The Passenger City Speculations on the Future of Urban Mobility
TSPA TSPA
m a k i n g c i t i e s
The Passenger City was a 3-day workshop at Augsburg’s University of Applied Sciences, held during its 3rd International Design Week in the fall of 2015.
From donkey trail to superhighway - how will we move through our urban environments of the future? A group of undergraduate communication design, interactive media, and architecture students speculates about this question and the future of mobility at large.
TSPA TSPA
m a k i n g c i t i e s
x
4
table of contents
a short story of the rise and fall of the automobile
.......................6
part 1: catalogue of futures
......................31
part 2: projective imaginations
.....................77
5
“The curved street is the path of the donkey, the straight street the way of man� Le Corbusier, 1924, Urbanisme.
7
Le Corbusier, Plan Voisin, Paris, France, 1925
“I tell you straight: a city made for speed is made for success.� Le Corbusier, 1924, The City of Tomorrow and its Planning.
9
Juscelino Kubitschek, president of Brazil, 1956-61
“Fifty years of progress in five� The motto of Kubitschek, most famous for the construction of Brasilia, a city scripted in the image of progress and thus the automobile, too.
11
Brasilia
“It’s a stiff drive in from the airport. But then everything in Brasilia is a stiff drive. They [Oscar Niemeyer and Lucio Costa] had an immense amount of space and, by God, they used it. Buildings are hundreds of yards from their neighbors and, even if you wanted to walk somewhere, there are no sidewalks. A terrible mistake.” John Crosby, 1962, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
13
Teenagers in the parking lot of an A&W drive-in, Hutchinson, Kansas, 1959
“To Americans at mid-century, the car, perhaps more than any other object, represented freedom—the freedom of the individual.” Peter Field and Ted McAllister, 2011, The Paradox of Freedom: The Making of Modern America.
15
New Yersey Turnpike
“Increasingly public policy oriented itself toward car drivers. Funds for public transportation plummeted, leading to a decline in ridership and service cuts that accelerated overtime in a feedback loop.� Thomas J. Sugrue, 2004, From Motor City to Motor Metropolis: How the Automobile Industry Reshaped Urban America.
17
“I think that cars today are almost the exact equivalent of the great Gothic cathedrals: I mean the supreme creation of an era, conceived with passion by unknown artists, and consumed in image if not in usage by a whole population which appropriates them as a purely magical object.� Roland Barthes, 1957, Mythologies.
19
“In the beginning, the earth was without parking. The planner said, Let there be parking, and there was parking. And the planner saw that it was good. And the planner then said, Let there be off-street parking for each land use, according to its kind. And developers provided off-street parking for each land use according to its kind. And again the planner saw that it was good. And the planner said to cars, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it, and have dominion over every living thing that moves upon the earth. And the planner saw everything he had made, and, behold, it was not good.� Donald C. Shoup, 2005, The High Cost of Free Parking.
21
“I would sum up my fear about the future in one word: boring. And that’s my one fear: that everything has happened; nothing exciting or new is ever going to happen again… The future is just going to be a vast, conforming suburb of the soul.” J. G. Ballard, unknown
23
12-day traffic jam in Beijing, 2010
“The car was invented as a convenient place to sit out traffic jams.” Evan Esar, 1995, 20,000 Quips & Quotes.
25
Smog in Harbin, 2013
“Unless we figure out a very different urban transportation model, it’s not gonna work. If you think we’re gonna shove two cars in every car in garage in Mumbai, you’re crazy.” Bill Ford, Jr., 2015, CEO and great-grandson of Henry Ford, who founded the company in 1903.
27
Parking lot on corner of Olympic Boulevard and Olive Street, Los Angeles, 1955
“Forget the damned motor car and build cities for lovers and friends!� Lewis Mumford, 1979, My Works and Days.
29
30
Part 1: Catalogue of Futures How will we move through our urban environments in and of the future? In part 1, students catalogue proposed answers from the past, emergent answers from current societal, technological and environmental trends as well as dystopian answers from science-fiction motion pictures. The following mini-studies show different mobility scenarios/speculations grouped into five categories:
realized futures These are once grand and visionary speculations, which manifested themselves into realities that shape our current everyday.
paleo futures These are bold ideas about the future, touted as the becoming reality with certainty - yet they never did.
current futures These are today’s widespread predictions of what the future might look like. If these become realized or paleo futures one day, only time will tell.
brink futures These are recently or not so recently predicted futures, which are starting to become reality today.
urban futures as sociocultural critique of the present These are futures painted as extensions and exaggerations of forces that shape our present everyday - as a critical observation and perhaps a warning.
