Mapping Infra and SocialSTRUCTURE
An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
I) CITY
XL
II) VALLEY
L TABABELA AB AB
III) PARISH QUITO
M
IV) NEIGHBOURHOOD
S
ILALO
V) PLAZA
XS
N
0 1km
5km
10km
Gemileth Betsabe Penaherrera Guevara
Gemileth Betsabe Penaherrera Guevara Sheffield School of Architecture MAAD 2014-2015 Registration No: 140125920 September 4th, 2015 Beatrice De Carli, Supervisor Document Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts in Architectural Design, University of Sheffield
ABSTRACT
The research and design through mapping represents a method for future and on-going problem-finding. Mapping is considered an instrument for recognizing and revealing crucial and hidden information; the one that can produce knowledge, participation, consciousness and action, answering to continuing nowadays’ problems.
Social Interaction, each of them analysed through different scales of mapping, the ones that confirm the absence of public space in Cumbaya and the barrier that nowadays represents Big scale infrastructure to social interactions.
Therefore, in an increasingly urbanising world, where cities undergo rapid transformations that led to unplanned strategies; mapping can be used as a tool for recognizing important aspects that should be taken into consideration in any development plan.
have been forgotten during the structure of different development plans, in this specific case, people. There is the necessity of building not only physical but social connections between the communities, encouraging public transformation rather than private growth. This mapping research is the starting point for questioning nowadays expansion strategies and, at the same time, the design tool that will suggest possible design solutions to this common problem in a progressively urbanising world.
The present research realises the benefits, constrains and results of the application of mapping, used as a tool for understanding and revealing the relationships between the infrastructure development and social structures in Cumbaya, a parish located in Quito-Ecuador. Cumbaya’s growth is an example of fast development strategies. Nevertheless its unplanned expansion has led to the marginalization of the community and its social interactions. The research starts with the analysis of different mapping strategies and concepts presented by James Corner, Denis Crosgrove, The Barlett Development Planning Unit, among others. This literature review will guide the methodology applied in the present document, which consists of three important mapping topics: Infrastructure, Image and
Maps have the power of revealing aspects that
Keywords: Mapping, Infrastructure, Social interaction, Cumbaya.
TABLE OF CONTENT
I) CITY
XL
II) VALLEY
L TABABELA AB AB
III) PARISH QUITO
M
IV) NEIGHBOURHOOD
S
ILALO
V) PLAZA
XS
N
0 1km
6
5km
10km
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................7 Preface....................................................................................................................8 Research context...................................................................................................10 Background...........................................................................................................12 Research workflow................................................................................................16 Chapter I: ..............................................................................................................18 Infrastructure
Development and growth in Cumbaya
XLarge QUITO
Large TUMBACO
Medium CUMBAYA
XSmall
Small COMMERCIAL CENTRE
PLAZA
Chapter 2: .............................................................................................................30 Image Meanings, thoughts and data from Cumbaya
XLarge QUITO
Small
Large
XSmall
COMMERCIAL CENTRE
TUMBACO
PLAZA
Chapter 3: .............................................................................................................40
Social Interactions Social hubs and flows
Medium CUMBAYA
XSmall
Small COMMERCIAL CENTRE
PLAZA
Conclusions...........................................................................................................48 Bibliography...........................................................................................................68 Appendices............................................................................................................70 Betsy Penaherrera
7
...To my parents, my daily support, my best friends, the ones that helped me to pursue all my dreams and to never stop believing... ...To my little brother, Tommy, my biggest inspiration for never stop studying and for becoming each day a better human being...
8
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The present dissertation would not have been possible without the support and guidance of my supervisor Beatrice De Carli. Thank you for encouraging me on researching through a creative, interactive and learning process: mapping. Special thanks to my parents, who were the ones that helped me to obtain up to date information and photos from the analysed site. The ones that inspired me to take a deepest look to the situation of Cumbaya. The ones that always believed in me and taught me to never stop questioning and pursuing my dreams. Thanks David, my best friend, my biggest support through all this year. The one that never stopped believing in me, my partner in the most beautiful, challenging and difficult moments. This goal achieved is for and because of you.
