Russian-Danish Student Conference in Denmark, Copenhagen, december 2018

Russian-Danish Students Conference in Copenhagen.

November – December 2018

Fonts by «ParaType» Editor Bjørnø Irina Editor Irina Degtiareva Editor Mikhail Kozitsin Editor Alina Oboysheva

This collection of articles is based upon the results of student scientific conferences which was held in Denmark in November-December 2018.The conference was the result of mutual cooperation between the Institute of World Civilization (Moscow) and the Russian Cultural Mission in Denmark (RKMD).

ISBN 978-5-4496-4828-0 Created with Ridero smart publishing system

Contents Russian-Danish Students Conference in Copenhagen. November – December 2018 Preface Introduction Part I: Social, political and economic trends in modern Europe using the example of Denmark Danish welfare model in a pan-European crisis THE ISSUES OF SOCIAL POLICY IN DENMARK AGAINST A BACKGROUND OF ECONOMIC SUCCESS Sheep that have no shepherd: the case of Faroe Islands DANISH PEACEMAKING Forgotten referendum of Denmark Pension system of Denmark Second place for “Best paper presentation” SOCIO-ECONOMIC TENDENCIES OF NORTHERN EUROPE IN THE ASPECT OF MIGRATION POLICY “You are violating my religious rights”, — the law banning facecovering garments Second place for “Best paper presentation” Negative consequences of the migration crisis in Denmark Independent Greenland: separatist tendencies in Europe First place for “Best pater presentation” Part II: The implementation of political, economic and social projects as an opportunity to solve the modern society problems on the example of Denmark. From society and individual consumption to a society of social justice and responsibility Comparative analysis of the phenomenon of historical reenactment as a way of forming the spiritual culture of younger generation on

the example of Russia and Denmark Experience and policy in waste treatment in Denmark First place for “Best paper presentation” Comparative analysis of the phenomenon of corruption on the example of the Danish Kingdom and the Russian Federation The impact of migration crisis on migration legislation of Denmark and the USA Unique project — “sustainable island” Samsø Corporate social responsibility in Denmark Denmark from a socio-economic perspective: features, problems and possible solutions (Second place for “Best paper presentation”) Innovative solutions in the field of ecology: a comparative analysis of the situations in the Kingdom of Denmark and the Russian Federation Bullying among teenagers in the modern world The phenomenon of unemployment, its causes, consequences and solutions by the example of Denmark Analysis of problems caused by gender-based stereotyping of modern society: Russian and Danish perspective Second place for “Best paper presentation” Denmark’s social policy

Preface

Dear friends! Here is a book of reports from the conference, which was held in November and December 2018 in the Russian Center for Science and Culture, Copenhagen, Denmark. Students were from the Institute of World Civilizations (Moscow, Russia), that participated at this conference. Their contributions and reports were devoted to current issues of modern Denmark – pension system, gender policy, corruption, environmental issues, politics and more.

The students spent a week in Denmark to see for themselves how the social, political, and economic system of this small Scandinavian country works. They were in the Danish Parliament and tried

to debate with Danish politicians and in the Danish Trade Unions, as well as they visited educational institutions, particularly International School of Business, and participated in various public services institutions. They got acquainted with the Danish waste recycling system and they saw how disabled people actively participate in business structures. Students tested on practice the concept of the happiest people’s life in Denmark compared to the whole world, as well as experienced the influence of Danish constantly changeable weather!

The conference was the highest point of students’ visit to Denmark. The expert panel, consisting of representatives of scientific, public and educational institutions of Denmark, highly appreciated the reports presented by students.

One of the experts, Anders Muller, was surprised at the complexity of the subjects that the students had chosen for their presentations. Karl Erik Foverskov, another expert, several times noted that the differences between Russia and Denmark are great – both in economics and in historical development. He recommended next time to add a comparative analysis between Russia and Denmark in students reports.

The Expert panel of Danish students from the University of Copenhagen, Diana Madsen and Julia Samokhvalova, noted the good level of spoken English language. It was highlighted, that the group presentation of the reports was done at a high level of excellence.

Students actively answered experts’ questions, showing a deep understanding of the presented subjects. The best students’ report and presentations were appointed by Panel of Experts (see text later).

The conference ended with a practical workshop, where students tried the methods of collective decision-making, which is widely

used in Denmark – both in politics and in the management system.

In general, it can be concluded, that such an educational students’ trip with a final conference is an important part in the system of training future specialists of an international profile in the modern conditions of world globalization.

I hope that you will enjoy reading reports of students, presented in this collection. It is good to keep in mind, that the future of every society is laying in the hands of the younger generation. They should solve the problems of building better and happier society for all mankind.

Irina Bjørnø, Ph. D, project coordinator.

Introduction

At the present stage, Russian-Danish interaction is characterized by a wide range of areas of cooperation, including high-level contacts, trade, economic and humanitarian ties.

Despite the fact that the relations between Russia and Denmark were not good-neighborly in all historical periods, at present both sides are making all possible efforts to establish strong relations, developing joint projects in various fields.

This collection of articles is based on the results of student scientific conferences held under the auspices of the Russian

Cultural Mission in Denmark and the Russian Center for Science and Culture.

The first part of the collection is called “Social, political and economic trends in modern Europe on the example of Denmark”. The issues covered in this section are devoted to the consequences of migration and the aspects of socio-religious character related to this, current socio-economic trends in the development of the Danish society, as well as issues of self-determination of such parts of Denmark as the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The focus of this section is on a general analysis of the main spheres of society in Denmark with a view to a deeper understanding of the causes of success and/or failures of the Scandinavian model of government.

The second part of the collection is titled “Theory and practice of implementing political, economic, and social projects as an opportunity for solving problems in a society: Denmark, from an individual consumption society to a society of social justice and responsibility”. Within this part, the specific reasons for the success of the state model of Denmark, as well as some of its shortcomings, are considered in more detail. The students analyzed exactly how Denmark managed to move on to a model of the structure of society, in which such concepts as social responsibility and justice set the tone for the functioning of the entire state. As it turned out, the success of the Danish state system lies in almost pedantic attention to everything: from the formation of environmental literacy and the search for the most effective ways of recycling household waste to cultivating a negative attitude of society to such a phenomenon as corruption and social indifference. However, even in such a progressive society there are own drawbacks.

As was mentioned above, it is equally important for Russia and Denmark to strive to develop joint projects in the political, social and economic sphere in order to solve common problems in their societies in both the short and long term. If the model of the publicstate system of Denmark has already managed to show itself as

successful, Russia in this regard should pay more attention to the positive experience of its Western colleagues.

The students of the Institute of World Civilizations, who took part in a series of these conferences, gained invaluable experience not only in the analysis and writing of articles of a scientific nature, but also expanded their professional and personal horizons, immersing themselves in the culture, history and traditions of Denmark.

Part I: Social, political and economic trends in modern Europe using the example of Denmark

Copenhagen, Russian Center for Science and Culture Opening of the conference, prof. Markarjan A.A., director of RCSC, Copenhagen

Experts comission: L. Hardonk, O. Olesen, A. Müller, moderator assoc. prof. Irina Bjørnø

Danish welfare model in a panEuropean crisis Mary Rotar, 3rd year student of the faculty of International relations and geopolitic, Institute of World Civilizations, Moscow Abstract: This article gives the analysis of the Scandinavian model of the general welfare with a detailed review of the “Danish miracle” that shows that it is possible to govern a state with minimal interference in the state’s economy and to provide social security sector. The peculiarity of the Scandinavian model lies in its exclusiveness, because for a long time all Scandinavian countries stood apart from wars and revolutions and were least affected by their destructive impact. These countries also make the main contribution to the welfare of the state and its inhabitants, and it allows them to succeed in all spheres of human life.

Keywords: Denmark, economic crisis, policy, Europe, eurozone.

Introduction The first stage of the global crisis, that began in 2008, is a crisis in the global economy. It made itself felt in the United States of America, when the downturn in the US economy pulled the European continent down with it. Despite the fact that a long period of time has passed, the crisis has not been completely overcome. It fully declared itself not only in the United States but also in Western Europe and practically destroyed the entire European economic system. The crisis was also fraught with the increase in the euro exchange rate in the CIS countries, with all the consequences that come with it.

However not all the countries of the European Union can improve the economic conditions. A striking example is: Spain,

Greece, Germany, and other countries that depend on the European economic system. The economic crisis in the eurozone and the United States of America is the longest in the entire history of their existence. The main consequences of the economic catastrophe in the world are the impoverishing of the middle class on a global scale, complications in the situation of the unemployment in the whole world, external debts and refugees.

Different analysts explain the crisis in different ways, although they all converge on several main reasons. The Russian economist Kondratyev said: “The economy has its cyclical wave drops and rises.”

The basis of the crisis failures includes: — imbalance of international trade and capital movements; — poor financial regulation; — lack of adjustment of the “shadow” banking system; — overheating of the credit market; — mortgage crisis — the result of credit expansion and other various options for a disastrous recession.

But not all the European countries had those economic problems. Some of them were like a good example of a perfect economic system.

Scandinavian model of universal welfare, transformation in the conditions of crisis The idea of equality is not new at all. It goes back to the period of antiquity and is known from the time of Plato in his work “The State”. Plato in his works relied on total justice, thanks to which he extolled his state as an ideal one. His work influenced the time. As far back as in the fourth century AD, Greek society was familiar with the ideas of socialism, which Plato also reflected in his works.

The Middle Ages epoch reveals the concept of social equality in the form of communism among utopian philosophers, including Thomas More. In his idea, he creates a mysterious island — it is a utopia, where there is no private property at all, there is no personal property to hold on to, but there is only society and work, where every citizen must work together and enjoy. Families should share property with their neighbors in order to promote social equality in society, but this idea did not receive strong support.

The new rise of socialist ideas falls on the 19th century and is associated with such well-known names as K. Marx and F. Engels.

Although basically Marx is the main acting figure in the development of ideas of the socialist movement, therefore he was the main influence on the minds of mankind. His vision went beyond the usual society. He believed that everything that preserves the features of the former does not give rise to communism. The theory recognizes the system of equality of labor spent, depending on how much time and effort the manufacturer has spent on manufacturing products and they are related to wages.

Time passed, but the capitalist society of philosophers did not develop, and capitalism gained momentum, although the ideas of thinkers influenced capitalism, thereby giving it development in the new direction, which included socialism and positive principles of communism ideas.

In modern Western European countries, the theory of socialism becomes an integral part of the life of the capitalist system, in which a materialistic view of things, earning money and running a business becomes impossible without respectful treatment of the population directly related to the further enrichment of resources created through the use of human labor. There was a reassessment of values: from the enslavement of an employee and a businessman by the top of capitalist society to respect for an individual who has his own needs for social support, economic stability, and ensuring the future well-being of the state.

Social guarantees provide the working class and incompetent population with a “safety cushion” in the world of money, where there are no guarantees and confidence in the future. Although the

concept of “capitalism” is already implemented on a different, higher level, this is why many economically advanced powers unobtrusively demonstrate their “economic miracle” by example.

The formation of a special model of economic development should be in the developed world points of an economic oasis, which is distinguished by a more efficient system of managing economic and economic resources that can withstand the changes taking place in the global economy, which should result in the emergence of various models of the economy and market. One of the most successful of these models is the Scandinavian model of general welfare. On the world stage against the background of world economic confusion, the Scandinavian countries easily overcome the economic crisis. These countries are Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway and Iceland.

The Scandinavian countries show by their example how to manage their own resources to ensure economic stability without undue influence of politics. The key difference of the Scandinavian model is that many already call this model modern socialism, which differs significantly from the model of the 70’s.

To date, the Scandinavian countries have long caught up with the United States in terms of the level and quality of life, and health care and education are considered the best in the world. With the absolute freedom of the private sector, the public sector still plays an important role and is an essential part of the Scandinavian miracle. The main feature of the transformation model is the dominant role of the state in the socio-economic activity.

The uniqueness of the Scandinavian model lies in the fact that for a long time countries stood apart from wars and revolutions, and therefore were least affected by the destructive impact. In the thirties of the last century the Social Democrats came to power in the Scandinavian countries. They set a course for a market type of economic activity, including the entire degree of protection of the population at the same time. Consequently, we can say that the Scandinavian economy is a mixed type of economy with the overwhelming role of private property and the constant participation of the state.

Danish miracle From January 1, 1999, the Danish krone is tightly tied to the euro at a ratio of 7.46038: 1 and free to move in a narrow corridor (no more than 1%). Such a pegging requires the Danish government to constantly have free reserves in euros in order to keep the national currency rate in a given corridor if necessary. In such circumstances, the decision of Denmark to refuse to lend in foreign currency looks pretty risky.

So, according to the McKinsey Global Institute, the sovereign debt of 47 countries leading in terms of already existing debt increased from 142 trillion dollars in 2007 to 199 trillion in 2014 (40% in 7 years!). Over the same period, total global debt increased from 269% of total GDP to 286%.

Such a dynamic cannot but cause concern, since it is commonly believed that during these very years there was a “deleveraging” in the world economy — a massive decrease in borrowed funds.

What is striking, however, is not so much the deliverance of Denmark from uncontrolled foreign currency debt at a time when the whole world is moving in the opposite direction, but the social and economic consequences of this step within the Scandinavian country itself!

The fact is that a sharp reduction (especially complete liquidation!) Of external sovereign debt dependence was almost always accompanied in history by a catastrophe both for the national economy and for the quality of life of citizens of the country who risked conducting this questionable experiment.

As an example, we can recall the socialist Romania of the 70— 80s, who first collected debts, and then decided to return them all at the expense of the proceeds from the enterprises, and then burned them out.

The more striking is the background against which the Danish Kingdom liquidated its sovereign foreign currency debt: — according to the World Happiness Report, published by the UN and taking into account such indicators as real income per capita, level of social protection and support, life expectancy, quality of medical care, freedom of life choices and corruption, citizens

of Denmark share with their neighbors Norwegians first place in the ranking of the happiest inhabitants of the planet; — The unemployment rate is two times lower than the average for Europe; — The lowest social equality indicator in the world.

— The lowest level of corruption in the world; — First place in the World Bank Ease of Doing Business rating (ease of doing business); — The highest sovereign credit rating (in addition to Denmark, AAA has a rating of only 10 countries: Australia, Canada, Germany, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Holland, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland).

Parade of models In Denmark, a unique model of the structure of society and the economy is being implemented, which is different from the notorious LME (Liberal Market Economy) and from CME (Coordinated market economy). The academic name of this model is Negotiated Economy (NE, contractual economy), but another term is better known — the Nordic Model, the Scandinavian model.

Formally, the NE is considered a variety of CME, coordinated by an economic model, but it has a number of fundamental differences. In CME, the idea of corporatism is embodied by the state, which interferes in social and economic relations. In the NE, corporatism is decentralized. The agreements are implemented at the grassroots level: directly between entrepreneurs and workers (or rather, the trade unions representing them), as well as between other civic groups that have their own interests that deserve the attention of society. Everyone has the right to vote and the right to listen to this voice. The state is assigned the role of a mediator, a guarantor of a social contract that provides classical functions (legal proceedings, law enforcement, foreign policy etc.).

The Scandinavian model, as the name suggests, is implemented today in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, as well as in the Netherlands. This model has a common foundation due to the

universal mentality of the Scandinavian peoples, as well as private specificity reflecting the historical evolution of each nation and country separately.

The Danish experience, in my opinion, is the most interesting, because only in Denmark the role of the state is reduced to such a minimum that it is time to doubt the model itself as a coordinated market economy.

FÅ HAR FOR MEGET OG FÆRRE FOR LIDT The combination of a capitalist economy with the ideals of socialism is by no means Danish exclusive. The same values are shared by the rest of the peoples of Northern Europe, so it is logical to begin our analysis by considering the universal foundation on which any Scandinavian model is built today.

The negotiated economic model is characterized by the following set of principles: — private property, free market and free trade; — the welfare state (the so-called Welfare State); — collective bargaining agreement; — absolute autonomy of the individual; — social mobility; — free education and universal medicine; — public pension funds; — minimal market regulation; all-powerful trade unions; — a very high level of social payments from the budget (Sweden — 56.6%, Denmark — 51.7%, Finland 38.6%); very high level of taxes (Sweden — 51.1%, Denmark — 46%, Finland — 43.3%); the enormous amount of unemployment benefits (Denmark — 90% of the latest wage, Norway — 87.6%, Finland — 85.1%, Sweden — 80%, for comparison, Germany — 60%, in some US states — 27%).

As we have already said, the Danish version of NE is characterized, first of all, by a marginal decrease in the state intervention in the regulation of labor and economic relations. If, say, in Norway, the main burden of providing social benefits lies

with the state, in Denmark these functions are delegated to private business by voluntary consent of all parties.

As a result in Denmark a completely insignificant public sector — 30%! However at the same time — here it is a Hellenic measure in action! — Danish pension funds are the responsibility and responsibility of the state since the private form of ownership and control in this area is fraught with a conflict of interest.

Scandinavian countries are characterized by high liberalism in the spheres of public life, the forms of self-expression of personality, culture and art. However, Denmark not only advanced further than others, but always acted as a “trendsetter”: in 1989 it was the first to legislate the notion of marriage without gender. Even tensions in the relations of Western Europe with Islamic fundamentalism, and that arose after the cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed appeared in the Danish press.

Today you can incorporate your own business in Denmark in a couple of hours, and the almost complete absence of customs restrictions and duties on international trade allows the country to firmly hold, as we have already said, the leading place in the Ease of Doing Business rating.

Flexicurity Flexicurity is a combination of Flexibility (Security, Elasticity) and Security (Well-Being, Security). Such “flexibility” allows Denmark to maintain a balance between a high degree of freedom in the labor market and guarantees of social security for workers.

The condition of “flexibility” (Flexibility) is realized through the right of the employer in the shortest possible time and without a long notice to dismiss any employee who isn’t good for that job. As a result, the Danish business, which is not bound hand and foot by labor obligations, demonstrates the unique ability to quickly restructure the staff, quickly join new projects and at least quickly roll out unpromising initiatives.

Another condition of “flexibility”: the employer has no obligation for the minimum wage. This greatly facilitates the development of a business at the start, when an entrepreneur does

not have enough funds to pay salaries, but he can motivate an employee, for example, a share of profits in the future.

Obviously, the “flexibility” that brings so much joy to employers must be compensated for by employees, moreover, it should be done energetically and otherwise the Danish state would have long fallen for the revolution.

Such compensation within the framework of Flexicurity is provided by the second component of the concept — Security (wellbeing, security).

The Danish state guarantees its citizens for the period of temporary unemployment payment of benefits in the amount of up to 90% of wages. In addition, the state undertakes to provide all the conditions for advanced training or complete retraining of workers.

The synergy of all components of Flexicurity in Denmark was the highest employment rate for women in the world (73%), which, combined with the employment rate of men (80%), created a situation where in almost all Danish families both spouses work full time.

Denmark’s spheres of influence Recently more and more often doubts have been expressed about the ability of the Danish state to withstand the competitive struggle that has become aggravated to the limit in the era of globalization, and at the same time to preserve its unique system of social security.

In fact, how can you compete in the world market, say, with Chinese products, paying gigantic unemployment benefits?

I suppose the inconsistency of such doubts arises from the erroneous posing of the question itself. The fact is that Denmark is not going to compete with China at all, much less unleash price wars. Denmark has completely different priorities and trumps in the modern world system of labor distribution.

There are at least three such priorities: — a unique niche for elite products;

— giants of national business, controlling entire sectors of the global economy; — technological leadership in a number of medical and industrial equipment sectors.

Just as Italy sets global trends in the production of men’s clothing, luxury sports cars and industrial design, France in perfumery, haute couture and nuclear energy, Denmark stands as a benchmark in at least two directions: dairy products (the world’s best milk Ostedmejeri, Lurpak oil, which has enjoyed for 110 years the reputation of the most delicious natural butter of the “premium” category, etc.) and luxury home appliances (Bang &Olufsen).

In addition to elite niches, the competitiveness of the Danish business is ensured by the activity of a number of giant national enterprises: — A.P. Moller-Maersk, the world’s largest shipping merchant; — Carslberg Group, the world’s fifth largest brewing company; — Lego, a manufacturer of children’s toys, deprived Ferrari of the title of “the most influential brand of the planet” in 2015; — Ecco, a shoe company with a turnover of one and a half billion euros, whose products are sold in 14 thousand retail outlets in 88 countries of the world; — Arla Foods, the sixth largest dairy concern in the world.

Leo Pharma, which specializes in dermatitis medications, and Novo Nordisk, which set the tone in the treatment of diabetes and related diseases, provide leading positions in medicine.

Finally, the final touch, designed to calm everyone who doubts the prospects of Denmark to endure the globalization. In the world market the country is represented by: — Grundfos, one of the world’s largest manufacturers of industrial pumps; — Danfoss, one of the world’s largest manufacturers of equipment for automatic control, hydraulic and compressor equipment, as well as thermal control systems; MAN Diesel & Turbo, the world’s leading developer and manufacturer of diesel engines used on ships and onshore installations;

— Rockwool, one of the world’s largest producers of environmentally friendly refractory, waterproof, vibration and noise absorbing insulation materials based on mineral water.

THE ISSUES OF SOCIAL POLICY IN DENMARK AGAINST A BACKGROUND OF ECONOMIC SUCCESS Adrian Dragin, 3rd year student of the faculty of International relations and geopolitics, Institute of World Civilizations, Moscow Abstract: This article analyses economic problems in the sector of social policy in Denmark and actions to resolve these problems. One of the methods for solving these problems can be the entry of Denmark into the eurozone. The result of such actions will reflect in the empowerment of the national bank of Denmark to resolve the internal financial problems. Thus, it will give a rise to even greater economic stability of the state and will facilitate trade relations with the eurozone countries, which are Denmark’s main economic partners.

Keywords: Denmark, social security, Europe, eurozone Many countries are discussing the ways to improve market mechanisms and social security policies. Some states prefer to talk about the ways to expand social security programs, while others say that this can lead to the deterioration of economic growth.

But the solution of this issue can be found by analyzing the successes in the economy of Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands and other countries. The Nordic countries manage a successful combination of social security with high incomes, stable economic growth and overall economic stability.

It should be noted that there are differences between the Scandinavian states. For example, social security spending is higher

in Denmark, Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, and slightly lower in Iceland and Finland. A large level of taxation makes it possible to subsidize the state system of health care, education, pensions and other social services that is displayed in a low level of poverty and a small gap in income among the population.

The Danish economy seems to be very successful. The result of the impact of negative interest rates was: GDP per capita is higher than in 2007; The labor market is close to absolute employment rates; financial inequality is below average for Europe. However, there are some pitfalls here too. The Danish economy was affected by some potential threats in the years of ultra-low rates, and some of them are still in use today.

In the Nordic countries, there is a peculiar model of the state structure of the social democratic type, where the principle of universalism prevails in the provision of social services organized and financed by the state. This model of government was called “universal welfare” (Wohlfahrtsgesellschaft). This type of social policy was formed in a limited circle of countries, primarily Scandinavian. The necessary conditions for the formation and improvement of this policy were and still are the atmosphere of civil peace and the high political culture of the people. This model of social policy can function only with a high degree of socialization of national income. Here the principle is realized: from everyone — whenever possible, to each — according to needs. A distinctive feature of this system, compared with similar systems in other European countries, is the greater responsibility of society for solving social problems. In this regard, society plays a major role in regulating and fulfilling requirements aimed at ensuring satisfactory social security.

Denmark is a small country with a population of about 5.7 million people, staying between state members of the eurozone or states that have their own currency directly associated with the euro. The economy of the northern state is largely dependent on the eurozone: Germany acquires 17% of Danish export goods; France,

Italy and the Netherlands are the main importers. The persistence of a stable relationship between the Danish krone and euro is an essential thing to the economy and the export sector of this state.

The National Bank of Denmark must implement decisions aimed at euro rather than internal factors, which can provoke imbalances.

For a stable balance between krone and euro, the Danish state bank should not just determine rates of 0% or lower but also invade the foreign exchange market to increase the amount of the Danish krone. These interventions could led to an impressive increase of foreign exchange reserves and prevent the growth of the krone against the euro, but also it could increase the liquidity and money supply of Denmark, which implies a significant risk to asset prices.

But financial assets are not the only thing that can be of excessive value.

In the period of low interest rates after the crisis, the cost of housing increases and this begins to resemble an economic bubble in the mid-2000’s. For this reason, serious measures are being taken, such as requiring greater financial stability for the buyer, who wants to take housing in a mortgage.

Even though families and Danish firms are making efforts to achieve a reduced level of debt in recent years, low interest rates have conflicting consequences. On the one hand, this simplifies the repayment of debt with an unstable rate, but also increases the demand for credit. Thus, private debt in Denmark remains above 200% of GDP, which is much higher than in many European countries.

In the beginning of 2018, the Danish Minister of Finance asked the European Central Bank to stop the incentive program, as there was a risk of financial “overheating”: there was a tightening of Danish financial and credit policy, while its economy was growing more than its capabilities, the labor market experienced the lack of human resources. Not only Denmark, but also several other states

in the euro area, especially Germany, are in a situation of absolute employment and low interest rates, which form a threat of overheating and pressure on wages. The situation is that nominal wages in Denmark grow moderately, and real incomes rise above historical rates from the beginning of 2015.

At the beginning of this century, Denmark became the first country of the European Union, whose citizens opposed the transition to a single currency through the referendum. During the voting in 2000, 53.2% of Danes spoke against the euro. Thus, the Danish krone, introduced back in 1873, is still the country’s monetary unit. From the old EU countries at that time, the UK and Sweden also refused to switch to the euro. However, a survey of Danish residents in 2007 showed that 52% of the country’s inhabitants are no longer against the transition to the euro.

It is possible that Denmark’s entry into the eurozone may be a way out of the potential problem, but it will also have its own negative consequences, which can be seen in the case of other countries that previously switched from their national currency to the euro. One of the first problems will be an increasing of prices for consumer goods, but the level of wages will remain at the same level, which will be the most unwelcome, because it could engender mass protests concerning the wrong policy by the current state bodies.

However, there are positive sides to entering the euro area, this can help solve the potential economic problems discussed in this article. The central bank of Denmark can be able to change the course of maintaining the stability of the Danish krone to the euro into a simpler regulation of national capital, which is certainly the best economic situation for country if assume that other economic sectors will remain at the same high level.

Bibliography

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2. Bredgaard, Thomas, and Per Kongshøj Madsen. “Farewell flexicurity? Danish flexicurity and the crisis.” Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research (2018): 1024258918768613.

3. Copeland, Paul, and Mary Daly. “The European Semester and EU Social Policy.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies (2018).