31
32
Paleo futures
Jonas Anetzberger Stefan Seifert
33
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
34
Jetpacks, flying cars As people go by jetpacks and/or flying cars, the city adapts to it. Houses are way higher than they were in the past. There’s some bases, which protrude out of the buildings so you can land there and park your jetpack/flying car. Some of them are “bus-stations”, where you get access to the public transportation system and enter the flying public service vehicle of your choice. You can also just pop in at some drive in-like base to e.g. just quickly catch some food and straight head towards your next destination. As the traffic doesn’t take place on the ground floor anymore, there’s space for pedestrians and cyclists who can freely stroll around some cafés, parks and so forth without being afraid of getting into a car accident, as non-flying cars were banned out of the city. When you’re on some higher floor and want to get to another building without using a jetpack/ flying car/flying public service vehicle, you can just use one of the numerous bridges, which connect the various buildings.
35
Moving sidewalks 1890
1890
1900
The moving sidewalks consists of three elevated platforms, the first being stationary, the second moving at a moderate rate of speed, and the third at the rate of about six miles an hour. The moving sidewalks have upright posts with knobbed tops by which one can steady himself in passing to or from the platforms. There are occasional seats on these platforms, and the circuit of the Central Park can be made with rapidity and ease by this contrivance.
1956
Moving sidewalks also afford a good deal of fun, for most of the visitors are unfamiliar with this mode of transit, and are awkward in its use. Nowadays we are using the moving platforms only in airports to get faster to the gates.
1900
now
36
People can use the moving sidewalk to get faster around without using the train or car. For example, it is used to get around the central park of a city. The platform runs constantly in one direction so people can just jump on and off wherever they want.
37
38
Realized futures
Esther Kute, Julian Schindler
39
Cut through In building ever more roads, highways and overpasses cut through residential areas, disrupting social life by blocking views, destroying play areas, increasing pollution, and by generally decreasing quality of life.
40
41
Tear down “Many freeway systems were overbuilt in an auto-obsessed era, only to realize later that cities are actually healthier, greener and safer without them.� Alisa Walker, 2014, Gizmodo.
42
Cities are now tearing down such overpasses or re-purposing them to improve lives around the neighborhood they pass through as exemplified in Seoul, South Korea, below.
43
Interchange Creating a three-dimensional road networks using overpasses, underpasses and roundabouts at T-junctions in effect enables cars to move through the junction without blocking each other, creating free flowing traffic.
44
45
Matatu matata Matatus are Kenya’s current public transportation solution. These are privately owned, Graffiti-decorated mini buses and vans. Matatus play loud music and will normally have flat screen televisions playing music videos. Matatus contribute to the vibrant culture of Kenyan towns and cities however they
46
have become a menace to other road users because they break all road rules; overlapping in traffic, over speeding, double parking, reckless driving, etc., ending up being matatu matata (matata = problem).
47
Radiant city Separating pedestrian traffic from car traffic increases safety and efficiency since cars are able to move at higher speeds with no pedestrians getting hurt. This reduces fatality/accident rates and anxiety to all road users.
48
49
50
Brink futures
AndrĂŠs Pascual Lacarra Clemente Barahona Gomez Michael Hofinger
51
Cycling Before cars, bicycles were a common means of transportation. With the advent of the car, however, roads hampered the use of the bicycle. Due to the negative externalities of cars and pressure from organizations, many cities are starting to reinvigorate cycling as a means of commuting.
Advantages
52
Example 1: Amsterdam In Amsterdam, a total of two million kilometers are cycled every day. In fact, the installation of bike parking facilities has not been able to keep pace with the dramatic growth in cycling use. The city of Amsterdam thus aspires to increase the number of cycle storage facilities by 38,000 until 2020.
•
cheap
Example 2: Sevilla
•
less pollution
•
no schedule dependency
•
reduced congestion and noise
•
healthy, active lifestyle
Sevilla was a city of little bike use. For many years, the city saw only 0.5% of all journeys made by bike. The reason this share has increased to 7% today is Manuel Calvo’s ambitious bike lane network.
CYCLING SECTION - PLAN
53
54
Car sharing
Hybrid cars
Car sharing is a more flexible car rental, where one can rent a car at any hour for any duration of time. It is especially popular for short rentals and occasional use. It started in Switzerland in 1987.
