with Russian cinematographers, since 80 percent of the films shot at the Belarusian studio involve Russians. The establishment of a working group is an important result of the meeting, as it will study all proposals made by Belarusian and Russian cultural agencies.” The Union State Standing Committee took part in the shooting of the RussianBelarusian Brest Fortress film. What other joint projects are planned? ‘WWI’ — based on a script by Eduard Volodarsky (who died not long

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fold. It’s to be a majestic film worthy of the memory of those who fought and died in WWI. Both films as equally important, having a worthy place in the shared history of our nations. Mr. Silvanovich, you mentioned some problems in joint film production during the round table discussion, noting that Belarusians and Russians have different approaches to the idea of ‘national film’. From a legal point of view, our two states have different approaches to the national film project, since Russia requires a certain number of Russian citizens to be participating for a film to qualify (besides other technical rules). We really need an agreement treating Union State citizens equally, since we share a common history and mentality, as well as a common cultural space. These advantages should be used for co-operation. The Listapad International Film Festival — which is a common venue for Belarusian and Russian cinematogra-

have been Sergey Ursulyak, Vladimir Khotinenko, Kira Muratova, Stanislav Govorukhin, Vadim Abdrashitov, Sergey Soloviev and Nikita Mikhalkov. This time, the jury was led by famous Andrey Zvyagintsev — a prominent international film celebrity. Sergey Loznitsa’s ‘In the Fog’ opened this year’s ‘Listapad’. Shot with the participation of Belarusfilm, it won the FIPRESSI prize in Cannes and has taken other awards at international forums. Our studio’s strategy is paying dividends and I believe that the new film by Russian legend Konstantin Lopushansky — ‘The Role’ (featuring Maxim Sukhanov) — will be no less successful. He tends to choose powerful books to inspire his film making. It is also being realised with our participation. Pleasingly, this year, the festival included a special prize from the Union State Standing Committee, showing its appreciation and support of film makers’ workю by Victoria Popova

PANORAMA

Melody forming part of brand identity

Story continues Art gallery opens in Potemkin’s Palace in Krichev

Research conducted to prepare Minsk brand

study is being conducted to discover how Minskers perceive the capital and their own identity. Besides a logo, a branded colour and font, alongside other visual elements, are being chosen, as is an official anthem for the city. This could be used in the future to accompany Belarus’ e-news. Minsk City Executive Committee has allocated Br 300m for the creation of the brand, with additional funds provided by sponsors; many companies have already expressed their desire to participate. As announced earlier, British INSTID is to design the city brand, having won a tender in mid-June (organised by the Minsk City Executive Committee’s Tender Centre).

Chosen over nine other applications, famous British specialists will be working on the project, including Jeremy Hildreth — who worked on brands for Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Northern Ireland. He is to be joined by David Adam — who headed the creation of London’s brand. Carl Glover is to be the chief designer and photographer — known for working on CD covers for Paul McCartney, Led Zeppelin and The Rolling Stones. The British team is to work on Minsk’s brand until late 2012, designing a logo and motif for postcards, brochures, city points and public transport. Moreover, the British experts are to offer master classes and lectures for Belarusian specialists in the field of design, photography and city decoration.

Chronicle of native city

unique book on Pinsk’s history has appeared in Belarus, entitled The History of Pinsk from Antiquity to Modernity. Dedicated to the 915th anniversary of the city’s first mention in chronicles, the idea for the edition came from the Pre-Industrial Society History Centre at the National Academy of Sciences’ History Institute, during celebrations for Pinsk’s 910th birthday. The initiative was supported by Pinsk City Executive Committee, which also helped with financing. The book describes the history of the city from ancient times to today, containing many new facts connected with the city’s archaeology: famous archaeologist Piotr Lysenko — a laureate of the State Award of Belarus — has conducted many digs there. Only Minsk has a similar edition but it is hoped that other cities may soon receive the same attention. The Institute’s Director, Vyacheslav Danilovich, tells us, “This is a task for the future. I hope there will be understanding from local authorities, since we can create an archive which will remain for centuries. People can see the history of their native town, presented and drawn in a beautiful manner. It cannot but arouse public pride.”

he ancient city of Krichev is now celebrating its 876th anniversary, with the Palace of Potemkin launching an art gallery dedicated to the Golynski family. The mansion was built from 1778-1787 by famous architect Starov (who designed the Tauride Palace in St. Petersburg). It was first owned by Prince Grigory Potemkin who, in January 1776, gained his authority from Catherine the Second. Yan Golynski bought the palace and Krichev’s lands from Catherine’s favourite in 1787; his grandson, Stephen Golynski, took over in 1849, updating the residence in the fashionable Gothic Revival style of the time. In the late 1980s, restoration of the mansion in Krichev began, in 18th century style. Its exquisite interiors were recreated from old drawings and funds were taken from regional and national budgets. In 2003, the Prince’s Palace joined the State List of Historical and Cultural Treasures and, in 2008, it opened to visitors. It includes the regional museum of local history and a registry office, as well as an art gallery dedicated to the Golynski family. Museum Director Vadim Ryskov recalls, “The Golynski family once had a very rich archive, including rare documents such as a royal manifesto of privileges, bearing the personal signatures of monarchs. From 1959-1960, workers replacing the palace’s wooden floors found a clay pot holding 49 letters, requests and lists, dating from 1719-1905 — all from the Golynski family archive.

2012 беларусь.belarus

Belta

FORUM OF MUSEUMS

Mysterious world

of rarities

IN GRODNO THE 1ST NATIONAL FORUM ‘MUSEUMS OF BELARUS’ TOOK PLACE

useums of Belarus For um. E xp er ts arrived from over 150 cultural institutions countrywide, as well as from Russia and Lithuania, sharing their accumulated experience and discussing new paths forward. Issues discussed included how to raise the prestige of rural museums and how to attract more visitors, while generating worthy revenues and ensuring that education and tourism are

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promoted. Experts from 14 countries shared their vision. The organisers did well, enabling each museum to worthily present itself in a festive atmosphere. The Neman Central Sports Complex hosted displays from each institution, with barely room to move. The rows of exhibits were packed closely into the huge hall, which was filled with hundreds of visitors. The event was certainly unusual, with each participant given the opportunity to choose their own style of display. The district museums from Kopyl, Myadel,

Lyuban, Vileika and Kletsk drew crowds with their military songs and live bayan, making it impossible not to linger. The Gomel Regional Museum of Military Glory boasted a brass band and guard of honour while the Director of the Grodno Museum of Religious History, Lyudmila Kornilova, revealed the secrets of how to restore damaged items, including the screening of a video documentary. Biologist Victor Bakhmat, from the Grodno Regional History and Archaeology Museum, presented a unique collection of stuffed animals

and birds, created with his own hands. He recently won a prize at the World Taxidermy Championships in Austria. The Dribin History and Ethnography Museum gave a presentation on how its exhibits are collected, while local 9th grade pupil Denis Rebukhovets conducted a master class in crafts; with an ordinary needle, he created a 3D puppy from wool fibres: a wonderful souvenir. Denis believes that anyone can make something similar. Potter Oleg Kapusta, from the Minsk District’s Zaslavie Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve, gave all his concentration to creating beautiful clay vases. Ella Rezev, an employee of the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, shared her delight, exclaiming, “Of course, these small vases are wonderful. The whole event has opened my eyes. My task is to take back my impressions. In 2010, our museum was voted best in the world by experts, as it boasts the world’s most ancient work of art: a sculpture dating from 2,303 years ago. It’s just 3cm high but many wish to see this small figurine. I reported on it at the Forum and hope that employees of Belarusian museums have obtained something useful from my speech.” Schoolmuseumsalsopresentedimpressive displays, despite generally lacking rare or valuable exhibits or luxurious fittings. Grodno secondary school #16 founded a geological brigade almost 22 years ago, travelling from the Kola Peninsula and Crimea to the Urals and Transbaikal. As a result, their minerals collection boasts over 800 rare exhibits and has been awarded a title of public recognition, being a ‘People’s’ museum. By Iosif Popkovsky

 1,914 museums operate in Belarus, including 60 branches. Around 200 depar tmental museums are also functional, with seven institutions set up by public organisations and 14 by individuals.

