Advanced Research Studio 8020 UVA_Learning from Piura by Belen Gonzalez Aranguren

ARCH L e a r n i n g f r o m P i u r a

8020

Advanced Research Studio

Building Resilience in an Era of Climate Change Sandra Barclay, Principal Barclay & Crousse Associate professor at PUCP, Lima Jean Pierre Crousse, Principal Barclay & Crousse Associate professor and Director of the master Program In Architecture, PUCP, Lima BelĂŠn GonzĂĄlez Aranguren Partner at Aranguren&Gallegos Architects Assistant Professor University of Virginia

01 THE TEAM 02 INTRODUCTION 03 THE TRIP 04 STUDENTS PROPOSALS 4.1 Gourmelon Gaelle 4.2 Lyu Shixun 4.3 Wittkofski Nicholas 4.4 Murphy Chris 4.5 Kayne Cameron 4.6 Yang Yunfan

The team

13 people with one same objective

Barclay, Sandra + Crusse, Jean Pierre Architects + Visitor Professors UVA barclay@barclaycrousse.com crousse@barclaycrousse.com

GonzĂĄlez Aranguren, BelĂŠn Architect + Lecturer UVA bg4tz@virginia.edu

Feldman, Samuel Architecture (MArch) sef9h@virginia.edu

Wittkofski, Nicholas Burwell Landscape Architecture nbw3cu@virginia.edu

Murphy, Christopher Patrick Architecture (MArch) cpm6es@virginia.edu

Yang, Yunfan Architecture (MArch)/Ur yy3ec@virginia.edu

Spears,, Andrew Landscape Architecture (MLAR) sas2pq@virginia.edu

Shen, Jingyi Architecture (MArch) js5ug@virginia.edu

Gourmelon,, Gaelle J Landscape Architecture gjg5vz@virginia.edu

Lai, Shian Architecture (MArch) sl4tk@virginia.edu

Lyu, Shixun Architecture (MArch) sl9cy@virginia.edu

Kyne, Cameron Architecture (MArch) cbk3uv@virginia.edu 1

Introduction

Social context, site and program explanation

In recent years, we’ve been exploring how architecture can be more adaptative to changing conditions in society, climate and natural phenomena. The way it reacts to the environment is key to this adaptability, not by the use of sophisticated technology, which might be unaffordable and unavailable in many regions of the world, but, on the contrary, by learning on how societies from the past reacted to similar problems. This knowledge, if we learn how to understand it in the core, can inform us for imagining the future. A renewed approach to the traditional elements of architecture (space, time, matter) is necessary so “the concept of the site and the principal of settlement, the environment, becomes the essence of architectural production”1, as Vittorio Gregotti put it so well, and that most ancient civilizations did naturally. We live in times where “understanding climate change and its impacts on human culture is one of our great scientific challenges; responding to them will be a major test for global civilization.”2 The coast of Northern Peru has been subject to the dramatic effects of El Niño for over 5000 years, struggling at the same time with water scarcity and floods. Over millennia, a suite of agricultural, architectural, and cultural adaptations has allowed civilization to adapt in this harsh and hostile conditions. In this context, Perus coastal desert is an ideal laboratory for understanding how the desertification processes, droughts, extreme events and floods can make a population more vulnerable or more resilient, depending on how stubbornly they try to resist them, or how smartly they can live with them. All these phenomena will become more widespread with climate change and, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the most likely affected regions will be located in mismanaged developing countries. Learning from Piura can help us imagine how to develop affordable strategies for other regions in the world in order to make populations less vulnerable in the era we’re already living in. Traditional dwellings do not try to avoid the 10/15-year floods, they are built using local, plant-based materials in order to make reconstruction

easy, quick and affordable. During the flood, inhabitants relocate to higher grounds, including some pre-Columbian pyramids called “huacas”. Knowledge for resilience is already there and is conveyed by traditional construction. At the same time, it is menaced by the western approach of governments and urban inhabitants. The premise of our studio is to study how contemporary architecture might transform these traditions, build upon the wisdom embodied in their time-tested techniques, and extract ideas that could be used for widespread application. The studio doesn’t pretend to find solutions to global warming; it aims to raise compelling questions and spur imaginative design responses to living and building along with climate change. It focuses on the design of a crop- based Innovation Center for Resilient Building Knowledge in a 2000-year-old little town in the North coast of Peru, heavily affected by rain and flooding during the recurrent El Niño Southern Oscillation. The students, coming from both architecture and landscape backgrounds, approach this challenge by the doing, from the scale of landscape to that of architectural detailing. We present here the projects done by the option studio at the school of architecture of the Universtity of Virginia. We had the precious aid of Belén González Aranguren, teacher at UVA and co-instructor of this studio, who we deeply thank for her commitment in making it a compelling experience. 1.Vittorio Gregotti, address to the New York Architectural League, published in A1, no. 1,p. 8. 2.David Anderson, Kirk Maasch, Daniel Sandweiss, Climate Change and Cultural Dynamics, Academic Press, Oxford

by Sandra Barclay and Jean Pierre Crousse

SITE Narihualá as a case study, as a laboratory for climate change. A small town in Piura Region, located un a fertile valley that is flooded each 10 years with “El NIño” phenomenon. Regular period.

“El Niño” period. Each 10 years.

NARIHUALÁ

C L I M AT E â&#x20AC;&#x153;Understanding climate change and its impacts on human culture is one of the great scientific challenges of the 21st century; responding to them will be a major test for global civilization.â&#x20AC;?

“El Niño activity started some 5 thousand years ago, occurring every 50 years ca. and becoming more frequent around 3 thousand years ago, similar to present-day frequency.” David Anderson, Kirk Maasch, Daniel Sandweiss, Climate Change and Cultural Dynamics, Academic Press, Oxford

PROGRAM Innovation Center for Resilient Building Knowledge for Piura Region. This Innovation Center should serve as a shelter during ENSO. Should be a basecamp for reconstruction and bring services to the community.

RESILIENCE What is RESILIENCE? Is it about controlling water and avoiding destruction? or is it about making reconstruction easier and more affordable?

The trip

Peru future road trip

SCHEDULE

DAY 1: FRI, March 6th (Night in Lima) flight WASHINGTON - BOGOTA – LIMA (Arriving in Lima 9:15pm) DAY 2: SAT, March 7th (Night in Lima) 9am / UTEC Grafton’s UTEC 11.30am / Utec 12pm / Cantarana 1pm / Blue + Barranco 3 - 3:30pm / Barranco Museo Lum 3:30pm / LUM Barclay & Crousse’s Place of Remembrance - LUM 5:30 – 6:30pm / CONVERSATORIO Gustavo DIAZ – LUM 6.30pm / Lum – Hotel miraflores. DAY 3: SUN, March 8th (Night in Las Aldeas) 6am / pick up from Chorrillos 6:30am/ pick-up students from the hotel 8am / Visit Casa C4 Ancón (Barclay & Crousse) 9:30am / Departure to Caral complex, 2h40min 12:30 – 2:30pm / Visit Caral S/. 11 (US$ 4) 2:30 – 3:30pm / Lunch 3:30pm / Caral –2h40 6pm / Arriving Las Aldas,- Beach 8pm / Dinner at Las Aldas

DAY 4: MON, March 9th (Night in Trujillo) 5am / Las Aldas - Chankillo 30min 6:30am / Chankillo sun observatory sunrise at 6:06 9am / Las Aldas-Huaca de la Luna 3hrs 30min 12:30pm / Huaca de la Luna - Trujillo 3:30pm / visit Chan Chan S/. 11 (US$ 4) 6pm / visit Historical Center Trujillo+ buy lunch for Nacho’s house

DAY 5: TUE, March 10th (Night in Chiclayo) 7am / Trujillo - Zaña 3hrs30 10:30am / visit ruined colonial city of Zaña, 11:30am / Zaña – Ventarrón 1hr 12:30 – 4pm / lunch with Nacho and visit Ventarrón – guided by Ignacio Alva 5pm / Visit Edifico Fap and house by Chalo Palomino. DAY 6: WED, March 11th (Night in Piura) 9:30am / Sipan 12pm / lunch in Huanchaco 2:30pm / Lambayeque - Piura 3h00 5:30pm / Piura Visit City Center DAY 7: THU, March 12th (Night in Piura) Visit some communities in the rural areas of Piura and visit the site in Narihualá. Lunch in Catacaos Visit Edificio UDEP DAY 8: FRI, March 13th (Night in Lima) Visit Edificio UDEP Studio Session: Discuss propositions with models after the visit to the site 6:30pm / Flight from Piura airport to LIMA airport (LATAM)

DAY 9: SAT, March 14th (Night in Lima) Museo Larco Closing lunch Limaná Visit Historical Lima

DAY 10: SUN, March 15th 1:20am / Night flight LIMA – BOGOTA - WASHINGTON

DAY 7 //

UDEP

DAY 7 //

DAY 6 // Sipan

Chan Chan // DAY 4 Chan Chan Trujillo // DAY 4 Trujuillo. (NIght in Trujillo)

visit ruined colonial city of Zaña

Zaña // DAY 5

P t or irp a a iur

Lunch with Nacho and visit Ventarrón

DAY 5 (NIght in Chiclayo)

Ventarrón // DAY 5

CHICLAYO //

Fli gh

m ro tf

DAY 5 // Edifico Fap Visit Edificio Fap and House by Chalo Palomino

DAY 6 // Lambayaque

Narihualá

DAY 7 // Catacaos

DAY 6 - 7// PIURA (2 Nights in PIura)

ITINERARY

) pm :30 6 ( rt po air A LIM

CARAL

DAY 1 AND 2 // (2 Nights in LIma) UTEC Grafton’s UTEC Cantarana Blue + Barranco LUM Barclay & Crousse’s Place of Remembrance CONVERSATORIO Gustavo DIAZ – LUM

LIMA

Chankillo sun observatory sunrise

Chankillo // DAY 4

DAY 3 // Casa C4 Ancón Barclay & Crousse Visit Caral

( Night in Las Aldeas) Arriving Las Aldas,- Beach Dinner at Las Aldas

Hotel Las Aldeas

5pm) A (9:1 – LIM

DAY 3 //

OTA OG -B

Huaca de la Luna // DAY 4

ON GT IN

Huaca de la Luna

flig ht W AS H

UTEC UNIVERSITY LOCATION: Lima, PerÃº ARCHITECTS: Grafton Architects, Shell Arquitectos YEAR: 2015 STUDENT: Murphy, Chris

UTEC, the University of Engineering and Technology, is a new campus which integrates a graduate school and a cultural center. The program for the project includes an auditorium, research laboratories, classrooms, research offices, a library, meeting rooms, and social areas which include a public theater, exhibition spaces, a cafe and a restaurant. Within Lima the building responds to the scale of the city and traffic to the north and breaks down in scale to the south where there is a more residential scale. A cliff highlights the boundary between the ocean and Lima. Grafton architects were influenced by this boundary and Lima’s relationship to the Pacific Ocean. The UTEC is therefore conceived of as a “new cliff”. This man-made cliff reinforces the boundary of the campus to the city and its main facade faces a busy highway . The more public buildings such as the theatre, movie venue, auditorium and conference rooms are located at the base and provide stronger connection to the public and encourages an interface of the University with the city. The man-made cliff’s circulation structure weaves and climbs the facade providing layered perspectives of circulation and broader views of the city. The architects sought this external circulation to also serve the metaphor for the ethos of the University where the life of students on campus cross paths with research live in interesting and dynamic ways as “interaction and overlap are encouraged” (Grafton Architects’ website). While the steep cliff face embraces the highway the circulation embraces the rest of campus and softens this experience with a series of exterier cascading gardens. Reinforced concrete structural plates provide the structural support. The geometry of the the structural plates are composed of “A” sections (Grafton Architects description provided to ArchDaily). and the composition of the volumes supported by these plates create the impression of the man-made cliff that Grafton Architects intended. The building is 10 floors with a large garden area at level 6 and the roof at level 9.