A hybrid car uses more than one motor. It works combining an orthodox petrol or diesel engine and an electric motor. Electric cars ride fully on an electric motor with no emissions.
Advantages
Advantages
•
reduces number of cars on the road
•
reduce emissions
•
cheaper than owing a car
•
reduced fuel costs
•
reduces emissions
•
no idling
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
•
potentially hard to find at peak time
•
less powerful
•
liability issues
•
more costly to acquire
•
not practical for commuters
•
increased difficulty to repair
CAR SHARING SECTION - PLAN
55
Bus Rapid Transit Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is a high Advantages quality transit system that delivers fast, • separation of buses from curb side comfortable and cost-effective services RAPID TRANSIT (BRT) • predictable schedule (separate lanes) atEXPLANATION metro-level capacities. It does this • reduced emissions through the provision of dedicated • fast through fare payment at station lanes with bus ways and iconic stations WHAT IS BRT? typically aligned to the center of the road, BUS RAPID TRANSIT IS A HIGH - QUALITY - BASED TRANSIT SYSTEM THAT DELIVERS FAST, COMFORTABLE, AND COST-EFFECTIVE off-board collection and frequent SERVICES ATfare METRO-LEVEL CAPACITIES. IT DOES THIS THROUGH THE PROVISION OF DEDICATED LANES, WITH BUSWAYS AND ICONIC STATIONS TYPICALLY ALIGNED TO THE CENTER OF THE ROAD, OFF-BOARD FARE COLLECTION, AND FAST AND FREQUENT OPERATIONS. operations.
HOW DOES IT WORK?
GO TO THE STATION
BUY YOUR
DRIVE WITH THE BUS
TICKET
ADVANTAGES -
FARE PAYMENT AT THE STATION, INSTEAD OF ON THE BUS, ELIMINATES THE DELAY CAUSED BY PASSANGERS WAITING TO PAY ON BOARD
-
KEEPS BUSES AWAY FROM THE BUSY CURBSIDE WHERE CARS ARE PARKIUNG.STANDING AND STANDING
-
MAKE FOR FASTER TRAVEL AND ENSURE THAT BUSES ARE NEVER DELAYED DUE TO MIXED TRAFFIC CONGESTION
-
PROHIBITING TURNS FOR TRAFFIC ACROSS THE BUS LANE REDUCES DELAYS CAUSED TO BUSES BY TURNING TRAFFIC
-
LESS AIR POLUTION
EXAMPLES
56 QUITO, ECUADOR
CURITIBA, BRASILIEN
RAPID TRANSIT (BRT) SECTION - PLAN
57
58
Current futures
Robbie Omol Roland Miller
59
Cable car Different style of tram/city trains.
60
Advantages
Disadvantages
•
space efficient
•
car overuse is still possible
•
high safety
•
high initial costs
•
reducing car use
•
street aesthetics are compromised
•
improving existing streets
•
accessible to everyone
61
Autonomous car
62
Typical streetscape stays alive. The main supporters are car manufacturers and big data companies.
Disadvantages
Advantages
•
hackability
•
free time while driving
•
only accessible to people that can buy
•
saver (faster reaction than humans)
•
no traffic guidance clutter (signs, etc.)
•
not very energy efficient (person vehicle proportion)
this car (social division)
63
Train/module car Advantages
Disadvantages
•
effective vehicle size
•
loss of individuality
•
very flexible (from single to train)
•
everyone needs the same car or at
•
existing streets used, but narrower (more room for people/bikes)
•
64
energy efficient
least the same interface
65
66
Urban futures as sociocultural critique of the present
Lasse Lemster Tobias Manuel
67
Motopia In 1961 Geoffrey Alan Jellicoe published his work Motopia. In Motopia, cars are separated from pedestrians simply by driving along rooftops. So inhabitants of this city would live within the blocks surrounded by cars on top of the buildings. By this he wanted to: “separate the biological elements from the mechanical” because “no person [should] walk where automobiles move“. He described life in the futuristic city of
68
Motopia as “living in a park”. Below you will find pictures of this idea and on the right side a section and a plan. The section shows the view from inside of the block and the plan gives an impression of what the structure would look like from above.