Belta

HERITAGE

Unique collection The State Literary Museum of Yanka Kupala stores over 560 manuscripts by the great writer

ccording to its director, Yelena Mat e vo s y an , t h e mu s e u m owns more than 42,000 items relating to the literary genius, including a rare and valuable collection of 562 manuscripts by Kupala. Last month, the museum gained three more to add to its previous 559 texts. “In Belarus and abroad, there are few museums which can boast so many manuscripts by our national legend,” Ms. Matevosyan asserts. This year, the museum celebrates two memorable dates: the 130th anniversary of the birth of the People’s Poet of Belarus (being widely celebrated here and abroad); and 50 years of the museum’s independence. In 1962, as a result of the reorganisation of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, it passed to the control of the Ministry of Culture. The State Literary Museum of Yanka Kupala in Minsk is one of the oldest literary museums in the country. Previously, there was only one such institution —- the House-Museum of Adam Mickiewicz in Novogrudok. Over its 50 years of independence, its members have

established four exhibitions exploring the creativity of the writer. The first stage of the fifth exhibition opened in early August and is interactive: at the entrance to the hall, every visitor receives 3Dglasses, allowing them to better feel the atmosphere of a magical Midsummer holiday. It also introduces the poet’s pictures, books, media publications, household goods and personal items. His study is even recreated. Ms. Matevosyan views We Read Kupala’s Works Together as being among the most significant events organised to date for the 130th anniversary. Works by the national poet of Belarus were read by residents of all ages and social groups. The village of Vyazynka hosted the Republican Festival of Poetry, Song and Craft With One Thought on the Happiness of Belarus, with about 7000 people taking part. The number of foreigners visiting the Museum of Yanka Kupala is ever increasing, especially those from neighbouring countries Russia, Ukraine and Poland. Many also visit the branch in the village of Vyazynka.

2012 беларусь.belarus

Anniversary

1932

is an historic date for B elarusian theatre, being the year of the opening of the State Russian Drama Theatre, in Bobruisk. Led by Honoured Artist Vladimir Kumelsky, it moved to Grodno and then to Minsk after World War II. It was named in honour of Maxim Gorky, before becoming an academic and then a national theatre. Today, fans of the theatre continue to call it the Russian Theatre. Its company of 230 people, including 53 actors, has a repertoire of 28 plays, featuring Russian and foreign classics. Of course, 80 years is a landmark date and a reason to pronounce highsounding words which aren’t always appropriate in everyday life. Of course, these high words will be soon said by the country’s leadership, public organisations and colleague actors from the prominent Gorky Theatre stage. For eight decades, audiences have been moved to tears and laughter and have been made to ponder the deepest emotional and philosophical aspects of life. All those who find themselves moved by stage drama will be delighted to help celebrate the anniversary of the Russian Theatre. This love not only admires the Theatre’s creative achievements but forgives the mistakes which are always part of the learning experience, showing that its work is a living, developing entity. Rather than lingering on errors, we should perhaps focus more on achievements, since we are in a celebratory mood. Eduard Gerasimovich, who heads the Theatre, is a Honoured Figure of Culture of Belarus, while Sergei

Kovalchik is the chief director. Of course, the Russian Theatre boasts many awards. However, these are not solely earned by its actors or directors; the whole company of backstage crew help make each staging a success. We’ve also spoken about something deep without which a theatrical art of true passions can’t exist: about hidden levers which cause its huge mechanism to move and whose vector force is directed towards human soul.

Theatre director Sergei Kovalchik

National Academic Drama Theatre named after M. Gorky soon to celebrate 80th anniversary

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How are you planning to celebrate the theatre’s jubilee? Eduard Gerasimovich: We’re giving a performance; the programme is almost complete, with a special anniversary poster and exhibition in the foyer. I hope that those actors who take part in the staging will surprise us with their creativity. I believe we’ll mark the anniversary worthily, as is appropriate. Since September, we’ve celebrated several anni-

юбилей versaries. People’s Artists of Belarus Bella Masumyan and Boris Lutsenko have taken part in the National Theatre Awards while Mr. Kovalchik directed the final concert. He’s still working on our performance for the New Year: Tamara Gabbe’s Magic Rings of Almanzor. We’ll also be fighting for our title of National Theatre, as the President has decreed that all theatres honoured by the title must periodically prove their worthiness. Autumn 2012, with the transition to winter, has been busy but interesting. Sergei Kovalchik: I think that the anniversary is a good thing. Some time ago, we were criticised for giving too many performances by Danish playwrights. Anniversaries give us the chance to remember the great works of Alexander Pushkin for example. We have the opportunity to mark success. It’s also a great time to try something new and highlight the value of theatre. We’re happy that our Russian Theatre has existed for 80 years. How will you confirm the status of your theatre? E.G.: Our colleagues at the Ministry of Culture will listen to a report on our achievements. It might seem dull to those outside of the theatrical business but we’ve released a wonderful book which explores the work of the Russian Theatre. It will probably be useful to journalists, theatre experts and cultural experts, as well as those writing any thesis connected with our theatre. Over time, your audience must have changed, with stalwarts joined by those who favour only particular playwrights, actors or genres. There must be some who

Director Eduard Gerasimovich

dislike any break with tradition so what thoughts do you have on your audiences of the future? E.G.: I wouldn’t say that our audiences are completely fickle (loving you one day and hating you the next). Tomorrow’s audience will be one which seeks theatre as a route to pondering the meaning of life and deeper feelings. Friends sometimes ask, ‘What do you have to entertain us with?’ but I joke that they should go to see Petrosyan [a Russian comedian] if that’s what they’re after. Theatre offers us catharsis but it requires an

open mind, a readiness to empathise and a degree of intellect. We offer audiences the chance to truly ‘think’. Of course, some of our performances are lighter than others. Also, you can always relax during the intermission: have a coffee, stretch your legs in the lobby, look at the portraits of the actors, or simply ‘people watch’. Even these lighter performances have purpose, developing a taste for the theatre. I hope that, after seeing a ‘light’ play, people are inspired to return. S.K.: It’s an impossible question to

of sincere feelings 2012 беларусь.belarus

Anniversary answer since the theatre’s doors are like those of a church: open to all. Some time ago, the audience watching my Woe from Wit comprised 80 percent 9th-11th grade school children, which made me rather anxious. I was afraid they’d be filled with boredom and was planning to write a complaint to the director about the administrator. However, I decided to wait and see and, surprisingly, discovered that they loved it! They gave a ten minute standing ovation — something rarely seen. It’s no secret that younger audiences like to have their interests represented on stage. Their leisure time seems filled with virtual relationships so how do you encourage them to connect with real life? S.K.: As you know, children gain a love for theatre from an early age and should be made to feel welcome — like anyone else. Performances always attract attraction and unite people — even where their ages and backgrounds seem to differ widely. Anyone can enjoy theatre’s psychological realism although it helps to have been introduced to it from childhood. I recall my own trips to performances as a youngster, discovering the magic of theatre. Young people are mad for ‘virtual reality’; it is truly part of their lives, so it’s justifiable for it to be represented on stage. Modern living embraces traffic jams so why not computers? It’s true that the virtual world can become an addiction but we all need to eat, so we must all enter the real world at some point. Unfortunately, the need for spiritual food is much further down the chain. I think most become fed up with virtual living eventually, returning to real life. The recent reaction of young people to Woe from Wit is a good example. We can’t force teenagers to alter their interests: we can only introduce an idea and see if it appeals. If the emotions on stage are strong enough to compete with the virtual world, you’ll win them over. We need to offer more than simple entertainment to ‘convert’ them though. E.G.: I’ve watched theatre through many phases of development and am pleased to say that our Russian Theatre retains its intellectual challenge, without vulgarity. It promotes spirituality, which

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Ivan Matskevich and Bella Masumyan playing in A Lion in Winter

is vital, to divert society from disasters. I feel sick when directors start shredding, for instance, Chekhov’s Three Sisters in the name of modernism; it becomes pseudo art. S.K.: In one Russian city, I was watching Chekhov’s Three Sisters and was horrified to see Vershinin drink eight glasses of vodka during the performance. This was not how Chekhov wrote Vershinin! Rather than use Chekhov’s play, the director might as well have written his own Three Sisters. Critics gave it a Grand Prix but I felt quite the opposite. These critics were cutting out the roots of psychological theatre. E.G.: One performance at the Chekhov Festival in Moscow left me very disappointed. The three sisters and Vershinin drank constantly. It was terrible! How can we admire such things! It’s disgusting, and very far from the theatre’s role as a spiritual temple. The theatre’s leaders must take responsibility. Of course, every person has good and bad traits but the bad shouldn’t overwhelm all else. Recently, I asked director Kovalchik how our fairy tale performance would end, as I wanted good to finally win clearly over evil, so that the children would receive a positive example to take home with them. Which values should modern theatre promote?