SECTION 26

CARAL LOCATION: Valle de Supe (182 km north of LIma) ARCHITECTS: Caral civilization YEAR: 3000 a.c. STUDENT: Gourmelon, Gaelle

CONTEXT Caral-Supe is found 23 kilometers from the coast and 25 meters above the floodplain on the south side of the narrow Supe Valley. It covers over 600 hectares (1500 acres) and is concentrated within a central zone of 65 hectares (160 acres). It was the most important site of the 18 surrounding settlements, seven of which are clustered nearby. The area is enclosed by foothills that open into a series of narrow passes. During the rainier seasons (January to April), the river fills its bed and separates the valley in two. However, during drier periods, irrigation waters are limited to springs, or puquios, and distributed using canals. Caral is the oldest known city in South America, laying the groundwork for later Nazca and Inca culture. Built over 4,500 years ago (in 2900 BC) through organized labor and social hierarchy, the site was constructed around the same time as the Giza Pyramids in Egypt. It was the center of economic, political, religious and social life in the region. The Supe Valley culture developed over a series of periods from about 3000 BC to 1800 BC. First, people started managing wetlands and farming based out of small nucleated settlements. From 3000 to 2600 BC, urban zones began to form. Plazas and large buildings emerged. These were later enlarged and, by 22001800 BC, some structures were remodeled. In 2100-1800, some architectural elements were buried and the city was abandoned. LAYOUT Caral-Supe combines large public buildings with residential zones. There are six large platform mounds, numerous smaller mounds, two ceremonial sunken circular plazas, residential architecture and various other complexes. The site marks the first use of platform mounds associated with sunken plazas in an architectural complex. The largest structure, the Piramide Mayor, is 160 m by 150 m and is 18 m high. The heaviest stone on the structure weighs approximately 500 kg (over 1,100 pounds). The city of Caral was likely conceived as a calendar with each major building relating to a deity and astral position. Special festivities likely took place in certain buildings at certain points of the year. 30

TECHNOLOGY Astrological markers: a stone monolith, la huanca, was likely used for astronomical studies. It is found in the plaza created by three pyramids. Material layering: construction materials were placed in alternating layers. Cut stone, river cobbles, and cut stone rubble fill were used. The rubble was placed in shicra bags, mesh bags made of reed fibers. These bags are believed to provide some seismic resistance to the constructions. The walls were covered with plaster and painted. Some relief details are still visible. Perpetual fires: five altars with underground ventilation ducts allow fires to burn continuously using wind

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Political and social ideologies of the Caral culture became the “mother culture” of other societies. Social and governance layers included: Ayllu: family groups (about 100 invidivuals) that worked the land or fished, giving their chiefs part of their harvest Pachacas: settlements with independent economies, leaders, and gods integrated by economic (irrigation), religious (gods), and cultural (ceremonies) links. Curacas: chiefs of pachacas who directed farming, economy, religion and construction. Sayas: “halves” of the valley divided seasonally by the Supe River Icho Huari and Allauca Huari: the “first person” and “second person” who had authority over each saya Huno: leader of both sayas, representing unification; lived in the capital city of Caral; received taxes in provision of services

Beyond these structures, some expert groups arose, including those who recorded information, prepared calendars, managed canals, experimented in agricultural production, practiced medicine, led design and construction, and made musical instruments. SOURCES Caral Peru (2015) The Caral-Supe Civilization: 5000 years of Cultural Identy in Peru - Zona Arqueológica Caral. https://issuu.com/zona_arqueologica_caral/docs/ libro-caral-supe-2005-ingles Solis R.S., Haas J., and Creamer W. (2000) Dating Caral, a Preceramic Site in the Supe Valley on the Central Coast of Peru. Science, Vol 292. Solis R.S. (2006) America’s First City? The Case of Late Archaic Caral. In: Isbell W.H., Silverman H. (eds) Andean Archaeology III. Springer, Boston, MA. UNESCO. “Sacred City of Caral-Supe (UNESCO/NHK)”. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=6RDOuSCp9VM Visit Peru. “Caral - Supe: The oldest civilization in the Americas - HQ”. https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=k68CVL8LCXw

CHANKILLO LOCATION: Casma district, Ancash region ARCHITECTS: Old civilization YEAR: 2000 years ago STUDENT: Shen, Jingyi

Archaeological evidence indicates that Chankillo may be the earliest known astronomical observatory in the Americas. Built over 2,300 years ago, the site includes a temple, a plaza, and thirteen towers constructed from cut stone. The complex lies in the coastal desert of Peru near the Casma-Sechín river basin. Recent excavations indicated that Chankillo was occupied for a relatively short period of time between the mid-fourth century B.C. and the early first century A.D. but was subsequently abandoned, most likely due to violent conflict. In 2007, Chankillo was identified as an early astronomical observatory. Chankillo is unique among ancient observatory sites because of its multiple observation points; similar sites around the world contain only one point of astronomical alignment, which does not provide the measurements needed to track the passage of time over a full year. The thirteen towers of Chankillo, situated between two observation platforms, span the entire annual rising and setting arc of the sun, which gradually shifts along the horizon over the course of a year. The inhabitants of Chankillo would have been able to determine the date with an accuracy of two to three days by watching the sunrise or sunset from the correct observation platform. Using the site as an observatory would have allowed the inhabitants to regulate the occurrence of seasonal events, including planting and harvest times, as well as religious festivals. The archaeological evidence at Chankillo suggests that sun worship existed in the Andes around two millennia before the well-known sun cult of the Inca Empire. Chankillo was included on the 2010 World Monuments Watch to raise awareness of the threats facing the site. Strong winds, humidity, and temperature fluctuations in the rough desert climate, as well as earthquakes, have caused erosion, loss of mortar, and weakening of the stone masonry elements of the site. As a result, multiple stones have become dislodged, causing structural instability and the gradual collapse of walls. After inclusion on the 2010 Watch, WMF supported the Chankillo Revalorization and Sustainable Development Project, partnering with the Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueológicas (IDARQ), and the Ministry of Culture of Peru. The project received financial support from the ANTAMINA mining company, Asociación Ancash, the British Peruvian Cultural Institute, OHL, the Provincial Municipality of Casma, and the U.S.-based Selz Foundation. 40

Since 2011, the project team has been undertaking excavations to research and document the site, and to establish the legal delimitation of the site. A social component of the program, called Public Archaeology, involved community members and other stakeholders through workshops, polls, and focus groups with the goal of determining long-term management and educational proposals. In January 2013, Chankillo was included on Peruâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Tentative List for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List, due in part to our project there. In 2016, Chankillo received a grant from the U.S. Department of Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation, as well as additional funding from the Selz Foundation. The funding enabled WMF, in collaboration with an international team of architects, archaeologists, conservators, and engineers to perform integral conservation and preventive measures on the thirteen towers at the site. Although Chankillo remains on the Tentative List, one of the goals of our current project is to prepare the site for nomination to the World Heritage List. Therefore, further funding from the Municipality of Casma and WMF also supported the development of a Site Management Plan, a requirement of the World Heritage nomination.

HUACA DE LA LUNA LOCATION: Casma district, Ancash region ARCHITECTS: Sechin civilization YEAR: 5000 years ago STUDENT: Spears, Stephen

Huaca de la Luna, or Huaca la Luna, is the temple of the Moon, built by the early Moche civilization whose rule extended along the Northwestern Coast of Peru for over 1000 years. It was built second to the Huaca del Sol, which sits just northwest of it in the Moche River Valley region of Peru. It is constructed of layer after layer of adobe bricks with layers often covered in incredible murals. Between the two pyramids was an “urban area” full of residences and so on. According to some sources, during its last phase, the Moche people in their capital reached near 10,000 people and spread 5km round this central point. Santiago Uceda joined Ricardo Morales in beginning work at Huaca de la Luna in May 1991, after Ricardo discovered polychrome murals on the interior walls of the Huaca, which during the 70s and 80s was vulnerable as a source of looting during a corrupt rule. Eventually Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, and private businesses such as the Backus Corporation, have joined in in the work of discovery and preservation. It is these blood sacrifice rituals that are commemorated in friezes and the ceramics of the Huaca de la Luna. The friezes include representations of the creator god Ayapec, known as “the Decapitator”. Often depicted as half man-half jaguar, this idol was the focus of the worship rituals led by priests who had been consuming the hallucinogenic drug mescaline, found in San Pedro cactus.

This site is considered the capital of the Moche southern territory and as such holds special significance within the Moche region in general. Therefore, the archaeological investigations have been very important to the people of Peru. The Moche Empire lasted from roughly 100 to 700 A.D. and was centered around its own Huaca, the Huaca de Moche. The environment here is also rough and arid, so in order to successfully farm they engineered irrigation canals and temples and blood sacrifices to appease the gods, who were believe to control the weather. Around 536, a super El Nino brought 30 years of rain and 30 years of drought, which devastated the Moche culture. Different groups have moved through this area since then, including the Chimu people and the Incas. The Mural of myths in Huaca de la Luna is one of many colorful friezes on the walls of the Huaca. The Huaca itself is made of successive entombments of older structures, each made of adobe. Six construction phases took place through the Mocheâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 600 year existence here and can be understood and unraveled when digging through the enormous platforms connected to four plazas and the many covered patios, enclosures linked by ramps and corridors, and comprising multiple levels to this large adobe construction.

The Huaca de la Luna is smaller than the Huaca del Sol, reaching only 20m high and having only 50 million adobes. The adobes themselves have been the focus of serious investigation, as it turns out they are encoded with symbols and clues as to who was responsible for their production and therefore give clues as to who was responsible for building the Huaca itself. More than 100 different markings have been discovered on the surfaces on these bricks. And in each of the construction segments, 85-95% of adobes have only one type of manufacturer brand, which suggests that a particular community or group was responsible for working on that particular segment. The adobes of Unit 16 are rectangular and sometimes contain markings. Most of them were made in wooden molds with smooth sides, but some of them were made in cane molds. The tell-tale sign is the rows of parallel grooves on both sides of the bricks. It has been argued that the various stages of construction and construction in segments is purely technical â&#x20AC;&#x201C; this could have made the buildings more structurally sound in the event of Earthquakes. However, there is no reason for adobes with different brands to be given a technical reason and therefore it is easy to confirm their use in a social function. Since its opening in 2011, the tourist circuit created by teams working on the Huaca, has led to an award as one of the ten-best managed sites in Iberian-America by the Secretary of Tourism of Spain and also the IV Reina Sofia Award for Conservation and Restoration, a few years prior, in 2006.