69
No Stop City No Stop City is an unbuilt project of a group of Italian architects called „Archizoom“. It tries to criticize modern architecture by taking its industrial component, consumerism and modernism to its logical extreme. The scenario implies that in the future quantity will be more important than quality. The city will be a product of mass production based on one type. Endless grids of these repeating types will build the city. Everything is a natural space that can be used, reorganized, programmed and left at any time. Types are for example a parking lot or an empty factory building. Occasionally walls are found in the space. Because of these repeating types, there is no actual split. The space is shared by everybody. But because the space is also separated randomly by walls and furniture not every form of transportation can be used. Pictures and drawings of the project imply
70
that only small ways of transportation like bicycles and motorcycles can be used. No Stop City is a project by architects but it was never meant to be build. Its purpose was more to criticize the direction of modern architecture. Its advantage is the total freedom of its citizens. Nobody is forced to stay in one place. The problem is, that if you leave your current spot, you will not find anything new because everything is the same.
71
New Babylon „New Babylon“ is the future scenario of Constant Nieuwenhuys, in which human beings are free of all burdens. The work became fully automated and people started living nomadic life’s. They wander from one leisure environment to another in hope of self-satisfaction and selffulfillment. Due to the collectively owned land they can go whenever they want, wherever they want.
72
Nieuwenhuys’ paintings show megastructures build above the ground, this implies the unlimited possibility of technology in future. Furthermore living above the old ground means living above old values. So you can ask your self, which importance speed and time still has in this future scenario.
73
The shared road In this concept, the road is shared with several different modes of transportation. It is similar to a concept that is already in use. The big difference is, that they don‘t use the road at the same time. Every form of transportation has their time slot when they can use the road. The road leaves room for three tram tracks, unlimited people or three lanes of cars. The section plan shows one road at different times. At two o‘clock the road can only used by trams, at three o‘clock by people walking and at four o‘clock by cars. How much time each form of transportation gets and if they should have the same time or not is debatable. The idea is an interpretation of something that is in the show „Futurama“.
74
This idea doesn‘t show new forms of transportation. It only shows a new way of using roads. The advantage of it is, that we would net less roads. Instead of having a sidewalk, tram tracks and a road for cars next to each other, it combines all three into one leaving space for other things. The problem is that people or limited in a way. If they want to walk somewhere but it is the cars turn to use the road, they cant walk.
75
76
Part 2: Projective Imaginations Thinking freely and taking little for granted, in part 2 the students project and juxtapose their version of an ideal future mobility into Augsburg’s popular Maximilianstraße. The reason for this temporal juxtaposition - future ways of moving are shown in a space of the present - is twofold. •
Familiar surroundings allow for a better distilling of the proposal’s core as well as a greater comparability of each.
•
The juxtaposition’s likely strangeness highlights consequences for urban space.
Section of Maximilianstraße, Augsburg
77
TransPod Jonas Anetzberger, Stefan Seifert The TransPod is an electro-magnetic speeds. There are two different kinds of transport system. Everybody can use the pods, one for a group and one two-seater. Transpod by calling it using a smartphone. Retial and industrial delivery uses its own The TransPod network system is partly underground delivery network system. underground and just for short trips on There is no use for motorcars anymore. - the TransPod is an electro-magnet transport system the surface, which grants pedestrians and - the pods are made available by the city cyclists more space.can Trips in the city center - everbody use the Transpod - easily to call by using your smartphone are reduced since long, city-crossing trips - the network system is partly underground and just for short trips on the surface are happening and and at higher - moreunderground space for pedestrians cyclists on the surface
TransPod
cafĂŠs
- short trips in the citycenter are reduced - two different kinds of pods, one for a group and one twoseater. - there is a extra delivering network system for shops underground - no use for motorcars anymore
benches
free space
e.g. for concerts, farmers markets etc.
78
transpod lanes
79
Highway for Cyclists Tobias Manuel As resources are limited on this planet, we will face huge problems in future, keeping up our mobility demands. We have to be more flexible and more active but at the same time cities have to be more walkable and more bicycle friendly. By creating such an atmosphere the amount of cars in the inner-city traffic could be drastically reduced while the demand of public transportation and cycling increases. The increasing number of cyclists has to be handled. For example by creating a better
80
connected bicycle lane system, something like a highway for cyclists. This was once the privilege of the car, but it also makes sense for the bicycle. The speed could be maximized and the traffic could be separated on to a different platform such as in Motopia by Geoffrey Jellicoe.