S.K.: Talking about modern values, I’m awaiting the day when someone stands up at a performance by a world famous European director and declares ‘the King is naked!’ [as in the fable of the Emperor’s clothes]. I want this director to hear from the audience that his work lacks substance! Today’s modern theatre, as seen at the Teart Festival in Minsk, can lack professionalism, particularly Western European direction. Some purely wish to show off and fulfil some private fantasy. It’s essential for a director to love the original play he’s chosen. Vrubel’s Demon, inspired by Lermontov [a Russian poet], is one such play: if the stage director loves himself more than the author of the play, nothing good can arise. E.G.: I can’t understand directors who have such attitude towards theatre and I’m pleased to take that stance. I love Tchaikovsky and cry on hearing a Bulgarian ensemble playing fiddles. Music arouses so many feelings deep within us and theatre should be the same; pseudo art simply does not stir the soul. What relation does theatre have with state ideology? S.K.: After the revolution, Stanislavsky was asked whether he was a Bolshevist or Menshevist. He answered that he was an aesthete. The relationship between the artist and power structures has always been

Anniversary

of acute interest, perhaps mimicking that of the king and his jester. As soon as the jester oversteps the mark he is shunned to the corner, so he can never be absolutely free in his words. The theatre has similar restrictions, since it should not inspire chaos. Compromise is required between artists and those in power. E.G.: The theatre cannot afford to be antagonistic towards those in power, since you shouldn’t bite the hand that feeds you. If you want to develop and achieve something, there’s no point in confrontation. Does today’s theatre have a duty to honour such concepts as love for one’s homeland, high ideals and patriotism? S.K.: Ideology and the concepts of which you speak are closely connected. All great civilisations are built on some ideology; anyone who thinks otherwise is mistaken. On seeing the full version of the film Andrei Rublev, by Andrei Tarkovsky, I agreed Rostislav Yankovsky playing in Pane Kokhanku (‘Beloved madam’)

Scene of Amusement of Krechinsky

with the decision to remove the scene where an insane mother gives birth to her child. Its naturalism simply wasn’t aesthetically pleasing. It was Soviet ideology which made the great Tarkovsky edit out the scene. Aristotle told us that even the ugliest idea should be presented in an aesthetically pleasing manner. These days, there are very few obstacles to our method of staging, while even the West has censorship — as we can read online. Certain plays have been banned in Switzerland, in the USA and elsewhere because they don’t fit in with accepted ideology. We have no such prohibitions. Id e o l o g y i s closely linked to our civil position, leaving us to decide what is acceptable. If you don’t like the society in which you live, look for another. If you do like it, help make it better. In Dead Souls, Gogol showed his love for Russia, despite criticising it. Artists have the power to criticise regimes and society but

should do so constructively; criticism for its own sake is worthless. Honouring concepts such as love for one’s homeland, faith in the highest ideals and patriotism are, of course, part of our mission. They are intrinsic to our work. My first performance, The Run, was patriotic and I long intend to explore such themes. The Submariners, my next work, is based on Andrei Kureichik’s play: a patriotic spectacle. If we don’t inspire patriotism in audiences we are missing the importance of theatre as a public platform. E.G.: I repeat, I don’t believe that any artiste can act freely of society, disregarding its precepts. To do so would make us an enemy or antagonist. There is no place for such people in our theatre. Does yours have any similarities with that of wider European theatre? E.G.: I don’t remember a festival or tour which wasn’t successful for us, which speaks volumes. The Kupala Theatre’s Wedding has been staged across half of the world, with success everywhere, while our production of Pane Kokhanku in Russian Saransk caused a storm of applause. I’m convinced that we’re appreciated not for offering simple entertainment but for our pearls of wisdom, which glisten in the beautiful surroundings of the past. Our rich costumes and folklore motifs — as seen in Pane Kokhanku and other performances — are also part of our identity. We bring true passion and culture beyond the routine; we raise everything via artistic staging to touch the senses and feed the mind. We offer real theatre, which appeals to European and non-European audiences. S.K.: We’re not restricted, being able to invite foreign directors to stage plays: Arkady Katz from Russia, Krzysztof Zanussi from Poland, and Latvia’s Igor Kulikov. We’re now negotiating with other foreign directors, which is surely an indicator of being ‘European’. Naturally, audiences are intrigued to see what’s being offered by directors from abroad and they like to see new names on posters. I love Mr. Katz’s performances, as he’s a good person as well as a good director, which promotes a creative atmosphere. Theatre needs such experiments but they do need to serve a

2012 беларусь.belarus

Anniversary purpose; every day can’t be a holiday or it becomes a punishment. Do you receive feedback? E.G.: We also take our performances abroad but perhaps not as often as directors would like. We’re busy at home. If I sent Mr. Kovalchik to Istanbul or elsewhere to promote Belarusian theatre, who’d work here? The British don’t much bother with festivals or foreign events but their theatre is no worse for this. S.K.: We don’t really strive to impress others, as there’s no real purpose to it. Just as you can’t command someone to love, you can’t make an artist work in a particular way. We all have our own style. Those who are famous will always be wellreceived but world theatre extends beyond a few names. Just imagine how many theatres exist across the globe; they work to please audiences in their own countries without thinking any further. I have no Olga Klebanovich playing in Esther

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idea if we influence European theatre but Stanislavsky’s methods certainly live on. You can see evidence of them in modern American films; they sometimes use the best of Stanislavsky, surpassing even ourselves. We can be guilty of throwing away our ‘gold’. E.G.: I don’t know why some critics want us to put aside Stanislavsky’s methods. Directors have the chance to experiment don’t they? S.K.: Experimentation is one thing but theatre should play a civil role in society. Experimentation shouldn’t be a goal in itself. Of course, small theatres are freer to take this path and I’d do so myself if I didn’t work for an academic theatre. What role does Russian theatre play in Belarus? E.G.: Our theatre is a complicated organism, which has its own stability. I’m proud of this as I do believe that much depends on the leadership of the head of the theatre (I’m not referring particularly to myself). If the leader soothes the path for everyone else, the theatre will work smoothly; the administrative details may seem dull but they are important. For 30 years, I’ve headed our theatre, developing my own system of values and priorities. Many documents, decrees, orders, instructions and so on have appeared and I’ve had to assimilate them all. I’m an expert, as I can say without false modesty! If heads of other theatres call me, I’m happy to share my expertise. If someone is working well without my advice, that’s fine too. I always ask when I’m puzzled by something or when I disagree. For example, some think we don’t need Art Councils; it’s necessary to debate the issue. S.K.: Our theatre should be an example to others; we do try — for example in our handling of copyright issues. Other theatres should follow suit, adhering to