SOURCES Huaca de la Luna. (n.d.). Atlas Obscura. Retrieved March 2, 2020, from http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/huaca-de-la-luna Sutter, R. C., & Verano, J. W. (2007). Biodistance analysis of the Moche sacrificial victims from Huaca de la Luna plaza 3C: Matrix method test of their origins. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20514 Uceda, S. (2016). Huacas del Sol y de la Luna Project: Inclusion with Local and Regional Social Development. In A. P. Underhill & L. C. Salazar (Eds.), Finding Solutions for Protecting and Sharing Archaeological Heritage Resources (pp. 121â&#x20AC;&#x201C;133). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20255-6_9 51

CHAN CHAN LOCATION: Casma district, Ancash region ARCHITECTS: Trujillo YEAR: 600 d.c. STUDENT: Wittkofski Nicholas

Chan Chan was the capital of the kingdom of the Chimor, or Chimu civilization, which existed between A.D. 850, fully replacing the Moche civilization in 1200, to 1470, and spread over 600 miles from Lima to just south of present day Ecuador. Within the capital, the populations are estimated to have reached 60,000. Due the the extensive irrigation network of canals diverting water from the Moche river, the region became very fertile. The ruins of Chan Chan span nearly roughly 14 square km, with the original site reaching 20 square km. 6 square km of the complex are part of the urban zone, where 10 palaces or walled areas were built as well as 35 architectural units and semi-monumental ensembles, 6 huacas, ceremonial roads, and 4 extensive neighborhoods. The city generally doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have a recognizable center, but rather is a dispersed network of blocks that are interspersed with canals, lakes and wells. 10 large rectilinear enclosures, cuidadelas, are aligned with the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s North-South axis. In the remaining 8 square km are several huacas, agricultural plots and a circulatory network connecting the city. The cuidadelas contained temples, cemeteries, gardens, reservoirs, and symmetrically arranged rooms. These are speculated to having belonged to the aristocracy or royal families, being their residential spaces, burial spaces, and storerooms. It is thought the Chimu royal inheritance system was in title only, not in wealth, as a result the ruling heir would build a new royal palace, while the late rulerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s family would inherit the previous royal palace. This theory is thought to explain the relatively large number of palace compounds in Chan Chan, and its benefit would be grounded in the necessity of the new ruler to engage in expanding the empire to fund his reign. Chan Chan is generally characterized by three scales of architecture: the monumental, the intermediate, and the slum architecture. The monumental consists of the cuidadelas, which are surrounded by massive adobe walls. These compounds contain large numbers of courts, storerooms, corridors, gardens, reservoirs, and symmetrically configured rooms. The formal arrangements of these structures indicate a high level of planning and organization within the enclosures. Of the 10 cuidadelas, 6 are divided in an internal tripartite configuration, where the north, central and south sectors are partitioned by high

walls. The remaining four have a similar organizational strategy, but lack the tripartite division. The intermediate structures are comprised of rectilinear enclosures that reflect the architectural features of the monumental scale, but are, as their name indicates, smaller in almost every way. The layouts also lack the same organizational strategy as their larger counterparts, indicating a lesser degree of planning in their construction. This category is broken down into two subsections, higher and lower units, which correspond to their degree of complexity. The higher units are composed of a large number of formally composed courts, storage complexes, a minimal amount of occupational refuse, and connecting corridors. The lower units lack the complexity of the higher category, and have a high degree of domestic refuse. The intermediate architecture falls within the core of the site, embedded in the monumental enclosure. The prominent features of the monumental and the higher intermediate architectures is the concentration of large room complexes, found arranged in rows. Early speculation of these spaces assumed that they were residential or workshops, however the lack of domestic refuse as well as the inconvenience of the high stepped entrances (with regard to potential workshop spaces) challenge these assumptions. Lack of remains on site suggest that these spaces were cleaned out after the site was abandoned. It is now commonly believed that these functioned as storerooms, as they show a resemblance to the Inca qollqas, which were circular but critically included a stepped or niched entrance in their respective highland sites. Access to the storerooms were controlled by U-shaped audience/ritual rooms, or audiencias. These rooms are roughly 4 square meters, were elevated, and at the time gabled rooves. The U-shaped rooms have been the subject of much study. Already mentioned are the audiencias, but there are also variants of that type, trocaderos, trocadero variants, arcones, auxilios, and rural audiencia variants, however the traditional audiencia is the most common U-shaped structure, and they are characterized by 6 interior niches, 2 per wall. Its variant typically bears additional features such as extra niches, or different types of niches. The trocadero follows the same layout as the audiencia and its variants, however it has 3-4 troughs in lieu of niches, each

lining a wall, and their variants bear modifications or additions, such as a different layout, more troughs, or different trough types. Arcones were smaller structures with low walls, lined with bins, deeper than troughs, and greater in number, often 6-9. The auxilios were small structures surrounded by low walls, sans niches, troughs or bins, and their walls were adorned with decorations in the form of moldings, relief friezes, and ornamental brick arrangements. The rural variant on the audiencia find their forms in either U or C-shaped layouts, all bear niches, though their quantity and forms vary. Additionally their method of construction and material choices differ from their counterparts within Chan Chan, some constructed from cobble stones and silt mortar, or tapia walls capped with adobe.

The slum architecture is true to characteristics generally attributed to it. Small, irregular, and agglutinated rooms. Many of these rooms are not surrounded by walls, and are not clearly delineated. Further, it lacks the planning evident in the monumental and intermediate architecture categories. As could be assumed, these units represent the smallest and crudest constructions in the site. They are found at several locations in the core, and found in concentration at the western periphery. While the function of Chan Chanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architecture has been the topic of debate, what is commonly accepted is that the differences between the large enclosures and the surrounding units suggest that the city was a stratified society. The monumental enclosures have been speculated to be many things: one is that they were craft-specialized barrios, another is that the city was a large military garrison, where the enclosures served as barracks and ceremonial centers, and it has also been considered that the enclosures were a conglomeration of industrial, residential, market, and ceremonial.

Conjectural reconstruction of a trocadero in the annex of cuidadela Gran Chimu. Drawing by Carlos Felipe.

Trocadero

Audiencia

U-shaped structure seriation at Chan Chan

Conjectural reconstruction of a court with an audiencia and an auxilio in the north sector of cuidadela Tschudi. Drawing by Carlos Felipe.

ZAÑA LOCATION: Capital of the Saña district, in the province of Chiclayo of the Lambayeque Region ARCHITECTS: Baltasar Rodriguez YEAR: 1563 STUDENT: Feldman, Samuel

Zaña lies southeast of Chiclayo in a fertile agricultural region. It has come to be known as a “ghost town”, as it is replete with ruins that date back to the Spanish colonial period. The skeletons of convents and cloisters dot the village and fields as eerie reminders of a past that had seen destructive forces of the conquistadors, pirates, and El Niño floods. The current residents trace their roots back to those who remained despite the destruction and decay.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA Zaña had been settled for millennia by indigenous inhabitants long before the Spanish arrived. However, in the 16th century the Zaña valley became a powerhouse for the conquistadors owing to the plentiful gold and silver deposits in the surrounding hills. The town of La Villa de Santiago de Miraflores de Zaña was officially “founded” in 1534 by the Spanish, and soon rose in economic status through trade and agricultural production. The village was situated in an ideal position between the fertile Jequetepeque and Lambayeque river valleys, making it an important intermediary between larger cities. Moreover, it sits in the Zaña River Valley, capable of producing maize, fruit, and other high-yield crops. Eventually it became established as the most significant city in Peru’s northern coast, ahead of Trujillo, and became the home of many Spanish elites. At its height, the city was so prosperous that there was talk of making it the capital of Peru. DECLINE Zaña’s reputation for wealth became known throughout the region, and this eventually gave way to a series of pirate attacks led by Edward Davis on Zaña starting in 1686. The pirates made off with all forms of wealth and trade goods, leaving the city with almost nothing. Moreover, the Spanish used slaves to protect and maintain Zaña’s economic status. Some slaves were taken from the surrounding Andean communities, while some were imported to the continent from Africa to work in the mines and to protect the city’s wealth from being stolen.

Some of the Spanish slave-owners, fearing the raids, left everything in the care of their slaves while they escaped to Trujillo. Those Africans took a stand, rebuilt the town, and resumed the rituals and ceremonies of their homeland, despite the pushback from the remaining Spanish. While the economy recovered from the pirate raids and flourished for a short time despite random pirate attacks and instability in the surrounding region, an El Niño event in 1720 caused the eventual destruction of Zaña. The torrential rains caused the Zaña River to overflow, destroying nearly everything in the city in a massive flood.

CURRENT The skeletal remains of cloisters and convents are what we see today as remnants from this era. The most impressive ruins include the San Augustine Convent, which was built in 1586. Visitors are drawn to the convent for the open-air nave and the frescoes that are still visible on the walls. Arches from cloisters dot the fields and plazas of the village, and contribute to the feeling that it is abandoned as it had been in 1720 when the Spanish fled. However, it was only the Spanish that fled. They had been convinced that it was the slaves’ retention of old traditions brought God’s wrath and destruction to the city. The part of the story that is forgotten is that the black population, freed from their enslavers, remained in the city. The Spanish never returned, and today many of the residents are descendants of the African slaves who remained. There is a surviving idea that Zaña is a ghost town, when in reality it has a population of over 1,000 residents, a plethora of remarkable ruins, and the country’s only Afro-Peruvian museum. The site has been named a “Memorial site and African cultural inheritance” by the Ministry of Culture and UNESCO. The environmental conditions of the North Coast of Peru posed many challenges for both pre-Hispanic and colonial peoples, and this El Niño event which caused the eventual demise of Zaña can serve as a lesson for us as we develop our studio project.

01. Parque Principal 02. Cerro Corbacho 03. Rio y puenta colgante 04. Iglesia Matriz 05. Iglesia San Francisco 06. Iglesia La Merced 07. Convento San Agustin 08. Via a Cayalti 09. Capilla Sto. Toribio 10. Pirámide El Potrero 11. Via a Chiclayo 12. Parque La Virgen 13. Cerro La Horca 14. Paseo Malambo 15. Cementerio 16. Collegio 10020 17. Centro de Salud 18. Colegio Sto. Toribio 19. Instituto Mayorga

Plan of Zaña

Plan and Axon of San Augustin Convent 70

BIBLIOGRAPHY Atlas Obscura. “The Not-So-Abandoned Town of Zaña.” Accessed February 29, 2020. http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/zana. Cultural and Travel News Peru. “Colonial Town of Zaña in Northern Peru Now ‘Memorial Site and African Cultural Inheritance,’” June 8, 2017. https://www.dosmanosperu.com/news/colonial-town-zana-northern-peru-now-memorial-site-african-cultural-inheritance/. National Geographic Society Newsroom. “Zaña, Peru: The Town That Almost Was,” July 30, 2014. https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/07/30/zana-peru-thetown-that-almost-was/. World Footprints. “ZAÑA – the Peruvian Ghost Town That Still Lives,” October 31, 2016. https://worldfootprints.com/zana-the-peruvian-ghost-town-that-still-lives/.