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Sheep that have no shepherd: the case of Faroe Islands Anastasia Ganina, 2nd year student of the faculty of Management and economics, Institute of World Civilizations, Moscow Abstract: The article gives an analysis of the reasons for the formation of the autonomy of the Faroe Islands in Denmark, its legal status, the system of state bodies at the level of autonomy and their powers, the mechanisms of interaction between the autonomy and central authorities of Denmark, financing, the basis of autonomy and guarantees for its development.

Introduction Almost every European country in the early 20th century faced the problem of separatist movements in their territories. However, the types of separatism were different and manifested in different ways. Thus, modern EU member countries such as France, Britain, Belgium and Portugal have the experience of separating colonies from their territories. USSR member countries began the exit process from the Union of Republics, and Slovenia withdrew from Yugoslavia in the early nineties of the twentieth century.

As before, the tendency of the existence and functioning of separatist movements, organizations, political parties remain in Europe. Their activity can be observed in Ukraine, Spain, France, Poland and Denmark. So, this article will focus on the phenomenon of separatism on the example of the last country in the mentioned list — Denmark.

The causes of the emergence of centrifugal tendencies in different states base on various factors: economic, ethnic, political etc. Scientific interest is reflected in the following

questions: is there a direct link between the structure of Denmark and the emergence of separatist sentiments? Why are the separatist movements dominating the Faroe Islands? What are the causes of separatism?

Separatism in Denmark The secessionist form of separatism aims at the creation of its own statehood (e.g. Northern Ireland in the UK); the ultimate goal of irredentism is joining another state (e.g. Hungarians in Romania).

Enosis is a movement for reunification with a historical homeland (e.g. the Greek Cypriot movement for the unification of Cyprus with Greece in the seventies of the 20th century). Devolution is a movement in which regions inside the state require and receive political power and increasing autonomy from the central government (e.g. Kaliningrad Region of the Russian Federation).

D. Gordon in the book “Secession, State, and Liberty” [3] highlights the main factors that are decisive in the process of the emergence of a secessionist form of separatism in his opinion.

The author believes that secession is possible if: — there is an economically depressed class in a certain part of the state; — the union breaks up and the goal for which it was created is not achieved; — most represent a mortal threat to the minority and the government is not able to protect the corresponding territory; — people demand the right to self-determination: when the minority tries to preserve their own culture and the language from assimilation; — the group tries to eliminate the past injustice in the event of conquest; — there is a “rescue” from discriminatory redistribution (that is, from tax schemes, regulatory policies, economic programs, redirect resources to other territories, especially in a non-democratic way); — the state is too large for effective management of the territories;

— The goal is to preserve “liberal purity” — the state provides an opportunity for less or more liberal regions to secede.

The population of the Faroe Islands falls on VII — VIII centuries during the campaigns of the Norwegian Vikings. The Faroe Islands had an independent parliament (Lögting), which enjoyed considerable independence in dealing with internal issues, despite the fact that the country became part of the Norwegian kingdom in 1035.

After the conclusion of the union between Denmark and Norway in 1380, the Faroe Islands became part of the United States [1].

According to the results of the Anglo-Danish war of 1807—1814, Danish-Norwegian union was dissolved. Despite this fact, the Faroe Islands, as a former part of Norway, remained part of Denmark in the form of an ordinary district [2].

According to the Danish Constitution of 1850, the Faroese Lögting owned the status of a provincial council without legislative competence, although with the right to submit legislative proposals to the Danish parliament. Despite this status, it became a form of expressing political positions by the Faroese. In connection with the spread of national movements of mainland Denmark, the Faroes launched a campaign to raise their status, which can be safely call the manifestation of the secessionist form of separatism. The “Party of self-government” formed in 1906. It originally intended to protect the Faroese language. Then it moved to the requirement of granting autonomy to the islands. Other political parties formed on the Faeroes also advocated an autonomous regime.

The strategic position of the Faroe Islands in the Mid-Atlantic had a significant impact on their fate during the Second World War. Britain in April 1940 occupied the archipelago in order to prevent the Faroe Islands from becoming the base of the German. Despite the formal occupation, the authorities of the Faroe Islands received considerable independence. The existing flotation as the administrative organ of the Faroe Islands in May 1941 entrusted legislative powers to the constitution itself. The Faroe Islands received their flag, which was placed on merchant ships registered on the Faroe Islands. It should be noted that the British presence

was quite high on the territory of the Faroes as an alternative to the German occupation, and during this period the organizational foundations of separatism were actually laid [4].

The British occupation of the Faroe Islands ended in September 1945. The islands returned to the status of the county of Denmark.

This caused considerable discontent among the population. As a result of numerous discussions with the consent of the Government of Denmark in 1946, there was a consultative survey (the Faroese parliament was not obliged to be guided by its results) among the inhabitants of the archipelago declaring full state independence of the Faroe Islands. With a slight margin of 161 votes (48.7% against 47.2%), the advantage was gained by supporters of the independence. According to the results of the poll, by 12 votes to 11, Lögting announced the withdrawal of the islands from Denmark. At the same time, the third largest island of the archipelago, Suduroy, announced that it remains part of Denmark.

Over the time, due to the incomplete legitimacy of this decision, which was not taken by the absolute majority, the King of Denmark dissolved the Faroese Parliament, and the majority of the new Lögting staff opposed the separation from Denmark. The parliamentary delegation of the Faroe Islands was invited to Copenhagen, and after lengthy negotiations on March 23, 1948, the Faroe Islands received the status of a “self-governing national community within the Kingdom of Denmark”, which was the result of a pragmatic compromise between the two sides [5].

In 1973, Denmark joined the EU, but the Faroe Islands refused to do the same. Since 1984, the Faroe Islands have been declared a non-nuclear country, although a number of military bases of Denmark and NATO are located on the archipelago.

The Danish Constitution of 1953 does not contain a reference to the autonomous status of the Faroe Islands. The act of autonomy of the Faroe Islands adopted in 1948 in the form of the Danish law, that is, the system of public authority on the islands based on ordinary rather than constitutional legislation, and autonomy authority is a consequence of donation from the central government. The Danish parliament has in fact the right at any time

to change the act of self-government without the consent of autonomies. However, it is widely believed that the Faroe Islands Autonomy Act of 1948 is not an ordinary law, but it acts as a treaty between the Faroese Lögting and the Danish parliament, and then it can be canceled unilaterally.

Currently, the legal framework for the functioning of autonomy and its bodies includes the following laws of the Kingdom of Denmark: — Act of Autonomy of the Faroe Islands of March 31, 1948; — The Act on the Organization of Public Power in the Faroe Islands of July 26, 1995; — Act on the spheres of responsibility of the authorities of the Faroe Islands of 12 May 2005; — The Act on the Powers of the Government of the Faroe Islands in the Field of International Activities of 14 May 2005.

These documents identify the subjects of the Faroese autonomy, implemented directly by residents, by the representative and executive authorities of the Faroe Islands and their officials. The subjects of autonomy of the Faroe Islands were determined through a conciliation procedure between the central government of Denmark and autonomous bodies, which lasted almost 50 years.

As far back as in 1948, the act of self-government of the Faroe Islands laid down by the norm, the subjects of autonomy of the Faroe Islands are divided into two types, included in accordance with the list of A and B. According to the plan of the legislators, the powers of group A transferred to the Faroes at once; however, if the latter were not able to finance all expenses for the adoption and implementation of a particular sphere, then they were transferred to the authorities of the Faroe Islands later to their application. Among the issues mentioned there were the following: — organization of elections to the Parliament of the Faroe Islands; — organization of work of the Parliament of the Faroe Islands; — the formation and organization of the work of the government of the Faroe Islands;

— the functioning of the service in the bodies of autonomy; — organization of municipal government; — organization of public works; — fire and rescue services; — local development planning; — housing policy and registration of property rights; — organization of health care; — social insurance, social assistance and guardianship; — labour organization; — local taxation and budgeting; — education, including higher education; — organization of archival, museum, library business; — protection of the natural and architectural environment; — a system of transport and communications, including postal and telephone communication; — all issues of agriculture and forestry, hunting and fishing, veterinary affairs; — use of toxic items, explosives and weapons; — organization and licensing of the sphere of trade, production and services.

Issues of category B included areas that could be delegated to the authorities of the Faroe Islands in whole or in part only after the relevant consent of the Government of Denmark. In fact, all the public issues on which during the negotiations in 1948 the delegation of the Faroe Islands did not find their consent with the state authorities and entered the list B. At the time of the adoption of the Act of Autonomy of the Faroe Islands, they were: — church affairs; — police; — radio communication; — aviation communication; — use of subsoil and other natural resources; — land fund; — Immigration and customs control.

Currently, all issues from this list are under the authority of the autonomy, although the transfer was of a lengthy nature.

In particular, the use of subsoil and other natural resources transferred to the Faroe Islands only in 1992. Calling for this numerous conflicts between the central government and autonomous bodies, and the issue of immigration control — in 2005 [6].

Located in the Northeast Atlantic, the Faroe Islands comprise 18 small islands, characterized by steep cliffs, tall mountains, narrow fjords — and a population of 50.000.

The Faroese language derives from Old Norse, which was spoken by the Norsemen who settled the islands 1200 years ago.

Through the centuries, the Faroese have defied the harsh nature and living conditions. Enduring today is a nation in which the living standard is one of the highest in the world. A highly industrial economy mainly based on fisheries and aquaculture continues to flourish, while a Nordic welfare model ensures everyone the opportunity to explore his or her own potential. Faroese maritime expertise is widely renowned and the Faroe Islands export seafood to all six continents.

Centuries of relative isolation have resulted in the preservation of ancient traditions that to this day shape life in the Faroe Islands.

The unique mixture of traditional and modern culture characterizes the Faroese society, constituting a strong sense of local community and an active outlook as a globalized Nordic nation [10]. Of great importance to them is the realization of their identity, which is realizing through the recognition and preservation of Faroese language, as the main tool in understanding this identity.

In the institutional model of the Faroese autonomy, the principle of separation of powers is laid. The executive functions are concentrated in the government, to which all the administrative autonomy bodies subordinated. The Government of the Faroe Islands consists of a Prime Minister and at least two ministers. The Prime Minister determines the number of ministers and their functional orientation.

The prime minister is the key person in the political mechanism for the autonomy of the Faroe Islands. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Parliament.

The result of the broad competence of the Faroe Islands in various spheres of public life was the formation of its financial autonomy. In accordance with the current legislation, the Faroes have their own currency, customs, tax and excise territory. This allows them not only to form own customs tariff and carry out independent taxation as well as the collection of excises, but also to issue own currency — Faroese krone, which is equated to the Danish krone.

The main source of income for the Faroe Islands is the tax and value added tax. In addition, a significant portion of the budget generated by licenses granted to foreign companies to fish in the economic zone of the Faroe Islands. In order to attract foreign investment, unlike Denmark, there is no property tax on the islands.

In 2010, the budget of the Faroe Islands was about $ 600 million.

The main link representing the central government of Denmark at the level of autonomy is the institution of the High Commissioner of the Royal Power. It obeys the Prime Minister of Denmark and performs almost exclusively an observational function. In particular, it participates in a meeting of the Faroese Parliament with the right to speak, is involved in negotiations between the governments of the Faroe Islands and Denmark and informs the Government of Denmark about the adoption by the Parliament of the Faroe Islands of laws and government acts. The High Commissioner also provides elections to the Danish Parliament and nationwide referendums in the Faroe Islands, participates in arranging visits to the Faroe Islands of the royal family, members of the Danish parliament and government, and prepares annual reports on the situation in the autonomy.

According to the Act on the Self-Government of the Faroe Islands, the responsibility for international relations lies with the central government of Denmark. International treaties concluded

by Denmark without reservation for the Faroe Islands, automatically extend their effect to the Faroe Islands. What often becomes another reason for separatist sentiment? In particular, the signing of Denmark in 1994. The World Trade Organization Agreement provides that the Faeroes, as an integral part of the Kingdom

of Denmark, enjoy the rights and responsibilities that apply to Denmark as a whole. As a result, the norms of the WTO agreement incorporated into the domestic legislation of the Faroe Islands. On the other hand, the Danish government, when signing relevant international agreements, may provide for reservations about the Faroe Islands. Thus, upon Denmark’s accession to the European Union in 1973, the relevant accession agreement contained a special warning on the Faroe Islands, which were the result of a referendum held in 1972 on the Faeroes. Because of this, the Faroese autonomy is not part of the EU and is not covered by it, for example, the EU quota system for fishing. Faroes independently conclude agreements on fishing quotas within their exclusive economic zone [9].

Under such conditions, the basic guarantees of the existence of the autonomy of the Faroe Islands are in the political sphere. The political and legal regime of the Kingdom of Denmark, based on the principles of separation of powers, the division of issues of local and national importance, democracy, political and ideological diversity, the completeness and guarantee of basic human rights and freedoms, the independence of self-government bodies within their powers etc. are a reliable guarantee of the irreversibility of the status of the Faeroe’s autonomy. Under such conditions, it seems that the level of autonomy obtained cannot be removed unilaterally, because this will be considered as a violation of the rights and freedoms.

Conclusion The analysis of the development of the autonomy of the Faroe Islands suggests that it arose because of the growth of separatism and due to tolerance on the part of Denmark. The peace has been preserving thanks to the creation of sufficiently effective mechanisms of public administration in this territorial unit of Denmark. The fact that unionists and separatists quite peacefully and in a businesslike manner form such a “left-liberal” coalition at the level of the island region is a rather interesting thing. Moreover,

it definitely shows that the question of the early separation from Denmark from Farer hardly stands in the foreground.

Therefore, it remains a mystery what for the Faroe Islands is more important: the pride or well-being of its citizens? We will not get an answer to this question soon, but the real strength of the supporters of independence (even with all their ideological and political multicolor) is beyond doubt. Therefore, it is not possible to speak about any predetermination in this Faroese case.

References 1. Tsebenko O. Forms of manifestation of separatism: the theoretical and methodological aspect / A. Tsebenko // National idea: realities and development prospects. 2014. №26. With.44— 51.

2. Debes Н. The formation of a Nation: The Faroe Islands / Н.

Debes // Ethnicity and Nation Building in the Nordic World [Text].

London, 1995. — P. 58—71.

3. Gordonh David, ed. Secession, State, and Liberty [Text].

London, 2002. — 334 p.

4. Jan E. The Paradox of Federalism: Does Self-Rule Accommodate or Exacerbate Ethnic Divisions? [Internet source] / E. Jan, A. Lawrence. — Accessed: https://bit.ly/2A506yD 5. Joensen J. Higher Education in the Faroe Islands /J. Joensen // Nordic Journal of International Law [Text]. 1988. Vol. 57. P. 300—309 6. Olafsson A. Note on the Faroe Islands Home Rule Case / А.

Olafsson // Local self-government, territorial integrity [Text].

Council of Europe, 1996. P. 98—109.

7. Poulsen H. Self-Government and Natural Resources The Faroese Case / H. Poulsen / Nordic Journal of International Law [Text]. — 1988. — Vol. 57. P. 335—343.

8. West John F. The History of the Faroe Islands, 17091816 [Text] / John F. est. — København: CA Reitzel, 1985. — 312 p.

9. Wylie J. The Faroe Islands Interpretations of History [Text] / J. Wylie. — Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987. 196 p.

10. Føroyar — The Faroe Islands. The official gateway to the Faroe Islands [Internet source].

Retrieved from: https://www.faroeislands.fo (Accessed date: 14.09.2018).

DANISH PEACEMAKING Adelina Antipova, 3rd year student of the faculty of Management and economics, Institute of World Civilizations, Moscow Abstract: This article describes one of the key aspects of Denmark’s foreign policy — supporting relations with other states as an independent sovereign state. The task to go over the influence of international peacekeeping on the state itself and its position in the European Union is considered to be the beginning of the policy the Danish kingdom nowadays. The article presents the main provisions on the topic based on the analysis of literature and Internet sources.

Keywords: Denmark, UN, NATO, foreign policy, international peacekeeping, unitary state, Europe, military personnel, operations, Danish peacekeeping, “blue helmets”.

Introduction The Danish kingdom is a sovereign unitary state. However, such regions of Denmark as the Faroe Islands and Greenland are the possessions of the Danish monarchy only from the 18th century and have their own cultural and historical identity [4]. Therefore, they have extensive autonomy and local government has broad legislative and administrative full powers.

Denmark’s foreign policy is based on identifying the country as a sovereign nation of Europe. Based on the foregoing, the main criterion for foreign policy is supporting relations with the other countries as the independent sovereign states. This role stipulates equal negotiations with other states which allows to be members of the United Nations (further UN) and enter international economic and political organizations. Denmark has a positive reputation in terms of relations with the other countries. It actively

participated in the direction and coordination of Western assistance to the Baltic countries. As part of the UN Protection, Denmark has participated and still participates today in the territory of the former Yugoslavia. Denmark also pursues foreign policy regarding human rights, democracy and other human values, and is an active participant in international peacemaking.

International peacemaking This is the method that allows and directs various regions to agreements and permission of the intentions of the war or its termination, is called peacemaking. The founder of the method is the UN — UN peacekeeping forces as armed forces of countries.

Initially it was assumed that these operations would be conducted with respect to enforce cease-fire and separation of opposing sides after interstate wars [6]. However, hereinafter according to the UN Charter, the function of eliminating threats of peace and secure conflict resolutions is also included into international peacemaking.

Peacekeeping is carried out in a safe way by joint coercive actions regarding an object that threatens the world [6]. The list of methods, tools and tools includes (for VI and VII chapters of the UN Charter): — Peaceful means such as negotiations, establishing facts, arbitration etc.

— Traditional operations, serving in the role of paramilitary means.

— Coercive means, nonmilitary, such as legal, economic and other sanctions [5].

Powers, including decisions on funding, creation, composition belongs to the UN Council. International peacemaking acts as a function of the third role in social activities, which is aimed at war.

In the history of the League of Nations managed to resolve and prevent more than 70 political conflicts.

It is worth pointing out a moment of voluntary provision of service troops by UN states-members. This means that the UN

does not have a permanent international contingent — neither military nor police [5].

Denmark and international peacemaking Denmark puts emphasis on such an aspect as the country’s authority in the international arena and its influence on all processes occurring on the European continent. It should be noted that the state of the national armed forces and their participation in international peacekeeping is one of the determining criteria of this factor. However, in 1949, when Denmark joined the bloc of the founding countries of NATO, it stated that it was not ready to place military bases and weapons on the territory of the state during peacetime [2]. The emphasis was also placed on limiting the military activities of other states on Bornholm. It should be noted that this information does not apply to such regions as Greenland and the Faroe Islands.

Denmark has been participating in International Peacekeeping since 1948. Participation in this activity began when 11 soldiers of the kingdom were sent to the Middle East under the UN flag as military observers as part of a multinational military contingent.

A year later, 6 military observers were sent from Denmark such as other representatives from 45 countries [1]. The newly formed UN mission envisioned monitoring the implementation of the ceasefire agreement between India and Pakistan. The events of these years are considered to be the beginning of Denmark’s participation in the UN international peacekeeping forces.

Gradually, the geography of active participation of the Danish troops has been increasing. From the mid-1950’s to the beginning of the 21st century, Denmark took part in peacekeeping operations in 18 UN missions. The number of Danish “blue helmets” started expanding and increasing from those times. A good example is the number of Danish military observers in relation to the year of participation in operations (Annex). For example: — mission on the Iraq-Kuwait border (UNIKOM) and in Georgia (UNOMIG)

— Danish military observer — 1 Danish military observer in the Hebron’s group and in the mission Peninsula Prevlaka — 3,606 Danish troops were sent to the territory of the former Yugoslavia (UNPROFOR) However, the Danish “blue helmets” could not boast of with a large number of soldiers or police officers in every missions. But for the rotation, it showed that even the small number of people who took part in the operations suggests that Denmark is permanently involved in international peacekeeping.

It also should be noted that Denmark took part not only in UN operations, but also in NATO and the OSCE (see Attachment 1). The gained experience has served as a starting point in training, equipping and training since 1994 of the Baltic Peacekeeping Battalion, together with its colleagues-states such as Norway, Finland and Sweden. That battalion consisted of military personnel from Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania and was promptly ready by the end of 1997. [2] As for the training of a peacekeeping contingent which carries out peace-enforcement operations, peacekeeping and humanitarian, under the auspices of international organizations and the United Nations — on 1 July 1994, a rapid response brigade was formed that consisted of 4,500 people. Later that team also became part of the NATO rapid response.

Due to the union consisting of Denmark and such states as Canada, the Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Norway and Sweden a multinational UN High Readiness Brigade SHIRBRIG was formed on September 2 in 1997. The main function of this brigade is constant readiness for the relocation to any part of the world within 15—30 days.

Foreign experts note that the role of Denmark in maintaining international peacekeeping is one of the leading ones [3]. Denmark is also one of the few countries that provides a resource such as warships for various operations.

The authorities of Denmark believe that international peacekeeping have a great influence on the image of Denmark on

the international scene and also influences the decisions made on the EU level. Therefore, the resources allocated by Denmark differ in scale. For example: — The permanent strength of the armed forces is 30,000; — The military budget of Denmark is equal to the costs of the country’s participation in NATO’s military programs and amounts to 1.4% of the country’s annual GDP; — About 44,000 people took part in NATO operations; and so on.

Conclusion International peacekeeping is one of the key points of Denmark’s foreign policy as its main aspect is the maintenance of favorable relations with other countries. Also I should point out that the Danish Kingdom has a fairly good and long history of relations with the other countries.

Danish military personnel worthily represent their country abroad, which favorably affects the country’s foreign policy.

References 1. Grishaeva L.E. Russia and the UN: history and modernity.

M., 2007 2. Ravens K. Peacekeeping in the Nordic countries: responses to challenges. World Economy and International Relations, 2011, No. 12, p. 57—68 3. Roberts, Adam; Kingsbury, Benedict, ed. (1994). United Nations, a divided world: UN roles in international relations (2nd ed.). Oxford University.

4. S. Shapkin, Foreign Military Review No. 11/2001, Denmark and international peacekeeping.

5. Zapariy Yu. V. UN peacekeeping operations and the Soviet Union: policy and practice — 2004, №31, pp.153 6. Information and analytical portal: interaction of Denmark and NATO [Internet source].

Retrieved from: http://nat.rf/ru/denmark.html (Accessed date: 2018, Sep 16).

Annex

Forgotten referendum of Denmark Polina Sakharova, 3rd year student of the faculty of International relations and geopolitics, Institute of World Civilizations, Moscow Abstract. The article is devoted to the Danish referendum, which contributed to the restriction of state sovereignty and its role in the European area. Studies have shown that in connection with this issue, the Danish government is constantly faced with the question of solving the so-called “integration dilemma”, which involves the choice between the loss by the state of part of national sovereignty and greater integration into the EU structures. Based on the analysis, the author shows how all political institutions and a democratic society interact on this issue to identify a unanimous decision on the role of their state in the EU. Key words: referendum, sovereignty, justice, state security, integration.

The referendum is quite a frequent phenomenon in the democratic policy of the EU countries. Despite the fact that the European society will introduce a sufficiently active civil position, at the same time difficult questions are raised for voting, which are not always clear to the public.

Denmark’s participation in the EU (since 1973) is limited to the four reservations that the kingdom made for the citizens of the country to approve the 1992 Maastricht Treaty in a referendum. All reservations were the result of a national compromise that was achieved thanks to political parties (except the Progress Party) and recorded in the Edinburgh agreement of the EU.

The restrictions concern the economic and monetary union (the single currency was not introduced in Denmark), cooperation in the sphere of security and justice (the country agreed to participate in the legal process only on an interstate basis), as well as the problems of European citizenship, which was separately indicated by the Amsterdam Treaty 1997 year (the citizenship of Denmark is considered to be a priority in relation to European citizenship).

Denmark’s policy is based on the formation of a “belt of good neighborliness”, for which it is necessary to build relations with Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova. The Danish government has played a big role in the process of the accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the EU. The initial position of Denmark was that the countries of the European Union as a single actor in solving world problems.

In addition, the course of the Danish policy is aimed at increasing the transparency of decision making, attention to the problem of ecology and the expansion of jobs.

Against the background of the British referendum and its consequences, the events that took place in Denmark at the end of 2015 and which have received new development at the present time have practically gone unnoticed. On December 3, a referendum was held in Denmark to revise the format of the country’s participation in cooperation in the field of justice and home affairs (UVD) in the EU. According to the compromise reached after the first unsuccessful referendum on accepting the Maastricht Treaty in Denmark, the country has a number of exceptions (the socalled Danish reservations), including through cooperation in the field of justice and home affairs, which Denmark can only implement on an intergovernmental basis.

As the space of liberty, security and justice became more common, and the volume of supranational legislation grew, Denmark faced an ever-increasing amount of problems regarding its participation in cooperation in this field. Within the framework of the UVD, a country cannot simply adopt the EU legislation it needs or participate in its development; in order to join any EU project in this area, it must conclude an international agreement

with the European Union. 2 According to the Treaty of Lisbon, within the framework of justice and internal affairs, there are no areas of interaction that are carried out exclusively on an intergovernmental basis; cooperation has been transferred to the joint competence of the Union and the Member States. Thus, in the post-Lisbon period, Denmark does not automatically participate in any newly proposed or updated cooperation projects in a framework of freedom, security and justice. In those projects in which Denmark participates, it does so in the framework of international law, and not in the framework of EU law. Before the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, Denmark managed to join the work of Europol, Eurojust and the European arrest warrant.

However, now, in the event of updating or reformatting these projects, Denmark will not be able to automatically continue its participation in them.

The decision to hold a referendum was made by the government of Helle Thorning-Schmidt after the terrorist attacks in Copenhagen in February 2015 in order to secure the participation of Denmark in EU police cooperation projects in the framework of the reformed Europol. The terms of the referendum were designated until April 2016.

However, the new center-right government headed

by Lars Löcke Rasmussen, which came to power in June 2015, shifted the referendum to December 3, 2015 to avoid the influence of the discussion of British issues and a referendum in the United Kingdom. The Danish government and the elite, in general, believed that against the backdrop of increasing terrorist threat, including in Denmark, the objective need to intensify cross-border police cooperation would be a powerful argument in favor of changing the status of a country within the framework of the YUVD. At the referendum, the Danes were asked to change the format of interaction with the EU in the field of justice and internal affairs and switch to a model similar to the British and Irish, i.e. replace complete non-participation in cooperation with selective participation in it. The results of the referendum were negative.