copyright laws. We also set high standards when it comes to dialogue: not just diction and articulation but in conveying the inner essence. You can learn a lot from our actors regarding conveying thoughts effectively. Directors also need to express their desires clearly, communicating unambiguously with actors. Simplicity is best. I wouldn’t be so immodest as to say we set the bar but I do see us as a leading light in Belarusian theatre. I agree with Eduard Ivanovich on this. Others can aspire to equal us if they wish to. Each theatre group chooses its own path. Are your audiences ever bored? What do you, Eduard Ivanovich and Sergei Mikhailovich, feel then? S.K.: Boredom is a relative notion. I watched [Russian stage director] Sergei Zhenovach’s Three Years, based on Chekhov’s story, and was bored during the first act; during the intermission, the director explained to me why I was bored. In the second act, I was better able to empathise, feeling sorrow for the Russian people. As Oscar Wilde said, there are no moral or immoral novels, only well-written and badly-written. Poor staging leads to boredom and I have no time for this. Sometimes, a scene fails to work but this can be remedied by altering a few aspects. Theatre is a living art, so mistakes and technical faults can be solved. E.G.: We’ve had performances at which people have appeared bored, which annoyed me. Now, we try to prevent this happening. Do you ever have a sense of community with your audience? S.K.: Yes, not long ago, Truth is Good, but Happiness is Better was playing in Vilnius for our Days of Culture. Eduard Ivanovich and I attended, to see how the performance was being received. We stayed until the end and were so excited to see our young actors much admired. E.G.: I felt similarly at Kovalchik’s The Run. At first, I was worried, as it was his first as the new chief director. Mikhail Bulgakov’s work is complex but the performance exceeded all my expectations. I’m also proud of our Pane Kokhanku. I think that rising interest in the Radziwills

Anniversary

Scene of The Run

has helped. The play has been running for two years, still drawing good audiences. Valery Maslyuk’s Sign of Trouble, by Vasil Bykov, and Boris Lutsenko’s Macbeth (which I watched in Kaliningrad) were also fabulous! Beautiful Klimova, Sidorov and Stupakov were wonderful. Yankovsky was perfect; such power! The audience in Kaliningrad has a mixture of mentalities: German and Russian... It’s a special culture. Audiences were impressed greatly; the applause did not stop. The same happened in Germany, with applause for about twenty minutes. We’re speaking a language understandable to everyone. How do you feel about our talented actors taking part in films and commercial work? S.K.: The acting profession demands that we constantly seek out new roles and ideas. For example, I conducted the first rehearsal of Pane Kokhanku in Nesvizh Castle. For The Submariners, I’ll try to go to a museum of submarines in Moscow for our first rehearsal. When our actors are invited to take part in a film, I’m happy. They meet

new directors and actors, some of whom may be great professionals. It means a lot to play alongside Oleg Menshikov or Oleg Tabakov! Of course, in taking a TV role, you may lose a good role in the theatre. However, in five years of theatre work, I’ve seen actors refusing film roles for theatre; eventually, they’re offered the roles again. E.G.: Theatre roles provide daily bread but films are also significant. Those who realise the importance of theatre in shaping their talent are clever indeed. If you’ve worked for a theatre named after Maxim Gorky, it helps you at auditions. Such actors are sure to be offered film roles. What are the best traditions of your theatre today and how will these take you into the future? E.G.: We are strongly creative, with a moral and ethical component formed throughout the long life of our theatre. I’m very glad that our Russian Theatre has no villains or scoundrels. Some don’t get on well, leaving after a couple of seasons. Theatre rejects them as outsiders, with different energy.

S.K.: We have strong traditions of psychological theatre and respect for language which are supported by plays passed from generation to generation. I’m happy that we employ such actors as Rostislav Yankovsky, Olga Klebanovich Alexander Tkachenok and Bella Masumyan. You can learn a lot from them. Like a nightingale, the only bird that shows its children how to sing, they share their experience with younger members. To act next to them is a school for young actors. It’s impossible to act badly beside them or appear false. If you make a mistake, it seems insignificant. In trying to emulate them you can only improve your skills. This is the power of our theatre’s traditions. Our policy is guided by the continuity of generations. We have a perfectly balanced, strong team staging classics: Russian and foreign. Audiences expect a certain repertoire so we do our best to live up to our titles of Russian Theatre, national and academic. It’s a great responsibility. By Valentina Zhdanovich

2012 беларусь.belarus

RESTORATION

n mid-summer, Nesvizh Castle first threw open its doors to visitors. The President of Belarus, Alexander Lukashenko, attended the op ening ceremony and, after examining the apartments of the Radziwill dukes, restored to their former glory, announced that restorers should be encouraged to unite within a single organisation. “There are good specialists in Belarus whom we shouldn’t lose. We need to establish a solid and worthy organisation to unite all restorers; we mustn’t lose their talents.” Certainly, such talents are rare, so we’d like to familiarise our readers with some of our leading masters who ‘work miracles’.

Saints reveal their mysteries

Country’s top restorers return painting and architectural masterpieces to their former glory Mr. Shpunt began his restoration work in 1970. A sculptor by training, he was employed at a moulding workshop run by the Culture Ministry’s Special Scientific Restoration Production Workshops. From 1970 to 1973, he restored the stucco mouldings of St. Sophia’s Cathedral in Polotsk and then those of the Bulgak Palace in Zhilichi, as well as the ceramic decorations found in the Paskevich dukes’ vault in Gomel. Restoration in Arkady Belarus had only just Shpunt begun, so Mr. Shpunt studied in Moscow, at t h e A l l - Un i on

Central Scientific Research Laboratory of Conservation and Restoration of Museum and Art Treasures. He passed his first internship at the Latvian OpenAir Ethnographic Museum in Riga. In 1977, the Museum of Ancient Belarusian Culture opened at the Institute of Arts, Ethnography and Folklore (at the Academy of Sciences of Belarus). Still operational today, in its original form, it showcases many works restored by Mr. Shpunt. In the 1970s, state museums were organising various expeditions to explore treasures held in provincial churches; the best masterpieces were then brought to Minsk. Mr. Shpunt took part in these trips and saved many icons. While restoring the altars of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Catholic Church in Pinsk, from 1980 to 1986, Mr. Shpunt met Kazimierz Swiatek, who then headed the Catholic Church in Belarus. In 1997, Mr. Shpunt headed a brigade of masters restoring monumental paintings at Minsk’s Cathedral of St. Mary the Virgin; 1,000 square metres of 18th century pictorial art was disclosed and the work was given the blessing of Pope Benedict XVI. In Belta

He is mostly known for having restored ancient icons and frescoes at Minsk’s Cathedral of Saint Virgin Mary but has also helped restore works of Belarus-born representatives of the Paris Art School, being exhibited at the National Art Museum this autumn. His studio is located on the fifth floor of a building adjoining the National Art Museum — on the left and under increased guardianship. It also houses several rooms used for restoring oil paintings, metal pieces, frames and fabric.

They work miracles

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RESTORATION rather bad condition, as he recollects, “The paint layers were swollen and cracked, threatening to fall off at any moment so, to preserve them, I used temporary glue there and then. Our research during restoration showed that the original 16th century work had been completely renewed in the 19th century. I spent around two years on the masterpiece, reinforcing the paint and the coats which had already fallen. Meticulously, millimetre by millimetre, I removed the layers and, as if by miracle, the unique 16th century painting was disclosed.”