V E N TA R R Ã&#x201C; N

LOCATION: District of Pomalca, in the province of Chiclayo, of the Department of Lambayeque. ARCHITECTS: Moche civilization YEAR: 4500 years ago STUDENT: Lai, Sihan

Huconduc itabemul hos verum missent vil tua me nem te perfeconfic re fuissis erecons upplicivis et poenihiciae, ut virmisque rei ponduc iam, pes rei confenam es Ventarrón is the site of a 4,500-year-old temple with painted murals, which was excavated in Peru in 2007 near Chiclayo, in the Lambayeque region on the northern coast. The site was inhabited by the Early Cupisnique, Cupisnique, Chavin and Moche cultures. On 12 November 2017, a fire, reportedly caused by farmers burning nearby sugar cane fields, damaged much of the site. Located in a valley, the complex covers about 2500 square meters (27,000 square feet).The site is about 12 miles from Sipán, a religious and political center of the later Moche culture, which flourished from AD 1 to AD 700 (about 2000 to 1300 years ago). It is about 760 km (470 mi) north of Peru’s capital of Lima. The central complex of Ventarron also includes the archaeological site of Arenal, located on a hillslope to the northeast. The temple and murals were radio carbon dated to 2000 B.C., and are thought to be the oldest discovered in the Americas. One mural on two walls depicts a deer caught in a net; another has an abstract design in red and white.The temple was constructed of bricks of river sediment rather than the stone or adobe later to be traditional in the area; its construction is unique for the northern coast. It contains a stairway leading to a fire altar. Walter Alva, the Peruvian archaeologist making the discovery, commented on the findings: “What’s surprising are the construction methods, the architectural design and most of all the existence of murals that could be the oldest in the Americas. He said, “The discovery of this temple reveals evidence suggesting the region of Lambayeque was one of great cultural exchange between the Pacific coast and the rest of Peru.” The team discovered likely ceremonial offerings, including the skeletons of a parrot and a monkey, which would have come from Peru’s jungle regions, and shells typical of coastal Ecuador. These indicated the range of exchange.

Alva and his team worked three months on the excavation. They said that the culture that built the temple had intentionally buried it when finished with its use. This helped to protect it for thousands of years. Locals have dug away at the site, taking blocks to use in constructing their own buildings. Much of the Ventarrón site had been looted in 1990 and 1992, but the thieves had not found the temple. In the 1980s Alva led the discovery of the tomb of the Lord of Sipán and other elite ancient people at the Moche center, a much later culture whose people also were based in Lambayeque. The royal tomb included generations of burials from about 300 AD, or 1700 years ago. Since 2007, the excavations have been directing by Ignacio Alva who has unearthed several phases of human presence in the temple and made important new discoveries such as an ancient frieze in high relief retaining their original colors with typical Cupisnique iconography. Actually, three temples have been discovered in this area in recent years. A Cupisnique adobe temple was discovered nearby in 2008; this site is now known as “Collud”. This temple sheds some light on the connection between the Cupisnique and the Chavin because of shared iconography. The Chavin people who came after the Cupisnique built a temple adjacent to Collud about three hundred years later; this location is named “Zarpan”. All three temples are close together, and form a single archaeological site. There are numerous shared elements between these locations. “During the Formative Period, probably beginning in the Initial Period, the Collud-Zarpán site, situated at the northwest end of the Huaca Ventarrón Complex, was the valley’s theocratic capital. It covered more than 2 square kilometers of ceremonial architecture spread between two mounds aligned east to west.” The Moche civilization (also known as the Mochica) flourished along the northern coast and valleys of ancient Peru, in particular, in the Chicama and Trujillo Valleys, between 1 CE and 800 CE. The Moche state spread to eventually cover an area

from the Huarmey Valley in the south to the Piura Valley in the north, and they even extended their influence as far afield as the Chincha Islands. Moche territory was divided linguistically by two separate but related languages: Muchic (spoken north of the Lambayeque Valley) and Quingan. The two areas also display slightly different artistic and architectural trends and so the Moche state may be better described as a loose confederacy rather than a single, unified entity. The Moche were contemporary with the Nazca civilization (200 BCE - 600 CE) further down the coast but, thanks to their conquest of surrounding territories, they were able to accumulate the wealth and power necessary to establish themselves as one of the most unique and important early-Andean cultures. The Moche also expressed themselves in art with such a high degree of aesthetics that their naturalistic and vibrant murals, ceramics, and metalwork are amongst the most highly regarded in the Americas. MOCHE The capital, known simply as Moche and giving its name to the civilization which founded it, lies at the foot of the Cerro Blanco mountain and once covered an area of 300 hectares. Besides urban housing, plazas, storehouses, and workshop buildings, it also has impressive monuments which include two massive adobe brick pyramid-like mounds. These monumental structures, in their original state, display typical traits of Moche architecture: multiple levels, access ramps, and slanted roofing. The larger â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;pyramidâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is the Huaca del Sol, which has four tiers and stands 40 metres high today. Originally it stood over 50 m high, covered an area of 340 x 160 m, and was constructed using over 140 million bricks, each stamped with a makerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mark. A ramp on the north side gives access to the summit, which is a platform in the form of a cross. The smaller structure, known as the Huaca de la Luna, stands 500 metres away and was built using some 50 million adobe bricks. It has three tiers and is decorated with friezes showing Moche mythology and rituals. The entire structure was once enclosed within a high adobe brick wall. Both pyramids were constructed around 450 CE, were originally brightly coloured in red, white, yellow, and black, and were used as an imposing setting to perform rituals and ceremonies. The Spanish conquistadors later diverted the Rio Moche in order to break down the Huaca del Sol and loot the tombs within, suggesting that the pyramid was also used by the Moche for generations as a mausoleum for important persons. 79

SIPÁN

LOCATION: Lambayeque river valley, in the Saña district of the Chiclayo province of the department of Lambayeque. ARCHITECTS: Moche civilization YEAR: 3rd century STUDENT: Lyu, Shixun

SIPÁN

Sipán is an archaeological site where royal tombs were discovered and excavated between 1987–1990, a fairly recent find in the last 30 years, and is considered to be a very important archaeological discovery. Many of the tombs were looted, yet the artifacts that remained and were discovered by archaeologists play an important role in understanding the Moche rulers and tradition. Tombs have been found also in Sipán’s Huaca Rajada, an area near Chiclayo. The tombs in the area are of adobe construction, of pyramidal shape, and have now shown erosion which could have been exacerbated over time by successive El Niño events. There is very little research on the commoners of Sipán, yet it is well known that the commoners often paid a tax through labor which allowed for the creation of the burial platforms for the Lords of Sipán. These platforms and other adobe structures are often made with marked adobe bricks which tracked this labor in order to pay off taxes. Other than providing labor for the Lord there is very little known specifically about Moche commoners from Sipán. Huacas like Huaca Rajada were built by the Moche and other South American cultures as monuments. The Huaca Rajada monument consists of two small adobe pyramids plus a low platform. The platform and one of the pyramids were built before 300 CE by the Moche; the second pyramid at Huaca Rajada was built about 700 CE by a later culture.Many huacas were looted by the Spanish during and after the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire; the looting of huacas continues to be a problem in many locations. In early 1987, looters digging at Huaca Rajada found several objects made of gold. A disagreement among the looters caused the find to be reported to the local police. The police raided the site, recovering a number of items, and alerted Dr. Alva. The tombs of Sipán allowed for archaeologists and anthropologists to get a better understanding of the Sacrifice Ceremony of the Sipán rulers that had been illustrated on murals, ceramics, and other decorative goods. The Sacrifice Ceremonies were often depicted with prisoners among gods or royalty. The tombs at Sipán showed that rulers actually took part in such Sacrifice Ceremonies when looking at the artifacts uncovered including: adornments and a headdress that matched

LOCATION OF HUACA RAJADA The Moche tombs at Huaca Rajada are located near the town of Sipán in the middle of the Lambayeque Valley. Sipán is in the Zaña district in the northern part of Peru. Close to the coast, it is about 20 miles east of the city of Chiclayo and about 30 miles away from Lambayeque.

Students proposals 10 points of view

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E L TA L L E R :

N A R I H UA L Á’ S E V O LV I N G W O R KS H O P

Gaëlle Gourmelon Sandra Barclay, Principal Barclay & Crousse Associate professor at PUCP, Lima Jean Pierre Crousse, Principal Barclay & Crousse Associate professor and Director of the master Program In Architecture, PUCP, Lima Belen González Aranguren Partner at Aranguren&Gallegos Architects Lecturer University of Virginia

E L TA L L E R Abstract

El Taller begins and exists as a workshop. The project takes its cues first from local materials and production techniques, then from their climatic applications and, finally, from how these materials respond to existing conditions in the community. The site is meant to be in constant evolution, providing flexible spaces made of mostly perishable—but easily producible—materials. The design centers on an elevated surface, needed to provide protection from decadal El Niño events that flood the town of Narihualá and its surrounding area. However, the episodic nature of the flooding requires that the space exist as more than a simple refuge. A series of workshops, a laboratory, offices and pedagogic centers can systematize the pursuit of learning about traditional construction materials and techniques, varying them through new technologies as needed and disseminating them to other coastal regions of Peru. Starting with a basic kit of parts and suggesting a starting condition and connection with the village, this project follows three guiding objectives: 1) to gather knowledge and people, 2) to protect the community, and 3) to connect to the ground and the village. The most economic measures are considered first. The result is a highly terraced ground that allows for movement and gathering, gridded evenly by bamboo poles, and capped with a single slanted roof. Flanking the lifted ground is a soccer pitch, reoriented but kept in its original location as a community asset and existing attractor. Terraced crops lie to the East to support research in dry years and provide construction materials after flooding years. Ultimately, this project seeks to catalyze a process of appropriation. It raises the ground to serve as a protective space, but then seeks to become an evolving part of Narihualá.

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SITE CONTEXT

SITE: FLOODING VALLEY Narihualá is found within a green, fertile flat valley that floods approximately every ten years during El Niño events. The site is less than 2 kilometers from the Piura River to the West.

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CASE STUDIES

E X P L O R AT I O N S

LOCAL KNOWLEDGE, PIURA Narihualรก has a strong tradition of working with reeds to make mats, roofs, walls and handicrafts.

PROTECTIVE ROOFING, CHAN CHAN A light-weight, low-cost roof structure archeological sites in Chan Chan

CHAN CHAN TOURIST STATION The new tourist station by Utopos Studio reacts to the materials of the archeological site and conveys lightness through bamboo and reed construction.

HOUSE 4, APAN HOUSING LABORATORY House 4 by Rozana Montiel Estudio uses roofing to extend the liveable space of a building with simple materials.

protects

HUACA PUCLLANA, LIMA After weathering, the layered structure of Limaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s huacas are exposed

GRAN HUACHAQUE, CHAN CHAN The ceremonial pond of the Chan Chan archeological site is stepped to allow for various water levels.

RIVER THEATER, CHICAGO This Sasaki design uses steps as public space, allowing people to move across and through or simply to sit and observe.

MIL CENTRO RESTAURANT This restaurant design Estudio Rafael Freyre celebrates materials and light. Its simplicity helps it to blend into the terrain.

M AT E R I A L I T Y

CELEBRATING MATERIALS Early looks at how to design a reed workshop and harvest area tuned into light, replaceable materials grown on site

E X P L O R AT I O N S

BAMBOO

PRODUCTION

01 CUT

02 TRANSPORT

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03 LEACH

04 DRY

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AA B SS ME BM OB OLY A S S E M B LY

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AA B SS ME BM OB OLY DIMENSIONS

SIDE

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FRONT

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AS R EE SD E MP RB O DLY UCTION

01 CUT

02 TRANSPORT

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03 CURE

04 CLEAN

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AS R EE SD E MA SBS ELY M B LY

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AS R EE SD E MD IB M ELY NSIONS

SIDE

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FRONT

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AS DS OE BM E BP RLY ODUCTION

01 MIX

02 FORM

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03 DRY

04 STACK

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AS DS OE BM E BA SLY S E M B LY

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AS DS OE BM E BD ILY MENSIONS

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SIDE

TOP

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TOP

FRONT

SIDE

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AS C OS RE RM UG B LY AT E D S H E E T

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A S S E M B LY

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AS C OS RE RM UG B LY AT E D S H E E T

DIMENSIONS

SIDE

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FRONT

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AS S PA SC EE MB A SLY S E M B LY

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A G G R E G AT I O N

EARLY CONCEPTS Early sketches show an interest in working within the villageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s existing linear layout and exploring staits as long connectors

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E X P L O R AT I O N S

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A G G R E G AT I O N

E X P L O R AT I O N S

LINEAR TESTS Early modeling explored how having two axes for the design could extablish breaks in a continuous stair feature along the soccer field

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OBJECTIVES

flexib

hiera

GATH

CONNECT

mobility through programs relationship to village

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bility of use

archy of public spaces

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PROTECT

all-season comfort El Nino event protection

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S T R AT E G Y

1 | ORIENT TO COMMUNITY The design footprint is aligned with existing facades and bounded by the extension of existing roads.