53.1% of the population opposed the possibility of participating

in projects of the EU freedom, security and justice space. The reasons for the failure of the campaign “for” are fairly obvious. The time of the referendum was chosen very unfortunate. Throughout 2015, a migration crisis was raging in Europe. Denmark, which pursues an independent immigration policy, turned out to be a transit country on the path of asylum seekers between Germany and Sweden. As a result of the unprecedented influx of migrants from the countries of the Middle East and Africa, Sweden closed the border with Denmark and introduced passport control. In response, Denmark closed the border with Germany. And in November 2015 there were terrible terrorist attacks in Paris. These events, combined with calls not to give Brussels more national sovereignty, had a strong influence on the outcome of the referendum.

For the largest parties in Denmark, social democratic and liberal Venstre, this result meant a major defeat, as they actively called on the population to support the proposed changes. At the same time, this was another success of the far-right Danish People’s Party (DNP), which has already achieved an unprecedented result, receiving second place in the Folketing elections in June 2015. The NPD stands for a strict restriction of immigration to Denmark and against deeper integration within the EU. Currently, its slogans have been claimed by the electorate. Danish Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen expressed the opinion that the results of the referendum were a reflection of the European skepticism of a significant part of Danish society, and not a rejection of police cooperation within the EU. If we accept this point of view, the referendum on the possibility to cooperate with the EU countries within the framework of Europol became a referendum on the problem of Danish sovereignty.

However, the negative result of the referendum means that Denmark really remains out of interaction with the European Police Agency updated in 2016, which is not in the interests of the country’s security. Denmark is constantly faced with the question of solving the so-called “integration dilemma”, which involves choosing between the loss by the state of part of national sovereignty and greater integration into EU structures, including in the security

sphere, and maintaining independence and, as a result, reducing the influence within the integration groups and the prospect of remaining on the periphery of the integration process, as well as independently ensuring the security of the country in the face of growing cross-border threats.

The next fundamental EU referendum took place in the United Kingdom in June 2016. With all the differences in the reasons for and the scope of the issues put to the vote, it is very interesting to compare the British referendum on June 23 and the referendum held in Denmark in December 2015. In both cases, a question was raised about the country’s participation in the integration process.

In both cases, there was a very high voter turnout (about 72% in each case) and similar voting results (52% in the UK and 53% in Denmark voted against the country’s participation in EU projects), although EU membership (for the UK) and the possibility to participate in cooperation in the framework of justice and home affairs (for Denmark) objectively met the interests of the states that conducted the referendums. In both cases, the campaign was conducted in “two different languages” 6: on the one hand, an emotional discussion about preserving or restoring the national sovereignty of the country, designed for “heart vote”, on the other hand, technocratic arguments for developing cooperation with the EU, appealing to reason.

In both cases, emotions were stronger than reason. In both cases, the results of the referendums demonstrated a serious split in society and a protest vote against elites. In both Britain and Denmark, the younger, more educated population of large cities expressed support for cooperation with the EU. In both countries, the ruling elites are mostly pro-European, and a significant part of the population is Euroskeptic, while there is a rather low level of public knowledge about the activities of the European Union.

In both cases, the states that held referendums are now forced to look for a new format of relations with the EU. The differences lie in the implications that the UK, Denmark and the EU are expecting from the results of the referendums. The Danes voted for the absence of changes in the format of relations, the British — for

a fundamental change in the existing format. The Danish referendum is an unpleasant event, but not having far-reaching consequences for the EU. The Danish government has not undergone changes due to the results of the referendum and is going to discuss possible options for interaction with the EU in the field of justice and internal affairs, primarily the possibility of participating in the work of Europol. Moreover, it is possible to hold a new referendum8 after a certain pause. Public opinion polls conducted in Denmark after the British referendum showed an increase in support for EU country membership.

Pension system of Denmark Second place for “Best paper presentation” Nadezhda Nikitina, 4th year student of the faculty of Modern law, Institute of World Civilizations, Moscow (Second place for “Best paper presentation”) Abstract: Pensioners in Europe, in particular in Denmark, live much better than pensioners in Russia. This issue is becoming more and more urgent, since there is a new pension reform in Russia that will soon enter into the force. So this article will observe the pension system of Denmark with the aim to understand how to overcome the pension issue in the Russian Federation.

Keywords: pension, pension system, pensioners, retirement age, raising the retirement age, the government of Denmark, Danish legislation.

Danish pension system is recognised as one of the best in Europe according to the International index of pension systems.

In 1891 Danish government made the decision on financial support of citizens after 60-year age. The principle of nationality and residence was the basic principle of support. In 1922 the retirement age was raised up to 65 years, and the size of pension began to depend on the personal income of citizens. At the same time the system of voluntary insurance pension savings by means of which citizens postponed a part of income on account of future pensions was developed.

In 1956 the minimum amount of pension payments which was called “national pension” has been established. In 1982 Paul Schlüter, at that time the prime minister of Denmark, made the

decision to add to national pension labor, paid by the Pension fund and depending on an experience and the size of the salary. Along with it methods of charge of pension were developed. Such pension reform involved huge costs from the state.

Thus, at the moment the Danish pension consists of the following components: — national pension; — work funded pension; — savings and investments.

National pension is paid by the state to all people living in the country and depends on the period of residence in Denmark. For obtaining the right to receive national pension every month the person needs to be the resident of Denmark for not less than 3 years (before reaching the retirement age). Being the resident of Denmark for more than 40 years, the pensioner will receive full national pension. For example, if someone lives in Denmark for 25 years, the amount of pension will be scaled in the appropriate way.

National pension includes three parts: — basic part (depends on the period of residence); — additional part (depends on the marital status, personal income and savings); — “Age verification” — a lump sum which depends on the size of liquid property of the pensioner (similar to tax deductions).

In case of pensioner’s death this payment is added to the sum of inheritance.

Besides, the additional subsidies are paid. They cover: health, heating and housing (monthly), “age verification” subsidy (once a year).

Additional work pension (ATP) is guaranteed and paid to all who worked in Denmark. Its size depends on seniority and salary. Unlike basic, it has accumulative feature and depends on the number of hours worked. The work pension is formed as follows: 1/3 contributions to the Pension fund are provided by the worker (a certain percent from the salary), 2/3 parts of a contribution are provided by the employer. At the moment of retirement all saved-up sum splits up in the appropriate way for the period of 25 years.

It should be noted that Danes have an opportunity to stop work in three years before the retirement age. The system of pension insurance includes the pension grant paid to the persons who are staying on the registry on unemployment, reached age of 60 years on the basis of special contract of insurance of unemployment. This pension benefit is connected with desire of the person which has reached 60-year old age to abandon the labor market before achievement of a retirement age and to pass to payment of a grant instead of salary and before receiving an old-age pension.

A condition of receiving a grant is payment of insurance premiums under the contract within 30 years, since 30-year age. The size of the paid grant is equal to a size of a dole and is the sum to 4500 Danish kroner depending on a type of insurance.

The second part of the Danish pension system is made by a funded work pension. The basis of payment is the contract on pension assignments which is in turn based on: — contract of the employer with the private pension fund; — collective labor agreement at the level of branch labor union; — the Law “About the State Employee” (payment is made from means of the state budget or budget of municipality. State employees don’t make insurance contributions to the pension fund, they acquire the right to a long-service pension).

The third part of the Danish pension system is composed of individual retirement savings (on a voluntary basis). Perhaps, for someone investment into the property, securities and other valuable property is a good alternative to accumulative insurance in private pension funds while for others these ways of formation of a financial security will be only essential supply to pension savings.

It is common that residents of Denmark should pay high taxes for the high pension content: 35—50% of their salary. Except obligatory contributions to public foundation future pensioners often make investments in risk assets through the non-state pension funds. Thus, they manage to receive the pension equal to $2.8 thousand that is an absolute record for the EU. Raising the retirement age is connected with life expectancy change. In 2006 “the reform of welfare” was realized through the

indexation of retirement age and taking into account change of life expectancy of the citizens who have been living for more than 60 years with the fixed lower bound of average life expectancy after retirement — 14 and a half years. Average life expectancy in Denmark makes 79 years for men and 84 years for women.

Since 2011 the Danish government has been realising the pension reform directed to the increasing of retirement age from 65 to 70 years in several stages: from 65 to 67 years — in 2019— 2022, up to 68 years — by 2030, up to 69 years — by 2035 and up to 70 years — by 2040.

Up to 2017 the retirement age was 65 years, now — 67 years. At the same time the necessary condition of implementation of the plan of raising the retirement age is increase in life expectancy at least for 5 years.

However the Danish legislation allows citizens to make the decision on early retirement or further work on reaching a retirement age. Decisions on further work of pensioners are actively supported by the government as in this case the state has an opportunity to delay the beginning of payment of pensions for several years.

Thus, the pension system of Denmark is directed at both the economy of budget funds and the “revival” of stock market. Such model of formation of pension directly depends on the size of salary and seniority, and each worker can influence the level of further financial security. The citizens’ pension makes about 81% of the salary — that is about $2800.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC TENDENCIES OF NORTHERN EUROPE IN THE ASPECT OF MIGRATION POLICY Arkadiy Musaelyan, 3rd year student of the faculty of Modern law, Institute of World Civilizations, Moscow Abstract: This article discusses the migration problems of Denmark, the trends of Danish migration policy, its positive and negative aspects. The laws adopted in Denmark concerning the rights and duties of migrants are observed in the article.

Keywords: Denmark, migration policy, Europe, eurozone.

Migration is an integral part of the modern socio-economic development of both the state and the international community as a whole. That is why, considering the socio-economic and political trends in Europe, it is necessary to conduct a full analysis of migration issues.

In recent decades, there have been significant changes in the scale and structure of migration flows, characterized by a steady increase in the number of immigrants from “non-Western” countries, whose cultural characteristics, behavioral stereotypes as well as educational and qualification characteristics constitute a significant contrast with the inhabitants of the Scandinavian States. At the same time, the paradigm of multicultural development is not accepted in Danish society, formed within the framework of one ethnic group, the prevalence of a single culture and religion.

In the countries from which the largest number of people migrate to Europe there is a long demographic surge (high birth rate), at the same time, in Europe, the demographic crisis is due

to low fertility and the prevalence of the elderly population.

However, the demographic policy of the EU countries is not aimed at increasing the birth rate, but at attracting people from other countries, which is expressed in various kinds of social assistance for immigrants. Such an approach to the problem was flawed, since migrants from different States had different cultures and backgrounds. This can lead to various kinds of problems, for example, conflicts between indigenous people and migrants, conflicts between migrants from different States, and in case of excessive migration, the process of opposite assimilation can occur, i.e., not all migrants accept the traditions, customs, culture widespread in the state, and the widespread culture begins to change, which will eventually lead to a change in the traditional European culture.

Currently, the number of foreigners is about 7% of the country’s population. It should be noted that Danish statistics include immigrants and their descendants, regardless of nationality, in the category of “foreigners”. Immigrants are those who were born outside of Denmark and whose parents (or one of the parents if there is no information about the other) are either foreign nationals or born outside of Denmark. The descendant of immigrants is a person born in Denmark, neither of whose parents are Danish citizens.

The problems of migration and migration policy as one of the main issues on the political agenda of modern Denmark — Number of foreigners in the country.

— Regulation of migration processes in Denmark.

— Waiting period for permanent residence permit.

In 2001, 38.591 permissions to stay in country were issued: 6.263 to persons with refugee status, 13.187 to persons who have relatives in Denmark, 5.950 as the implementation of the European agreements on the single market. The remaining permissions

(13.191) were granted to temporary migrants who came to Denmark with the purpose of employment, education etc.

Regulation of migration processes in Denmark is currently based on the following basic principles: — Citizens of Scandinavian countries have the right to freely enter Denmark, they do not need a residence and work permit; — Citizens of the European Union can stay in the country for 3 months without a visa. This period may be extended to 6 months if they are employed in the country. In most cases, citizens of these countries can obtain a residence permit. This applies to migrant workers, students and other persons who can provide themselves with accommodation; — Citizens of other countries may obtain a temporary or permanent residence permit only on the basis of refugee status or family reunification; — Citizens of other countries may obtain a temporary residence permit for study or short-term employment in Denmark.

It is the latter two groups that have been the object of recent changes in Danish migration policy, which is actually aimed at reducing immigration flows from these countries.

The directions of the so-called “new policy towards foreigners” are: — Limitation of the number of foreigners arriving in Denmark and tightening the requirements for their financial and economic opportunities (they should not become an additional burden on the country’s social security system); — Accelerating the integration of foreigners already living in the country.

The government has tightened the requirements for persons seeking for a refugee status. In July 2002, the status of “de facto refugees” was abolished, i.e. now only persons who meet the criteria of the 1951 Geneva Convention can obtain asylum in Denmark.

At the same time, the waiting period for permanent residence was extended from three to seven years, based on the principle that refugees must return to their country of exit. Persons with refugee status may be expelled from Denmark if the situation in their

country of exit has returned to normal. Refugees may also lose their status in Denmark if they visit their country of exit.

In order to limit immigration through family reunification, the Danish government has increased the minimum age for reunification with a foreign spouse from 18 to 24 years. In addition, a Deposit of DKK 50.000 has been introduced to cover the possible costs of social support for an immigrant spouse as a condition of obtaining a residence permit. A new requirement is the age limit for reunification with parents, according to which their age must not exceed 60 years. The waiting period for permanent residence permits for persons wishing to reunite with relatives in Denmark has also been extended from three to seven years.

According to the Danish Minister for refugees, immigration and integration, “the proposed measures will allow us to reduce the influx of immigrants in order to concentrate our efforts on the integration of those foreigners who already live in our country”.

Migration legislation The basic legislation setting out the principles and methods of Danish migration policy consists of both national legislation and international agreements ratified by the country in the field of migration and refugee assistance.

Organization of the migration service The Ministry of refugee, immigration and integration was established by Royal decree of 27 November 2001, the Ministry accumulated functions associated with the implementation of migration policies and integration policies, first fragmented between different authorities.

The Ministry has three departments with different own divisions: — Administrative Department — the overall coordination of international cooperation in the field of immigration and refugee assistance, the organization of the Ministry and personnel issues, the overall control of the Ministry’s finances.

— Department of integration — developing a common policy for the integration of refugees and immigrants into Danish society. The Department carries out analytical and statistical work as well as performs certain tasks of the Ministry for the organization of centers for the accommodation of asylum seekers.

— Immigration department — development of immigration and integration policies, the General definition of rules and procedures that are subject to immigration law.

Main categories of migrants The Danish legislation identifies the following categories of migrants, depending on the duration and purpose of stay in the country: refugees, immigrants arriving for the purpose of family reunification, migrant workers, students.

Policies for the integration and adaptation of migrants The desire of Danish society to preserve cultural homogeneity determines the integration strategy, which is based on the process of assimilation of foreigners, i.e. borrowing characteristics and lifestyle of the population of the host country by different ethnic groups.

The government of Denmark recognizes the integration of foreigners (refugees and those who have arrived in Denmark through family reunification) as one of its important tasks, which is implemented through a set of measures aimed at improving the level of education and professional skills, mastering the Danish language etc. While until 1999 the integration programme was designed for up to 18 months and was intended only for refugees, the duration of the programme was subsequently extended to 3 years, and participants included not only refugees but also their families. In addition, for immigrants arriving through family reunification, it was possible to attend Danish language courses.

In order to give priority to integration programs at the local level,

the Government has delegated responsibility for their implementation to the municipalities.

In addition to special programs, integration involves the implementation of a General social policy for foreigners. The degree of access to civil, political and social rights in Denmark increases as the status of “immigrant” becomes “citizen”. Thus, an immigrant with a permanent residence permit has many civil and social rights, but, unlike a Danish citizen, is restricted in political rights, in particular, deprived of the opportunity to participate in national elections and national referendums.

Opinion polls show a growing number of Danish citizens concerned that foreigners are a heavy burden on the social system.

Many also accuse immigrants of increasing crime and harboring terrorists. According to the Prime Minister of Denmark, “ … today Denmark has serious problems with the integration of immigrants.

Many Danes feel that immigrants do not respect Danish values.”

Thus, we can make sure that Denmark is an open country that is ready to help people in difficult situations. Citizens of some countries, victims of war, hunger and poverty sometimes need to leave their homeland in search of a better life, and Denmark is ready to help people in this.

“You are violating my religious rights”, — the law banning facecovering garments Second place for “Best paper presentation” Ekaterina Bulanina, 4th year student of the faculty of Modern law, Institute of World Civilizations, Moscow Abstract. In May 2018, the Danish Parliament adopted the law banning the wearing of items covering the face. First of all, traditional Muslim women’s hats, such as the burqa and niqab, came under it influence. The followers of the Islamic faith are convinced that the Government infringes on their rights, is it so?

Keywords: law, Danish People’s Party, Criminal Code of Denmark, violation of religious rights, prohibition, burka, niqab, balaclava, hijab, values of Danish society, Danish culture.

On 1 August, 2018, a law came into force in Denmark, which was introduced in February of this year. This law bans wearing facecovering garments in public places. There were several attempts to adopt this law, and the first one was in 2009. And only after almost 10 years the Danish People’s Party managed to convince the majority in Parliament that this law must be adopted by proposing this bill for the fourth time. On 31 May, 2018, the law was adopted by the Folketing (Danish Parliament) on the 3rd reading by a majority of votes (75 against 30). This law amends the Danish Criminal Code. Accordingly, all people who transgressed this law now become subject to the appropriate punishment.

After the adoption, this law faced a storm of criticism, meetings were held to protest this innovation as the law violated Muslim religious rights in a significant way. According Islam, women should dress modestly and avoid showing the beauty of their body and face in a public place. However, the wearing of such traditional Islamic clothing as a niqab or burka, intended to hide a woman’s face, was also banned. Gauri van Gulik, Director of Amnest International for Europe, as well as the representatives of several other organizations such as Human Rights Watch (the organisation against human rights violations) and the Muslim community of Denmark consider the law to be a direct violation of Muslim women’s rights. They believe that women should dress according to their own convictions. And this prohibition is a violation of the rights to religion and selfexpression.

In turn, the minister of Justice Soeren Pape Poulsen said that this kind of clothing was incompatible with the traditional values of Danish society and it represented a sign of disrespect for the standards adopted in Denmark. And the law banning face-covering garments in public places means that Denmark citizens must show respect and complete trust to each other.

Martin Henriksen, the expert of the People’s Party of Denmark on immigration, says that burka and niqab are alien to the Danish culture. According to him, some people use democratic freedoms to promote their ideology, the spreading of which can lead to many other people suffering from violation of own freedoms.

The government claims that the law is not aimed at violating religious rights. After all, the text of the document does not mention the prohibition of wearing hijab, turban, headscarf or other religious garments that do not cover the face. Section 134 of the Danish Penal Code states: “A person who wears garments that hide his face in a public place is punishable by a fine.” Thus, not only burqas and niqabs are banned, but also hats, scarves, masks and even artificial beards that excessively cover the face. The second part of the article tells us about the exceptions: “The prohibition does not apply to covering a person who serves a qualifying purpose.” Thus, if such a hat is necessary for safety, for example, a helmet when riding

a motorbike, for recreational activities such as Halloween or a carnival, as well as wearing warm clothing that covers your face during the cold season, including balaclaves and scarves.

The non-compliance for the first time causes a fine of 1.000 kr.

The second violation will cost up to 10.000 kr. The law applies to both residents of Denmark and foreigners. The Ministry of Justice explained that in the execution of the law it will resort to common sense and will not forcefully remove the prohibited elements of clothing from people. The offender will be fined and he will go home. Those who live far away will be taken to police stations from where they can be taken by relatives.

One of the first incidents occurred in the city of Horsholm. Two girls fought in the shopping center on an escalator. During the fight, one of them flew off the nikab. Employees of the mall called the police. When the police arrived, the girl hastily put on a nikab and refused to take it off under any conditions. The police imposed a fine of 1.000 kr on her.

Initially, for malicious violators they wanted to impose a sanction in the form of imprisonment, however, this type of punishment was considered disproportionate to the violation and was limited to imposing a fine. However, in the case of coercion of someone to wear hats that cover the face, the person who coerced can be imprisoned for up to two years.

It is worth noting that Denmark is not the first country to adopt such a law. The first was France in 2009. Similar bans on wearing this type of clothing are present in Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria and Bulgaria.

Analyzing all the above, we believe that the actions of the ministers can be explained as follows: they defend the traditional values of their country and their people. Describing the Danes as open-minded and patient, it is unacceptable for them to cover their faces when communicating with each other. In Danish and Western culture, an open face is an integral part of the contact. The lack of elements of clothing that hide the face helps to achieve early understanding and trust between people. It is also a good prevention

of possible crimes, since you can never know who is hiding under the mask.

Negative consequences of the migration crisis in Denmark Georgy Rovenskikh, 3rd year student of the faculty of International relations and geopolitics, Institute of World Civilizations, Moscow Abstract: The migration crisis that arose in 2015 had a significant impact, mostly negative, on all spheres of life in Europe as a whole and Denmark in particular. Denmark has taken the position of a country that does not want to host an unlimited number of forced migrants from the Middle East. Various laws restricted the rules of stay in the country for refugees has been adopted. Europe should find common ways to solve this problem, because only in this way the Old World will be able to show its political unity, as the migration crisis is a significant challenge to the European community. This article provides solutions to the migration issue.

Keywords: migration, Denmark, Schengen area.

crisis,

refugees,

challenge,

Europe,

European migration crisis arose in 2015 as a result of multiple increase of the number of refugees and illegal migrants in the European Union. These refugees came, especially, from North Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. The other reason of migration crisis is inability of the European authorities to welcome and distribute refugees. This challenge has not avoided Denmark.

We can argue about true reasons that provoked the migration crisis for hours. But it is obvious that civil war in Syria (the greatest number of refugees is from this country), unstable and insecure economic and political atmosphere in Afghanistan, war in Iraq and

other countries in the Middle East were the main causes of European migration crisis. Besides, hundreds of thousands of refugees rushed to Europe from the Northern African countries such as Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Western African countries, for example, Senegal.

Europe is simply trying to adapt to this flow of refugees. No one expected a year ago that so many people would move towards Europe. By the way, Russia is also potentially threatened: if the situation in Afghanistan related to the Taliban escalates, we cannot exclude the flow of refugees from Afghanistan to Central Asia, and to Russia as well — especially if radical Islamist activity increases in these post-Soviet countries, which is quite likely. And if we take into account the fact that the border with Kazakhstan is almost open, we can face the problem, similar to the European one.

Like any other phenomenon, the migration crisis has its causes and consequences. The main part of the report will be devoted to the consequences of this crisis, mostly negative.

Migration crisis as any other social and political phenomenon has its own causes and aftermaths. Main part of the article will be devoted to the consequences of the crisis with refugees, especially, negative.

European migration crisis affected all public spheres such as economic, political, social and cultural spheres.

Europe could not find common solution to overcome migration crisis so European countries were forced to deal with refugees on its own. Consequences of the European migration crisis are not so dramatic in comparison with Brexit but they are very important because aftermaths of the migration crisis make future existence of the European Union questionable.

One of the most significant consequences of the migration crisis was the threat to the future of the Schengen area. “The European Union should better implement the principles of its migration policy, restore control of external borders, otherwise the fate of the Schengen agreement is threatened” said Donald Tusk, President of the European Council. As we know, Sweden has partially recovered border and customs control with Denmark.

At the beginning of 2016, the social democratic government of Sweden unilaterally introduced border controls on the Øresundbridge, faced with an unprecedented influx of economic migrants, political refugees and asylum seekers from the Middle East, North Africa and Asia. The Swedish authorities did not do this as they suddenly took anti-immigrant positions, but many other EU countries have clearly demonstrated a firm determination not to accept refugees.

Sweden and Germany have become an insurmountable magnet for hundreds of thousands of desperate migrants as these countries have taken the most liberal positions on this issue. When Sweden introduced control on the border with Denmark, Denmark responded by introducing control on the border with Germany.

Borders (and walls) are strengthened throughout Europe, including in the Balkans and in a number of countries in Southern and Eastern Europe.

The Danish authorities usually consider the Swedish open door policy naive, and even suffocating. It is not that the Swedes are more liberal, they believe that those who form public opinion have created a dangerous situation around migration, and anyone who is against is labeled an extremist. Thus, they have caused trouble: nowadays more and more ordinary citizens are starting to support truly extremist organizations operating outside the political structures of this country.

When the refugee crisis began, Danish immigration resistance was transformed into a General reluctance to accept large numbers of refugees. The government began to place in the Middle East Newspapers ads that migrants in Denmark are unwanted guests. The lawmakers have adopted a law on confiscation of property, which allows the authorities to confiscate valuables from refugees coming to the country.

Denmark is in conflict with a number of articles of the European Convention on human rights, which was signed by 47 countries, and which is becoming less popular among European conservatives because of these changes. The Danish government stated that it was

prepared to defend itself if the European court of human rights in Strasbourg brought a case against Denmark.

Over the past 20 years, both the social democratic and liberal Danish governments have taken an increasingly tough stance against non-EU immigrants. Due to the new law it has become increasingly difficult to obtain the right of residence and bring family members. Access to a generous system of social benefits was restricted, and strict language and cultural examinations were introduced for those seeking Danish citizenship.

If we talk about the consequences of the migration crisis in the social sphere, we should say about the sharp increase in crime, the financial burden on the social security system, the lack of housing in the areas where refugees are sent. However, most Danes are still concerned about the cultural aftermaths of the crisis.

The massive influx of refugees mainly from Arab and Muslim countries, and the events in Cologne, Germany in particular, demonstrated that the Europeans were hostages of their own humanistic principles, — said candidate of political Sciences Irina Mokhova. “To help and shelter the needy is a principle underlying both Christian ethics and the political structure of the European Union. However, these idealistic ideas do not get along with reality.

Europe is not in a position to accept all asylum-seekers. The question is not so much in the limited economic resources, although it is very acute, but in the fact that the majority of refugees are Muslims. This mass wave of representatives of another religion and culture, another worldview, customs, mentality of the EU cannot digest.

In addition to this, a rather acute problem, among politicians, fears of the imminent collapse of the Schengen zone began to sound more and more often. The head of the European mission, JeanClaude Juncker, warned that the closure of borders within the EU will have serious economic consequences and will ultimately question the existence of the Euro as a single currency. “If we close the borders, if the domestic market begins to suffer, the day will come when we will begin to doubt whether we really need a single currency.” According to the politician, the collapse of the Schengen

zone will “bury the internal market” of the EU and lead to increased unemployment in Europe. However, many experts are convinced that the influx of refugees can have a positive impact on the European economy in the short term. However, only successful employment of migrants can provide a longer-term economic perspective. Ultimately, the economic impact will depend on the speed of integration of refugees in the labour market In addition to economic, social and political consequences, the migration crisis has hit the European security system. In Europe, the level of terrorist threat has increased dramatically. Immediately after the crisis began in 2015, there were a number of major and high-profile terrorist attacks in European cities such as Paris (November 2015), Copenhagen (February 2015). Many analysts link the migration crisis and the increase in the number of terrorist attacks, because often terrorists are people who previously asked the authorities of European countries for asylum. In 2016, the attacks took place in Brussels and nice, and then a wave of terrorist attacks swept across the UK. The lack of a adequately working migration policy and preapproved quotas for the reception of immigrants, as well as differences in attitude to the problem in different countries of the European Union have already led to disagreements within it.