81
PLAN
G S
Rotation Andrés Pascual Lacarra, Clemente Barahona Gomez, Michael Hofinger
M E W A
Rotation describes the outer ring of the electromagnetic public transport, which rotates around itself. On-roof solar panels provide the necessary energy to propel the vehicles forward while same pole magnets of road and external ring maintain levitation. Each capsule is WHAT IS ROTATION? IT'S CALLED ROTATION BECAUSE OF THE ROTATION OF PEOPLE USING designed to seat two people. THE SYSTEM OF ELECTRO MAGNETIC TRANSPORT. ANOTHER REASON IS
F F . O
THE ROTATING OUTER RING WHICH IS TURNING AROUND ITSELF.
To access a capsule, users call for a HOW DOES IT WORK? capsule using their watches. The first
S O O
IT HAVE AN AUTOMATIC DRIVING SYSTEM AND USE SOLAR ENERGY FROM SOLAR PANELS ON THE ROOFS OF HOUSES. THE ROAD AND THE EXTERNAL VING USES MAGNET WITH THE SAME POLE AND THAT IT IS HOW LEVITATE. BETWEEN THE EXTERNAL RING AND THE CAV THERE IS A ROTOR TO MOVE THE VEHICLE.
COMPOSITION
available rotation vehicle then moves out of traffic, to the side, descends to street level and once a user got in, gets back up and into traffic. MODAL SPLIT
THERE ARE THREE DIFFRENT KIND OF AREAS. THE FIRST AR FOR PEDESTRIANS. THE SECOND AREA IS A RECORDABLE ZO YOU CAN FOR EXAMPLE MAKE PLAN A MARKET, JUST SIT OR STAND DO ANY OTHER KIND OF ACTIVITIES. THE THIRD ZONE IS A G WITH TREES AND GRASS WHICH IS SEPARATING THE TRANS ZONE FROM THE RECORDABLE ZONE. THE FOURTH AND LA THE TRANSPORTATION ZONE WHERE YOU CAN RIDE WITH THROUGH THE TWO GREEN ZONES BESIDE YOU OR PI ROTATION CAR FOR LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORTS.
ROTATION
MODAL SPLIT
IT IS A VEHICLE FOR TWO PERSONS. THE EXTERNAL RING IT IS MADE OF MAGNETS AND FIBERGLASS AND THE CAB IT IS MADE OF BULLETPROOF GLASS BECAUSE IT IS A VERY RESISTANT MATERIAL TO AVOID DAMAGES. THE INSIDE OF CAB IT IS MADE OF PLASTIC AND SYNTETIC LEATHER TO WAKE IT MORE CONFORTABLE. ACCESS AREA ALL THE "ROTATION" USERS OWN CLOCKS. IN THAT CLOCK THERE ARE IS CALL BUTTOM. WHEN YOU PUSH IT A ROTATION VEHICLE GOES DOWN TO YOU AND YOU GET IN. ONCE YOU'RE INSIDE IT GETS UP AND BACK INTO TRAFFIC.
82
THERE ARE THREE DIFFRENT KIND OF AREAS. THE FIRST A FOR PEDESTRIANS. THE SECOND AREA IS A RECORDABLE Z YOU CAN FOR EXAMPLE MAKE A MARKET, JUST SIT OR STAN DO ANY OTHER KIND OF ACTIVITIES. THE THIRD ZONE IS A WITH TREES AND GRASS WHICH IS SEPARATING THE TRAN ZONE FROM THE RECORDABLE ZONE. THE FOURTH AND L THE TRANSPORTATION ZONE WHERE YOU CAN RIDE WITH THROUGH THE TWO GREEN ZONES BESIDE YOU OR P ROTATION CAR FOR LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORTS.
HOW DO YOU GET IN THE ROTAION "CAR"?
ROTATION
WHEN YOU WAN WITH THE ROTA YOU HAVE TO BUTTON ON YOUR HOW DO YOU GET IN THE ROTAION "CAR"? TO THE ROAD ROTATION WHEN CAR YOU WAN WITH THE ROT RIGHT OVER YOU YOU HAVE TO BUTTON ON YOU DOWN. IT WILL F TO THE ROA ROTATION THAN MOVE TOCAR TH RIGHT OVER YO AFTER THAT DOWN. IT IT'S WILL THAN MOVE TO T MOVE DOWN. ITIT'O AFTER THAT MOVE DOWN. ON THE ON LEFT ORIT THE LEFT OR OF THE BIKE OF THE BIKE THERES NOBOD THERESBYNOBODY THE CAR MO WHEN ITS AT T BY THE YOU CAR CAN MOV GET IN DOOR AT AND GET WHEN ITS TH THE TRAFFIC. YOU CAN GET IN, DOOR AND GET THE TRAFFIC.