3 | SCALE Spaces are conceived at 12 meter widths to fit into the existing grain of the community.

5 | STEP ACROSS Comfortable stairs are placed at the ends of movement corridors to allow for movement across the structure.

7 | ADAPT TO TOPOGRAPHY Expand and terrace crops to create various soil moisture conditions and access to canals.

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flexibility of use hierarchy of public spaces

GATHER

CONNECT

2 | LIFT AND SINK Spaces that are needed during high water times are lifted. Agricultural zones are sunken to reduce root distance to the water table.

PROTECT

mobility through programs

all-season comfort

relationship to village

El Nino event protection

4 | SINK TO CONNECT Spaces with strong relationships to the ground are sunken to facilitate access.

6 | CREATE SPACES Notch base to create terraces, seats, and gathering places.

8 | WEAVE INTO TOWN Use village cues to determine locations for cross paths and pedestrian access.

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S T R AT E G Y

9 | BREAK UP SPACES Place bamboo pillars to create 12x12 meter rooms and 3-meter wide corridors.

11 | TILT Tilt the roof to provide protection from afternoon sun and to create a diversity of spaces.

13 | FILTER Cover some roof openings with permeable reed mats to reduce heat but allow light.

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flexibility of use hierarchy of public spaces

GATHER

CONNECT

PROTECT

mobility through programs

all-season comfort

relationship to village

El Nino event protection

10 | COVER Place a single roof onto structure to shield from the sun, protect from rain, and unify the space.

12 | CUT Puncture roof to allow for more light and create spaces of gathering.

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S TA R T I N G P R O P O S A L

ROOF protects from sun and rain unifies the spaces below creates a variety of volumes determines brightness of spaces

PILLARS structure spaces establish corridors provide support for roof provide support for light walls

BASES lift bamboo poles up from water create constant datum over modulated ground

GROUND protects from high water events connects high and lowpoints creates hierarchy of spaces provides seating

CONTEXT aligns with existing structures adapts to topography retains soccer pitch space

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STRUCTURE

SOCCER PITCH/ MARKET PLACE

ADOBE

COTTON

REEDS

BAMBOO

50 meters

STRUCTURE

50 meters

GROUND: MOBILITY RAMPS FOR HEAVY GOODS

WORKSHOPS AT GROUND LEVEL FOR EASY ACCESS TO CROPS

RAMPS FOR EASY ACCESS

MULTIPLE WELCOMING THRESHOLDS ON VILLAGE EDGE CROSS-CORRIDOR SPINE

STAIRS AT 12-METER INTERVALS

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PATHS AT 12-METER INTERVALS, ALIGNED WITH STAIRS

CROSS-PATHS ALIGNED WITH EXISTING VILLAGE ACCESS

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GROUND: PEDAGOGY

TERRACED EDGES CREATE VISUAL CONNECTION TO CROPS SHOWCASE OF TRADITIONAL MATERIALITY, COMMUNITY CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE MEETING SPACES

SMALL DUG ZONES TO CONNECT SPACES WITH CROPS

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DIRECT VIEW OF CROPS AND MAINTENANCE FROM VILLAGE

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GROUND: FLEXIBILITY

WIDE STEPPING CAN SERVE AS SEATING, PATH OR EDGE

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LARGE SURFACES CAN BE SUBDIVIDED

SMALLER SUNKEN SPANS CAN BE COVERED FOR EXTRA SPACE IN HIGH WATER EVENTS

MULTIPLE THRESHHOLDS ALLOWS HIGH WATER TO COVER SPACES PROGRESSIVELY

TERRACING CAN EASILY SHIFT BASED ON CROP NEEDS

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PILLARS: STRUCTURE 3-METER CORRIDORS SIGNAL CROSS FLOW 12x12 METER SPACES CAN BE SUBDIVIDED EASILY WITH MODULAR UNITS

FORKED PILLARS SUPPORT LARGE SIMPLE ROOF

BASE POSTS K DRY AT ALL LEV

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KEEP BAMBOO EEP BAMBOO VELS VELS

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ROOF: COMFORT

OPENINGS ALLOW FOR LIGHT INTO BUILDING

LARGE ROOF PROVIDES EXTENDED SHADE

SLANT PROVIDES ADDED PROTECTION IN THE AFTERNOON SUN

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LIFTED ROOF PROVIDES WIND CIRCULATION FROM SOUTH BREEZE

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ROOF: HIERARCHY

OPENINGS CREATE DISTICT MOMENTS

LOW POINTS CREATE INTIMACY, KEEPS URBAN EDGE WITHIN HUMAN SCALE

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HIGH POINTS CR WORKING SPAC

REATE CES

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TYPICAL USE

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FLOODED USE

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CROSS-SECTIONS

CROPS

COMMUNITY CENTER

CROPS

COMMUNITY CENTER

CROPS

COMMUNITY CENTER

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VIEW/ STORAGE

PEDAGOGICAL D

DIP

PEDAGOGICAL DIP

SOCCER PITCH

SHADED SEATING

SOCCER PITCH

SHADED SEATING

SOCCER PITCH

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LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS

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CONNECTION TO SITE

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SCALE BALANCES WITH HUACA

GRID LOOSENS WITHIN TOWN

GRID TIES IN AT KEY LOCATIONS at EDGE ALIGNS WITH THE MAIN ROAD BRINGING VISITORS IN

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FLOODED ACCESS

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BUILDING CONNECTS TO ROAD THAT RARELY FLOODS (LOWEST POINT SLIGHTLY RAISED)

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I R R I G AT I O N

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WATER FROM NORTH CANAL IS CLEANER & IS BROUGHT CLOSE TO BUILDING

POLLUTED WATER FROM MAIN CANAL PARTIALLY CLEANED BY REED CROPS

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B U T T E R F LY V I L L A G E Shixun Lyu

Sandra Barclay, Principal Barclay & Crousse Associate professor at PUCP, Lima Jean Pierre Crousse, Principal Barclay & Crousse Associate professor and Director of the master Program In Architecture, PUCP, Lima Belen Gonzรกlez Aranguren Partner at Aranguren&Gallegos Architects Lecturer University of Virginia

B U T T E R F LY V I L L A G E Abstract

This project is located at Narihuala, Piura region, Peru. Narihuala is in a Tropical Semi-arid climate zone. Summers are hot, oppressive and overcast. Winters are long, comfortable and windy. The site is relatively warm and humid throughout the year, with low precipitation concentrated in March. The Predominant wind is from south.The latitude of the location is very close to the Equator (5 degree south) so the site suffers from intense sunlight. Based on the environment the project sited, the main goal of this project is to create a comfort living and working condition for all the programs by applying a series of sustainable cooling strategies. This would be achieved by three fundamentally different means: Heat Avoidance, Passive Cooling, and Mechanical Cooling. They follow the hierarchy from high to low in terms of making it sustainable efficiently, So in our case, we primarily focus on the first 2 means. In Heat Avoidance, as we could not find a suitable site under existing or natural canopy. The project has to be protected by himself. So we are using Double Roof strategy and Double facade strategy. From the sun-path diagram, we could conclude that the most vulnerable faces from direct sunlight are South, East and Rooftop. So we implement double or triple layers to mitigate heat radiation penetration. And heat could be taken away by wind that goes through between layers. In Passive Cooling, we primarily use Mass Cooling and Natural Ventilation Strategies. In our case, Concrete as the thermal mass material could absorb and store heat energy, delaying temperature variation between day and night. The most important part in passive cooling is Natural Ventilation. We primarily use Venturi Effect and Bernoulli Principle as our guide theories for section design. In brief, air flow that goes through narrow space would increase its velocity and cause a reduction in fluid pressure. In addition, there are a few design factors that help natural ventilation: (Climate Responsive Design: A Study of Buildings in Moderate and Hot Humid Climates) 1.Reduction of plan depth and increase openness of section to facilitate cross-flow and vertical flow of air 2.Optimum orientation of rooms to the prevailing breeze and the linkage between windward side to utilize pressure difference 3.Maximize skin opacity through the number and size of opening. Horizontal versus vertical stacking of openings 4.Reduction of internal obstructions. Orient partition wall to the predominent wind direction. 5.Site selection and building situation to increase exposure to airflow effect. Besides, an essential factor to our site is that it suffers from El Niño, an abnormal weather pattern caused by the warming of the Pacific Ocean near the equator, off the coast of South America. It occur irregularly approximately every two to seven years, and dramatically affect the site causing major flooding and heavy precipitation. As a result, the project should have the ability to transform to adapt with extremely abnormal weather conditions. After a number of prototypes were studied, the “butterfly prototype” was chosen for the following reasons. 1.The ground floor, which will be primarily occupied by workshops, becomes an open space. Air flows will speed up at ground floor and blow away the heat generated by occupant labours. 2.Second floor is primarily occupied by labs, offices, and classroom, which are more relatively closed spaces. So we based on venturi effect, exhaust hot air from the middle of the room. 3. Light weight roof and wind catcher is operable. These element could fold down during the El nino period to help drainage. In terms of the site selection, we choose the area that is enclosed by the village and the Huaca. Trying to complete the village to form a rational and regular village fabric. The project also created a new Huaca as a high ground, functioned as emergency shelter during the El nino and it directly connected to the existing Huaca. Bridges will connect all the units to form a network in this village. It acts as a necessary connecting bridge during the El Nino and acts as a canopy during normal years. All the material in this project could be accessed from local easily, They include concrete, bamboo, adobe, timber, etc. Concrete and timber contribute to all permanent elements such as foundation, load bearing wall, structural column and beams. Bamboo and adobe consist all the lightweight fences, wind catchers and upper roofs. Those elements are deliberately divided into modules that are easy to transport or implement. They are also low cost and easy to be rebuilt after damage. Different wall types were developed by these materials to achieve various openness and cross ventilation maximization. The ultimate goal of this project is to create a system prototype that could expand as a network and be applied in other tropical areas with the same weather condition. Construct comfort spaces to facilitate the village through cost-saving and sustainable ways. 2

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CLIMATE

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AVERAGE DAYTIME TEMPERATURE

The hot season is from Jan to Apr, with average High Temperature of 33°C to 32°C. Night Temperature varies from 22°C to 24°C. The comfort cool season is from Jun to Sep with average High 27°C to 28°C, Night 17°C to 19°C.

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AVERAGE NIGHTTIME TEMPERATURE

Based on the Average Hourloy Temperature Chart, The comfort hours are from 7PM to 6 AM. While the Daytime ( 6 AM to 7 PM ) is hot and warm most of the day. During the hot season, Outdoor temperature from 1-7 PM could be harmful.