Countries such as the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary opposed the mandatory allocation of quotas for the reception of refugees among all member States of the European Union. That is, the Visegrad four countries position themselves as “undesirable” countries for refugees from the Middle East. In fact, Denmark is on this path. As mentioned earlier, the Danish authorities have tightened the procedure for obtaining refugee status, halved social benefits and taken a number of other measures.

However, German Chancellor Angela Merkel calls on the countries of the European Union to greater solidarity in difficult times for the Old World. But these calls have no special effect.

Thus, the Europeans eventually managed to agree on joint actions. A set of measures has been developed to find solutions to most of the problems. Despite the fluctuations and repeated

deviations from the course, the EU countries eventually managed to stay on the chosen path, but at the same time focused not on the search for long-term political solutions, but on the achievement of immediate goals.

To solve the migration problem, a number of steps are to be taken. First, it is necessary to tighten migration policy within the European Union and the Schengen countries. Among these measures, we can highlight the strengthening of migration control through the introduction of a single migration regime, border control within the Schengen area. It is also necessary to conclude an agreement with Turkey under which refugees illegally entering the European Union from the territory of Turkey (mainly in Greece and Bulgaria) will be sent back to the country of origin. It is also necessary to gradually promote legal migration by, for example, issuing work visas to qualified workers.

However, it will be difficult to coordinate and adopt a single course of solving the migration issue, given that there are more than two dozen independent States in the European Union.

Migration is not a disaster. It can be brought under control and, by opening the door to migrants, benefit them and yourself. For this to happen, Europeans need to change their current mindset and see migration as their lucky chance. They should discuss this topic among themselves, develop a dialogue with external partners, resist the temptation of intolerance and isolationism. Nobody underestimates the scale of the problem; it has penetrated into the foundations of the national existence of each of the EU countries, the political passions caused by it have heated to a degree at which it is impossible to have a reasonable, constructive discussion.

Europe, if it wants to deal competently and in fact with the issue of migration, cannot do without a change of mindset. Moreover, an adequate and realistic solution to the problem of migration could be the first step towards the rebirth of Europe.

References

1. Interfax. Donald Tusk called the migration crisis a threat to Schengen [Internet source].

Retrieved from: http://www.interfax.ru/world/478965 [Accessed: 19.09.2018].

2. Irina Filatova. What will happen with the EU market in the case of the collapse of the Schengen area? [Internet source].

Retrieved from: http://dw.com/p/1Hhkk (Accessed: 17.09.2018).

3. Kapitsa L.M. Migration Tsunami in the European Union// MGIMO University — 09/21/2015. — URL: https://bit.ly/2Rzsb8r 4. Migrant Crisis: EU at Grave Risk, Warns France PM Valls // BBC. 22.01.2016.

5. Reasons Europe’s Refugee Crisis is Happening Now // The Washington Post. 18.09.2015.

Independent Greenland: separatist tendencies in Europe First place for “Best pater presentation” Vladislav Spasibenko, 4th year student of the faculty of International relations and geopolitics, Institute of World Civilizations, Moscow Abstract: Within this article the author considers the issue of the autonomous status of such island like Greenland and its independence from the Kingdom of Denmark. Causes and consequences of Greenland’s independence, its potential and risks are observed. The phenomenon of separatism in Europe is studied.

Keywords: separatism, independence, tendencies, Denmark, Greenland, region.

territory,

Europe,

In order to approach the study of the question of Greenland, it is necessary to understand the basic concept that will be relevant throughout the article. This is the concept of separatism. Separatism is a socio-political process, which is expressed in the separation of part of the territory from the state in order to create a new, independent state or obtaining the status of autonomy.

There are several approaches from which separatism can be considered. On the one hand, separatism is the right of peoples to self-determination and is often a manifestation of the internationally recognized national liberation movement and decolonization.[1] On the other hand, separatism leads to a violation of the international principles of sovereignty,[2] territorial integrity, unity of the state, inviolability of borders. And as historical

experience shows, this political process can be a source of interstate and inter-ethnic conflicts. Separatism creates today many acute problems all over the world, there are about fifty main centers.

This phenomenon played a crucial role in the disintegration of the multinational USSR, Austria-Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

I would like to highlight a number of reasons for the emergence of such a phenomenon as separatism. First of all, it is necessary to consider socio-economic reasons. Uneven economic development of the regions within the state. There are two variants of development. Either the rich regions do not want to sponsor the poor, or the least developed regions suffer from the policies of the centre. Such tendencies we could observe in 2017 in Spain.

The second reason for the separatism is a political problem.

These include the different political status of the ethnic[3] groups living in the territory. Their non-participation in political life or absence from power structures.

The third reason is historical. Long conflicts over territory, border disputes, escalated issues of the consequences of colonization etc.

The fourth reason is ethno-religious: cultural, racial, ethnic discrimination on the part of the center. As a rule, the problems and differences presented above are inherent in many States. But separatism is not appearing out of nowhere. For this phenomenon to emerge, certain conditions and be a certain amount of push that will inspire a particular region to secede from the city centre.

The idea of the independence of the island of Greenland first arose in 1979, when the law on “internal autonomy” was passed.

The regional parliament was established and the Government was given the freedom to collect taxes, as well as in matters of education, culture, fishing and hunting.

The referendum on the law on self-government, which was held in 2008-about 75% of the population voted for the Declaration of independence at any time. It was only necessary to gain a majority in the referendum on the independence of the island, such a decision can be taken by Parliament independently. Denmark

has recognized the law on self-government, which means that it has nothing against the Declaration of independence.

The probability of obtaining a Greenland independence from Denmark in recent time increases. Mineral resources on the island are finding more and more factor of economic independence. But at this stage Greenland cannot exist without Denmark as there are many unsolved problems: crime, alcoholism and domestic violence.

Greenland is one of the most sparsely populated regions in the world. The population in the region is 63 thousand people, it is one hundred times less than the population of Denmark, which in turn is smaller in area.

In economic terms, the island of Greenland is not beneficial to Denmark. Money from the budget is spent a lot, about 500 million euros per year. Of course, Greenland is rich in minerals (ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, hydrocarbons) but their production is not financially profitable. But with the development of new technologies, the island could potentially become a supplier of these natural resources to Europe.

The island of Greenland gives Denmark a certain political weight in the international arena. Since the possession of the island makes Denmark a coastal Arctic power, which allows to influence one of the important regions in the world. One of the main reasons for the separation of the island is the military base. According to the deputies, America should sponsor its military presence on the island, the base in Greenland is a very important facility for NATO, since there are ABM[4] systems there, and the states are not going to refuse it.

Some parties in this aspect see the main argument of the problem of independence. At the moment, more than half of the budget is a subsidy[5] from Denmark. And in case of autonomy, Copenhagen will stop allocating money. Financing the NATO base on the island could be a solution to this problem. According to opinion polls, the Greenlanders are ready to secede only if this does not reduce their standard of living on the island. But even at this stage there are many unsolved social problems, such as violence

in schools and child alcoholism, in turn, the independence of the island can only worsen the situation.

Do not forget about the melting of Greenland’s glaciers. This increases the threat to the environment. The abandoned US military base dating back to the cold war brings about the threat of toxic pollution. It was assumed that the frozen waste will remain forever in the glaciers. But the climate is changing, the ice cover is shrinking and all the waste is rising to the surface.

The second problem faced by the Greenlanders is membership in the European Union. Residents have European citizenship, as the island is an overseas territory of Europe, and Greenland itself is not part of the organization. In the case of separation from Denmark, the status of the island would not be determined.

At this point in time, the relationship between Copenhagen and Nuuk is governed by the law “On the Self-Government of Greenland”. This law provides for the distribution of powers between Denmark and Greenland. The authorities of the island need to take funding into their responsibility, only in this case the independence of the region is possible, of course after the referendum. The law provides for the following economic model for independence. With the growth of revenues of the local government budget from mining, the scope of powers of local authorities will expand. As soon as the Greenlanders take over most of the state functions and will be able to independently finance themselves, it will be possible to talk about the referendum.

In the event of a positive outcome, negotiations should be held between Copenhagen and Nuuk on the conditions for granting independence.

The branch of Greenland will give a certain surge of separatist movements in Denmark (for example, as the movement for the independence of the Faroe Islands) and throughout the European Union. In the case of separation of the island before it, prospects for cooperation with the countries of the “Arctic Five” will open. And the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea will give an opportunity to be independent from both the West and the East. It can determine its own national interests.

The process of integration[6] in Europe has turned this part of the world into a well-developed economic region. What can prevent this region from continuing to develop as successfully?

What is called the “struggle for independence” taking place in any democratic state is similar to the whims of nationalists. In today’s world, where we are all somehow dependent on each other, the desire to separate looks just silly, because it contradicts the philosophy of the development of States.

Today, Europe is increasingly faced with separatism in its various manifestations. Some separatist organizations want full independence and the creation of their own national state. Others advocate the expansion of political, economic and cultural rights and freedoms. We can observe separatist tendencies in such countries of the European Union as great Britain, Spain, Germany, Belgium, France (Annex).

The case of secession of the region in the modern history of Europe took place in February 2008. The authorities of southern Serbian Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia. The precedent for separatist movements was the recognition of Kosovo’s independence in 2010 by the UN International Court of Justice.

According to the constitution of Serbia, the territory of Kosovo continues to be part of the republic as the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija.

Over the past 10 years, new mini-states have emerged in Europe, including the Baltic States and countries in the former Yugoslavia.

Young states are increasingly joining the European Union. What can be common between the emergence of mini-States and separatism?

A precedent that provides the basis for the separatists as they saw the prospects.

How can European countries resist such trends? We need a new European concept for the development of the Union. And the basis of this concept should be the principle of unification and merger of small States on similar principles. Such principles as economic benefit, linguistic affinity, historical destiny. For example, if the Latvian and Lithuanian languages belong to the Baltic group of the Indo-European language family, these countries could easily unite

in one state. Through these principles, small States will unite with large States as well as with each other. This approach will give impetus to the achievement of new economic heights and fading separatist sentiment.

It is impossible to assess the phenomenon of separatism in terms of “bad” or “good”. Each case has its own long-term, sometimes even centuries-old history. A combination of different causes and factors of confrontation, economic, social, cultural, ethnic, linguistic, religious, demographic etc. Each side of the conflict has its own point of view on the situation, and only it is absolutely true.

The right of peoples to self-determination of the UN should be treated very carefully. The preservation of the territorial integrity of States should remain a priority option for conflict resolution.

In order to maintain world unity, it is necessary to set priorities correctly. Carefully analyze the situation, taking into account the positive and negative aspects, so that the decision was the most rational. In conclusion, it should be said that in such a complex and rapidly developing world, a person needs to remain a person, appreciate people in his circle and do everything to ensure that peace reigns on our planet.

References 1. “Charter Of The United Nations” / / San Francisco-1945.

Article 1.

2. Balabaev O. R. The Problem of separatism in modern Europe // K 3.

2016 [Internet source].

Retrieved from: https://articlekz.com/article/15535 (Accessed date: 27.09.2018).

4. Kirsanov V. N. The latest political science / VN Kirsanov. — M.: Algorithm, 2004.p. 211.

5. Kozheva A. D. the Concept of separatism: its nature, background and causes // the Young scientist. — 2016. — № 7. — P. 559—563.

— [Internet source].

Retrieved from: https://moluch.ru/archive/111/27913/ (Accessed date: 12.09.2018).

6. Separatist movements in Europe. Dossier. News Agency TASS2017 [Internet source]. Retrieved from: https://tass.ru/info/4631152 (Accessed date: 14.09.2018).

Annex

Closing session: Team-building workshop (Irina Bjørnø) — “Economic problems and how to find an acceptable and sustainable solution”

Part II: The implementation of political, economic and social projects as an opportunity to solve the modern society problems on the example of Denmark. From society and individual consumption to a society of social justice and responsibility Copenhagen, Russian Center for Science and Culture — Opening of the conference, prof. Markarjan A.A., director of RCSC, Copenhagen

Experts comission: I. Guldberg, C.E. Foverskov, A. Müller, L. Hardonk, moderator assoc. prof. Irina Bjørnø Students commission: D. Madsen (Kopenhagen Universitet), A. Titova (Århus Universitet), J. Samochvalova, Copenhagen Universitet, Journalist

Comparative analysis of the phenomenon of historical reenactment as a way of forming the spiritual culture of younger generation on the example of Russia and Denmark Andrei Afanasev, 1st year student, the faculty of International relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, email: funandrey18@gmail.com Kirill Timofeev, 1st year student, the faculty of International relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, e-mail: dux_navis@mail.ru Abstract: In this article, the focus is on a comparative analysis of such an actual social phenomenon as a historical reenactment using the example of two countries: Russia and Denmark. The meaning of the term “historical reenactment” as well as the forms of reenactments are unfolded. The emphasis is put on the development of this movement in the context of the formation of the spiritual culture of the younger generation, as well as on the impact of historical reenactment on the economy, health and educational level of society. The retrospective analysis of key events and periods of development of the historical reenactment movement in these countries, as well as the status of this movement at the moment was made. The ideas for the development and support of this movement in Denmark and Russia are provided.

Keywords: Denmark, Russia, historical reenactment, spiritual culture, history, economy, historical tourism, intercultural interaction, sociocultural competences, traditional values.

Historical reenactment is an act of reconstructing material or spirit culture of chosen age and region (e.g. crafting a Viking sword) or reenacting a historical event (e.g. battle of Waterloo) [1].

The historical reenacting became popular among people, that are interested in history and art. Crafting a historical accurate costume, that includes clothes, weapons and houseware is a base of reenacting. Every part of a costume is based on archeological artifacts, paintings or manuscripts. The main purpose of reenacting is a practical research of ways of using tools, war tactics and life of another age.

The first is a houseware. Accurate reconstructing of an ancient métier like crafting clothes from handmade linen is a base of this way. Often people use roleplay, speaking only about things, that could be in current historical age.

The second is a war. Here the part of roleplay and crafting is not very important. The main objective of this way is researching of weapons. Fencing and war tactics, that could be used in current age in current region.

There are five stages of historical accurate: — Copy — Full reconstruction of object with all sizes, materials and technologies; — Replica — Object made as copy, but with sizes of modern owner; — New made — Object made on historical base and of historical accurate materials, with technologies of current age; — Stylization — Made of historical materials with modern technologies; — Properties — Object made of not historical materials but oh historical base, or made of historical materials but without historical base [3].

The historical reenacting hasn’t strong ideological base — the participant studying history while reenacting artifacts and recognizing history with all its contradictions. It hasn’t a patriotic education goal, but showing a real history. It is very actual in modern world, varying history for politics [2].

In Russia, reenactment of battles began in 1906. It was a defend of Sevastopol in Crymean war. The bolshevics were interested of this topic and they reenacted the assault of winter palace in 1920 year.

In 1987 first reenactment clubs of USSR were inspired by the film “War and Peace” and visited battlefields of Napoleonic war 1812 year. After this a lot of reenactment clubs of different ages appeared in Russia, and a lot of festivals began. The most famous is “Times and Epochs”.

It is the biggest reenactment festival in the world. It began in 2011 and going every year. The main idea is changing of historical topic. In 2011 the topic was ancient Rus, in 2012 battle for Moscow 1612, and in 2014 was First world war, made a great impression on visitors. In 2015 the Ancient Rome was a topic and it propel an antic reenactment in Russia.

In Denmark, sweep of historical reenactment isn’t big. The most popular place, where reenactment is going is museum near Nykøbing. It shown the life of Dans 500 year ago. There volunteers work as actors and it is close to historical reenactment [6].

The main difference between reenactment is Denmark and Russia is financing type.

In Russia, the most of historical festivals are made by volunteers with their money but in Denmark festivals are financed by the state.

As Maryland of Vikings Denmark is very perspective for historical reenactment. There are a lot of architecture and archeological artifacts of early medieval. And reenactment can make this more popular.

Historical reenactment has a lot of purposes: educational, health, recreational and economical. It is more interesting and effective then schoolbooks, because people are not reading dates and facts, but take part in historical crafts, battles and life. After such experience they often want to learn more about history [7].

Historical festivals are very popular, and they attract tourists. It makes a huge investment in economy of country and city, placing the festival.

But historical reenactment also has its downfalls. The main disadvantage is the high probability of injury in battles. Despite of the strict rules insuring safety, the usage of the armor and swords without the cutting edge, in process of grand battles the participants sometimes get injured, mostly they break their bones. The second disadvantage is the high cost of the armor parts, the weaponry and equipment.

It’s very important to give national help to new clubs of reenactment, because it is very expensive hobby. For example, only armor for Viking can cost more then 4000 crone. Using not historical equipment make level of reconstructing lower.

Also, it’s useful to organize international historical reenactment festivals and invite clubs from foreign countries. It will lead to exchange of experience between reenactors from different countries, upgrade the quality and take up a tourism.

Historical reenactment is very good for culture of citizenry, and helpful for economy of the country. It is making people healthier and upgrade the knowledge of history. Because of it, country should promote historical reenactment to make it more popular. Such tactic will make better economy and social welfare of the country.

References 1. Academic. Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias.

Historical reenactment. URL: https://bit.ly/2FZYlJ2 (accessed date: 19.11.18).

2. Andrey Ivanov. Reenactment as a form of activation of historical memory. URL: https://bit.ly/2QjYSdx (accessed date:19.11.18).

3.

Tarasov D.A. Historical reenactment, problems of development. URL: https://bit.ly/2QwoovF (accessed date: 20.11.18).

4. Federal Agency for Youth Affairs (Rosmolodezh). All-Russian gathering of the leaders of historical reenactment clubs. URL: https://bit.ly/2EgsJx5 (accessed date: 20.11.18).

5. Historical reenactment. URL: http://www.ritsu.ru/sn23istoricheskaya-rekonstruktsiya.html (accessed date: 23.11.2018).

6. Ksenia Smirnova. Historical reenactment: a journey into the past. URL: https://bit.ly/2SuAkLv (accessed date: 27.11.2018).

7. Anton Evseev. Reenactment — a hobby or a profession? URL: https://bit.ly/2BSTYLE (accessed date: 25.11.2018).

8. Dracheva E.L. Historical reenactment as the basis for the formation of a new tourist product. URL: https://bit.ly/2SvHCPm (accessed date: 25.11.2018).

9. XXII CENTURY. DISCIVERIES, EXPECTATIONS, THREATS. Educational portal. Pavel Sapozhnikov speaks about life in the conditions of the early Middle Ages on the project “Alone in the past”.

URL: https://22century.ru/popular-sciencepublications/odin_v_proshlom (accessed date: 25.11.2018).

10. Times and Epochs. Competition ideologist Alexey Ovcharenko examines past projects. URL: https://bit.ly/2ArfLYU (accessed date: 26.11.2018).

Experience and policy in waste treatment in Denmark First place for “Best paper presentation” Lada Biryukova, 3rd year student, the faculty of international relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow email: biruykofff@yandex.ru Ekaterina Ignatyeva, 3rd year student, the faculty of International relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, e-mail: elena-ekaterina2013@ya.ru Abstract: This article refers to the solid waste recycling issue and government policy using the examples of Russia and Denmark..

The article contains an analysis of the situation with waste disposal in Russia, examines the legislative framework related to this issue.

Well-functioning model of waste management in Denmark shows a positive trends. Therefore, the experience of social policy in waste management in Denmark can been used for carrying out similar measures in countries suffering with lack of participating citizens into recycling.

Keywords: ecology; Russia; Denmark; recycling; household waste; social policy; circular economy; landfills; incineration.

Ecology largely affects the living conditions of people, animals, plants and other organisms. At the current stage, environmental issues have become globalized and their solution cannot tolerate delay.

Russian Federation has not been spared the ecological problems too. Moreover, this country can hardly be called successful in dealing

with environmental threats. The problem of solid waste processing is an important part of ecological issue and it perfectly illustrates the low willingness of the government to resolve environmental problems.

Waste processing is a burning issue of all countries worldwide, as its solution is associated with the need to ensure the normal life of the population, sanitary cleaning of cities, environmental protection and resource conservation [9].

According to the Federal state statistics service for 2017, 6220.6 million tons of industrial and household waste were formed in Russia [5]. This is about twice as much the amount of waste found in 2007. At the same time, the placement of production and consumption waste at the facilities owned by the enterprise in the total volume of all waste is about 50%.

Overall volume of the solid waste account for approximately 55– 60 million tones yearly. Organic waste make up 40% of the total, waste paper — 35%, plastic waste — 6% According to the Ministry of natural resources, every Russian produces, on average, 400 kg of garbage per year [3]. An overwhelming majority of solid waste in Russia is exported to authorized and unauthorized landfills.

However, only 4–5% of the waste is sent for further processing or incineration.

At the end of August 2017, 3923 waste disposal facilities were entered into the state register [4]. The area of landfills in Russia increases by 0.4 million hectares every year [11].

Unfortunately, the situation of garbage removal and recycling in Russia has hardly changed over the past few years. For example, the costs of waste management from the total cost of environmental protection increased from 2007 to 2017 by about 2.8 times, but the very amount of waste has not decreased, but, by the contrast, has increased, according to the Federal state statistics service [5].

Consequently, changes in the field of waste processing are rather slow, and the Russian Federation has little interest in learning from foreign colleagues. According to the first Vice – President of the Russian gas Union, Sergey Chernin, it is simply unprofitable to develop garbage processing in Russia [8].

In the Russian Federation, there are three most commonly used approaches to the waste treatment: landfill disposal, composting and incineration. To date, landfilling remains the leading method of processing and subsequent disposal of waste [7].

In the last few years, technology of fractional sorting has actively applied at large city landfills. It is based on the manual selection and involves the further disposal of useless for recycling waste. The most valuable are such types of waste as cullet, waste paper, cardboard, containers made of polyethylene terephthalate, the leftovers of polyethylene materials, ferrous and non – ferrous metals, aluminum cans. However, in practice, only 20% of the original waste mass is recovered and the rest is sent for disposal.

Another widely used method for the processing of solid waste is composting, a biochemical process of decomposition of the organic part of the waste by microorganisms. In biochemical reactions, organic material, oxygen and bacteria interact, and carbon dioxide, water and heat are released. The result of composting are compost or biofuels: in other words, organic fertilizers [9].

This method is often used by Russians in private homes or in garden areas, compost wells are used for processing.

The next handling of the compost obtained is quite complicated.

Compost is polluted with heavy metals, so its use in the fields is not possible and deposit is required.

Due to the multiple red tape composting plants either stop because of the inability to sell products or do not work at maximum capacity.

The next method of waste disposal widely used not only in Russia but also around the world is incineration. For incineration, it is necessary to remove large objects and metals from the waste first, and then grind the garbage, since the incineration of the undivided waste stream is recognized as extremely dangerous.

This type of waste disposal allows to triple decrease the amount of waste, eliminates unpleasant properties like smell or release of toxic liquids, and also contributes to the production of additional energy that can be directed to electricity or heating.

Despite their effectiveness, incinerators have a harmful effect on the environment: they cause air pollution with fine dust, furans, dioxins and other substances. Moreover, the disposal of ash from incineration is significantly complicated and requires special storages with control and cleaning of effluents.

Studies of the impact of incinerators on human health are given in the Greenpeace report “Incineration and human health”.

According to it, for example, the proximity of incinerators from settlements provokes more cases of sarcoma and lymphoma, increases the percentage of deaths from cancer and the risk of birth defects.

As can be seen, both composting and incineration have serious economic and environmental flaws, which does not allow to disperse the relevant plants in the country and make their work as effective as possible. In Russia, the processing industry is not sufficiently established, there is no organization in the collection of secondary resources, and places for the collection of secondary resources in settlements have merge equipment. It turns out that landfills remain the optimum way to process solid waste, and for their effective and long – term work it is necessary to bring landfills under international standards, to strengthen control over the production process, to reduce the harmful impact on the environment.

It is noteworthy that the legislative framework of the Russian Federation affecting environmental issues is based on regulations adopted in the nineties – two thousandth. Of course, the laws were subjected to multiple revisions, but modern realities require some relevant and effective innovations.

All hope remains only on prudence of the authorities.

Environmental policy needs to be improved. It is also important to create awareness of the state of the environment in the public consciousness from which follows the further concern for the welfare of the country’s ecology.

In any case, the state has shown interest in developing waste management strategies over the past two years.

Recycling has become a topic of discussion at Russian forums.

A lot of projects are being developed, some of which have already

started. For example, “Clean country”, which aims to decrease the volume of waste in Moscow and Kazan by 2025.

And yet, at the moment Russia is far from an enabling environmental situation. Rational and effective waste disposal is an important part of the “health” of the environment, and the technologies of working with solid waste in the Russian Federation have insufficient level of development for modern realities. The main component in solving the ecological problem is the interest of the state, as well as the education of citizens, the introduction of special sorting plants in the streets, significantly facilitating the separation of waste. The fact that the authorities’ interest in resolving environmental issues has increased is a definite plus, but strengthening the methods of waste disposal established in Russia is not enough. As a rule, innovations in the Russian Federation take root quite slowly, so it would be more expedient not to adopt them, but to pay attention to the experience of foreign colleagues in dealing with solid waste by the usual methods for Russia.

As a worthy example, we can consider Denmark, in which the process of waste processing has been successfully established, starting from the initiative of the citizens and ending with technological production.

The amount of unrecycled garbage in Denmark is only 5%. The rest is recycled or burned. The Danes themselves are actively involved in recycling- they carefully sort their own garbage and independently transport it to specialized sites. For residents it becomes a way of life, part of their culture. Danes sort garbage for the purpose of caring for the environment, and not under law enforcement. They also teach how to recycle their own children.

Every year there are more and more involved citizens, and the percentage of recycled waste is growing.

Denmark is divided into 98 municipalities that are responsible for providing public services such as healthcare, education and utilities, with one of those public utilities being waste management.

The waste sector is composed of a combination of public and privately owned companies that provide different types of waste

management services for the municipalities. The Danish Waste Association (DWA) is an organization whose members consist of municipalities and municipally owned waste companies. The DWA serves as an intermediary between many stakeholders in the Danish waste sector including its members, the Danish government, and the citizens of Denmark [15].