ROTATION
SOLAR ENERGY
PEDESTRIAN
RECORDABLE ZONE
SOLAR ENERGY
GREEN
CYCLIST ROTATION
GREEN
RECORDABLE ZONE
PEDESTRIAN
PLAN
MODAL SPLIT THERE ARE THREE DIFFRENT KIND OF AREAS. THE FIRST AREA IS ONLY FOR PEDESTRIANS. THE SECOND AREA IS A RECORDABLE ZONE WHERE YOU CAN FOR EXAMPLE MAKE A MARKET, JUST SIT OR STAND THERE, OR DO ANY OTHER KIND OF ACTIVITIES. THE THIRD ZONE IS A GREEN ZONE
83
Transportation Center Robbie Omol, Roland Miller The main idea was to put the tram underground and to put bike lanes and conveyor belts on top of it. This creates a compact transportation core for the center of the street, which leaves the rest of the street open for everything else. This could be adapted to many other streets as well. The conveyor belts aim to make movement through the street more comfortable for disabled and elderly people. But they also give pedestrians the opportunity to speed up short distances, while they stroll through the city. The bike lanes and the conveyor belts are integrated under a roof
84
construction. This construction provides shading from the sun in the summer time. In the winter time it provides protection from snow and rain. The zone that was previously occupied by cars is now a recreational zone. Trees provide shading and improve the micro climate of the street. The area close to the facade of the old buildings stays a commercial and social zone, as it already is.
and
be
Transportation Center The main idea was to put the tram underground and to put bike lanes and conveyor belts on top of it. This creates a compact transportation core for the center of the street which leaves the rest of the street open for everything else. This could be adapted to many other streets as well. The conveyor belts aim to make movement through the street more comfortable for disabled and elderly people. But they also give pedestrians the opportunity to speed up short distances, while they stroll through the city. The bike lanes and the conveyor belts are integrated under a roof construction. This construction provides shading from the sun in the summer time. In the winter time it provides protection from snow and rain. The zone that was previously occupied by cars is now a recreational zone. Trees provide shading and improve the micro climate of the street. The area close to the facade of the old buildings stays a commercial and social zone, as it already is. The main idea is to put the existing tram underground and eliminate the cars completely. So the street is mainly for social interaction, recreation, leisure and commerce. On top of the tram we put a bike lane. Next to it there are two lanes of converter belt
GSEducationalVersion
oll
ne.
d
85
Bavarian Venice Lasse Lemster
86
Untitled Julian Schindler
87
A Walk to the Telopods Park Esther Kute A perfect utopia where cars are completely phased out and transport is through teleportation which will be done in teleportation pods which will be used as public transportation. These streets will be placed in similar frequency to bus stops, so people will have to walk to the street with pods. During this time, people will increasingly become isolated due to technology and therefore to increase human interaction streets (which are no longer being used for auto transportation) will be re-purposed into parks where people can walk, interact and play on water features like a musical fountain and water fountain play grounds.
88
There will be staircases that lead up to where people board the teleportation pods. These staircases will function to enforce more exercise for people as they will be forced, by design, to take the stairs up to board the pods. A ramp can be used for people with disabilities and trolleys for luggage.
89
Concept and Lead Benjamin Scheerbarth, TSPA
Participants AndrĂŠs Pascual Lacarra, Erasmus exchange Clemente Barahona Gomez, Erasmus exchange Esther Kute, Assistant Lecturer, The Technical University of Kenya Jonas Anetzberger, B.A. Communication Design Julian Schindler, B.A. Communication Design Lasse Lemster, B.A. Communication Design Michael Hofinger, B.A. Architecture Robbie Omol, B.A. Design, The Technical University of Kenya Roland Miller, B.A. Architecture Stefan Seifert, B.A. Architecture Tobias Manuel, B.A. Interactive Media
Thanks to Carlo Ratti, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Doris Binger, Augsburg University of Applied Sciences Jacob Koch, Bloomberg Associates Katinka Temme, Augsburg University of Applied Sciences Matthew Claudel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Moojin Park, Sauerbruchhutton Susanne Gampfer, Augsburg University of Applied Sciences Thomas Stellmach, TSPA Tobias Häberle, City of Augsburg Urban Planning Department
90
91