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CLOUD COVER CATEGORIES

Narihuala is overcast through most months excep at the comfort cool season from Jun to Sep. The percentage of time spent in each cloud cover band categorized by the percentage of the sky covered by clouds.

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HUMIDITY COMFORT LEVELS

Though Narihuala located at Tropical Arid Climate Zone, Piura reagion is an exception. The relative humidity is high at the hot seasons. Muggy and humid will last almost all year. The percentage of time spent at various humidity comfort levels, categorized by dew point.

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B R  F

PARCIPITATION | MONTHLY RAINFALL

The average rainfall (solid line) accumulated over the course of a sliding 3 7-day period centered on the day in question, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted line is the corresponding average liquid-equivalent snowfall.

190

PREDOMINENT WIND DIRECTION

The predominent wind direction thtough all season is from SOUTH excluding hours in which the mean wind speed is less than 1.6 kph. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries are the percentage of hours spent in the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).

191

ENVIRONMENTAL

STRATEGIES

NO.1 HEAT AVOIDANCE DOUBLE ROOF STRATEGY

MULTILAYER FACADE

MASS COOLING

NATURAL VENTILATION

FAN COOLING

AIR CONDITIONING

NO.2 PASSIVE COOLING

NO.3 MECHANICAL COOLING

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NATURAL

VENTILATION

PLAN DEPTH REDUCTION

NATURAL VENTILATION

MAXIMIZE SKIN OPACITY

OPTIMUM ORIENTATION

INTERNAL WALL REORIENTATION

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197

SECTIONAL

PROTOTYPES

198

BUTTERFLY

PROTOTYPE

199

AIR

FLOW

SIMULATION

Ventilation Cooling Before

Ventilation Cooling After

200

Temperature Comparison

Wind Speed Comparison

201

PRELIMINARY

STUDY

MODEL

202

203

204

205

TOPOLOGY

PROTOTYPES

EXPANSION MODEL

N-S SNAKE MODEL

HAIRPIN U MODEL 24

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L-SHAPE MODEL

SPINE MODEL

O-LOOP MODEL 25

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BLEND

INTO

VILLAGE

The final selection of topology prototypes is the three spine model. It fully integrated into the village, compl will avoid the existing building but expand beside them. Three spines have a 30-meter distance to allow air butterflies are allowed to extend no more than 50 meters to keep the permeability from the village to the f

The Spine Model also created a new Huaca as a high ground, functioned as emergency shelter during t to the existing Huaca. Bridges will connect all the units to form a network in this village. It acts as a necess Nino and acts as a canopy during normal years.

208

lete the village boundary. The layout rflow clearance, And on each spine, field.

the El nino and it directly connected sary connecting bridge during the El

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SITE

BEFORE

210

SITE

BEFORE

211

214

SECTION

PERSPECTIVE

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216

SECTION

PERSPECTIVE

217

218

SECTION

PERSPECTIVE

219

220

SECTION

PERSPECTIVE

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SECTION

222

PERSPECTIVE

THERMAL

PERFORMANCE

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224

225

CLASSROOM

LECTURE PAVILION

RECEPTION / AUDITORIUM

MARKET PLAZA

226

BAMBOO WORKSHOP

RESTROOM

CHIEF OFFICE

MEETING

HYBRID WORKSHOP

TOOL STOREROOM

COMMUNITY PAVILION

RAW MATERIALS STOREROOM

GROUND

FLOOR

PLAN

227

CLASSROOM

DIGITAL LIBRARY

MATERIAL RESISTANCE LAB

CHANGING

MEETING

NORMAL

DAY 50

228

CHIEF OFFICE

ADMIN OFFICE

BIOLOGY LAB

MECH

KITCHEN + STOREROOM

DINING HALL

COMMUNITY PAVILION

ADOBE WORKSHOP

WEAVING WORKSHOP

SECONG

FLOOR

PLAN

229

CLASSROOM

DIGITAL LIBRARY

MATERIAL RESISTANCE LAB

CHANGING

MEETING

NINO

PERIOD 52

230

CHIEF OFFICE

ADMIN OFFICE

BIOLOGY LAB

MECH

KITCHEN + STOREROOM

DINING HALL

COMMUNITY PAVILION

EMERGENCY SETTLEMENT

WEAVING WORKSHOP

SECONG

FLOOR

PLAN

231

CLASSROOM + DIGITAL LAB The Classroom is located on the northwest corner of the community. DIrectly connect to the soccer field through a runway corridor. Roof extended to the neighboring Lecture Pavilion. Vertical connection located in the center. The facade is made of the concrete low wall and folding windows.

232

233

LECTURE PAVILION The Lecture Pavilion connected to the school classroom with a shaded courtyard. The facade on all sides is made of bamboo to filtering the harsh light. It will be flooded during El Nino so all the furniture is flexible to be moved.

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RECEPTION + OFFICES The reception hall is located close to the center of the village, the depth is being maximized to contain a larger indoor event for the community. The chief office is isolated and elevated to accommodate the topo and to gain a better view of the workshop in the foreground

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237

BAMBOO WORKSHOP + LAB This project is located at Narihuala, Piura region, Peru. Narihuala is in a Tropical Semi-arid climate zone. Summers are hot, oppressive and overcast. Winters are long, comfortable and windy. The site is relatively warm and humid throughout the year, with low precipitation concentrated in March.

238

239

SERVING CENTER This project is located at Narihuala, Piura region, Peru. Narihuala is in a Tropical Semi-arid climate zone. Summers are hot, oppressive and overcast. Winters are long, comfortable and windy. The site is relatively warm and humid throughout the year, with low precipitation concentrated in March.

240

241

HYBRID WORKSHOP + BIOLOGY LAB This project is located at Narihuala, Piura region, Peru. Narihuala is in a Tropical Semi-arid climate zone. Summers are hot, oppressive and overcast. Winters are long, comfortable and windy. The site is relatively warm and humid throughout the year, with low precipitation concentrated in March.

242

243

THE NEW HIGHGROUND (HUACA) This project is located at Narihuala, Piura region, Peru. Narihuala is in a Tropical Semi-arid climate zone. Summers are hot, oppressive and overcast. Winters are long, comfortable and windy. The site is relatively warm and humid throughout the year, with low precipitation concentrated in March.

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

FUNCTION

ALTERNATION

252

253

254

255

256

257

MARKET

STREET+PLAZA

258

ELEVATED

PLATFORM

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

1,251

ELEVATION

50x50 mm

WEAVING

50x100 m

1,910

STE

CORR

PLYWO

80 mm FO

80x80 m

TIMB

C 9,152

BAMBOO F

TIE RO

WEAVING

50x50 mm

3,000

CON

CONCRE

WOOD BI

STEEL BA

C 600

600

9,152

2,400

STEEL

270

DETAIL

SECTION

50x50 mm WOOD FRAME WEAVING CARRIZO REED 50x100 mm WOOD JOIST STEEL BOLT ø30 mm

CORRUGATED METAL PLYWOOD SHEATHING 80 mm FOAM INSULATION 80x80 mm WOOD JOIST

TIMBER ROOF BEAM STEEL COPING

STEEL JOINT MEMBER CONCRETE BEAM BAMBOO FACADE ø 50 mm

TIE ROPE 2m SPACING WEAVING CARRIZO REED 50x50 mm WOOD FRAME

STEEL HANDRAIL CONTINUOUS HINGE CONCRETE SLAB 150 mm

WOOD BIFOLDING DOOR STEEL BALANCE WEIGHT REBAR ø10 @150 CONCRETE STAIR

271

ENVELOP

EXPLODED

272

SEISMIC

RESISTANCE

273

274

275

276

277

DEVELOPMENT

102

278

PHASES

103

279

104

280

FUTURE

APPLICATION

1 km

105

281

282

106

283

284

ARCH O R G A N I Z I N G G R O U N D

8020

Nicholas Wittkofski

285

ORGANIZING GROUND Abstract

Piura exists in an arid climate with minimal rain averaging 49 mm/1.9â&#x20AC;? between the months of January to April, however, during El NiĂąo Southern Oscillations (ENSO), the region is inundated with upwards of 1,800mm/73â&#x20AC;? of water. The practice of building in settlements such as Narihuala is one that embraces destruction. Using locally sourced, cheap materials, residents build knowing rebuilding is required once every 5-10 years. The Narihuala settlement is named as such due to its proximity to the archaeological site, composed of two huacas, bearing the same name. These huacas have become refuge during the flood periods, despite it being a study site. This project seeks to create new occupiable spaces for the residents of Narihuala, productive and community serving during the dry years, as well as emergency refuge and flood protection during flooding. The intervention finds its form in earthworks aligned along a new grid extending out from the existing neighborhood, and connecting with the huaca remains. Pavilions are situated along the new grid, serving civic and agricultural functions for the community. The roof structures provide shelter from both the scorching sun, as well as the rain during the ENSO deluges. The new grid meets the existing, organically formed grid, and establishes new order for the settlement, and connecting to the huaca. The football pitch is reoriented to the existing settlement, and sets the datum and dimensions for the rest of the grid. Surrounded by a dike that doubles as stadium seating, the pitch serves as the primary public space for the entire community together. As the pitch is an entrance and hub for gathering, the new buildingcomplexes and infrastructure sprawl out eastward. Buildings with a more community serving program, such as the clinic, pedagogic center, and common services, are situated closest to the existing community. Buildings on which the community as a whole relies are placed on the extremities of the grid. As it happens, these buildings rely more on raw materials, either clay or agricultural cultivation, for their purposes. The agricultural test plots are sited in excavated plots, drawing them closer to groundwater, as well as allowing them to collect the little rain that falls. Adjacent to the plots, the land is raised and covered, providing shelter from the sun, and a large enough workspace for preliminary processing of the crops. During ENSO, the workshops and covered areas of the dikes provide shelter and temporary housing for those who need it. The dikes, having connected to the higher ground of the Huaca, are expected to protect much of the settlment from the catastropic floods.

RESEARCH

CAM THANH 1+1>2 architects used local materials to create a community center flexible in its program as a result of unfixed partitions.

AVANT-GARDE RURALATION LIBRARY AZL Architects restored the existing structure using vernacular materials and marrying it with new introduced spatial qualities, particularly the lifting of the roof.

288

CAPE RUSSELL RETREAT Sanders Pace Architecture designed this structure for ease of fabrication and water reclamation. The cedar screen provides privacy, put permits natural light.

OBSERVATORY IN THE DESERT Contemporary Architects Association engaged in a design bulid of a small adobe observatory.

ADOBE Formworks are commonly made from wood, but can be fabricated out of metal. Require handles for lifing, as well as regular cleaning.

ADOBE Drying occurs between 2-3 days in summer, and several weeks in winter. After casting, when bricks are dry enough to handle, they are flipped for even drying.

WATER HARVESTING Low tech water harvesting techniques often use simple berms to collect rain or floodwater, and hold it in place, allowing for groundwater recharge.

WATER HARVESTING

289

CHAN CHAN City was organized into a gridded hierarchy of complexes.

PIKILLACTA A fortified complex organized by a rigid grid structure of corridords.

290

CHAN CHAN Its monumental adobe construction roots the use of adobe as a cultural practice.

CHAN CHAN Clusters of complexes occupy a network of corridors, connecting a network of informal settlements, agricul ture, and the monumental.

PIKILLACTA The corridors forming the grid are elevated earthwork and stone built cosntructions, establishing boudaries for the interior spaces.

PIKILLACTA

291

CANE Propagated from cuttings and surface irrigated. Replant after 2-3 harvests.