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Mirror graces Nesvizh once more

Sergei Drushchits

March 2011, the Metropolitan of Minsk and Slutsk, the Patriarchal Exarch of all Belarus, Filaret, awarded Mr. Shpunt a certificate from the Patriarchal Exarchate for his work to the glory of the Orthodox Church. Since 1999, Mr. Shpunt has worked at the National Art Museum and, in 2008, became Head of the Department for Scientific and Restoration Works. He continues to reveal mysteries and tells us, “Belarusian icons differ in

task for restorers to decide which layer to leave and which to remove. They aim to reveal the original idea of the first painter.” The National Art Museum boasts a rare 16th century Belarusian icon: Smolensk’s Icon of the Mother of God, named Hodegetria (part of the permanent exhibition of ancient Belarusian art). It was discovered in 1958, by an expedition from the State Art Museum of the BSSR, headed by

THERE ARE GOOD SPECIALISTS IN BELARUS WHOM WE SHOULDN’T LOSE. WE NEED TO ESTABLISH A SOLID AND WORTHY ORGANISATION TO UNITE ALL RESTORERS; WE MUSTN’T LOSE THEIR TALENTS having Catholic and Orthodox layers. Orthodox crucifixion scenes show Christ’s legs with four nails driven through them; meanwhile, his legs are crossed in Catholic depictions. The same images have been altered many times through the ages, so it’s a difficult

Director Yelena Aladova. The icon was painted onto the wall of the Church of the Nativity of the Most Holy Mother of God (Dubenets, in the Brest Region’s Stolin District). It was only in 1977 that the icon fresco came to Minsk, brought by Mr. Shpunt personally. It was in a

The scientific head of restoration at Nesvizh Castle, Sergei Drushchits, is a well-known figure, having worked with Mr. Shpunt on many architectural monuments. However, he has really shown his talent at Nesvizh, supervising the return to glory of the residence of Belarus’ most powerful noble family — the Radziwills. The site is now registered on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. First founded in 1583, its construction was headed by Italian architect Giovanni Maria Bernardoni; four centuries later, its restoration was headed by Mr. Drushchits. He spent many years on the meticulous restoration of the building’s three dozens of halls, working on 8,000sq.m. in all. With his colleagues, he collected artefacts from the country’s archives and abroad for placement in the castle. He leads me to one mirror, explaining, “This will be familiar to many theatregoers as it once hung in the Kupala Theatre’s lobby; it was taken from Nesvizh in 1939 but is now returning to decorate the Golden Hall. The Radziwills’ inventories served as our guide. Of course, our major task was to reinforce the construction of the Castle itself, removing excessive paint layers from its days as a sanatorium, then restoring its panels, chandeliers, parquet and mantelpieces. Unique frescoes, mouldings and gold plating have also been carefully restored.”

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Restoring the age of Yevfrosiniya Polotskaya

The most ancient church in Belarus remains almost unchanged since its construction. The Saviour’s Transfiguration Church in Polotsk was built in the 12th century at the instruction of St. Yevfrosiniya Polotskaya — the first female saint in Belarus and Eastern Europe. Restorers from Minsk and Moscow are returning the church to its former glory, cleaning its 12th century frescoes, hidden under layers of 16th-19th century paint. It’s an endeavour which was launched by Vladimir Rakitsky two decades ago. B y 2 0 0 6 , M r. R a k it s ky, w h o h a d been working alone, had discovered a third of the building’s frescoes, covering 2 0 0 s q . m . To d a y, paintings on the altar have been cleaned, as have those on the credence table and in

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Vladimir Sarabianov

the diaconicon (the vestry on the south side of the central apse of the church, holding vestments, books and artefacts used during mass). Frescoes under the dome have also been revealed. Restorers have preserved the picturesque 19th century layers added in the 1830s and 1880s. “These later frescoes are also precious from an historical and artistic point of view,” notes Mr.Rakitsky, who has been a supporter of their preservation. Restorers can remove layers separately, placing them on new platforms for viewing. Mr. Rakitsky has removed layer after layer with great patience. “It may seem that I was working very slowly. However, such are the requirements of the science of restoration. These

monuments are the legacy of the whole nation. It took a decade to clean the Sistine Chapel in Rome of dust and mud: a project in which I helped.” Moscow restorer Vladimir Sarabianov is continuing Rakitsky’s endeavour. Although an acknowledged ancient art expert, he is still surprised at the ongoing discoveries, noting, “Over a period of fifteen years, Mr. Rakitsky revealed the drum, domes and strengthened arches. In 2007, I was invited to work in the Cathedral by the Archbishop of Polotsk and Glubokoe, Feodosiy. Each time I visited the church I was greatly surprised to find him climbing the scaffolding to ask me about progress. I pointed to the wall and said: ‘Within a week, the Holy Saviour’s image will be apparent’. The Archbishop was doubtful but returned a week later and it was just as I had said. He shook his head saying ‘Miracles!’ Mr. Sarabianov is confident that Polotsk church was painted by Greek masters. “I think Yevfrosiniya knew whom to invite to undertake the work. She lived in this church, leaving only on monastery business. Some of the patron saints depicted on the walls are heavenly patrons of Yevfrosiniya’s closest relatives. However, we still have many mysteries to disclose!” he admits. Artur Prupas

The interiors of the princely apartments have been completely restored, alongside the chapel, the Golden Hall and White Ballroom, the Hunting Hall, Small Dining Hall and Hetman Hall. During reconstruction, previously unknown underground tunnels were discovered. Mr. Drushchits leads me to the dungeon, noting, “We’re now under the castle embankments. The tunnels were damaged in the 18th century but we have restored two and have found new communication lines, collectors and wells. All these underground constructions have been cleaned to allow tourists to view them. In the course of time, we’ll house an exhibition down here.” Tourists can admire many items made for the Radziwills: Slutsk sashes, Naliboki glass, Korelichi tapestries and Sverzhen ceramic ware. Portraits of the family which hung in Nesvizh Castle until 1939 have been returned from Minsk museums.

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RESTORATION

Vladimir Rakitsky

By Viktar Korbut

ANCESTORS AND DESCENDANTS

Portrait

of the future descendant Theories abound on the future of people; how will we evolve?

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ince homo sapiens first begantoinhabitBelarusian lands they haven’t changed significantly in appearance. Nevertheless, our ancestors, who lived here in the 11th-12th centuries, were shorter than contemporary Belarusians; even in the 1920s, the average Belarusian woman was just 1.6m high. In the early 20th century, a true bogatyr (giant), standing over 2m tall, resided in the Vitebsk Region. A monument is soon to be unveiled to him as the region’s tallest man. “The skeleton of this man was studied by Prof. Piotr Lobko,” explains doctor of

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ANCESTORS AND DESCENDANTS

The ancestors’ costumes are still popular in different fields of the Belarusian cultural life

medical sciences, Prof. Lidia Tegako, who heads the Anthropology and Ecology Department at the National Academy of Sciences’ History Institute. “The tallest man in the Vitebsk Region suffered from acromegaly — endocrine system problems.” Industrially developed countries began seeing people ‘grow’ in height even before WWII (in Belarus from the mid-20th century). The peak of such acceleration became evident in the 1980s. Compared to the post-war generation, we are 12cm taller, on average. Anthropologists note that the ‘growth spurt’ which used to occur at the age of 6-7 and then at 12-13, is happening at least one year earlier (age 4-5 and then again at 10). We can’t assume that today’s children aged 3, 5 or 10 are more intelligent than our great grandparents,”

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notes Dr. Tegako. “Evolution takes thousands of years. Today’s children’s brains are anatomically the same as ever. However, researchers note that more people on Earth are receiving formal education now.”

Why is this?

“While our grandmothers were playing with dolls, contemporary children use educational toys, ‘speaking’ books and computers from the earliest of days. As a result, most begin speaking at the age of two; Einstein said his first word at four and it wasn’t thought unusual at the time. No one saw any arrested development in the fact.” Through history, the human brain has gradually increased in size, while becoming more efficient. We are now called ‘homo sapiens sapiens’ by anthropologists.

Humans of the future will need wigs and false teeth!

Forecasts regarding the appearance of our descendants are disappointing. Some anatomists and anthropologists predict a weaker creature without ribs, teeth or hair: a fragile humanoid with a huge head — as in films about alien life forms. Dr. Tegako tells us, “Researcher Alexey Bystrov believes that future humans won’t have ribs (being of no use); even now, anatomists note that, worldwide, quite healthy babies are being born without some of their ribs.” Of course, the human organism is adaptable, so tends to reject that which isn’t needed. As we conduct less major physical activity, our ability to perform arduous tasks will gradually recede (and will be passed on in our DNA). Walking to and from our computer or TV set hardly requires great physical strength.