In December 2015, the European Commission introduced the Circular Economy Action Plan, that outlined the goals and ways by which the Union’s member countries could continue to develop their economies in a sustainable way [16]. As opposed to a linear “take, make, dispose” economic model, the circular economy model is a system in which resource usage is maximized, materials are kept in use for as long as possible, and waste is minimized. The Circular Economy model has positive impacts for society and requires the collaboration of all sectors. In particular, public waste sectors are faced with the challenge of designing systems that minimize waste and aid in “closing the loop” of a circularized economy.

It is worth mentioning a positive example: Drugmaker Novo Nordisk, enzyme producer Novozymes and DONG Energy, together with Denmark’s largest oil refinery, run by Statoil, are part of the group profiting from what is essentially a combined wastemanagement operation. Steam from DONG’s power station is used as a cleaning agent to the Novo Nordisk and Novozymes plants and to the refinery, where it is used in several processes. The power station’s ash and gypsum waste are moved to a cement company and a plasterboard maker respectively. Novo Nordisk and Novozymes’ wastewater is purified for municipal use, while their leftover biomass is converted to fertilizer. Statoil, too, has reduced emissions by turning waste sulfur and nitrogen into fertilizer and feeds back used water to the power station and a water reservoir [20].

A number of companies are engaged only in the development and implementation of production, directed at the environmental situation. For example, the well-known firm “Haldor Topsoe” [19] has developed processes for the non-waste production of sulfuric acid; as a result of production, practically no waste and wastewater is generated. In addition, the proprietary technology of combined

removal of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, as well as the process of catalytic combustion of organic solvents contained in the exhaust air.

The Danish Government published a report titled Denmark Without Waste which presented the country’s own goals for better waste management, and stated that a minimum of 50% of household waste should be recycled by the year 2022 [17]. In future citizen will not just be separating the waste they are already used to separating, such as paper, cardboard and glass; they will also have to focus on other household waste, including food waste. The municipalities will be playing a pivotal role in realizing the Government’s new waste policy, and the Government has every confidence that, in partnership with the Danish public, they will succeed. Denmark without Waste is a Denmark in which, in the long term, citizens will recycle much more and incinerate much less waste. The same applies for landfilling, which in the long-term citizens will only use for materials, which are uneconomical to recycle or incinerate.

In Denmark without Waste, the Government is proposing the following overall focus areas: 1. We will incinerate less waste and be better at exploiting the value and resources it contains. 2. We will reduce environmental impacts from waste so that economic growth does not cause parallel impacts on nature and the environment. 3.

Recycling will be high quality, and hazardous substances will be separated from waste before it is recycled. 4. We will ensure that reorganization of waste management is through stronger publicprivate collaboration.

The municipalities have primary responsibility for waste schemes, especially for household waste. Private enterprises have competencies and knowledge to develop the technological solutions.

Therefore, it is important that municipalities and enterprises work together to develop new waste solutions. In order to increase residential waste sorting, waste management solutions should be as convenient and easy to use as possible for citizens. The Danish Government already recognizes the value of citizen participation in the waste sector; however, it is necessary to increase cooperation between citizens and waste management companies to improve

waste sorting [18]. Current laws require municipalities to take citizen feedback into consideration before implementing a new waste strategy. The laws give citizens the opportunity to help decide the plans and goals regarding waste for the municipality, part of which is determining which fractions citizens are required to sort.

Thus, in Denmark almost all social structures are involved in the recycling sector. The government successfully cooperates with municipalities, citizens and industry, implementing projects aimed at reducing the number of industrial and household waste. The industrial sector is aware that useless trash for one enterprise may be a necessary resource for another, and for citizens, respect for the environment has become part of the culture.

References 1. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation dated 13.06.1996 N 63–FZ (as amended on 03.10.2018) (as amended and added, entered into force on 10.21.2018) // ATP “Consultant Plus”. — (Accessed date: 06.11.2018).

2. Federal law of 24.06.1998 N 89-FZ (as amended on 29.07.2018) “On production and consumption wastes” // SPS “ConsultantPlus”. — (Accessed date: 06.11.2018).

3. Comprehensive strategy for handling solid municipal (household) waste in the Russian Federation (approved by order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation of August 14, 2013 No. 298) // ATP Consultant Plus. — (Accessed date: 06.11.2018).

4. Order of Rosprirodnadzor dated 07.08.2017 No. 389 “On the inclusion of waste disposal facilities in the state register of waste disposal facilities” // Federal Service for the Supervision of Natural Resources. — (Date of reference: 22.11.2018) 5. Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved from: http://www.gks.ru/ (Accessed date: 22.11.2018).

6. Andrey Shipelov. The goal of the “garbage” reform is to forget about the landfills forever. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2RecnIm (Accessed date: 10.11.2018).

7. Gunich, S.V. Analysis of modern methods for the processing of municipal solid waste / E.V. Yanchukovskaya E.V. N.I. Dnieper. — News of universities. Applied chemistry and biotechnology. — 2015. — № 2 (13). — Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2QfwUyU (Accessed date: 07.11.2018).

8. Sergey Chernin. Billions in the trash: how Russia will come out of the garbage crisis // Journal “Forbes”. — 2018. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2sa43yQ (Accessed date: 08.11.2018).

9. Usufov, M.M. Recycling of solid household waste in St. Petersburg: current problems and ways to solve them [Text] / М. М.

Usufov — Technical and technological problems of service. — 2013. — №2 (24). — pp. 88–91.

10. Denmark and ecology // Denmark. Guide. — Retrieved from: http://aboutdenmark.ru/str/21/ (Accessed date: 25.11.2018).

— What to do with garbage in Russia? // Greenpeace Russia. — 2017. — Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2Sar1jO (Accessed date: 22.11.2018).

11. Ecological projects in Russia // Coca – Cola Company. — Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2BzuvXP (Accessed date: 25.11.2018).

12. Ida Auken. Denmark without waste: Recycle more incinerate less // Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark. 2013. — p.40. — Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2r2JOlz (Accessed date: 25.11.2018).

13. Michelle Allsopp. Incineration and human health. The State of Knowledge of the Impacts of Waste Incinerators on Human Health [Text] // Michelle Allsopp, Pat Costner and Paul Johnston.

Greenpeace Research Laboratories, University of Exeter, UK. 2000. — p.74.

14.

Dansk Affaldsforening, 2018.

Retrieved from: https://www.danskaffaldsforening.dk/om-os/medlemmer (Accessed date: 25.11.2018).

15. European Commission. Implementation of the circular economy action plan.

Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/waste-to-energy.pdf (Accessed date: 25.11.2018).

16. Ida Auken. Denmark without waste: Recycle more incinerate less // Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark. 2013.

Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2r2JOlz (Accessed date: 25.11.2018).

17. H. C. Schmidt. Waste Strategy 2005—08 // Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark. — 2004. Retrieved from: https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2004/87-7614-2493/pdf/87-7614-250-7.pdf (Accessed date: 25.11.2018).

18. Haldor Topsoe. Waste disposal. Retrieved from: https://www.topsoe.com/industries/waste-disposal (Accessed date: 25.11.2018).

19, In Danish Trial of “Symbiosis,” One Business’ Waste Is Another’s Gold.

Retrieved from: https://www.nbcnews.com/business/energy/danish-trial-symbiosisone-business-waste-anothers-gold-n482521 (Accessed date: 25.11.2018).

Comparative analysis of the phenomenon of corruption on the example of the Danish Kingdom and the Russian Federation Anastasiia Gerasimova, 2nd year student, the faculty of International relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, e-mail: gerasimova_nastya00@mail.ru Aleksandr Ryabinin, 2nd year student, the faculty of International relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, e-mail: sergeeviz2000@list.ru Abstract: This article discusses anti-corruption methods that are relevant to the Russian Federation and the Danish united kingdom, and an assessment of the current situation in both states.

The paper presents the planned preventive measures to prevent acts related to corruption legislation. The information about the history of domestic anti-corruption authorities in the second half of the thirties of the twentieth century is presented. Special attention is paid to the attitude of the population of both countries to manifestations of corruption on the basis of the corruption perception index, methods of counteraction and terms of imprisonment for committing acts of corruption in accordance with the laws adopted in the countries are considered. The incidence of corruption in the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Denmark was highlighted. In addition, a retrospective analysis of the most high-profile scandals related to the abuse of office and the corruption schemes involved was carried out. Attention is drawn to the increasingly frequent investigations and the identification of illegal acts. The article also outlines the presence in Denmark and

in Russia of the forces and means, prospects and desires for the development of countering corruption.

Keywords: Russia, Denmark, corruption, scandals, mentality, money, politics.

Corruption in Russia Corruption as a phenomenon in Russia originated from ancient times. At the moment, the Russian Federation is a state seriously suffering from this problem. It can be traced in all spheres of life of Russian society. The current state of affairs is a distant echo from the “dashing nineties”, when the country was experiencing an unprecedented crisis that led to economic, political and social collapse. One after another, the events took place, which is now remembered is not very fond of society. Examples are: the August coup, shock therapy, privatization, default and many others. These events influenced the country in their own way, but they even more untied the hands of bribery and similar phenomena in the then rather strongly weakened state. From the point of view of the modern criminal code, the nineties were solid corruption. The legal framework was full of workarounds, which played into the hands of unscrupulous elements. There was an illegal enrichment of government officials, businessmen and ordinary gangsters.

In these and subsequent years, the state lost its largest monetary assets. Corruption was very widespread, the business did not pay taxes, government purchases were fully stolen, pensions and salaries were paid with delays of several months. The law enforcement system worked extremely inefficiently, as a result of which any case could be closed with the help of a bribe. Exposure to corruption of the Russian ministries has led to numerous unrest, racketeering, impoverishment of the population, murder, redistribution of property, ethnic conflicts, and terrorism. Deputy Prosecutor General of Russia Y. Chaika in 1999 declared that corruption in the Russian Federation had become one of the most destructive forces in the state, and the country is among the ten most corrupt countries in the world. For 2000, the highest authority in Russia was almost completely corrupt. From this it followed that the oligarchs

were in no hurry to pay taxes to the budget, and even helped to adopt laws destroying the state. The beginning of the two thousandth was held in the fight against the oligarchs for power.

After a loud deal with Khodorkovsky, this struggle ended in victory for the state. Corruption in the country has become hidden, and companies and oligarchs have begun to pay taxes in full. Publicity and transparency has become characteristic of the anti-corruption process.

Anti-corruption Back in 1937, the order of the NKVD[1] of the USSR No. 18 was formed OBKHSS[2]. The structure and names of the divisions that are part of it have changed several times over the whole time, and in 2003, tax crime units were incorporated into the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, which were formed on the basis of the former federal tax police service established in 1992. Nowadays, the department of combating economic crimes carries out the functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the implementation and development of state policy and regulatory legal regulation in the field of economic security of the state, the Department is under the jurisdiction of the Main Directorate for Economic Security and AntiCorruption of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, also serves as the head unit in the system of the Ministry of Interior of Russia on the organization of the fight against economic and tax crimes [1]. In 2005, Federal Law No. 34 “On placing orders for goods, works, services for state or municipal needs” was signed, according to which all information on public procurement should be published on the Internet to make it easier to track corruption frauds. This law began to work effectively in the early tenths, which led to the exposure of a multitude of officials, after which they realized that now they are being watched much more carefully [2].

In 2006, the Federal Law on the ratification of the UN Convention against Corruption was signed. This convention creates the legal basis for the practical interaction of law enforcement

agencies of many states in the disclosure, detection and suppression of corrupt acts [3].

Modern Russian criminal legislation provides for punishment of up to 15 years in prison for taking a bribe in accordance with article 290 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, [4] In the same way for giving a bribe under article 291 of the Criminal Code, the law provides for sentences of up to 10 years in prison [5].

The fight against corruption involves the observance of certain preventive measures designed to prevent this crime. These include the formation of a negative social attitude to actions of a corrupt nature; control over compliance with legislation by public institutions; regular reports of all departments to identify violations and take the necessary measures; establishing responsibility; introduction of the practice of faithful execution of their duties.

Within the framework of anti-corruption, the society and the state many times undertook various initiatives, one of which was the Anti-Corruption Charter of Russian Business, which is an ethical document that was signed in 2012 in Sochi with the participation of D. A. Medvedev. This document is intended for the voluntary selfrestriction of participants in the Russian market in the use of any corruption methods [6].

Denmark, in turn, like any other state, also conducts its anticorruption policy.The overwhelming majority of Danish companies have an absolute dislike for bribery throughout their activities.

In the Danish kingdom, this phenomenon is widely condemned. The principle of a decent worker is also part of the anti-corruption policy in Denmark. In cases of suspicion of corruption, many checks are immediately carried out, and the suspect is more likely to say goodbye to his work. In the Danish Kingdom there are many agencies and organizations that significantly affect the level of corruption. These include the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), all its member companies are obliged to sign an anti-corruption declaration. These provisions also exist in the Danish Trade Council (TCD), the Confederation of Danish Industry (DI), the Industrialization Fund for Developing Countries (IFU), and the Export Credit Agency (EKF) [7]. In the Danish kingdom it is very

difficult to hide something or evade taxes, since all cash flows in the country are transparent, which in turn unleashes in the fight against corruption to various social movements and law enforcement agencies. Danish law provides for punishment from 4 to 6 years of imprisonment for acts of corruption in the public sphere and from 1 to 4 years in prison for the same crimes in the private sphere.

In preventing corruption, one of the most effective measures is the law passed in 2002, which obliges members of the Danish government to publish annual data on their income and expenditure. This led to the deprivation of the ability of officials to abuse their official position. The society and the media actively monitor possible corruption violations, and very often their suspicions become grounds for initiating investigations.

The methods of fighting corruption in the Russian Federation and the United Kingdom of Denmark are very similar, but if you look at the current state of affairs, the Danish are much more effective.

Corruption scandals In September 2016, the Acting Director of the Directorate General of Economic Security Dmitry Zakharchenko was charged with abuse of office authority and corruption, and then he was dismissed from the authorities and arrested. He was caught on a bribe on a particularly large scale — 7 million rubles. In one of the apartments were found 9 billion rubles. Later, the investigating authorities revealed that the members of his family had more than 10 apartments, 4 cars, a half-kilogram gold bar, watches and jewelry, as well as offshores worth 22 billion rubles. In 2018, the Investigative Committee revealed that one of those involved in the case transferred Zakharchenko a bribe in the amount of 2 billion rubles [8].

In October 2012, the Investigative Committee opened a number of criminal cases on the fact of fraud in “Oboronservis”. At the same time, Evgenia Vasilyeva was charged with fraud on a large scale. She was accused of committing 12 episodes of crimes, the total damage for which amounted to more than 3 billion rubles. During the search at Vasilyeva’s place of residence, 3.5 million rubles were discovered

in cash, a collection of paintings, jewels and several wrist watches for a total value of more than 120 million rubles [9].

On March 31, 2015, the Presnensky Court of Moscow sanctioned the arrest of the former FSIN[3] director Alexander Reymer on charges of fraud. According to investigators, the official was involved in the theft of 2.7 billion rubles by overstretching purchase prices when buying electronic bracelets to control prisoners. In 2017, Zamoskvoretsky Court Reymer was convicted and sentenced to eight years in prison [10].

March 4, 2015 Alexander Khoroshavin was detained at the workplace and taken to the capital. During searches in his apartment, more than a billion rubles were discovered in cash.

800 jewelry and a pen for 36 million rubles were also seized in the Moscow apartment and at the Khoroshavin country house [11].

Denmark, like any other state, is also susceptible to varying degrees of corruption.

In 2009, an investigation was conducted in the United States, and it was found out that in the period from 1996 to 2003, 14 companies from Denmark handed bribes to the Iraqi authorities for contracts under the Oil for Food program. One of these companies was NovoNordisk, the largest producer of insulin. The company recognized the fact of bribes worth more than one and a half million dollars. After that, in order to avoid criminal punishment, the United States of America was paid $ 18 million [12].

In 2010, the Danish Burmese Committee squandered funds to help develop Myanmar’s democracy to bribe the police and local officials. In May of the same year, the Malta Prosecutor General’s Office blamed one of the Danish power plant export companies for bribery in concluding contracts for the supply of its products to Malta [13].

2014 year. Eurovision 2014 was held in Copenhagen, the budget of which exceeded the planned one by $ 17 million, which resulted in a corruption scandal. This led to the resignation of the leadership of a large travel agency “Wonderful Copenhagen”, which was then one of the largest organizers of Eurovision [14].

Based on the above, we see that corruption scandals are taking place both among the leading countries in the fight against corruption, and with countries highly affected by this phenomenon.

Of course, the damage from corruption in Russia and Denmark varies greatly, but the very fact of its existence speaks volumes.

Overall assessment of corruption In the Corruption Perception Index, which is published every year at Transparency International, Russia is among the 50 most corrupt countries in the world. For 2017, the Russian Federation occupied 135 line out of 180. Denmark, in turn, is on the 2nd line of this rating, second only to New Zealand. The difference is staggering. According to the information of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, in 2017 the damage from corruption crimes amounted to more than 10 billion rubles.

According to the Chamber of Accounts, every year the budget loses one and a half trillion rubles, but according to experts, the real amount is several times higher [15]. This amount is not final, as it reflects only the identified financial irregularities. In 2017, almost 30 thousand corruption crimes were revealed in Russia. This is really a huge amount, especially when compared to Denmark. One of the factors of such a big difference in the Russian and Danish levels of corruption is the mentality of citizens and their attitude to the laws. Despite the general similarities of legislation in the fight against corruption, it is not the Danish, but in the Russian Federation, the phenomenon of nepotism is quite common, in which workplaces are often not given to qualified professionals who are really able to benefit in their workplace, but to relatives, friends or just familiar bosses. To pay off, for example, from the traffic police in Russia is considered commonplace To hand over money to a doctor to get a sick-list is quite common for Russia. The attitude of citizens of the Russian Federation to bribes is several times more loyal than in Denmark, which significantly affects the overall level of corruption. It is from such seemingly minor offenses that the general level of Russian corruption is taking shape, a whole system is being formed, which deprives the country of billions of rubles. The conclusion is unequivocal — Russia has a lot to learn from Denmark,

and fortunately, recently there has been a positive trend in the fight against corruption.

Not only in Denmark, but also in Russia, more and more it becomes known about the regular frauds, corrupt officials and their accomplices. Intelligence agencies work constantly and diligently, regular inspections bring unscrupulous subjects of corrupt relationships to light. In the Russian-speaking segment of the Internet there are many organizations and foundations whose activity is to identify and announce various events of a corrupt nature. Along with this, there is a popularization of the principles of the fight against all manifestations of corruption; multi-million communities of people who are not indifferent to this problem are gathering, which is good news. The state of affairs is not as sad as it was two decades ago, the country has all the possibilities and strength to continue fighting corruption, and it will continue, because society and the state do not stand still.

References 1. Fight against corruption as a presumption of privilege.

Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2zvYwpH (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

2. Corruption in Russia. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2QnyUFd (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

3. Putin signed the law on ratification of the UN Convention against Corruption. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2So7Inp (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

4. Section 290. Taking a Bribe. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2FYPNlV (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

5. Section 291. Bribery. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2P86V7T (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

6. Anti-Corruption Charter of Russian Business. RETRIEVED FROM: https://bit.ly/2P7axXG (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

7. European experience in the fight against corruption.

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8. Zakharchenko Dmitry Viktorovich. RETRIEVED FROM: https://bit.ly/2QncQL6 (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

9. Vasilyeva Evgenia Nikolaevna. RETRIEVED FROM: https://bit.ly/2PZYDUJ (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

10. Reimer Alexander Alexandrovich. RETRIEVED FROM: https://bit.ly/2Q2x9hu (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

11. Khoroshavin Alexander Vadimovich. RETRIEVED FROM: https://bit.ly/2r8UwqP (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

12. Danish Foreign Minister and his predecessors are involved in the bribes scandal in the oil-for-food program. RETRIEVED FROM: https://bit.ly/2FtoSyf (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

13. Anti-Corruption Experience in Denmark. RETRIEVED FROM: https://bit.ly/2RZq2mr (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

14. In Denmark, a corruption scandal broke out in connection with the past Eurovision 2014.

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15. Question of the day: what is the real corruption in Russia?

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The impact of migration crisis on migration legislation of Denmark and the USA Alina Sivacheva, 3rd year student, the faculty of International relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow. email: alina_sivacheva@mail.ru Viktoria Iagodina, 3rd year student, the faculty of International relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow e-mail: yagodina-vika@mail.ru Abstract: This article provides a comparative analysis of the migration crisis in Denmark and the United States, the main reasons for the tightening of the migration policy of Donald trump and the Danish legislation as the resulting negative consequences.

Keywords: migration crisis, refugees, Denmark, USA, migration policy, Muslim countries, Donald Trump.

One of the most pressing problems of the modern world is the issue of forced resettlement of immigrants. The reasons for the repeated increase in the number of refugees and the increase in forced migration are the continuing and re-emerging hotbeds of political tension, the aggravation of military and ethnic conflicts, as well as natural disasters.

Political crises in the Middle East and North Africa have recently escalated. Such turning points include, for example, the events of late 2010 — early 2011 in Tunisia, Algeria, as well as numerous protests in Libya, Iraq, Egypt, the civil war in Syria. All these incidents have caused massive displacement of the local population to neighbouring countries.

In particular, the countries of Northern Europe and the United States are the focus of migrants, due to the relatively high degree of economic development, high standard of living, a more developed social security system.

We will analyze the features of migration crises in Denmark and the United States on the basis of a comparative study. At the beginning we need to figure out the similarities.

First, the reason was the increase in migration flows due to the escalation of conflicts in the Middle East and, as a result, the emergence of discontent and concern of local residents. The disruption of the international order caused by the events of the Arab spring led to armed conflicts in Syria, Libya, Iraq and other Arab countries, which in turn caused the resettlement of a huge number of people in the countries of Northern Europe and America.

As a result of the growing migration problem and increased concern the governments of Denmark and the United States of America have been forced to start tightening migration legislation and border controls. This implies a second common feature. For example, the first practical step on this path trump made immediately after coming to power. On January 27, 2017, he issued a decree affecting the entry into the United States of citizens from seven countries with predominantly Islamic population: Iran, Libya, Syria, Somalia, Sudan, Yemen and Iraq [1]. President trump’s Decree provided for a 90 — day ban on entry to the United States for citizens of these Middle Eastern States, as well as a 120-day ban on the admission of refugees to the United States. Under Barack Obama, the quota for the reception of refugees was 110 thousand people a year, but in January 2017, trump cut it by half. By the time the decree was adopted, the annual quota for the reception of refugees had almost been fulfilled: less than a thousand people out of 50,000 remained to be accepted.

In the case of Denmark, the objectives of its migration policy were to increase the requirements for foreigners and limit their number, as well as to accelerate the pace of integration of migrants who already live in the Kingdom. The amendments to Danish migration legislation introduced in the twenty-first century have

had a real impact on its tightening. Thus, a foreigner can be permanently departed for any offense, regardless of whether he has a residence permit or real estate in the country [2].

Third, the migration policy of the two countries is more aimed at ensuring national security. Thus, the Prime Minister of Denmark said that migrants are not ready to share the values of European society and unwillingness to become a part of it. Lars Rasmussen argues that Denmark is often faced with a situation where migrants who have lived 10 or even 20 years in the country do not speak Danish. In the first place, such behavior is dangerous, especially when these people are concentrated in certain urban areas or communes, as Rasmussen points out. In view of the current situation, the Prime Minister emphasizes the importance of control at the internal borders of the European Union, as well as the importance of strengthening security. As for America, Washington’s tough migration policy demonstrates the USA’s determination to promote exclusively its own interests and to maintain the security of its country. The problem of illegal migrants has become one of the most acute for Donald trump.

And now consider the distinctive features of the migration policy of Denmark and the United States.

First, Donald trump has banned the entry of citizens of seven Muslim countries: Syria, Iraq, Iran, Libya, Yemen, Somalia and Sudan. Under trump’s decree, citizens of Iraq, Iran, Yemen, Libya, Syria, Somalia and Sudan had to refuse to fly to America if they did not have a residence permit in the US or a diplomatic visa [3]. And Denmark, on the contrary, pursues a more loyal policy compared to America. In fact, Denmark has a policy of integration close to assimilation towards its immigrants. Also, this country, of all the Scandinavian countries, has the largest representation of right-wing parties in Parliament. This state of Affairs can be explained by the relatively small size of Denmark — as a result of which the nation could have a fear for their identity. However, the migration policy of Denmark has its own distinctive features in comparison with the rest of the Nordic countries. Finland, Sweden and Norway have adopted a policy of multiculturalism while preserving cultural

diversity. Denmark, by contrast, does not encourage such policies.

Of course, the cultural characteristics, customs and behavior of migrants are not similar to the norms established by Danish society. Due to the fact that in Denmark there is mainly one single culture, the indigenous people have a rather negative attitude towards immigrants from Muslim countries.

Secondly, Trump’s tough policy undermines his authority in the international arena. Today he is excoriated due to numerous cases of separation of families caught in the United States illegally.

Indeed, only in the period from may to June this year, American border guards took from illegal migrants more than two thousand children. This is being said not only in America but also in other countries. The Pope also did not stand aside, saying that such immigration policy is immoral and contrary to religious values.

As a result, tens of thousands of people took part in national protests in the United States against the policy of the Donald trump administration against illegal migrants. Throughout the country was planned for more than 630 events with a call to the migrant families divided by the US border, to reunite. In the meantime, Danish policy is characterized by a focus on European values such as democracy, non-discrimination and tolerance. It attracts migrants by the unity of culture, language, traditions, as well as certain principles on which the migration policy of the countries is based, which presupposes equality of rights and duties between migrants and indigenous people, freedom in the choice of culture, solidarity and cooperation.

Third, the formation of migration policy in the United States was influenced by such events as: — Major of the us armed forces Nidal Malik Hassan, who was born in a family of immigrants from Palestine, staged a massacre at the military base of Fort hood in November 2009.

— Explosion at the finish of the Boston marathon, organized by ethnic Chechens brothers Tamerlane and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev.

Before moving to the US, they managed to live in Kyrgyzstan and Dagestan.

— Spouses Syed Rizwan Farouk and Tashfin Malik, born in the families of Pakistani immigrants, shot 14 people in California San Bernardino in December 2015.

— Omar Mir seddiq Matin, who attacked a nightclub in Orlando in June 2016, was a descendant of Afghans who immigrated to the United States.