QUINCHA Harvested cane used for construction of quincha walls.

292

REED Clonal propagation, spreads rhizomatically. Able to grow in upland conditions but grows densly in moist or wet conditions.

ESTERA (WOVEN STRAW MATS) Harvested reed used by community for weaving, primarily rooves or screens for building projects.

COTTON Grown from seed, thrives on heat. Does not respond well to overwatering. Harvest by hand after bolls split.

BAMBOO Best growth is obtained in moist growing conditions, and requires water delivered to the main rootball.

SHICRAS (NETS) Harvested cotton used by community in weaving projects, primarily nets.

BAMBOO STRUCTURE Bamboo grown used as scaffolding for structures on site as well as community use.

293

PROPOSAL

294

295

Plan view

View from North West

296

View from South East

View from North East

297

298

100 m

299

Existing normal conditions

300

100 m

Proposed normal conditions

301

100 m

302

100 m

GRID

The propsed complexes meet and reinforce the emerging grid logic.

303

100 m

304

100 m

CIRCULATION

Access to the the new grid works with existing roads, and establishes a connection directly back to the huaca.

305

100 m

306

Courtyards + Plazas Plazas Building footprints

100 m

COURTYARD

Building programs are organized into complexes where rooves, posts, and buildings structure a series of courtyards that fluctuate between specific programming (i.e. workshops) and flexible public spaces (i.e. school complex or common services).

307

100 m

308

Access to municipal water No access to municipal water

100 m

WATER AVAILABILITY

Individuarls in the established settlment on the western edge have access to piped water, while more recently constructed buildings currently rely on their neighbors for water supply.

309

100 m

310

Surface reservoir Cistern

100 m

WATER COLLECTION

Despite the destructive abundance of water during ENSO, accessibility to clean water is lacking during the floods, as the municipal water supply is compromised. Water is collected from rooves and stored in cisterns and reservoirs.

311

100 m

312

100 m

SHADE

Due to the sites latidudinal location, shade is necessary. The roof structures provide ample shelter during the year.

313

100 m

314

Pedagogic Workshops Admin + Common Services

100 m

PROGRAM

The pedagogic center is located near the existing school, workshops in the North, and administrative, research, and common services nearest the existing settlement.

315

100 m

316

Existing shift to shelter Temporary shelter Maintain non flood program

100 m

PROGRAM FLUX

During flood events, the complex shifts use. Building programs that do not shift are determined to be necessary during flood events. Those in flux become shelter space. New shelters are implemented in spare courtyards.

317

100 m

318

100 m

AGRICULTURE

Excavated ground in the North used to grow crops and harvest materials for workshops.

319

100 m

320

100 m

FLOOD PROTECTION

The elevated grid establishes new high ground which connects to the huaca to prevent catastrophic flooding during ENSO from impacting a large portion of the community.

321

Existing ENSO conditions

322

100 m

Proposed ENSO conditions

323

324

325

326

327

PEDAGOGIC CENTER

328

FOOTBALL PITCH/PLAZA

WORKSHOP: ADOBE

WORKSHOP: WEAVING

329

RESEARCH CENTER

CLINIC

COMMON SERVICES

Câ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

330

WORKSHOPS: BAMBOO

ADMINISTRATION

PLAZA + RESERVOIR

331

The Pedagogic centerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s couryard provides a shaded public space during normal conditions, however during ENSO, water collected from the roof structure is uncontaminated from flood conditions and used by community when municipal water is compromised.

CORRIDOR

332

COURTYARD + RESERVOIR

PEDAGOGIC CENTER + SHELTER

20 m

333

The football pitch doubles as a plaza. The levee enveloping it contains several cisterns that collect water during ENSO and is stored later for irrigating crops used in workshops.

FOOTBALL PITCH + PLAZA

48 334

CO CI

ORRIDOR + ISTERN

WEAVING WORKSHOP

20 m

49 335

Earthworks create elevated corridors in people and materials can move around the site, during both normal and ENSO conditions..

WEAVING WORKSHOP + REED PLOT

50 336

CORRIDOR

20 m

51 337

Specific building complexes that have water requirements, such as the community kitchen are built over cisterns to ensure a reliable water source during ENSO conditions.

KITCHE CISTER

338

EN + DINING + RN

20 m

339

Many of the courtyards, regardless of program, provide public, or semi public shaded space in which the community can congregate, play, or relax. These spaces double as shelter during ENSO for community members whose homes have been compromised during flooding.

ADMINI SHELTE

340

ISTRATIVE PAVILION + ER

20 m

341

Buildings such as the clinic and the research center (or other administrative buildings) do not change their programming during ENSO, as they are projected to continue their operations regardless of conditions.

CLINIC

342

RESEARCH CENTER

20 m

343

All workshops shift during ENSO to function as shelter, as their function is disrupted by flooding.

CORRIDOR

58 344

BAMBOO WORKSH SHELTER

HOP +

BAMBOO PLOT

20 m

59 345

100 m

346

347

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

ARCH U R B A N U M B R E L L A

8020

Chris Murphy

361

URBAN UMBRELLA Abstract

The Innovation Center for Resilient Building Knowledge in one way aims to preserve traditional building methods which have adapted over millennia in response to the cycles of drought and destructive flooding caused by El Nino. The Center, while programmatically a large architectural intervention, also aims to adapt to more specific urban and cultural contexts. The main goals were to respond to the urban context architecturally and programmatically, create a permanent structural framework, incorporate vernacular materials and methods, and anticipate program adaptation during ENSO. The site is located in the Piura region, in the village of Narihuala. The ICRBK or Urban Umbrella connects the high ground of the site with the village in a simple bar form. The bar is divided into three parts programmatically: The school, village, and workshop. The western half is the school and faces south towards the village. The center of the bar includes the dining, kitchen, and library program which is program that can be accessed by anyone in the village and is thus the most open. The workshop faces north, away from the village for safety and better control of the space that has more technical equipment dealing with testing and making. To soften the edge of the village to ICRBK a trellised structure provides space for an informal market. This market follows the parallel edge of the village but not the ICRBK. To survive ENSO, the building uses a more permanent concrete framework that uses more temporal vernacular elements for screens, interior walls, and railings. Since concrete is readily available and cheap it made sense to use for the more permanent structure. The main structural module consists of concrete umbrellas, not unlike the concrete umbrellas Candela had used in some of his constructions of factory buildings. The second floor has internal courtyards that look down on spaces where different workshops abut and where classrooms join. The structural framework of the umbrellas set up a regular structural grid that is subdivided using vernacular quinche walls and screens. For instance, where one classroom meets another there are sliding screen walls that open up to shared â&#x20AC;&#x153;activeâ&#x20AC;? learning spaces. On the broad exterior walls of the building there are bamboo framed screens whose height responds to programmatic need for visual privacy. More permanent spaces such as the research offices on the second floor incorporate quinche walls as a screen to the main circulation of the bar. The modularity of these components are scaled to the size a typical village house would use so that if need be these components could be pulled down and used for housing. During ENSO, the second floor can be accommodated for classroom, emergency shelter, and food distribution. The second floor is aligned with the high point of the site and avoids the most recent ENSO flood light by a couple meters. In the precolumbian era, the Huacas, as high points, where the village could take refuge during flooding. Since the current Huaca is mandated as an historic site and is under protection, the new ICRBK will serve as the new usable Huaca for Narihuala.

RESEARCH

Felix Candelaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s umbrella structures were efficient ways of creating large spanning spaces and using readily available concrete.

Designing one umbrella unit makes the repeatable use easier and adaptable to the number of modules needed. Pictured here is one of Felix Candelaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s umbrellas or hypars under construction.

The Venetian cistern well is featured in their public spaces and also collects, filters, and stores drinking water.

An early sketch of the project showed my interest in the use of umbrella structures as water capturing devices. Here they are using a combination of the strategies at the Teleton project and the Venetian cistern wells.

364

The Teleton Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Rehabilitation Center in Asuncion. Paraguay by Gabinete de Arquitectura creates large spanning spaces with umbrella like structures.

Parts of Paraguay, not unlike Peru can experience months of dry weather. The umbrella structures help mitigate water shortage by collecting and storing water.

early model

365

Varients of audiencias in Ujle and Laberinto ciudadelas. Andrews, Anthony. The U-Shaped Structures at Chan Chan, Peru. Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 1

Chamber and fill strategy of huacas. Cavallaro, Raffael & Shimada, Izumi. Some Thoughts on Sican Marked Adobes and Labor Organization. American Antiquity, Vol. 53 (Jan. 1988).

366

U-shaped audiencia in the north sector of ciudadela Tschudi, showing the remaining niches. Andrews, Anthony. The U-Shaped Structures at Chan Chan, Peru. Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 1

Photos of quinche walls in Narihuala. These walls use dried reed held together with bamboo and covered in adobe and often painted.

Modular sliding panels as a way to mitigate visual privacy between rooms. The materials and doors can easily be replaced and made on site of the ICRBK.

Cane and reed can be used for creating the screens with wood or bamboo as the structural frame. This was an inspiration for the exterior building screens.

Bamboo and woven trellis

Traditional roof residential roof construction.

367

368

369

SITE AXON

370

371

AXON 372

373

EXPLODED AXON

374

375

EXPLODED AXON 376

377

COMPONENTS

378

379

PERMANENT UMBRELLA

PODIUM

AUDIENCIAS

LEVEL 2

380

SOFT

QUINCHE WALL

WOOD & CANE SLIDING SCREEN

BAMBOO & REED SCREEN

381

UMBRELLA SECTION NORMAL

WATER INFRASTRUCTURE

382

DURING EL NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION

383

AUDIENCIAS

384

Research Offices Focus

Workshop Storage

Classroom Gather

385

F1 & SECTION

386

387

388

389

F2 & SECTION

390

391

392

393

S E C T I O N AT C L A S S R O O M

394

395

S E C T I O N AT D I N I N G

396

397

S E C T I O N AT W O R K S H O P

398

399

400

401

Central hub of bar showing dining and library.

402

403

Central hub flooded

404

405

Elevation view of school with classrooms and active learning space.

44 406

407

View of workshops below and research offices and labs above.

46 408

47 409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

ARCH E L C E N T R O

8020

Cameron Kayne

EL CENTRO Abstract

“El Centro” acts as it is named - to be the center of the village Narihuala, Peru. In such a location dominated by informal, family-building homesteads, permanence is not a familiar concept, especially when dealing with the El Nino climate cycle, in which the Pacific water temperatures increase dramatically enough to cause the village to become flooded. This flood erodes the temporary structures and makes nearly all the land uninhabitable for a 6 month period. In order for the citizens of Narihuala and other settlements in similar situations to survive, more preservative architectural moves must be made to claim high grounds and provide more permanent facilities. This projects proposes a preservatives and additive approach to accommodating the villagers of Narihuala. 1) The existing soccer field, the only instance of established communal open space in the area, has been raised 2 meters in order to avoid the impact of El Nino. Now not only do townfolk have space to seek refuge when the ocean rises, but land upon which to build auxilary temporary dwellings while they wait-out El Nino. 2) Permanenty built structures with community amenities have been placed around the raised soccer field, creating an “urban” boundary framing the village’s primary open space. 3) A dynamic roof element has been placed overhead in order to protect people from the harsh equatorial sun. 4) The result of these three moves is the establishment of a more permanent place for communal gathering as well as a fortified safe haven for self-preservation. The soccer field can perform has a sporting venue, town hall, and leisure space during normal years and can be transformed into a staging area for relief efforts when El Nino arrives. Tents for relaxation can be set uo around construction equiipmen for locals to build their temporary lodgings. “El Centro” is meant not only to respond to the site specifics of Narihuala, but to be a repeatable template for other small, underfunded settlements throughout Peru. To recap, the three repeatable tactics are, first, provide an un-flooded, central open space for the village. It can either be raised using cut-and-fill landscaping or self-contained using dikes, walls, or other technology. Second, frame the new central open space with updated built program. Modern utilities such as bathrooms, showers, and community center amenities are suggested programs for these propose buildings. And third, create ample shaded space. Build roofs from vernacular building technology such as bamboo, which can be grown relatively quickly and easily manipulated for construction purposes.