ANCESTORS AND DESCENDANTS “We are seeing skeletal gracilisation,” adds Dr. Tegako. “Changes are apparent in each generation, with bones becoming thinner. Overcrowding of teeth is a common result of the jaw becoming thinner; ever more children are having to wear braces to correct overlapping teeth.” In fact, we may eventually lose our teeth altogether, since we eat so much processed food; our ancestors had to grind more fibrous vegetables and crops, while meat was a rare delicacy. Today’s food hardly requires chewing. Meanwhile, it tends to be full of preserving agents, sugar and acids. We add micro-elements (such as calcium and fluorine) to our foods, while our ancestors would have found these in natural food sources. Sadly, the average person is also more likely to be overweight, as we have unlimited access to food (and no need to chase it down with weapons!) Of course, nature doesn’t preserve anything ‘just for beauty’; our hair has long lost its original purpose in keeping us warm, so it’s hardly surprising that not only anthropologists but hairdressers worldwide have noted the worsening condition of human hair.

Women driving forward progress

The Human Race has climbed a long way since its Australopithecine monkey days… largely due to womankind! Scientists agree that women initiated the Neolithic revolution: the shift from gathering towards a more sedentary way of life. Our remote ancestresses tamed animals and grew plants, to avoid the need to wander from one place to another. In removing the nomadic search for food, we acquired time to invent and muse, rather than merely survive. “Interestingly, some researchers think that the future is one of tall women and shorter, physically weaker men,” notes Dr. Tegako. Truly, we seem to be living in the ‘Age of Aquarius’: the era of women. Commonly, more females are born than males in animal popuThe beauty and style of the ancient belarusian costumes of women are evident

THROUGH HISTORY, THE HUMAN BRAIN HAS GRADUALLY INCREASED IN SIZE, WHILE BECOMING MORE EFFICIENT. WE ARE NOW CALLED ‘HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS’ BY ANTROPOLOGISTS lations. In fact, female reptiles can reproduce w it h o ut m e n . T h e reverse remains true in human populations — where more boys are born than girls. This seems to be the trend in fighting nations such as the former Yugoslavia (throughout history). More boys are also born in B e l ar u s

(5-7 percent more than girls). Of course, after the Great Patriotic War, around 40 percent of Belarusian women remained unmarried or were widows. Today’s deficit of men is connected with their higher mortality compared to women.”

‘Gene of blue eyes’ remains in villages

Anthropologists are convinced that humanity’s race composition is changing; while European countries experience a demographic crisis, Asian and African states are adopting measures to encourage reduced birth rates. Soon, most people on the Earth are likely to be mixed-race, commonly part Asian or Afro-Caribbean. Will immigration also influence the appearance of Belarusians? “I don’t think that our European features will disappear in the nearest c e ntu r i e s ,” a s s e r t s D r. Te g a k o. “Belarusians have mixed with those from other nations throughout history. For instance, in the 13th century, Duke Vitovt invited the Tatars to his lands. Their descendants still live in Lida, Kletsk and Ivye — and in Orda village in the Kletsk District. However, we don’t have the narrow eye shape of the Central Asian peoples.” Those with dark eyes and dark hair (a dominant gene) are settling in Belarus’ large cities but typical fair-haired and light-eyed Belarusians will continue to be born in villages (often in the northern areas — in the Mogilev and Vitebsk regions). “We shouldn’t confuse ‘race’ with ‘nation’, ” explains Ms. Tegako. “Race refers to biological features. Belarusians may change their appearance but their preservation of historical memories and traditions will enable them to retain their national identity.” By Alexandra Antselevich

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ART PERSONALITY In the 1970s, young painters of pictorial art were known for their keen vision and reflection of the ‘truth’. Their thinking was relaxed and philosophical, while aspiring to explore moral and aesthetic foundations. Their creativity synthesised new artistic concepts and national traditions in depicting the heroic and tragic history of their Fatherland. Their canvases were full of love for Belarus: its life and people 48

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Searching for one’s

PERSONALITY ART

own truth A

rtist Georgy Loiko b elongs to t his generation of painters. He drew from childhood, with a natural sense of colour and composition. He was keen to attend the pictorial art studios of famous artists Sergey Katkov and Viktor Versotksy and, aged 11, began attending Minsk’s first city art school. He later studied at Minsk’s Art College, taught by Algerd Malishevsky and L eonid Shchemele v. It was Mr. Malishevsky who suggested young Georgy enter the Belarusian Theatre and Art Institute after his fourth year at the College. At that time, the Institute lacked a traditional art department so he applied for the Interior and Equipment Department. He successfully passed his first year examinations but soon realised that his heart wasn’t in this speciality. He thought about moving to the Moscow Art Institute (named after Surikov) or studying in Vilnius or Riga. However, at the beginning of his second year, he became friends with artist teachers across various departments: Victor Gromyko, Mikhail Livshits, Ivan Akhremchik and Natan Voronov. The latter had the greatest influence over young Georgy. Mr. Akhremchik agreed to supervise Loiko’s diploma paper, entitled ‘The Protection of the Republic’ and Georgy found his niche — among canvases, brushes and oil paints. He still recollects ‘his’ teachers with great gratitude and warmth.

As a second year student at the Institute, the young painter took part in the 2nd Republican Self-portrait Exhibition, creating a figure which casts a guarded gaze over his surroundings, coupled with a stern posture of arms folded across his chest. Six years later, Georgy Loiko made another portrait of himself, this time carrying a bowl of tea in his hands. His eyes narrow dreamily behind his glasses and he appears slightly tired, wearing a dressing gown. It resembles the first in many ways but carries more confidence and a sense of wisdom and understanding.

Mr. Loiko’s generation grew up believing that truth was the corner stone of art but, gradually, it became clear that truth is not enough. Many of his peers, as well as some older colleagues, began to search for alternatives, although not always consciously. Some acted institutively and many had their own path, creating diversity. Loiko yearned to improve his art by gaining a better understanding of himself and his country, travelling across the Vitebsk and Gomel regions, through the Republic’s rural areas and into industrial construction sites.

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ART PERSONALITY After much praise for his diploma picture at the 14th All-Union Exhibition of Students from USSR Art Institutes, he became the Institute’s teaching chair. However, Natan Voronov’s strong influence was holding back the young painter creatively. Voronov’s ‘Leningrad’ painting so dominated Georg y’s thinking that he found difficulty finding his own identity. A two month trip to Cuba allowed him to relax, creating two dozen works filled with warmth and colour: yellow, pink and red. They were quite the opposite of Voronov’s work. Georgy presented the cordial humanity of Cuban life, as well as exotic landscapes filled with sunlight. Drafting was one of his first works on returning to his homeland, depicting a real group of young draftees during their medical examination and harking back to the theme of war. We see the heroic and tragic history of the Fatherland through the eyes of these young people joining the army. His other early works use simple composition and everyday themes rather than overt drama, conveying a message through mood. Mr. Loiko explains, “It’s vital that images provoke audiences to contemplate a definite flow of ideas.” His Partisan Oath boasts no real action and scanty detail. We simply see a large group of partisans carrying their weapons, portrayed against the background of a forest. However, drama is created through the sharp contrast of the motionless purple-red forest and the red glare of the sky against the excited, yet harsh faces of those who have sworn their oath of loyalty to their Fatherland. The partisans are compositionally ‘pressed’ towards the lower edge of the canvas, as if contained by the forest. They seem to burst and pulse with thirst for revenge and victory. In 1976, he visited Novopolotsk’s Chemical Factor y several times, which inspired a series of works. “I failed to do anything well,” he recollects. “However, I was consumed with trying to catch the essence of the site:

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the poetic beauty of technology.” His Installation Fitters at Novopolotsk’s Chemical Factory, displayed at the Youth of the Country exhibition, is probably the most significant of the series. He captures the creativity and spirituality of engineering and industrial construction, which are an indispensable part of our modern world. He uses parallels and metaphors in his Architecture of Big Chemistry, Pipe Laying, The Working Day Begins and Rhythms of Novopolotsk, which are uniquely romantic in composition and scale. There are no cosy home interiors or tranquil corners of nature. Each silhouette of technical construction is dynamic. “My major task was to spiritualise the industrial environment and to show that the lifeblood of technology and engineering required a new method of embodiment,” he asserts. His travels through the Republic, of course, created real impressions but the works which followed are

more than a catalogue of scenes. He aspired to portray the way of life of his homeland and people as realistically as possible. Warders of Roads, Between Battles, Holiday in Kolkhoz and Before Sowing, alongside other canvases, have aroused special interest at exhibitions ever since and are held by museums countrywide. In the late 1970s, he fell into a period of doubt, spending much time on Never Again: a composition dedicated to Belarusian revolutionary Ivan Pulikhov. He taught at the Institute and began developing new methods of drawing, while also gaining the opportunity, via the Union of USSR Artists, to go to Spain. This finally inspired a transformation in him, seeing originals by El Greco, Velázquez, Murillo and Goya. He began to feel alienated by works he’d previously revered and truly made some discoveries regarding his identity. He realised that these great painters shifted religious plots onto contempo-

PERSONALITY ART rary soil, stressing the depth of human spirit. Georgy began pondering figurative language and, two years later, entered a new period, using his Spanish impressions alongside a close study of himself and his colleagues. The first work in his new series was Quintet, devoted to young musicians in a student ensemble. Light and lyrical, it showed some poetic maturity. His Yanka Kupala in Levki — 1941 is dedicated to the poet’s last stay at his summer cottage in June 1941 (departing burning Minsk). War, gloom and uncertainty lay ahead but Yanka Kupala is seen looking to the future optimistically. “When I stand near the easel, I trust the movements of my soul,” admits Mr. Loiko. Clearly, his manner is to ponder each work long and hard, being passionate about conveying emotional themes. He often unites disparate objects and characters to give figurative, psychological meaning rather than illustrative. Never Again unites the reality of action with

the spirit of ideals. A similar method is applied in Drafting and Memory; we can almost hear the ‘roll-call’ of those who sacrifice some or all of their life to military action, protecting their homeland. Undoubtedly, landscapes occupy a special place in his creativity, offering confessional truth and lyrical beauty. “In painting landscapes, I often alter details,” he admits. “I’m not correcting nature’s mistakes; I simply need to reinforce certain aspects to suit my creative perception.” He treats nature as a sculptor treats an unpolished block of marble, ready to be shaped to his end. Each element is based on something real and, together, they form a believable entity, with stylish unity. His landscapes are diverse. Burned Land of the Logoisk District — the most generalised — offers contrasting combinations of colour: yellow, lilac, brown, green and burgundy. Sunlight casts its own shadows, accentuating

the silhouettes of trees, fields and hills. The horizon is blue, with soft clouds of smoke. The portrayal of long-suffering could appear desolate but, instead, inspires hope of change. Delight at winter beauty is evident in the softly diffused light of Winter Road, where the whiteness of the snow is set against an orange shed roof and dark red forest. The freshness is tangible. Meanwhile, Cherry Bursting into Blossom depicts exuberant spring and beehives: typical for Belarus. Inspired by the Lake Naroch area, he later worked on the canvas in his studio, reviving his buoyant mood effectively. Most of Loiko’s landscapes offer a gentle palette to explore the morning mist in the forest, mirror-like lakes, the pale ‘yolk’ of the sun over a river, young grass beside the Berezina River, golden splashes of May sunset, blue horses swimming on a warm evening, the leaden heaviness of a cloud and branches moved by the wind. His restraint creates a world of calm tranquillity and silent beauty, resonating with mystery and eternal truths. Occasionally, he paints vividly-real still life works, such as Autumn StillLife, In the Studio, Field Flowers and At the Balcony; Gladiolas, Morning, Mountain Ash, and Bouquet — Flowers of My Land are gentler, recalling first childhood impressions. His st i l l - l i fe work d e d i c ate d to prominent B elarusian poet Maxim Bogdanovich is particularly memorable, arousing a feeling of evening peace. Against the blue-eyed night, we see a candlestick with a burning candle on the table, beside an edition of Venok (Wreath) poems, and a jug of stridently blue cornflowers; the silver disc of the moon twinkles mysteriously behind the clouds. In the 1970s, Loiko significantly expanded his palette and began addressing plots of more global scale, including those involving dramatic conflict. However, he was not restrained by any particular reference to time, making his plots generalised.

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ART PERSONALITY

His ability to portray nuances of human feeling is evident in his early Portrait of a Wife and Portrait of a Young Girl in Red, as well as in portrait sketches for larger pictures created in various years. He aimed to show the essence of a person — their soul; we each have our own biography yet remain part of eternity, individual yet part of something larger. Loiko interprets modernity in his own manner, asserting not only the beauty and harmony of people and nature, but the disturbing bitterness connecting them. Penance is devoted to Chernobyl. A cross bearing the body of Christ is at the centre, with a Chernobyl sign above. Instead of Biblical characters at the foot of the cross, we see ordinary residents from the abandoned villages of the Chernobyl-affected zone. They have left their homes forever but leave simple gifts near the cross, asking God’s forgiveness for their sins. The eternal plot unites the End and the Beginning, Christ’s pain and the pain of humanity, our inescapable guilt and its inescapable expiation… Loiko is more comfortable in soul-searching than in choosing easy themes, exploring painful moments from the past. He tells us, “I don’t do anything in a revolutionary manner. My shift towards non-figurative art has

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been an inward process of suffering. I have the chance to touch people, awakening their imagination through painting instead of words.” Of course, before launching his new experiment, he studied works by Kandinsky and Malevich: their abstract combinations and theory. He is also inspired by Christian iconography, which represents an age-old spirituality; it urges him to penetrate the energy of feelings and thoughts. His series of five canvases — Resurrection — marked the beginning of this

theme, combining traditional still-life objects (field flowers in vases, brushes, an artist’s palette and a candlestick) with religious buildings and artefacts (churches and icons). This deliberately restricted repertoire allowed him to concentrate his attention on adjusting the structure of the compositions almost to the centimetre. It would be absurd and senseless to describe the plots of Loiko’s latest works, since no plot exists; they represent a world of dreams and fantasies, which seem strange at first sight: Improvisations, Baltic Associations and Metamorphoses. They explore emotions experienced by the artist and link them to the deepest mysteries of the world, which have no end and no answer. Until we pass into the ‘hereafter’ none can know the answers to the meaning of life or the reason for our existence. These are absolute truths towards which many spend their life moving — Loiko among them. Of course, the notion of exploring our reason for being is as old as the hills. Like other masters before him, including the avant-garde painters of the 20th century, such as Cézanne, he has set high ideals and has suffered his whole life because of the impossibility of achieving them. Loiko tries to extract pure ideas from traditions and throw away the

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remainder, as we see in Improvisations o n a n O r t h o d o x To p i c . Wi t h surprising courage, he tackles the most complex questions of human existence connected with the oldest branch of Christianity: the Orthodox Faith. However, he has no expectation of achieving answers, no matter how his soul yearns for them. In looking beyond external appearances, he embraces the true nature and essence of our world. He juxtaposes inviolability with vulnerability. Ideas are inviolable while natural law states that all else — flesh and organic matter — has a finite lifespan. Meanwhile, even ideals are built on questionable foundations, with the risk of falling like a house of cards. Loiko attempts to comprehend eternal truths to find unity in the world and does this through the symbolism of iconography, where gestures, faces and colours each have their own deeper meaning. He constructs complex layers, inviting us to delve deeper, as a metaphor for delving into other aspects of our lives. In creating such pictures, which resemble tapestries, he invites us to recognise patterns within the chaos. In balancing on the edge between birth and destruction, the beginning and the end, he creates something ‘other’