And in Denmark, the formation of migration policy is influenced by such negative consequences of the crisis, such as destabilization of public security. Riots during mass gatherings, the eve of holidays in various cities of Europe. Refugees are guilty of crimes against women, theft, and bodily harm. In the network there are numerous videos of the attack of refugees on the elderly, women [4]. The negative factor of changing of European identity and erosion of Christianity by Islam plays a big role. Given the fact that refugees in Europe are those who have only temporarily arrived in the country and will leave as soon as possible, European programs do not provide for any adaptation or integration of refugees. Europe is convinced that Christianity and Islam are not able to get along, but at the same time Europe demands peace in the Middle East, where conflicts flare up on religious grounds.

Fourthly, the US has recently weakened its migration legislation because of dissatisfaction on the part of migrants. The 2017 decree was modified by Donald trump after a wave of criticism and aggression. The new regulation does not apply to those who have entry documents into the country, in particular visas, as well as a residence permit in the United States. In addition, Iraq is excluded from the list of countries whose nationals are prohibited from entering the United States. The new decree, as well as the old one, provides for a ban on the reception of refugees, which will be valid for 120 days. However, this requirement now applies to refugees from Syria, the reception of which the first decree was banned indefinitely. This decision represents an important step in the right direction; it contributes to the consolidation of the strategic Alliance between Baghdad and Washington in a number of areas, primarily in the fight against terrorism. On the contrary, Denmark is tightening its migration legislation. At the moment, Denmark

continues to pursue a policy of tightening migration policy. More recently, the number of amendments restricting the rights of refugees has reached 67. The latest innovations include the following: Denmark’s intention to abandon the quotas of the office of the United Nations high Commissioner for refugees. After the outbreak of the migration crisis, the quota for Denmark was raised to 21 thousand people. However, the head of the Ministry of immigration and integration Inger, Stolberg recently announced that the main task at the moment is to reduce the flow of migrants.

In 2016, for example, its liberal-conservative party Venstre managed to reduce the number of migrants to 6200 people. Inger Stojberg has the idea of a controversial bill to deprive migrants of subsidies for the first offense or confiscation of property arrived in case of exceeding their welfare by 10 thousand crowns. It is obvious that migration flows will not run out until the causes that generate and generate them are eliminated. And this is a whole range of problems caused by wars and armed conflicts that have continued since the collapse of the bipolar system [5].

Thus, having analyzed the migration policy of Denmark and the United States, it can be concluded that the difference in the legislation of the two countries is largely due to historical factors, geopolitical features, difference in the system of values. Donald trump acts in the national interests of his country while Denmark, by virtue of its existence as a member of the European Union, is obliged to adhere to European values and principles: tolerance, equality in rights, the idea of multiculturalism.

References 1. Full text of Trump’s decree “Protecting the country from foreign terrorists trying to enter the United States”. Retrieved from: http://inosmi.ru/politic/20170129/238622489.html (accessed date: 27.11.2018).

2. A. N. Sukhov, S. A. Trukhanov. Migration in Europe and its consequences: the textbook M: Flint. 2016. 216p. Retrieved from:

https://www.litres.ru/anatoliy-suhov/migraciya-v-evrope-i-eeposledstviya/chitat-onlayn/ (accessed date: 27.11.2018).

3. Krasnov Yu. Reform of the migration policy of Donald Trump.

Retrieved from: https://mgimo.ru/upload/iblock/363/krasnov-2.pdf (accessed date: 27.11.2018).

4. Kulikova Yu. O. Migration Problems in Europe // Young Scientist.

2017. № 12. p.

417—420.

URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/146/41009/ (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

5. I. V. Bocharnikov. Geopolitical aspects of the migration crisis in Europe // Geopolitical journal. — 2016. — No.3 (15). p. 35—43.

URL: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=27329543 (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

Unique project — “sustainable island” Samsø Egor Ivanov, 2nd year student, the faculty of international relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, email: bloodstrike2010@gmail.com Ekaterina Novikova, 2nd year student, the faculty of international relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, e-mail: animekate13@gmail.com Abstract: The article analyzes the technology of using renewable energy on the example of the Danish island Samsø and some territories of the Russian Federation. The author reviewed the current situation of renewable energy projects, their implementation and feasibility. Based on the statistics and conclusions made in the article, it is possible to suggest the ways of developing projects and their prospects at the global level.

Keywords: Denmark, Russia, Samsø island, RES, ecology, project.

In the modern world, the environmental problem is more relevant than ever. The issues related to this problem concern everyone, so it is worth finding solutions to this problem by combining the forces of all countries. Thanks to research, it is possible to predict the development of problems and to seek for their resolution.

At this stage of its development, a human cannot fully solve problems related to ecology. Some of them really threaten the near future, and many of them can be fought.

Many countries are dependent on energy, but not all have access to fuel supplies. As early as the 20th century, the energy problem

acquired a global character: the rapid growth of oil and gas consumption led not only to the reduction of their huge global reserves, but also to a serious deterioration of the ecological situation.

The energy crisis has forced humanity to start wide scale research work to solve problems related to the environment. In this regard, there were joint renewable energy projects such as wind turbines and solar panels.

Denmark is a country known for its project on the preservation of the environment and the use of renewable energy.

It is about Samsø island. This is a small island in eastern part of Denmark, almost in the middle of the Kattegat Bay, where about 4 thousand people live. Its history begins in 1997, and it was then that the Danish government decided to develop a unique community built solely on renewable energy. The project has acquired the name “Sustainable Island”. Mostly ordinary farmers who have initiative and ideas with which to save the environment live on it. It was due to the active participation of the residents that this project became possible.

The power supply of the whole island is regulated at once by several power generation systems operating in tandem. It should immediately be said that all these energy sources are truly renewable and do not cause any harm to the external environment, with the exception of about 700 boilers and other heating devices operating on liquid petroleum fuel, which are used only in extreme cases, while they remain idle for the rest of the time.

Let us consider the power supply system in more detail. The first such system is the central heating system. Heating on the island is realized through 4 stations, from which almost all cover insulated pipes, which are used for heating. The fuel for these stations is ecofriendly straw briquettes, as well as sawdust. Moreover, one of these stations is equipped with a special device — a solar collector with an area of 2.5 thousand square meters, which makes it possible to use solar energy and serves to heat water, with a lack of energy it switches to burning chips using local forests. According to 2018, about 75% of the entire island is heated in this way [6]. The rest, its

more isolated parts use individual solar panels or boilers for heating with wood briquettes. The use of such methods of heating on the island significantly reduces the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which is harmful to the environment [1].

The second power supply system is a network of wind turbines.

This system consists of two parts: ground and offshore. Today on the island there are 21 wind turbines, 11 of which are on land, have a height of 50 meters and a blade span of 27 meters and produce about 11 megawatts of energy, which is enough for a full electrical load on the island. The cost of one such turbine is just over one million dollars. The remaining 10 turbines are located on the water, differ from those that on land are more impressive in dimensions of 63 meters high and have 40 meters of blades. In total, these 10 turbines generate as much as 23 megawatts and each costs about $ 3 million [3]. They are used to neutralize carbon dioxide emissions produced by the transport sector. The key to effectively using this system lies in the geographical location of Samsø. As mentioned above, the island is located almost in the middle of the bay, therefore, extensive coastal areas are available that are actively blown by the local winds [2].

However, the most remarkable thing about this wind turbine project is that the inhabitants of the island themselves are the initiators, the project was not imposed by outsiders and was not funded by large electricity companies. Nine of the eleven wind turbines are owned by the farmers themselves, and only two of them are owned by local wind cooperatives. But this system rests not only on the ideology of environmental conservation, but also on the economic benefits that investors receive by contributing to these turbines. On average, an investor pays back his investments after 8 years, then he begins to receive a net profit [3].

The success of the project related to wind turbines was made possible only thanks to the support of private investors, for whom the main motivation was state support, which not only acted as a guarantor for the implementation of all projects in the sphere of alternative energy, but also covered part of the cost of building wind turbines [1].

Thus, the project on renewable energy on Samsø Island was fully implemented, but there are a number of reasons why the widespread introduction of the experience of this project is impossible. The main problem of implementation is the impressive cost of the project. The volume of investments in the development of this project is estimated at 90 million dollars, which is more than 20 thousand dollars for each resident. Also, about 60 million dollars was invested by the islanders themselves.

Samsø Island is a unique project even in Denmark, electricity prices are at record highs. The island basically plays the role of a scientific experiment and a place for tourism, so the question of creating other similar islands is not yet worth it.

As for the renewable energy systems in Russia, the question is quite ambiguous. Russia is a country that is abundantly provided with traditional energy resources. Given that about 2/3 of the volume of energy resources and about 80% of all oil is exported abroad, the remaining resources are enough to provide for the entire territory of the Russian Federation.

Russia ranks first in the world in terms of the volume of produced natural gas (23% of world reserves), 2nd place in terms of coal reserves (19% of world reserves), 5—7th place in oil reserves (4—5% of world reserves). Also in the Russian Federation about 8% of world reserves of natural uranium are mined. Obviously, the active development of renewable energy systems in the country is not being undertaken because of the wealth of natural energy resources [4].

Separately, it should be said about the use of nuclear power plants. At the expense of the mined uranium in the territory of the Russian Federation, 11.6% of the total amount of electricity is generated in the country. According to 2017, ten nuclear power plants (Balakovo NPP, Beloyarsk NPP, Bilibino NPP, Kalinin NPP, Kola NPP, Kursk NPP, Leningrad NPP, Novovoronezh NPP, Rostov NPP, Smolensk NPP) produced about 203 billion kWh, and this huge numbers, given that the entire Samsø island produces 32 thousand kWh [5].

67.9% of all energy in the territory of the Russian Federation is produced by thermal power plants operating on gas, fuel oil, coal, diesel fuel and recycling of cellulose [5].

The need to use renewable energy in the Russian Federation is obviously not relevant. However, most resources are non-renewable and sooner or later their stock will come to an end. Therefore, it is worth looking at Russia from the position of energy consuming regions of the country: — 2/3 of the country’s territory with a population of about 20 million people are outside the centralized power supply networks. In these areas, electricity prices are several times higher than in the rest.

— Because of the vast territories of the country, many areas are energy deficient and need to be brought in fuel. This tells us about the high costs of transporting energy.

— Despite the fact that Russia is a gas power, only about 50% of urban gas and about 35% of rural settlements are gasified. Mainly coal and oil products are used in non-gasified territories.

— Because tariffs and prices for energy, fuel and for connection to the centralized energy supply are constantly increasing, autonomous power engineering is becoming more and more developed. Over the past 10 years, the input of diesel and gasoline generators with a capacity of up to 100 kW exceeded the input of large power plants. The fact that consumers themselves are trying to provide themselves with cheaper energy leads to a general deterioration of the state of the energy industry in the country [4].

These areas, far from centralized heating and paying high tariffs for electricity, are the most promising for the use of new types of renewable energy.

The amount of electricity produced by RES in Russia does not exceed 1%. By 2020, the state plans to increase these figures to 4.5% [5].

So, the use of RES now, in 2018, is the “cornerstone”. Samsø Island is a unique project, supported almost 100% at the expense of RES, with local residents supporting this concept both

ideologically and financially. But such a system is impossible to implement even in the territory of Denmark itself. This happens for a number of specific reasons: — Geographical location. It is on the surface, where the winds don’t blow, the turbines will not work. The same applies to solar cells, the use of which is impractical in areas with a small amount of sunlight.

— The second reason I would like to break into two subparagraphs: — The cost of renewable energy projects is prohibitively high.

Even in Denmark, a country with a high standard of living, it would be expensive to implement such a project on at least 1/3 of the territory. If you compare the territory of Denmark with Russia, you can understand what resources would be needed to provide renewable energy sources in the Russian Federation.

— Mentality and human factor. Initiators are usually a very small percentage of people. Therefore, when trying to introduce such projects, there may be obvious difficulties with the citizens.

Someone may be skeptical about new technologies, someone will not want to invest money in it. Many of them simply do not care about such projects.

— Major reformation of centralized power supply networks.

Almost everywhere, these systems are supported either by thermal power plants that operate mainly on coal and gas, or on nuclear power plants operating on uranium. Such a large energy supply system cannot be rebuilt within short periods, especially if you take into account the territories of large countries, such as the Russian Federation.

However, the volume of fossil energy is rapidly declining and after some time will come to an end. Therefore, despite the fact that projects relating to renewable energy are hard to implement, it is still necessary to move in this direction.

References

1. Bio.ukrbio.com. Samsø is a “green” island in Denmark. URL: https://bit.ly/2P4Zheh (accessed date: 22.11.2018); 2. Cafebabel.com. Social innovation in Denmark. URL: https://bit.ly/2KC0cT6 (accessed date: 22.11.2018); 3. Ecowatch.com. Samsø: World’s First 100% Renewable EnergyPowered Island Is a Beacon for Sustainable Communities. URL: https://bit.ly/2RjMXJ5 (accessed date: 22.11.2018); 4. Energosovet.ru. Renewable energy sources in the regions of the Russian Federation: problems and prospects. URL: https://bit.ly/2SizdP7 (accessed date: 22.11.2018); 5. Minenergo.gov.ru. Main characteristics of the Russian electric power industry. URL: https://bit.ly/2P9HN0m (accessed date: 22.11.2018); 6. Planete-energies.com. The Island Laboratory of Samsø. URL: https://bit.ly/2RgMckb (accessed date: 22.11.2018).

Corporate social responsibility in Denmark Mariia Klyuchkovskaya, 3rd year student, the faculty of International relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, e-mail: mashaklyuch@mail.ru Vladislava Shevelkina, 3rd year student, the faculty of International relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, e-mail: vladashevelkina@gmail.com Abstract: This article gives the history of Scandinavian models of corporate social responsibility on the example of Denmark.

Scandinavian countries have long been leaders in the direction of social responsibility. And Denmark is one of the most successful countries in this area. Also Denmark takes great initiative in promoting this concept by adopting new laws, the disseminating and promoting of CSR, the creating of standards and the promoting of all the ideas of this practice. The article also contains a comparative analysis of CSR in Denmark and in Russia, which will help to determine the strengths of the Danish model.

Keywords: Denmark, CSR, social development, Russia, human rights, economy.

Corporate social responsibility has spread throughout the world and has become one of the best tactics of Western management. The essence of CSR is the fulfillment by organizations of social obligations prescribed by law and the willingness to bear the mandatory expenses, as well as the non-mandatory social expenses of their employees, which are established by tax, labor, environmental and other legislation, not because of the

requirements of the law, but according to moral and ethical considerations.

At the level of individual countries and groups of countries, CSR models with their own characteristic features are formed. In the EU, four major CSR models dominate the Scandinavian, Southern European, Continental, or Anglo-Saxon model. Within the European model, the Scandinavian model is of some interest.

The Scandinavian national model is inherent in: state paternalism, the predominant economic and social model of general welfare; business activity in addressing issues not covered by the state security system; a high degree of trust of business and society in government structures. It is also characterized by a wide coverage of various social risks and life situations that require public support.

The main idea of the Scandinavian model: social protection is the legal right of a citizen [6].

The state takes the lead in social protection of the population.

A distinctive feature of the Scandinavian model is the developed system of industrial democracy; regulation of labor relations at the national level, and not at the level of individual enterprises or industries; use of effective means to minimize unemployment.

Scandinavian companies independently decide on the choice of certain forms of CSR implementation, but their freedom is not unlimited. Northern European governments may force enterprises to disclose non-financial information. For the Scandinavian model of CSR is characterized by a high degree of study of the legislative framework. Sweden, Denmark and Finland have national CSR action plans. Norway and Iceland operate with different plans for different areas of human rights, gender diversity, child protection, health, food safety etc.

The concept of CSR in Denmark has changed dramatically over the past few years. In the 1990s social responsibility meant the requirements of various government agencies for solving social and environmental problems. Now CSR has become one of the parameters of the competitiveness of enterprises [8].

The main problems of the Scandinavian countries, including Denmark, are the ageing of the population due to the increasing age

of marriage, the spread of the idea of “child free” and the creation of same-sex families; high tax burden; the influx of migrants relying on the social benefits system. However, despite all the difficulties, the Scandinavian countries invariably occupy leading positions in various ratings related to the level of welfare. The peculiarity of CSR in Scandinavian countries is largely determined by the current social and economic model of overall welfare. It is determined by the high share of state participation in solving most social problems. In Denmark, the focus is on social responsibility in the labor market. Entrepreneurs who ignore CSR issues face a shortage of qualified personnel in the future, which threatens their international competitiveness. Therefore, such areas of social policy as measures to preserve health and ensure occupational safety, attract citizens with disabilities, work with young people have become one of the main areas of CSR. In practice, the implementation of CSR in Denmark has two objectives: — Prevention of expulsion from labor: health and safety measures; methods for reducing sick leave; employment regime that helps to maintain family relationships, the opportunity to get a job for everyone; lifelong learning; convenient retirement programs.

— Retention of staff at risk of being expelled: active assistance to people prone to illness or with limited ability to work due to age, physical or mental illness; informal “flexible” and “soft” jobs; social clauses in collective agreements.

— Integration of the unemployed: creation of jobs in general and specialized jobs; formal salary subsidy schemes (schemes of “flexible” and “soft” jobs); on-the-job training in the private and public sectors; education and training; job rotation or rehabilitation schemes [5].

Close cooperation between management and employees is part of Danish tradition and culture. In some areas, the Danish customs authorities are more stringent than the requirements and objectives set by international agreements.

If we look at the history of corporate social responsibility in Denmark as part of legislation, the first steps in this direction

were made in 2008. The Danish government action plan uses the concept of corporate social responsibility, which was adopted in connection with the amendment to the Danish financial reporting act in December 2008. According to these laws, CSR mainly refers to companies operating around the world and having employees from different countries. In accordance with the National action plan on corporate social responsibility 2008, CSR began to develop rapidly in Denmark. This action plan recommends an approach to CSR based on the principles set out in the UN Global plan. The ten principles of corporate social responsibility include human rights, fundamental labor rights, environmental principles and the fight against corruption. Companies begin to work to promote one or more principles without violating the others, and thus assume social responsibility. According to the amendment to the Danish financial reporting act, the largest Danish companies are required to report annually on CSR in the management report, starting in 2009 [7].

Comparative analysis of CSR models

If you try to compare CSR in Denmark and in Russia, one of the main differences is the focus and direction of activity. For Denmark, the priority is the economy, environment and social policy, while Russia focuses on the internal policy of one enterprise. The main reasons for the slow development of CSR in Russia are the geographical factor, that is, the remoteness of the territories from the center (Far East). All the territories of Denmark are close to the center. Another reason for the slow development is the political factor. In Russia, the legislation does not regulate the activities of companies who want to support principles of CSR, while in Denmark companies that must comply with the principles of CSR are clearly defined. One of the main activities of CSR in Europe and

separately in Denmark is human rights. Attention is also paid to improving the skills of young people and creating additional jobs.

In addition, companies are concerned about the involvement of the poor and workers of retirement age. In Russia, this issue is at an early stage of development. Another problem is the difficulty of finding a job after graduation. Only some engineering companies provide job for young professionals. The activities of Danish companies are primarily focused on staff and consumers, and only then on the state and shareholders. In Russia, the state and the owners are the priority, that is, they ensure maximum profit and compliance with all the basic laws. At the same time, not much attention is paid to the consumer and staff. For Denmark, the main driving mechanism is the company itself, that is, the management adheres to the principles of CSR and further develops them not only through legislation but also on their own, which shows interest in the development of their employees. The media and society in general also have an important influence on this issue. This topic is covered in various sources and is further considered by the company’s management. In Russia, the media practically do not cover this topic, considering only some cases of violation of the principles of labor legislation. Trends in the development of social responsibility in Russia are difficult to clearly define since CSR in Russia is at an early stage of development. Standards are not well developed and companies are not well aware of the impact of CSR development on the company’s operations and profits. Situation in Denmark is different at the same time [3].

The main direction is improvement of methods of CSR assessment in the company and development of criteria.

In conclusion we can say that the level of CSR development in Denmark is at a very high level, due to the fact that the problems of CSR provision is paid attention at the level of the state, the company, and the whole society. The situation in Denmark can be an example for countries with low CSR, such as Russia.

References

1. Bhattacharya, CB; Sen, Sankar; Korschun, Daniel (2011).

Leveraging Corporate Social Responsibility: The Stakeholder Route to Business and Social Value. Cambridge: UK: Cambridge University Press.

2. Freeman, Edward; Moutchnik, Alexander (2013): Stakeholder management and CSR: questions and answers.

In: UmweltWirtschaftsForum, Springer Verlag, Bd. 21, Nr. 1.

3. 5 corporate social responsibility trends that will dominate 2018. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2AmwnRO (accessed date: 12.11.2018).

4. Corporate Social Responsibility: A European Perspective.

Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2AUWHTb (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

5. Corporate Social Responsibility and the Danish Responsibility Authority. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2S9dQ32 (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

6. Corporate Social Responsibility: History, Benefits and Types.

Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2S4ssA2 (accessed date: 12.11.2018).

7. CSR i Danmark. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2BxLaeh (accessed date: 19.11.2018).

8. Danske erfaringer skal ændre arbejdslivet for klodens fattigste. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2zthX2x (accessed date: 19.11.2018).

9. Lovkrav. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2PSIDnK (accessed date: 19.11.2018).

10. New Trends in Corporate Social Responsibility. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2r5SCY2 (accessed date: 12.11.2018).

11. Nyt værktøj til at sammenligne målinger af social værdi.

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Socialt ansvar og CSR. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2THem9D (accessed date: 19.11.2018).

Denmark from a socio-economic perspective: features, problems and possible solutions (Second place for “Best paper presentation”) Alexandra Efimova, 2nd year student, the faculty of modern law, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, email: schuraefimowa@yandex.ru Alexander Makhov, 1st year student, the faculty of international relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, email: aldr.makhov@gmail.com Abstract: This article addresses the issues of a social, political, and economic nature that are relevant to Denmark. The authors pay attention to such a concept as the Welfare State, which has successfully taken root in the Scandinavian countries. The article also describes the success of Denmark in the development of agriculture, industry, education and other key sectors. Despite the unquestioning prospects of the Scandinavian model, Denmark also has its own problems. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to consider the key problems of Denmark in the mentioned issues, as well as to find possible solutions to these problems, basing on the positive experience of other countries.

Keywords: Denmark, Scandinavian model, third way, welfare state, demographic situation, free market.

Denmark is one of those countries that managed to accomplish a successful transformation from an individual consumption society to a society of social justice and responsibility. Here the state plays a key role in protecting and developing the economic and social well-being of its citizens. The success of the Danish government model was made possible by adhering to the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth and public responsibility for those who cannot secure the minimum conditions for a decent standard of living. But even such successful model has its drawbacks. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to consider the key problems of Denmark in the issues of a social, political, and economic nature, as well as to find possible solutions to these problems, basing on the positive experience of other countries.

In a short period of time, Denmark has achieved significant changes. From a small underdeveloped country, Denmark was able to become an example of a political model for the whole world.

Some politicians are confident that other countries could achieve similar success if they changed their economic policies in the Scandinavian manner. For example, US presidential candidate Bernie Sanders in his election campaign often said that America needs to change the type of government. The best alternative, in his opinion, is democratic socialism. Speaking of democratic socialism, Bernie did not mean Venezuela, not Cuba, but countries like Denmark and Sweden. However, can we say that the “Scandinavian model” is socialism? The main Danish parties (both left and right) would reject Bernie Sanders’ proposal, considering them too leftwing. So the Danish economist Lars Christensen once said about the proposal of the American politician. So what is the model of the Nordic countries?

It’s no secret that the Scandinavian countries are very successful. High life expectancy, low crime rate, relatively equal income distribution. In most international rankings we regularly see the Nordic countries in the lists of the best places to live. Thus, in the “Better life index” of the Organization for economic

cooperation and development Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland and Finland occupy 2, 3, 5, 9 and 10 places respectively.

Is it worth implementing such a model in other countries? If you do not think about the reasons for this situation, the answer to the question becomes obvious. Scandinavian countries have a huge welfare state and are extremely successful. This is often an argument that the “third way” policy between socialism and capitalism works well, and that other countries could achieve similar success if they changed their economic policies in the Scandinavian manner. However, if we carefully study the history and society of Scandinavia, we will understand that this argument is wrong.

To begin with, it is necessary to understand why Scandinavia is unique, and this reason is not even a “welfare state”. Scandinavian countries are characterized by homogeneity of population, high level of social trust and public participation, culture of individual responsibility and strong work ethic. It was all before the welfare state. These social institutions have, for the most part, played an important role in the rapid economic growth of Denmark, which has turned from a poor agricultural country into one of the richest countries in the world. A strong work ethic and a high level of social trust allowed taxes to be raised and money to be generously distributed, allowing no fear of abuse. It is important to take into account that social capital accumulates for a long time, but it had to take a sufficiently large amount of time for the effect of the decomposition of social capital to begin to manifest itself thanks to the generous support of the state.

How come the Nordic countries place a strong emphasis on individual responsibility and strong social capital? Climate, history and religion played their part. It was very difficult for farmers to survive in the harsh environment of the cold climate without hard work. This is how a culture developed with a strong focus on hard work and individual responsibility. Scandinavia is also unique in that for a long time most of the population were independent peasants, while the rest of Europe was dominated by a feudal system where peasants did not own land. With the exception of Denmark, feudalism and serfdom were not particularly prevalent

in Scandinavia. As a result, hard work was rewarded for their work in global land tenure. Also in Scandinavia has developed a high level of social cohesion, so that these countries have a high level of trust in the world.

And yet, how come the Scandinavian countries are the most developed on the planet?

Based on the General opinion, the Scandinavian countries, despite all economic laws, having large social expenditures and high taxes, find the opportunity to prosper.

Currently, Denmark has a constitutional monarchy as a governing body, the head of state is the monarch, who exercises legislative initiative jointly with the unicameral parliament — Folketing, at the moment it includes 179 deputies, to be precise.

A member of the European Union since 1973, but not in the Eurozone, is also one of the founders of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and NATO. It is impossible not to note the very interesting and extremely instructive to other countries situation in Denmark with its populating ethnic groups, as well as the life expectancy of the population.

The bulk of the population are people of Scandinavian origin, as well as small groups: Inuits or Eskimos, Frisians, Faroese, Germans, and also the group of immigrants, which is quantitatively minimal.

According to statistics, in 2003 immigrants accounted for 6.2% of the population [1]. It is a well-known fact that many Danes speak good English, especially in big cities, such as Copenhagen, which has 1,096,187 people, 145,300 people in Orense, 219,003 people in Aarhus, 120,059 in Aalborg [1].