RESEARCH/CONCEPT

Covered Outside

Outside

Grow

Harvest

Treat & Dry

PREPARATION

BAMBOO PRODUCTION

WORKSHOP SPACE

424

Covered Outside

Inside

Circ.

Fabricate

Craft CREATION

Assemble

Outside

Erect

CROPS + BUILDING

EL NINO

POLDER LANDS

425

FLOOD RESEARCH CATALOG OF ANTI-FLOOD TECHNIQUES PERIMETER WALL

TERRACES

INDUS RIVER PEOPLES

KHMER EMPIRE

MODERN WESTERN WORLD

426

HAMPI INDIANS

INCAN EMPIRE

DIKE

RETENTION BASIN

POLDER

DIRT BOX I

DUTCH

MODERN I

ARTIFICIAL MOUND

UNDER-CITY RESERVOIRS

WATERFRONT FOLLIAGE

KHMER EMPIRE

MAYAN EMPIRE

MODERN DUTCH

IN PARKING

INDONESIA

KHMER EMPIRE

FLOODGATE

“SAND MACHINE”

MODERN DUTCH

427

PROPOSAL

EXISTING SITE

428

PROPOSED SITE

429

EL NINO - EXISTING

430

EL NINO - PROPOSED

431

432

433

434

435

Key

1:1250 Medical Services Training Pedagogic Research Admin. Bth+Chng

PROGRAM

PATHS

14 436

SMALL GATHERING SPACE

LARGE GATHERING SPACE

15 437

GROUND LVL 1:800

16 438

439

GROUND LVL - EL NINO 1:800

440

441

FIELD LVL 1:800

442

443

FIELD LVL - EL NINO 1:800

444

445

ACTIVITY - TYPICAL

446

447

ACTIVITY - EL NINO

448

449

C-1

450

451

C-2

452

453

C-3

454

455

C-5

456

457

458

459

TYPICAL

SCHOOL

FIELD

460

EL NINO

THRESHOLD

FIELD

461

ARCH

8020

CURVED PENINSULA Yunfan Yang

C U RV E D P E N I N SU L A Abstract

The site of this project is near Huaca, which is located on high ground and keeps safe during El NiĂąo. Considering the community lives here, Huaca could give them a safe area to escape from water, so the main concept of site designation is extending the safe area from Huaca and creating continuous land. Generally, this building is located at a higher ground than the surrounding level, so it can form a mini-peninsula with the Huaca. This project is a mix of various functions, which are defined by the period in Peru. The curve in this project wants to reflect the flexibility of this building. In order to deal with different situations, the walls of these rooms are designed as moveable, when the El NiĂąo happened, the staff can open the wall and merge the interior and the exterior space, providing a more useful area for the people. Compared to the rooms separate from each other, the continuous roof is one way to create one complete safe circulation during flooding, allowing people to access the different rooms under a safety cover. The roof has a light slope from center to the outline, this is one way to direct the water flow and help feed the crops around the building. Three main materials used there are bamboo, rammed earth and reed. These materials are easy to get in a local place. At the same time, the construction process is easy to finish.

Research --- Bamboo Material 1: Bamboo

Bamboo is a fast-growing, naturally available, renewable resource which is quite strong and lends itself to structural applications. At the same time, using bamboo as a structural material in contemporary building construction is challenging. The material properties of bamboo refer to the state of the bamboo plant after it has been harvested for human use. The typical use is primarily concerned only with the culm that has been cut away from the rhizome and stripped of branches and leaves. The culm is principally composed of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose.

2 3

1. Cavity 2. Pith Surface 3. Inner Wall 4. Outer Wall 5. Epidermis 6. Internode 7. Node

sliver l conten retenti Typ ditions

Material

Working Stress (N/mm Â˛)

Modulus of elasticity (N/mm Â˛)

Working strain

Strain energy stored (J/kg)

Concrete

25,000

300

0.5

Steel

160

210,000

800

8.2

Wood

7.5

11,000

700

4.3

Bamboo

10.7

20,000

500

4.2

466

Figure Figure

The density of bamboo is gradually increasing from inside to outside.

Dehiscence from inside and out of the fiels.

laminated lumber to absorb some more water. The hot-water treated material had a mo The moisture bamboo from Typical failurewith mode ainlow the dry conditions. nt gradient, the of inner partis diminishing was still in high performance moisture content a inside to outside. View of tension surface ion ratio was larger than in cold water with retained MOR and MOE being more than terms of moisture curves content, compared with sliver wood, when we use bamboo, is very difficulttoforthe abov pical In load-deflection of bamboo laminated lumberit in relation to dry it isItbuilt. As a result, thedeformation bamboo will gradually dry after theincreased completion of s arethem shown inbefore Fig.2. indicates that of specimens with incre bamboo construction, causing the building to deform. While the water content of bamboo decreases with time, the density gradually increases. Load (N) 4000 4000 freezing (-50˚C, 4hrs) freezing (-50°C, freezing (-50˚C, 4hrs)

3500 3500

drying (150˚C, 4hrs) drying (150°C, drying (150˚C, 4hrs)

3000 3000

4hrs)

normal condition (20˚C, RH RH of of 65%) 65%) normal condition normal condition (20˚C,

(20°C, RH of 65%)

2500 2500 Load (N)

4hrs)

hot water (90˚C,(90°C, 4hrs) hot water (90˚C, 4hrs) hot water

4hrs)

2000 2000

cold water (20˚C,(20°C, 24hrs) cold water cold water (20˚C, 24hrs)

24hrs)

1500 1500 1000 1000 500 500

Deflection Deflection(mm) (mm) Deflection (mm)

00 00

10 10

15 15

20 20

25 25

30 30

35 35

Load-deflection curve of bamboo sliver laminated lumber in different conditions.

2. Load-deflection Load-deflection curves curves of of bamboo bamboo sliver sliver laminated laminated lumber lumber in in different different conditions. conditions.4673 2.

Research --- Rammed Earth Material 2: Rammed earth

Rammed Earth is a natural building method that is thousands of years old, and has been used in all of earth’s continents.They are low-tech construction process and economical to build. They need low maintenance and they are suitable for the cold and hot climate. Current energy saving criteria require that materials of high thermal resistance (that is, a material’s ability to reduce heat flux) are used for construction, purportedly to reduce theamount of heat transferred through the boundary surfaces of a structure and so reduce its energy demand (Allinson and Hall, 2007). (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Steps of erecting a wall: (a) Build formwork and filled with a layer of moist soil-cement mixture. (b) Compress moist mixture. (c) Add the next layer of moist soil-cement mixture. (d) Add and compress successive layers of moist earth. (e)Remove formwork.

Source

Location

External daily temperature range (°C)

Wall thickness (mm)

Hardin et al. (2003)

Sonoran Desert, North America

21 - 40

450 - 610

New South Wales, Australia

18 - 31

300

Banskuti, West Bengal

21 - 33

300

Willunga, South Australia

6-15 (Winter) 17-38 (Summer)

220

Taylor and Luther (2004) Mani et al. (2007) Soebarto (2009)

468

Rammed earth construction procedure Advantages of Rammed Earth -Earth doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t burn, so rammed earth walls are fire proof. -Ramming requires little water, which can be an important consideration in dry climates with sacristy of fresh water. -Earth can be recycled, is easy and agreeable to work. The technique of rammed earth is simply based on compacting soil between vertical formwork boards, which are then removed leaving a mass soil wall. Rammed earth requires few other resources or additives to improve their properties. Rammed earth has good insulating properties if built with high thermal mass especially for hot climate.

Thermal lag (hours)

Internal diurnal air temperature variation (hours)

12 - 16

Maxima and minima unreported, 4.5Â°C range for all cases

23-27 (1.1m above floor level)

23.5 - 25.5

12-15 (Winter) 21-32 (Summer)

469

Research --- Reed Material 3: Reed

Reed is widely used in many traditional building cultures all over the world. They are easy availability and good material properties have made them a popular component in roof, wall and other constructional parts of houses. Utilisation of Reed Today People have used reed for thousands of years. Current possibilities for reed utilisation can conveniently be divided into industrial, energy, agricultural and water treatment uses. Reeds do not need heavy machinery to treat. Only simple splitting, cutting, and pealing hand tools are required. During construction, only ropes are needed. After reed structures are demolished, reeds biodegrade and become reincorporated in the soil. The dimensions of the roof and walls were standard. The width of the rood pane from the topmost wall to the comb was normally two third of the entire width of the house. The height of the roof was added by broad eaves which sheltered the walls from the strain of the elements. Reeds are a climatically responsive material and possess several qualities that are positive for the environment. In terms of reedsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; long-term environmental impact, reeds are biodegradable, decomposing back into the ecosystem after building demolition.

Sketch showing the steps needed to construct a clay brick using reeds as reinforcement elements. Use Roof thatching for all house types, minimum roof slope 45Â° Construction and gardening Walls, panels, mats, fence plaster base, Insulation Granulate panel

Harvest Time

Winter

Polymerisation for textile or plastic

Winter

Treatments

High quality, long, straight, Leaves etc. removed by combing, Winter flexible, annually moved, Stems packed in uniform-length moisture content <18% (dry) bundles, dried if necessary

All kinds of paper&pulp

470

Requirements

Long, thick, straight stems only

Compressed and knitted in a weaving loom, fixed to the wall and covered with clay

Chips or clippings for granulate panels, also leftover

Chopping and mixing with glue

Dry reed, depending on the kind of paper the whole plant can be used

Chopping & pressing For some paper kindsremoval of sheets Mixing with wood pulp

Whole plant

With help of chemical separated into components, the cellulose is used to for products

Structure of a reed roof: a-d order of roof construction; e-complete roof; g-h construction tools.

471

Site Analysis

472

Piura

Site

473

Master Plan

474

475

Context Floor Plan Before

12 476

Context Floor Plan After

13 477

Context Floor in Flooded Period Plan Before

14 478

Context Floor in Flooded Period Plan After

15 479

Aerial View of Project in Normal Period

16 480

17 481

Aerial View of Project in Flooded Period

18 482

19 483

Floor Plan in Normal Period

20 484

21 485

Floor Plan in Flooded Period

9 7

7 10

30 486

6. Hybrides Workshop

--- change to living area during El Ni単o 7. Tools & Raw Materials Store Room --- change to furniture and euqipment storeroom 8. Weaving Workshop --- change to living area during El Ni単o 9. Adobe Workshop --- change to living area during El Ni単o 10. Bamboo Workshop --- change to dinning area during El Ni単o

6 7

31 487

Axno

32 488

33 489

Section 1-1

1 45

Section 2-2

2 2 47

Section Perspective 3-3

Interior Space: Workshop

Exterior Sp

Interior Space: Workshop

pace: Courtyard

Rendering 1 - Eastern Entrance

56 496

57 497

Rendering 2

58 498

59 499