— neither reality nor fantasy. Perhaps, his works resemble that brief moment between dreaming and awakening when recollections and faces blur and fade into a mosaic of the semi-real. Georgy Loiko suffered, filled with self-doubt, torturing himself with anxiety, repeatedly wondering whether his canvases were worthy of being called art. However, he could no longer return to his old realism. He had travelled far since his early days. He continued to question the value of his work for a long time, especially during foreign trips and visits to museums and galleries. He spent hours peering at icons and musing on their mysteries, feeling a desire to use their power to create something new but remaining bewildered as to how to do so. He was raised with the strict realistic traditions of Russian classical painting, where the world is seen plainly rather than analysed. In his Metamorphoses series, he used colourful shapes, spots, lines and planes of colour — all of an abstract character, unconnected with real associations. This ‘non-objective impressionism’ leads us to another world: one of feelings and symbolism, experienced through music, colour and dreams, bringing both anxiety and joy. His shapes and lines intersect and overlap while shapes are shaded in gradated

tones; it’s easy to imagine that these resemble the sky, ground, leaves or other recognisable objects but it’s senseless to search for any real plot. The names of the canvases speak for themselves: Spiritual Matters, Unreality, Impressions, Colour Mirage, Internal Silence and Free Space. If you look closely, you should always be able to find something which resonates with your own thoughts and feelings. Some compositions boast up to five colourful layers, with texture used as well as colour, tone and line. Led by his inner intuition, the brush strokes have spontaneity. It’s staggering to think of how much an artist can create over their entire life. Mr. Loiko has managed to achieve a great deal yet still believes that his most important work lies ahead. Perhaps all true masters feel this way. He is most at peace when creating: monumental canvases or stained glass windows. Above all, Mr. Loiko is unpredictable — in life and creativity. However, his encouragement of others remains constant. He infects them with his zest for life and desire to find meaning in the world. “If you want to achieve something, go ahead,” he emphasises. “Don’t search for truth behind doors; it’s always to be found inside your own self.” It’s a precept that Mr. Loiko lives for. By Viktor Mikhailov

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FILM PREMIERE

It will be assessed

by viewers

Nikolay Knyazev has no doubt that his new comedy, To Steal Belmondo, will prove a hit

ccording to the Director General of Belteleradiocompany, Oleg Si lvanov ich, the film is now being edited for cinema release. The aim of

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selling the film to the Russian market as a six-episode television mini-series remains on hold — as Russia is already saturated, lacking demand for foreign TV programmes. However, the studio hasn’t lost hope and Mr. Knyazev is confident

that To Steal Belmondo will soon be in demand. Despite the well-known name of the protagonist, the original Monsieur Belmondo wasn’t invited to participate in filming — for budgetary reasons (less than a million dollars). However, some of the film was shot in

NEWS Paris, requiring urgent visas and air tickets for the crew. The Belarusian village which is the namesake of the European capital was ‘played’ by Ostroshitsky Gorodok. Mr. Knyazev tells us, “Originally, we planned to shoot in the Vitebsk Region’s real village of Paris. However, on visiting, we realised it wasn’t suitable. So, Ostroshitsky Gorodok was chosen. We even had to build the Eiffel Tower.” The film was shot at Hollywood speed and with Bollywood colour: in 50 days (almost unheard of in the world of cinema). Naturally, there were some problems, particularly with the cat, Belmondo — who is stolen by criminals. The director admits, “I found Snezhok (Snowball) at a cat show and immediately identified him with the part of Belmondo; he seemed noble, arrogant, energetic and handsome. However, he turned out to be quite sluggish and apathetic. Sometimes, it required dozens of takes to get the cat to move.” Meanwhile, a rooster who was required to jump from a roof onto Tolya Kot’s head kept landing on his shoulder or back, scratching him terribly, until he couldn’t bear it any longer. Eventually, Tolya requested a final take and then to work with what they had. As if understanding these words, the rooster then performed the take perfectly! Russian and Belarusian actors Anna Bondareva, Andrey Dobrovolsky, Sergey Zhuravel, Alexander PankratovCherny and Oleg Nesterov are also cast. Oleg has the leading role of Moscow writer Benedict Bakunin, who is suffering from writer’s block. Producer Gennady Davydko initially insisted that the role of Bakunin be played by Igor Ugolnikov, but the director only saw Nesterov in the part. The film has already been screened in Ostroshitsky Gorodok and at the Dazhynki Festival in Gorki. It will premiere at other Belarusian cinemas from October and will, surely, meet an enthusiastic reception.

Researchers assist film director Shooting of film about Marc Chagall launched in Vitebsk

he film is being directed by famous producer and People’s Artist of the Russian Federation Alexander Mitta. A Jewish district has been created along the bank of the Dvina River for the film’s set, while some locations in the historical part of Vitebsk’s centre will also be used. As usual, Mr. Mitta is refraining from revealing much about his work. As is traditional, shooting began with the breaking of a plate against the camera stand. However, he promises to reveal more soon.

Five centuries of history leave none indifferent Record number of visitors registered at Mir Castle

Previously, Mr. Mitta has told us that the full-length feature film is to be entitled The Miracle of Chagall. Its second title, according to the film director, reflects the idea more fully — Commissar Chagall and Citizen Malevich. The film explores the difficult relationship of the two geniuses in Vitebsk from 19181921 and Malevich’s struggle for ‘young minds’. Another emotional element is introduced via Marc’s wife Bella. While writing the script, the director used research by Valery Shishanov, the Deputy Director of the Vitebsk Regional Local History Museum: Vitebsk Museum of Contemporary Art: The History of Creation and Collections. Mr. Mitta was also assisted by the Marc Chagall Museum and the Contemporary Art Centre.

rom January-August 2012, 190,000 people visited the museum — 55,000 more than in the previous year. The expanding thematic exhibitions have attracted more tourists, with 20 original displays opening this year, boasting unusual artefacts and curious collections. Over the first seven months of this year, around 4,500 tours took place, while around 6,500 people used an electronic audio guide in their native language. Director Olga Popko asserts that numbers of visitors have risen from the CIS and beyond, including those from Poland, Lithuania, Russia, France, Holland, Spain, China and Brazil. Foreign guests accounted for around 40 percent in the total, with many travelling hundreds of kilometres to see this masterpiece of Belarusian culture. Its five centuries of history leave none indifferent.

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CONTESTS

Let the fortune

SMILE!

Yegor tried his hand at the Song for Eurovision national children’s contest last year but luck only winked at him. This year, following a public vote via Belarus 1 TV Channel, Yegor will be representing Belarus in Amsterdam on December 1st, competing for the title of best young European pop singer

Belta

 Yegor Zheshko was born in 1999 in Minsk and has been singing since childhood. According to his parents, Ivan and Irina, he constantly ‘sang arias’ but, two years ago, took up music more seriously. Yegor plays the piano and guitar and is a fan of Nikolai Baskov, Ricky Martin and Vitas. He has participated in several international contests, including the children’s New Wave this year. In Amsterdam, he’ll face rivals from 11 countries.

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unior Eurovision is the most successful for Belarus among international music competition, with two victories to date: in 2005 for Ksenia Sitnik and in 2007 for Alexey Zhigalkovich. Every year, our young talents do well at the event and there is little doubt that Zheshko will also prove popular. During the national selection rehearsal, his stage presence and charisma were evident. Yegor’s voice coach, Valer y Shmat, is the Artistic Director of Belarusy, which runs the Golden Vo i c e s S t u d i o f o r c h i l d r e n . Zheshko has long been singing with Mr. Shmat, whose expectations are high. He tells us, “Yegor sings confidently and, even if he is nervous before a performance, can focus well on stage, smiling and enchanting the audience.” Yelena Budritsova, Head of Belteleradiocompany Department of TV Programmes for children and young people, is reluctant to raise our hopes, saying, “All the participants are at approximately the same level, singing beautiful songs, although few are catchy. Our finalist will have to work hard to stand out but he certainly has potential.”