Also in other less populated areas, the merits of such a fact relate exclusively to the Danish Ministry of Education, which considers it necessary to maintain international contact at a fairly civilized level, introducing learning English at school. I consider this a great merit and an example of diligent government activity. The above facts are the result of Denmark’s sound migration policy.

In the economic field, the situation is as follows: low inflation of 0.4% for 2016 and unemployment of 4.2% for 2016 [2]. There is also a large surplus in the balance of payments: DKK 13.3 billion

in 2014 [6]. Profitable high-tech production, gas and oil reserves. 7th place in livestock in the world, 87% of which is exported [1;3]. The share of the industrial sector is 40% relative to national income. It also has the first place in terms of foreign trade.

The main exported goods: engineering products, fish, meat and meat products, medicines, dairy products and furniture.

Leading industries: metalworking, mechanical engineering (especially electronics and electronics) due to the high development of shipbuilding, cargo transportation, because all ships, performing tasks of any complexity around the world, should have developed means of communication, as an example of development in this area, namely the port industry bring the company “Maersk”, known throughout the world. It also has a high GDP in the amount of 302.6 billion US dollars [2].

A clear achievement in the field of social development, a factor which is undoubtedly development and competent actions in the economic sphere, as well as finance, is the HDI (Human Development Index) indicator, which has an extremely high figure in Denmark and ranks 11th in the world — 0.930 2017 [4].

After conducting a familiarization survey of the country’s indicators, one can only sincerely admire the professionalism of Danish officials who give out, without a doubt, excellent development indicators. But now it’s time to move on to the questions that emerged from the research process. The note, in addition to high wages, had the presence of quite high taxes, which aroused interest regarding this aspect.

As we know, high taxes include energy charges, which the people in Denmark pay in full themselves. With regard to this, it can also be said that due to high taxes there is a large utility load, and any kind of “big load” sooner or later does not lead to something positive.

In this situation, the population experiences a relatively high social burden for society, which is 53.2% in Denmark, which means that every working person should carry 1.5 times more goods and services than for himself.

Back in the mid-twentieth century, the Irish economist James Beddy in his study tried to answer the question — why is Denmark

richer than Ireland? After all, the average income in Denmark was 50% more, however, the natural conditions were not in her favor — the average temperature, the number of Sunny days, the presence of minerals. For these factors, Denmark was clearly losing to Ireland.

“Welfare state” was in the initial state, so it is not in this concept of political system. In his work, Beddy writes: “Denmark is not only smaller than Ireland, but its climate is less favorable, its soil is on average lighter and poorer, it has no coal to produce electricity or water resources to compensate for its absence, it has no iron ore or other metals that serve as the basis for industrialization. However, at the same time, in comparison with Ireland, Denmark has a larger population, it produces more agricultural products, it has more industry, more international trade, higher incomes, and the public debt, on the contrary, less.” Beddy concludes that the main reason for the success of Denmark is a different economic system from Ireland, which relied much more on market forces.

Professor of economic history Kevin O’rourke, 50 years later, developed his work. In his view, Denmark’s success was due to several factors. Denmark had a stable culture along with political stability, while Ireland was culturally and politically isolated. And, as previously mentioned, Denmark had a high level of social trust and social capital. Moreover, Denmark had moved to private land ownership much earlier and, unlike the Irish, Danish farmers almost always had access to credit. O’rourke also considered the problem of Ireland’s technological backwardness in the dairy industry: “technological innovations are spreading in Denmark much faster than in Ireland, despite the fact that both countries are large dairy producers, both located in North-Western Europe and sell their products in the same market (UK). Private property rights and social capital have played a key role in the diffusion of new technologies: lack of social and political cohesion, uncertainty with property rights and cultural factors help explain Ireland’s lagging behind Denmark during this period.”

For example, in Denmark, we can see that a free market economy and a unique Scandinavian culture together give a great combination. In the second half of the 19th century Denmark

reached your dawn. In the country competed as large firms and small production cooperatives. Already in the early 20th century Denmark became one of the richest countries in Europe.

Over the past decades, Denmark has significantly liberalized the labour market to offset the negative effects of tax and labour policies. The main reason is that countries have learned from the mistakes of the past.

As a possible solution or change of this issue in the direction of the inhabitants of Denmark, I would like to offer my solution.

Denmark has a fairly high and stable budget. So, a good offer would be to help our citizens pay part of the cost of energy in order to alleviate both the salary and utility burden of citizens. The government could subsidize 25% of the cost of energy, thereby reducing the costs of residents.

The next question is purely social. Denmark has a difficult demographic situation, namely, an extremely low birth rate, which is very troubling for Danish doctors. Here is the information about Danish demography: — Fertility: an average of 164 children per day (6.82 per hour) — Mortality: an average of 152 people per day (6.32 per hour — Migration population growth: an average of 54 people per day (2.26 per hour) [5].

A good suggestion would be to increase the maternity capital by 1.5—2 times, in order to simulate the birth rate of the country.

Also, it would be possible to expand the base of benefits, so that the government provides in full the means of general need. It is also a good idea to open benefits in the direction of trade and entertainment relations: increasing the privileges of large families both for a certain kind of goods in stores and for training their children (additional education, i.e. schools of music, arts, sports activities), so that parents can be sure that their offspring may not stop their development, regardless of the material situation in the family or in the country.

Denmark stands out for its huge ratio of tax burden to GDP, as well as a friendly policy to business. However, the opening of markets cannot fully compensate for the effect of large taxes that

directly affect the standard of living of the average Dane. According to the analysis of the Danish CEPOS, high taxes displace the direct costs of private households. In 1970 Denmark in terms of consumption was on the 6th place in the Organization for economic cooperation and development, and in 2011 only on the 14th place. Even after the relative normalization of economic policy, the negative effects of high taxes and excessive regulation on entrepreneurship are evident. The level of entrepreneurs having a significant impact on the economy in the Scandinavian countries is only 1/3 of the Anglo-Saxon countries. consequently, the emergence of modern companies, so important in the modern economy, in Scandinavia is much more difficult, which can cause problems in the long term.

Denmark is a country with one of the highest levels of taxation in the world. However, what is unique for the Scandinavian countries, Denmark is quite weak regulation of the labor market, causing the unemployment rate held at a low level. However, high taxes contribute to lower economic activity. In addition to the impact on employment, taxes can also affect the number of working hours. it would be difficult to find another country that would demonstrate this effect as well as Denmark.

Thus, having completed the analysis of the social and economic structure of Denmark, we can conclude that the policy of the “third way” is the most successful. Social cohesion, free market economy and political stability are the main features of the “Scandinavian model”. No matter how the leading politicians and economists argue, the main idea is not socialism, but common sense, a reasonable balance between the interests of the state and the individual citizen.

Continuing the argument, in the subject of the demographic situation in Denmark, we came to the following data, from which we can draw one general conclusion: the rate of population growth in Denmark in 2018 will be 66 people per day [5].

It is difficult to find any other aspect in which the government of Denmark or its residents would need help, as the population of the country went into direct contact with the government during

difficult times and fulfilled requests in the form of saving electricity and water, just remembering to turn off the lights or leave tap closed. In general, a direct and strong connection of society with the state power is visible, and in this case the problem of any kind and complexity will be eliminated at some point, it is only a matter of time.

References 1. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Denmark. Retrieved from: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danmark (accessed date: 25.11.2018).

2. Ereport: World economy. Denmark. Retrieved from: http://www.ereport.ru/stat.php?razdel=country&count=denmark (accessed date: 25.11.2018).

3. Central Intelligence Agency. Denmark. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-worldfactbook/geos/da.html (accessed date: 26.11.2018).

4. Knoema — Open Data Catalog. Denmark. Retrieved from: https://knoema.ru/atlas/Daniya/topics/World-Ratings/WorldRatings/Index-human-potential (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

5.

Countrymeters.

Denmark.

Retrieved from: https://countrymeters.info/ru/Denmark (accessed date: 28.11.2018).

6. Instaforex. Instant Forex Trading. In Denmark, the current account surplus amounted to 13.3 billion Danish kroner. URL: https://bit.ly/2QGbivy (accessed date: 11/28/2018).

Innovative solutions in the field of ecology: a comparative analysis of the situations in the Kingdom of Denmark and the Russian Federation Konstantin Malinin, 2nd year student, the faculty of international relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, e-mail: kos1470@mail.ru Victoriia Dubinina, 2nd year student, the faculty of international relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, email: vika_1999_1@mail.ru Abstract: this article is devoted to one of the most pressing problems nowadays — environmental pollution. Innovative solutions for waste recycling, bicycle infrastructure, as well as projects in the field of construction and renewable energy were considered according to examples of the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Denmark.

Keywords: innovation, ecology, Denmark, Russia, waste recycling, cycle infrastructure, renewable energy, ecological construction.

Humanity is inextricably bound to nature. Unfortunately, people did not immediately realize this. Today, the world has accumulated a lot of environmental problems. Over the past ten years, the Earth has become polluted like never before. Mainly, it was promoted

by industrial activity of plants, active depletion and burning of oil reserves and huge mountains of untreated garbage Today the air is filled with all sorts of fumes. Due to constant burning of oil and gas global warming began to manifest itself, which leads to the melting of glaciers, increasing the level of seas and oceans, and as a result, to the greenhouse effect (picture 1).

Picture 1 Global warming

Source: http://qps.ru/ajzJF (accessed date: 29.11.18).

This is not a problem of individual countries, but of all mankind; therefore in recent years, people have been trying to correct their mistakes. According to the Center for Environmental Policy and Law at Yale University, Russia is located on the 52nd place in the rating of environmental efficiency. Denmark takes the 3rd place and is one of the world leaders in the field of environmental protection and the use of “green technology” [1].

The Kingdom of Denmark started sorting and recycling garbage first in the 80’s. At the same time, containers with compartments for various wastes were installed on the streets. It should be noted that the sorting of garbage has been and remains voluntary. Despite the

fact that fines for non-separation of garbage and waste are not provided, 90% of the population sorts their garbage and accustom their children to this as they care about the environment [10].

Picture 2 Waste sorting by Danish population

Source: author, based on http://qps.ru/R1TNh (accessed date: 29.11.18).

One of the innovative solutions is the development of a waste recycling plant on the roof of a ski resort. On the green tracks, which rise to the height of 88 meters, a park with a viewing platform and climbing walls will be set up, but the main feature is the year-round ski slopes up to 500 meters long. The total area of the park is 6,000 square meters [7].

Picture 3 Factory in the form of a ski resort

Source: https://clck.ru/Eo6uF (accessed date: 29.11.18).

In Russia, one of the innovative solutions is the technology of thermal utilization of industrial and household waste, which will enable to recycle garbage without harmful emissions and at the same time to receive heat and electricity. Thus, a small furnace will be able to process about 170 thousand tons of municipal solid waste per year and produce about 34 thousand tons of slag, from which you can make road gravel or slabs, paving slabs and materials for thermal insulation. Also, in an oven, up to 2.5 tons of power steam are produced per hour, and more than 432 thousand tons per year, which will allow producing more than 4,320 MW of electricity, and these are energy costs of a small city [9].

Bicycles are also referred to as “green” technologies. Most people in Denmark prefer cycling to driving a car. Bicycle infrastructure is very well developed in Danish cities. This is especially illustrated by an example of Copenhagen and Odense.

Odense was the first European city whose authorities installed traffic lights with precipitation sensors along bicycle highways. As a result, during the rain, the green traffic light for cyclists is 20 seconds longer, and they get less wet. Precipitation sensors work in conjunction with motion sensors, which register cyclists 70 meters before the intersection, and switch to a longer green phase. The idea of this innovation is to make cycling more comfortable and attractive by using a modern technology [5].

Considering the bicycle infrastructure in Russia, we can say that Moscow is coming to understand that in the city you can use a bicycle not only for entertainment. By now 230 kilometers of bicycle lanes and tracks have been built in Moscow. In addition, the bicycle infrastructure of the Russian capital consists of 1,867 bicycle parking lots for 11,656 spaces and 430 bicycle rental stations with 4,300 bicycles [6].

Picture 4 Bicycle rental in Russia, 2018

Source: https://clck.ru/Eo78W (accessed date: 29.11.18).

Denmark is a country known for its environmental conservation and renewable energy project. It is about Samsø Island, whose energy supply is regulated by several energy generation systems operating in tandem at once. The first is a central heating system consisting of four stations. They work on wood briquettes, which practically do not emit CO2. The second is 10 wind turbines that provide electricity to the entire island. Another 11 turbines are on water, whose energy goes to neutralize carbon dioxide, which is emitted by the transport sector. All these energy sources are truly renewable and do not cause any harm to the external environment, with the exception of about 700 boilers and other heating devices operating on liquid petroleum fuel, which are used only in extreme cases, while they are inactive during the rest of the time [4].

In November 2017, Russian scientists created a new nuclear power unit with a fast neutron reactor “BN-800”. This reactor operates on fast neutrons, which as fuel can consume natural uranium, thorium (of which there are many in the bowels of the planet), as well as spent nuclear fuel from thermal neutron reactors.

The main feature of fast-neutron reactors is that they burn isotopes, which are not divided into thermal-neutron reactors. The “BN-800” is unique in the fact that it has only an inherent method of selfdefense. When deviating from normal operation, the reactor stops the nuclear reaction itself. It can be said that a fast neutron reactor is the destroyer of nuclear waste [8].

Picture 5 “BH-800” reactor

Source: https://clck.ru/Eo6z7 (accessed date: 30.11.18).

The construction industry is also one of the applications of “green technology”. For example, in Denmark, “3D Printhuset” prints the first house in Europe with the help of a 3D construction printer of the Russian manufacturer “SPETSAVIA” from Yaroslavl.

3D technology involves only two stages of construction: the creation of a computer model and then the printing of an object. The consumption of building materials is minimal, and there is almost no waste, therefore, the environmental impact is minimal [3].

Picture 6 3D model of the house

Source: https://clck.ru/Eo6yQ (accessed date: 30.11.18).

The Russian industry of adaptive technologies (3D printing) is actively developing. Now there is a huge amount of 3D printers, then there are even more materials. Moreover, many of them are not compatible with each other. Inappropriate plastic when heated can clog the printheads of a 3D printer, which causes its breakage. The

resident of the Moscow technopark “Caliber” presented a universal PLA-plastic, which has no analogues in the world, suitable for any 3D-printer. PLA-plastic is biodegradable and thermoplastic polyester, it can be obtained even from potatoes and corn. The material is non-toxic and easy to recycle [2].

The environmental problem is not a problem of individual countries, but of all humanity. Considering the current situation in the world arena, when countries are constantly worsening their relations, the questions about environmental problems and about solving them can unite the world. Countries should unite with each other, share the latest technologies and experience to improve the environment, as well as create new technologies together. This will not only improve the ecological state of the planet, but also contribute to the stabilization of relations on the world stage.

References 1. 100sporta.ru. 33 entertaining facts about bicycles and cycling.

Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2DzO6Za (accessed date: 30.11.18).

2. 3d-expo.ru. How Russian developments have made the world of additive technologies better: 4 cases. Retrieved from: http://qps.ru/UK6GT (accessed date: 30.11.18).

3. 3dtoday.ru. The Danish company prints the first house in Europe using the Russian printer. Retrieved from: http://qps.ru/vS5qZ (accessed date: 30.11.18).

4. bio.ukrbio.com. Samsø — a “green” island in Denmark.

Retrieved from: http://qps.ru/p64Gv (accessed date: 30.11.18).

5. city4people.ru. Transport innovations in Denmark. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2FMl4sb (accessed date: 30.11.18).

6. greenpeace.ru. Are cycling cities in Russia a pipe dream?

Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2DAqWBS (accessed date: 30.11.2018).

7. onliner.by. Their morals. On the roof of an incinerator in Denmark will open a ski slope. Retrieved from: http://qps.ru/wUXf1 (accessed date: 30.11.18).

8. peretok.ru. A step away from wasteless nuclear energy.

Retrieved from: http://qps.ru/oQAaw (accessed date: 30.11.18).

9. ria.ru. Russian scientists have developed a new recycling technology. Retrieved from: http://qps.ru/mzJgO (accessed date: 30.11.18).

10. unian.net. Danish cleanliness: how residents voluntarily sort garbage and earn money on it. Retrieved from: http://qps.ru/R1TNh (accessed date: 30.11.18).

Bullying among teenagers in the modern world Vitaly Rudik, 2nd year student, the faculty of management and economics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, e-mail: rudik.vitalick2015@yandex.ru Mariia Podstolnikova, 2nd year student, the faculty of international relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, e-mail: mari1399@mail.ru Abstract: The problem of violence in children’s groups is a serious concern for teachers around the world. Unfortunately, in the new century this phenomenon has acquired a special relevance. Bullying occurs in groups that are not united by any common idea. Therefore, the best way to cope with this phenomenon is to find opportunities to unite and rally the team around some constructive idea. Bullying is a disease of the team, not individual children, so it is important to handle with it, working with the team as a whole.

Keywords: Bullying, Teens, violence, death, conflict, games, parents.

Every person at least once in his life has come across a bullying in his own way or towards his friend. The question arises why this happens and how to avoid it or cope with such psychological stress.

We consider this problem relevant, because every schoolchild or teenager, even an adult, came into conflict with his peers. We will reveal this problem and find ways to solve it by the example of social projects in developed countries.

What is bullying? Bullying — aggressive persecution of one of the team members (especially the schoolchildren and students, but also colleagues) by another team member [1]. Harassment is organized by one (the leader), sometimes with accomplices, and the most remain witnesses. In a bullying, the victim is unable to defend himself from attacks, so the bullying is different from the conflict, where the forces of the parties are approximately equal. Bullying can be both in physical and in psychological form [2].

Experts regard as manifestations of bullying insults, threats, physical aggression, a constant negative assessment of the victim and her activities, a denial of trust, and so on.

There are two main forms of bullying: — Psychological forms of bullying are threats, ridicule, slander, isolation etc.

— Physical form — beatings, damage to the victim’s property, etc. Sometimes it happens with the use of weapons [3].

The use of forms of bullying is influenced by the age of the participants (bullying in children is milder than in teenager) and gender (men are more likely to use the physical form, and women are more psychological).

Since we want to consider direct persecution among children, we’ll tell you who will fall victim to persecution at school: — Non-achiever; — honour roll student; — favorite teachers; — children who are overseen by their parents; — children of teachers; — suffering from diseases that distinguish them from the team; — wunderkind; — children from poor families; — representatives of national minorities; — representatives of LGBT. One trait unites all victims: most of the abuse and humiliation are children and teenagers, with increased sensitivity, showing their “weakness” (fear, resentment or anger). Their reaction corresponds

to the expectations of the aggressors, giving rise to the desired feeling of superiority.

Boys are more often the victims and initiators of school bullying.

Methods of bullying differ depending on the sex of the victim: boys are more often fighting, and classmates about girls are usually dismissed by unpleasant rumors (picture 1).

Picture 1 Survey of schoolchildren in Moscow and the Moscow region on the topic of bullying[1]

Source: Milkus A., Polukhin D. Research of scientists: every third child was hounded in the classroom. Retrieved from: https://www.kp.ru/daily/26784/3818744/ (accessed date: 21.11.2018).

We all understand that bullying is considered the norm, its silence is considered the norm, the manifestation of force is considered the norm, but is not considered the norm against

bullying. We are used to hush up our problems, not to talk about them, to hush up, fearing even greater humiliation.

According to statistics in Russia, children are more likely to report bullying in their direction, in contradistinction from European children (picture 2).

Picture 2 Statistics of children reporting bulling to parents[2]

Source: author, based on Wendy M. Craig, Yossi Harel. Bullying, physical fighting and victimization.

Retrieved from: https://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/hbsc/books/2.pdf (accessed date: 21.11.2018).

Why are children afraid to tell parents about everything?

Of course, they are afraid of even greater humiliation from their peers because adults are standing up for them. Why is there so much malice in the aggressors, ill will? Of course, everything can be attributed to the transitional age and attempts to assert themselves at the expense of the suffering of others, but not only this is a problem, of course, much depends on the education of children.

Parents and teachers should explain to children that they should treat each other more respectfully. Naturally, not every child will listen, because of its youthful maximalism, but it’s worth trying, isn’t it? It is important from an early age to instill in children respect not only for adults, but also for their peers.

Each victim of school bulling appears psychological problems, low self-esteem, isolation, distrust, etc. Children can’t withstand such psychological stress and often want to commit suicide. It is important to pay attention to the mental state of the child and try to help him.

There are fewer victims of bullying among those initially supported by adults, who are helped to solve the difficulties encountered at school. If the child feels the support of the family, the probability that stronger peers decide to poison him, is noticeably reduced. Teenagers feel weak, due to which you can assert themselves, and those with whom it is better not to get involved. Even if such a person is physically weaker.

Self-contained children most often seek support not from their relatives, but among friends from social services. networks thus, falling under the influence of more experienced people in psychology, which lead them to suicide.

For example, 3 years ago, the sensational game “Blue Whale” appeared in the World, which just led teenagers to suicide.

The first reports of such games appeared in 2015 — “VKontakte” opened up a suicidal group, into which any teenager could enter, disappointed in life and secretly dreaming of going into another world.

The scandal around the “Blue Whale” erupted in Russia in 2016 — the Russian media wrote about the deadly virtual games whose victims were reportedly 130 teenagers who died in various circumstances from November 2015 to April 2016.

Accordingly, unambiguous conclusions were made about the relationship between the “Blue Whale” and the increase in the number of suicides of adolescents in Russia. Over time, the number of suicides continues to grow, and the communities about “whales”

are flourishing, however, not on VKontakte, but on Instagram and Twitter.

As it turned out, there were quite a few groups in which impressionable teenagers were provoked to suicide. The names of the most popular ones are: “Blue whale”, “Whales swim up”, “Wake me up at 4:20”, “f57/f58”, “Quiet house”, “Sea of whales”, “50 days before my…” [5].

We give the disappointing statistics of teenage deaths. In 2016, the percentage of teen suicides rose by almost 57% [6].

Projects to prevent bullying in schools exist around the world.

Consider some of them on the example of countries like Denmark, Russia and Estonia. In Denmark, such a project appeared in 2007.

Since 2007, Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark and Denmark’s Save the Children Alliance have been running kindergartens and schools in Denmark with the preventive program “Let’s free ourselves from bullying!”. The program focuses on preventing violence and bullying among children aged three to ten years.

Despite the fact that bullying is the most common in the upper grades of primary school, it is known that social patterns and behaviors that cause harassment are formed at a younger age. It is also known that if we want to finally get rid of the harassment, it is absolutely necessary to adopt more effective measures to counter the harassment. It is not a secret that harassment is an acquired pattern of behavior that occurs in poorly functioning teams, therefore preventing harassment and abandoning it is also possible only if we act together — and the sooner we pay attention to this problem, the better.

“Let’s free from harassment!” Is the first major nationwide initiative in Denmark against harassment in preschool and primary schools. The management of the “Free from Harassment!” Program and its development are implemented jointly with the Mary Foundation and the crown princesses of Denmark and the Red Barnet Denmark organization [7].

Since the launch of the program in 2007, its focus has been on social relations between young children and the prevention of harassment. Through teaching the children the basic social rules

that allow them to successfully communicate with their peers, the program “Let us be free from harassment!” Strengthens cohesion among children and the child’s understanding of their own role in the group. In a good children’s team, there is a high degree of mutual tolerance and respect, the children carefully and carefully treat each other, involving each member of the group. We can say that a good children’s team is resistant to harassment.

Particular attention is paid to the program “Free ourselves from bullying!” To raise awareness of the phenomenon of bullying of children and adults who are passive observers of this phenomenon — a witness to the unfair treatment of a child can change the situation. With the help of the materials of the “Free from Harassment!” Program, as well as related conversations and exercises, children and specialists are taught to prevent everyday harassment and harassment. Through the materials, the parents are also involved in the process, as the parent plays an important role in ensuring the well-being of the child.

Ten years ago, when the “Free from Harassment!” Program was just beginning, it was widely believed that the question of harassment among young children was not worth attention in principle — preventing harassment among young children was then an absolutely alien concept. In addition, another ten years ago, the persecution was considered a problem, the cause of which in the first place was the child himself — it never occurred to anyone that the phenomenon was a symptom of insecurity in a group of children.

To date, the “Free from Harassment!” Program portfolios exist in half of the kindergartens in Denmark and approximately 40% of the primary classes. Since 2007, about 20,000 professionals have participated in the “Let’s Get Free from Harassment!” Program, which examines measures aimed at preventing harassment. Since its introduction, “Let’s free ourselves from harassment!” Has helped to improve ways of discussing harassment, as well as raising awareness of specialists about harassment, putting it in the spotlight and preventing it. At the same time, we received confirmation that open, positive-minded children’s groups not only

help prevent harassment, but also have a positive effect on mental health and a sense of well-being of the child, which has a significant impact on the quality of life during adolescence and after reaching adulthood.

Today, few people doubt that baiting is a problem that tolerance and a positive attitude in children’s groups can most effectively overcome. We understand that for many specialists, working with a culture of behavior in general and with its role in it is a serious challenge. A separate challenge is the involvement of parents, and it is necessary, because parents must also be actively involved in the process. The task is to make specialists working with children, when discussing harassment, choose less familiar designs and convince parents in the context of harassment to think about the group of children as a whole, and not about individual children. However, there is no doubt that the most effective method of preventing harassment is a joint effort to create more tolerant groups of children, where every child can be himself and not be afraid of becoming an outcast.

In Estonia, modeled on Denmark, since 2010, the project “Free from Kindergarten and School” has been run by the non-profit association “Union for the Protection of Children” (Lastekaitse Liit). [eight.]

In the 2013/2014 school year, two anti-bullying programs are used in Estonian schools (initially as a pilot project) — KiV from Finland and Kiusamisvaba lasteaed ja kool (Kindergarten and school without harassment) from Denmark. Also, counseling in the field of education, aimed at the formation of value orientations, is offered by the Center of Ethics of the University of Tartu.

The movement of supporting students TORE gives students the opportunity to develop their social skills and thereby reduce harassment in schools.

The implementation of the project “Kindergarten without harassment”, based on the methodology of Danish origin, the nonprofit association Lastekaitse Liit started in 2010 in 10 kindergartens throughout Estonia. To date, 394 kindergartens have joined the project. In October 2013, in the framework of the same program, we

launched the pilot program “School without bullying” in 25 schools in Estonia.

The method of “Kindergarten and school without harassment” comes from the child and focuses on the entire group of children or the entire class. The goal of the “Kindergarten and school without harassment” method is to create a relationship between children of kindergarten and primary classes that take into account each other and a culture of behavior that prevents harassment when they treat each other tolerantly and with respect and when children take care of each other, intervene in cases of harassment and protect a companion who is unable to protect himself.

KiVa (Kiusamise Vastu Trust Fund Against Harassment): KiVa is an evidence-based anti-bullying program developed at the University of Turku with the support of the Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland. The effectiveness of KiVa is proven by a study containing a large random sample and a control group.

In Finland, KiVa is a popular program. 90% of all secondary schools are registered as schools using the KiVa program.

The KiVa program contains both universal and case-based actions to prevent harassment and to resolve observed cases.

Universal activities are aimed at all students in school. They contain efforts to influence group norms and to form in all children readiness for constructive behavior, to take responsibility for supporting the victim instead of supporting persecution.

In the 2013/2014 school year, the KiVa anti-baiting program was used as a pilot project in 20 schools in Estonia.

In 2017, an anti-bullying company appeared harassing in Russia [9].

Olga Zhuravskaya, President of the Galchonok Charitable Foundation and the ideological inspirer of the Trauli.net project, and Irina Pudovinnikova, Head of the Inclusive Education program, are about the only functions of the school, adequate parents, the “normality” of society and the harassment system in which we accustomed to live. In 2017, the foundation won the Presidential Grants Foundation contest and received money for the creation and implementation of the Trauly.net anti-bullying program in Russian

schools. The authors of the project want to create a safe atmosphere in schools and prevent aggression among children and adolescents.

With the help of interesting seminars, performances-verbatim involving children fully in the awareness of the problem and leading to methods of solving it.

The project “Tracty.net. Development and implementation of anti-bullying programs in inclusive schools” received a grant from the President of the Russian Federation in the direction of “support for projects in the field of science, education, enlightenment”.

Thus, we conclude that most people understand the urgency of this problem, and many government agencies create anti-bullying projects, which in the latter will help solve more than 50% of problems at school. But unfortunately, in these projects are carried out with difficulty, because here you need the desire not only of the state or social workers, but also the support of teachers, children, parents, but it is difficult to gain a favor among adults, as children try to hide this problem in their adolescent society, telling parents that “Everything is in order”, fearing to disturb them once more.

To prevent such situations, adults need to think about the attitude towards their children, pay more attention to communication with them, because when the child fully trusts the parent, he feels more comfortable and more confident without fear of condemnation from their side.

References 1. National Psychology Encyclopedia. Bulling. Retrieved from: https://vocabulary.ru/termin/bulling.html (accessed date: 21.11.2018).

2. Wikipedia — The Free Encyclopedia. Bullying. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying (accessed date: 21.11.2018).

3. Child development. Conflicts and bullying: basic forms of school hounding (bullying).

Retrieved from:

https://childdevelop.ru/articles/conflict/746/ (accessed date: 21.11.2018).

4. Woman Advice — Women’s internet magazine. Bullying — what is it, how to identify and deal with bullying at school, at work, in the family? Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2QUKIQw (accessed date: 21.11.2018).

5. Sputnik Georgia. Blue Whale Game, 2017: Latest News and Death Data.

— Apr 19, 2017.

Retrieved from: https://sptnkne.ws/ewsz (accessed date: 21.11.2018).

6. Miloserdiye — Orthodox charity portal. The number of suicides among adults has decreased, and among children it has grown. — Mar 22, 2017. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2AhtF0C (accessed date: 21.11.2018).

7. Kiusamisest vabaks! / Free of bullying! Danish project “Free yourself from being bullied!”: The creation of a cohesive team begins in early childhood. — Sep 29, 2017. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2TaSLVW (accessed date: 21.11.2018).

8. Lasteombudsman. Eliminate bullying at school. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2rWg4qQ (accessed date: 21.11.2018).

9. Aleksandra Zakhvatkina. Project “Travli.net”: how to protect children from bullying and why it concerns everyone. — May 17, 2018.

Retrieved from: https://www.asi.org.ru/article/2018/05/17/proekttravlin (accessed date: 21.11.2018).

10. Milkus A., Polukhin D. Research of scientists: every third child was hounded in the classroom. Retrieved from: https://www.kp.ru/daily/26784/3818744/ (accessed date: 21.11.2018).

11. Wendy M. Craig, Yossi Harel. Bullying, physical fighting and victimization.

Retrieved from: https://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/hbsc/books/2.pdf (accessed date: 21.11.2018).

The phenomenon of unemployment, its causes, consequences and solutions by the example of Denmark Katerina Schergraft, 3rd year student, the faculty of international relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, e-mail: rizorrax@yandex.ru Maria Steblevskaya, 2nd year student, the faculty of management and economics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow e-mail: suita99@mail.ru Abstract: This article will examine the phenomenon of unemployment, its causes and consequences, as well as the current situation of unemployment in Denmark, highlights the main indicators and ways to solve this problem using the example of Denmark.

Keywords: unemployment, labor market, struggle with unemployment, employment, employment, unemployment, consequences of unemployment, causes of unemployment, unemployment in Denmark, ways to solve unemployment on the example of Denmark.

Introduction Unemployment is common in all countries. Despite the different levels of unemployment, from the highest to the lowest, this problem is equally relevant in the sphere of the economy of all

states. The economy is an economic activity of a society that lives in a state, it is a combination of the relations of production, consumption, exchange and distribution that are taking shape among themselves.

Since one of the main problems of any modern state is unemployment and its further consequences, which worsen the economic life of the country, this problem of employment of the population has not bypassed Denmark, despite the fact that Denmark is a great country with a high standard of living and a relatively low level of unemployment. The economic indicators of this kingdom have achieved enviable progress, but here they continue to strive for new heights, including a further reduction in the level of unemployment.

Unemployment, as a general phenomenon, its causes and consequences

This is the main question that exists throughout the world: Unemployment is a problem that does not exist only in one place.

On the contrary, it is a global phenomenon that affects a number of places around the world. This issue should deal with even the most developed countries in the world.

Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon in which a part of the economically active population is not engaged in the production of goods and services. So unemployment is the predominance of labor over the demand for working labor within the state. Employment is one of the main criteria of the economy, with which you can determine the level of welfare of the country.

Moreover, employment is the activity of citizens associated not only with the satisfaction of their personal and social needs, but also an economically stable foundation for the state.

The main causes of unemployment are usually: — Technological replacement of labor, when in our time there is the possibility of replacing specialized robotics of several dozen workloads to perform a task, which significantly saves the employers budget;

— Demand, first of all, for highly qualified specialists with work experience, whose training does not need to be wasted time, money and time; — The problem of labor mobility, when a person cannot decide on a serious step of moving to a new place, if his current place is not sufficiently developed and is not able to provide him with the necessary work, therefore many prefer to stay with his family, but without the desired work; — Voluntary unemployment, this problem stems in part from the previous one: there are many people who are very specific in their choice of work, simply because they do not want to occupy a position that they would not like to mention in their resumes in the future.

In connection with the above mentioned factors, as well as many other possible causes of unemployment, the following consequences follow: — Reduction in GDP — the unemployed could produce goods and services and if they are not there, then the GDP will fall.

— The loss of tax revenues — the unemployed people do not earn and do not pay taxes. The government will have to cut the budget spent on public services.

— Increase in public spending — the state is forced to pay benefits to support the unemployed — less income and more spending.

— The growth of crime in the country — when bread winners in the family are not able to provide for their loved ones, they may begin to look for ways to earn money by illegal or even criminal means.

Unemployment, as a general phenomenon, its causes and consequences

This is the main question that exists throughout the world: Unemployment is a problem that does not exist only in one place.

On the contrary, it is a global phenomenon that affects a number

of places around the world. This issue should deal with even the most developed countries in the world.

Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon in which a part of the economically active population is not engaged in the production of goods and services. So unemployment is the predominance of labor over the demand for working labor within the state. Employment is one of the main criteria of the economy, with which you can determine the level of welfare of the country.

Moreover, employment is the activity of citizens associated not only with the satisfaction of their personal and social needs, but also an economically stable foundation for the state.

The main causes of unemployment are usually: — Technological replacement of labor, when in our time there is the possibility of replacing specialized robotics of several dozen workloads to perform a task, which significantly saves the employers budget; — Demand, first of all, for highly qualified specialists with work experience, whose training does not need to be wasted time, money and time; — The problem of labor mobility, when a person cannot decide on a serious step of moving to a new place, if his current place is not sufficiently developed and is not able to provide him with the necessary work, therefore many prefer to stay with his family, but without the desired work; — Voluntary unemployment, this problem stems in part from the previous one: there are many people who are very specific in their choice of work, simply because they do not want to occupy a position that they would not like to mention in their resumes in the future.

In connection with the above mentioned factors, as well as many other possible causes of unemployment, the following consequences follow: — Reduction in GDP — the unemployed could produce goods and services and if they are not there, then the GDP will fall.

— The loss of tax revenues — the unemployed people do not earn and do not pay taxes. The government will have to cut the budget spent on public services.

— Increase in public spending — the state is forced to pay benefits to support the unemployed — less income and more spending.

— The growth of crime in the country — when bread winners in the family are not able to provide for their loved ones, they may begin to look for ways to earn money by illegal or even criminal means.

Conclusion Thus, we can conclude that even in spite of the high standard of living of the state, the problem of unemployment, to one degree or another, is present in every country, which can be perfectly seen from the example of the Danish kingdom. But even whatever the scale of this problem, employment is the fundamental basis for the prosperity of any state, which is why this issue should always be on the list of the first concerns of the government and get the maximum social and resource returns, because preventing the problem at the beginning will require less effort and funds in the future.

References 1. V. Roik. Economics, Finance and Social Security Law: Institutions and Insurance Mechanisms // M.: Al’pina Pablisher.

2017.

2. J. Hobson. Unemployment Issues // M.: Librocom. 2017.

3. S.V. Ryazantsev, M.F. Tkachenko. The World Labor Market and International Migration // M.: Ekonomika. 2015.

4. Eurostat: your key to European statistics. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat (accessed date: 22.11.2018).

5. Statistics Denmark. Retrieved from: https://www.dst.dk/en (accessed date: 22.11.2018).

6. Trading Economics. Denmark unemployment rate. Retrieved from: https://tradingeconomics.com/denmark/unemployment-rate (accessed date: 23.11.2018).

7. Thomas Flensburg. Nye tal: Danmark er Europamester i at få arbejdsløse i job.

Retrieved from: https://politiken.dk/oekonomi/arbejdsmarked/art6215169/Danmarker-Europamester-i-at-få-arbejdsløse-i-job (accessed date: 23.11.2018).

Analysis of problems caused by gender-based stereotyping of modern society: Russian and Danish perspective Second place for “Best paper presentation” Polina Vishnyakova, 2nd year student, the faculty of International relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, e-mail: po.vishnyakova@mail.ru Roman Molkoedov, 2nd year student, the faculty of International relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, email: rmolkoedov@mail.ru Abstract: This article presents an analysis of the problems caused by significant influence of gender stereotypes on the development and functioning of modern society, identifies the main effects of the progressive impact of stereotyping on society, and reveals the main ways of separating gender identity and achieving gender equality.

Keywords: Gender, gender stereotypes, sexism, discrimination, role guidelines, gender identity, social pressure, behavioral model, individuality loss.

Even a brief glance at modern societies reveals a series of issues rooted in the process of continuous stereotyping of certain groups of population. The problems based on the principle of differentiation of gender characteristics have been thoroughly discussed in recent years, and their growing relevance still persists.

Considering the fact that women and men’s equal participation in political and economic life is the condition of paramount progress in the socio-economic development of any country, more and more countries in the developed world set the goal of achieving not only theoretical but also factual equality of both sexes in all manifestations of social life, including global rethinking of social roles of both genders, as well as equal rights and opportunities for representatives of any gender. The reassessment of gender values in the modern world is manifested in the form of social pressure on every member of both sexes, and as a result a new cult of sex identity is being established.

As experience shows, people base their judgment on the generally accepted standard patterns that define the image of a man or a woman, and at the first meeting the overwhelming majority of people assign the interlocutor not with the range of characteristics that he or she actually has, but with those qualities that, in their opinion, must unconditionally be present and satisfy inherent features of a particular gender. This is how stereotypes create bias in communication.

The outcome of the development of gender stereotypes and their global influence on the society is a series of negative consequences, such as sexism, suppressing the rights, social pressure, gender inequality and discrimination. The impossibility of separation from gender identity forms a certain standard of thinking and life principles making people not who they are but who fall into gender stereotype.

A person, wishing to be accepted and understood in the society and trying to conform to the established stereotyped patterns, represents himself in a socially acceptable model. However, being a unique individuality, he or she often fails in the process of identifying himself/herself and is subjected to all kinds of pressure from the surrounding society. Any aspect that does not correspond to the patterned set of ideas about a certain gender is the cause of infringement and oppression of human personality.

Thus, women are exposed to certain pressure due to the fact that they adhere to the ideas of being childfree, have no intention to get

married so that they avoid becoming incubators or domestic slaves in a male-dominant society.

In Russia, anti-abortion actions and speeches appear to be a typical phenomenon. Propagandistic advertising about raising the demographic level in the country as well as creating thematic propagandistic communities confirm dominating ideas that the woman’s body and life do not belong to herself. Such prevailing attitude to women results in discrimination, sexism and, as a result, restriction of opportunities for self-realization. Another common belief is that all men are polygamous. However, from biological point of view, it should be considered that only the type can be polygamous, not a gender, that means, all people, regardless of belonging to a particular gender, can possess polygamy. Russian society tries to control only female sexuality, thereby preaching monogamy.

Obviously, females are not the only ones who suffer from discrimination and prejudice. Males often become the target of oppression and ridicule for any manifestation of self-expression: clothing style, hair color, “unmanly” behavior, hobbies, views of life, etc. The article 59 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation implies the use of the death penalty only in relation to men. The article 57 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation refers to life imprisonment only for men. The article 49 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation proposes not to assign mandatory work for women with children under three years of age. The article 54 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation — arrest is not assigned to women with children under the age of 14 years [6].

In most cases, both women and men face the problem of the impossibility of self-realization in a certain aspect of professional activity due to the influence of gender stereotyping. For example, a woman’s desire to work certain positions in the processing of hot metal or as a repairman in certain industries would be doomed to failure because of the ban on the implementation of these professions in the Russian Federation. The principle of legal inequality of both genders is manifested in regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation. There is a Government Decree

prohibiting women from pursuing professional activities in 456 specialties [5]. For men, there is no such limitation.

Shifting the focus to the current situation in Denmark, it is worth mentioning that there is slight discrimination or bias between the sexes, but the society seeks to ensure equality between women and men and create equal opportunities for all. Therefore, in Denmark women are highly respected and they usually receive almost equal pay (the difference is only about 15—19%) and have access to top positions [10].

Figure 1 The ratio of women’s wages to men’s wages in Denmark, %

Source: author, based on The Local — Denmark’s News in English. Danish women earn 16.4 percent less than men.

Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2zuu5jS (accessed date: 30.11.2018).

In Denmark, 40% of the country’s labor force is female. The number of women in the workplace has increased significantly. As

a result, despite the reduction in working time and higher unemployment, adults have less free time than before. About 82% of men and 72% of women are actively working citizens. In some aspects, the role of the housewife has practically disappeared in Denmark. With the influx of women into the workplace, men “are more actively involved in child-raising activities than in many countries, although the division of household duties is similar to other developed countries.” This division of household responsibilities still makes the mother of the family more responsible for household duties. Danish women still do more housework than men. However, the division of labor in the family has become more equal, especially in families with small children, where the woman is younger, goes to work and has a higher education [9].

Thus, with the advent of equality, the Danish Institute for Human Rights was approved as a gender equality body (DIHR). The DIHR is authorized to promote, evaluate, monitor and support equal treatment of women and men without discrimination on the basis of sex. Anyone who believes they have been discriminated against on the basis of sex can contact the DIHR for advice and assistance.

The government began to pay great attention to the problem of gender-related education choices by young people. This choice is strongly associated with very traditional character of gender-related expectations and roles. Citizens began to realize the importance of abandoning these patterns, representing a person the opportunity to make their own choices, based on their abilities, rather than gender, so that women can fully participate in all spheres of society [7].

In Denmark nowadays men and women have the same political rights. After the 2011 general election, women made up about 39% of the members of the national parliament (68 out of 175 seats). All three government parties are chaired by women, and there are 11 women out of 23 ministers, which is 48%. The situation is improving in the world of business as well. Thus, in 2016 the number of women top managers among employees increased

to 2.4%, while the ratio of men in top managerial positions became 5.7%.

In the field of education, general equality is also a common prerequisite, regardless of ethnic background or gender. Any services in the educational sector are open to all female and male.

For 2017, the proportion of 30-34-year-old women who received a master’s degree made up 22.4% of the total number, while the same figure for men was 17.8% [8].

Making a comparison with Russia, it is true to say that the average salary for women is 72% of that of men [4].

Figure 2 The ratio of women’s wages to men’s wages in Russia, %

Source: author, based on The Village. The difference between women’s and men’s wages in Russia. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2E8pNTc (accessed date: 30.11.2018).

As mentioned earlier, the problem of the increased influence of gender stereotyping on modern society is one of those primary issues that need an urgent solution. There are a number of possible ways to improve the situation. However, it takes more than one decade to separate from gender identity completely and move to the gender equality throughout the world. To fight the establishment of standardized templates and to deal with the imposition of roleplaying behaviors, it is necessary to suggest conducting a gendersocial policy that involves introducing a gender-neutral language.

For example, at the level of lexis, using not a businessman or businesswoman, but a businessperson, or eliminating specific vocabulary indicating gender. Another measures could be the use of gender neutral vocabulary in the religious aspect like the rejection of the association with the pronoun “he”; providing a gender-neutral choice of clothing — a deviation from the bias towards men who prefer to wear dresses, heels, makeup, and women who make a choice in the direction of men’s styles of clothing.

Accordingly, the introduction of educational programs that develop culture of gender equality in schools and universities should help in enhancing the solution.

In conclusion, it should be noted that stereotyping based on differentiating gender identity in modern Danish and Russian societies is one of the most important problems that need urgent solutions. Any manifestation of violence in all aspects of human life, involving sex discrimination or imposition of role-based behaviors should be eliminated, while gender equality ideas should be popularized and promoted.

References 1. Bendas, T. V. Gender psychology. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007. — 431 p.

2. Ravin Connell “Gender and power. Society, Personality, and Gender Policy”- Series: Library of the Immaculate Reserve Magazine, New Literary Review Publishing House, 2015. — 432 p.

3. N.M. Rimashevskaya. “Gender stereotypes in a changing society. Experience of complex social research”. — Publishing house “Science”, 2009. — 273 p.

4. The Village. The difference between women’s and men’s wages in Russia. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2E8pNTc (accessed date: 30.11.2018).

5. Garant.ru. The decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 25, 2000, number 162 “The approval of the list of heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, during which the use of women’s labor is prohibited”.

Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2Qtb6Ql (accessed date: 30.11.2018).

6. Uk-rf.com. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2QuenyI (accessed date: 30.11.2018).

7. Dst.dk. Gender equality in Denmark. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2zw6teM (accessed date: 30.11.2018).

8. Europarl.europa.eu. The Policy on Gender Equality in Denmark — Update. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/1QIyY8j (accessed date: 30.11.2018).

9. Refworld.org.ru. The eighth periodic report of States parties due in 2013, Denmark. Retrieved from: https://clck.ru/EngJz (accessed date: 30.11.2018).

10. The Local — Denmark’s News in English. Danish women earn 16.4 percent less than men. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2zuu5jS (accessed date: 30.11.2018).

Denmark’s social policy Anastasiya Vorobets, 3rd year student, the faculty of International relations and geopolitics, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, e-mail: Anastasia.vorobets@gmail.com Diana Pecheritsa, 2nd year student, the faculty of Modern law, Institute of world civilizations, Moscow, e-mail: dianapecherica@rambler.ru Abstract: the article is devoted to the current topic of social policy, which is considered on the example of Denmark, since Denmark is a country that for many years has consistently been among the five countries with the most developed social security system in the world. The article aims to review and analyze the modern social policy of Denmark as well as the tax system. We will focus on the distribution of taxes on social benefits. Considerable attention is paid to the growth and decline of social benefits in Denmark such as pension benefits, unemployment benefits, education benefits, disability and sickness benefits, etc. Based on the analysis of income distribution, it can be noted that the high level of social programs in Denmark is provided by a high percentage of tax deductions of income of individuals and legal entities, which is also one of the highest in the world.

Keywords: politics, taxes, benefits, income, population, data, Denmark.

Social policy of any state is aimed at improving the livelihoods of the population. This task is implemented by various measures and is aimed at the redistribution of resources produced by society. The basis of financing of projects in the field of social policy is the state budget which is formed in its turn by tax revenues. Taxes are the

main guarantee of the existence of the state. However, the emergence of the idea of taxation was formed long before the emergence of the States themselves. The ancestor of taxes was “tribute”, which was collected in a natural way. The tax system, similar to the one we see now, began to develop only with the advent of States and money. The main difference between the primary tax system and the modern one is the absence of the first liberal approach to taxpayers, as they were often conquered peoples. Over time the situation has changed, and now the obligation to pay taxes fell on the shoulders of every member of society. As we can see, the process of formation of the tax system has passed a long, thousands of years way of development and continues to this day. The system of taxation is a set of legislative and other normative acts regulating the process of collecting tax payments from individuals and legal entities.

The tax code and laws on fees and taxes adopted in accordance with it.

Taxes perform the following functions: — Fiscal-filling the state budget, so that the government can fulfill its obligations to society; — Social-income redistribution in favour of the poor; — Regulatory-with the help of tax policy the state stimulates or hinders the development of a particular production [5].

As we can see, the tax system is the financial backbone of any state, the more stable it works, the more stable the economy of the state. The Danish tax system meets the standards of most European countries.

According to the data of the state statistics, at the end of 2017 the population in Denmark was 5 729 751. In 2017, the population of Denmark increased by approximately 24,021 people.

Given that the population of Denmark in the beginning of the year was estimated to be 5 705 730 people, the annual growth amounted to 0.42%, of which the working population — 3 302 955 people.

Denmark’s GDP for the year was DKK 2,178. 1 billion. At the same time, 1003.2 billion DKK were paid to the state budget as taxes, which is 46, 06% [3]. Thus, it can be seen that the percentage of tax

deductions in Denmark is one of the highest in the world. For comparison, Russia’s GDP for 2017 amounted to 92037.2 billion roubles, and tax payments to the budget of the Russian Federation — 17343.3 billion roubles, which is 18.7% [1].

Let’s consider what consumes a significant portion of tax revenues of the Danish budget. The general social security scheme of the Danish government in 2017 amounted to 359 629 000 DKK, or almost 56% of the state budget.

— Old age pensions, including for civil servants, early retirement and some other types of pension payments.

For 2017 their amount was 213 025 000 million DKK. In addition, it should be emphasized that during 2010 — 2017 the percentage of pension payments in relation to total social contributions has steadily increased. So, in 2010 57,55% were pension payments, in 2017 this percentage amounted to 59,23%.

— Unemployment benefits, on the contrary, in 2010 was 23 553 000 million DKK amounted to7,44%. In 2011 benefits began

to decline by 0.31% in the year and reached 5.26% in 2017, which is equal to 16 421 000 million Danish kroner.

— Disability and illness benefits also decreased in 2010, they accounted for 17 436 000 million Danish kroner, which amounted to 5.51% from the percentage of total transfers to households.

In 2017 disability benefits amounted to DKK 12 360 000 million.

— Education benefits (including scholarships and the state education Fund) increased by 23.83 per cent. In 2010 the study was 32 434 000 million DKK, and in 2017 amounted to 42 000 582 million Danish kroner.

— Maternity benefits increased by 6%, compared to between 2010 and 2017. In 2010 the allowance was $ 10 055 000 million DKK, and in 2017 reached 10 652 000.

— Vacation pay fell by 18.2%. In 2010, remuneration amounted to 967 000 Danish kroner, and in 2017 it amounted to 784 000 DKK. — Child and adolescent maintenance benefits have decreased.

Percentage of total transfers to households for child support in 2010 and teenagers amounted to 0.73%, which was equal to 2 320 000 million DKK, in 2017 the amount of transfers was 2 269 000 million DKK, which amounted to 0.63% of the total amount of transfers [4].

Vacation pay fell by 18.2%. In 2010, remuneration amounted to 967 000 Danish kroner, and in 2017 amounted to 784 000 DKK. Thus, in the Scandinavian model the state is the Central provider of social services. The market mechanism is used here for the purpose of more efficient functioning of the system and to the extent that its result can be assessed as politically acceptable.

State intervention may be justified to ensure a uniform profit, which can be calculated in terms of overall economic efficiency [6].

Given the above, it can be concluded that the social policy of Denmark has changed to subsidizing and supporting families with children and for education, pensions have also increased.

Accordingly, the benefits for the unemployed and disabled have decreased.

Shared transfers to households increased in 2010 by 43 285 000 million Danish kroner (12.4%).

References 1. Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation.

2. Country metors.

3. OECD better policies for better lives.

4. Statistics Denmark.

5. Knyazev V.G., Chernik D.G. Tax systems of foreign countries.

Tutorial. Moscow: 2016. p. 218; 6. Telkhigova M. Sh., Thesis, features of the economic development of Denmark at the present stage, 06.00.00., -M., 2012181 p.

Closing session: Team-building workshop (Irina Bjørnø) — “Economic problems and how to find an acceptable and sustainable solution. Social justice and sustainable solutions.”

Diplomas and closing

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[1] Decolonization is the process of granting independence and full sovereignty to dominions, mandated territories, colonies and protectorates.

[2] Sovereignty is the independence of the state in external affairs and the supremacy of state power in internal affairs. To denote this concept, the term state sovereignty is also used.

[3] Ethnos-in some theories of ethnicity, historically stable set of people United by common objective or subjective characteristics, in which different authors include origin, common language, culture, economy, territory of residence, self-consciousness, appearance, mentality and more.

[4] Missile defense (ABM) is a complex of reconnaissance, radio engineering and fire or any other types of activities (ballistic missile defense, etc.) designed to protect (defend) protected objects from missile weapons. Missile defense is very closely related to air defense and is often carried out by the same complexes.

[5] Subsidy-payments to consumers provided by the state or local budget, as well as payments of special funds for legal entities and individuals, local authorities and other States.

[6] Political integration is a process of rapprochement of political structures aimed at mutual cooperation.

[1] Commissariat of Internal Affairs [2] Department for Combating the theft of socialistic property [3] Federal penal service

[1] T.N. From top to bottom: Have you been a victim of bullying? Yes / No Have you been the initiator of the bulling? Yes / No Have you told your parents about what happened? Yes / No [2] T.N. Blue segment — Russia, Orange segment — Europe.