Betsy Penaherrera
9
PREFACE
‘…Mappings are not transparent, neutral or passive devices of spatial measurement and description. They are instead extremely opaque, imaginative, operational instruments. Although drawn from measured observations in the world, mappings are neither depictions nor representations but mental constructs, ideas that enable and effect change. In describing and visualizing otherwise hidden facts, maps set the stage for future work. Mapping is always already a project in the making…’ (James Corner, 1999)
The present research document will point out the application of mapping exercises for discovering hidden or unseen realities that have not been considered in the development plan for future expansions in Cumbaya. Cumbaya, the site analysed, is facing a contemporary situation of fast and unplanned development society, where new infrastructure has driven both a connection and a barrier for the established community. The twelve mapping strategies, applied in this research, point out the different relationships between infrastructure development and social structures in five different scales: the scale of city (XL-Quito), the scale of valley (L-Tumbaco), the scale of parish (M-Cumbaya), the scale of neighbourhood (S-Commercial Centre), and
10
the scale of Plaza (XS). The application of different scales will produce a more accurate understanding of the problem, trying to find the consequences and answers of the mentioned relationships. The document is organized through three chapters. Chapter I: Infrastructure, which states the story of growth and development of the parish of Cumbaya. It enables both, an understanding of to the important points and places that are being integrated and, at the same time, describes the special features of topography, the one that has led to the existing growth morphology. The second chapter: Image, takes a look to people’s feelings about Cumbaya, some storytelling and memories will understand the social perception of the parish; together with data information will contribute with
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
a more precise awareness of the actual situation. The final chapter: social interactions, is the one that structures both previous sections with mobility and flow characteristics, taking into consideration the most important social hubs and their relationships with location and accessibility.
The graphic outcome and the awareness
that maps produce are a tool for research and design, the conclusions and design answers can be approached though the compilation of the present work. Collages, sections, drawings are also a way of doing architecture, of questioning today’s reality and of finding solutions that might not only involve the design of a physical building, but the awareness of the necessities that Cumbaya is facing nowadays. Each expansion plan does not only need to take a look to physical aspects. Furthermore, it needs to consider the experiences and social relationships that are involved.
Betsy Penaherrera
11
RESEARCH CONTEXT
Cumbaya is a parish located in Tumbaco’s Valley in Quito-Ecuador. It has become an evolving area with the location of Quito’s new airport and the construction of big scale infrastructure in its surroundings. Cumbaya has experienced a significant growth in the last decades, features that have changed its social and morphological shape, leaving behind its agricultural background and its social relationships. From the years 1950 to 2010, Cumbaya grew from 2600 to 31463 inhabitants (Prefectura, 2012); having an annual growth rate of 6.9%, superior to Quito’s rate of 2.6%. It is expected that in 2025 there will be 62284 inhabitants approximately (See image 1). However, the absence of growth and development plans for the suburban areas has headed to an inefficient city model, characterized by the absence of public spaces, the loss of communal activities and the threaten of natural biodiversity (Cueva, 7).
12
The increasing number of new highways, commercial introvert infrastructure and the high number of upper-middle class neighbourhoods, with no connection or interaction with the surroundings, have avoided the creation of open and communal space, and have put aside the benefits of social interaction and feeling of belonging; creating a
Image 1: Demographic growth since 1950 to 2015 (INEC, 2013)
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
marginalization of the old community, which was established decades ago in this area. The urban growth is evident, in 15 years there has been an improvement of 700% buildings. Moreover, in the year of 2012, 240 new projects were built, most of them related to private urbanizations (El Hoy, 2012). Cumbaya has experienced many changes
the one that brought multigenerational activities and interactions. Therefore, new commercial and residential projects were stablished. However, the absence of feeling of belonging threatens the area of becoming a disembodied zone (Bustamante…, 92). Nowadays, it is one of the areas of more added value in Ecuador. In few years it transformed from being a small town to the most important parish in Quito.
during the years (See image 2), it started as an agricultural and religious parish, characterized by the presence of the train station that connected Quito with North provinces for commercial exchange activities. During 1970 it became a ‘dormitory city’ with the presence of rich weekend estates and farms, avoiding the interaction with the old community and starting an exclusive condition between people of different socioeconomic conditions. In the year of 1988, San Francisco University was established in Cumbaya,
Image 2: Cumbaya’s historical timeline Betsy Penaherrera
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BACKGROUND
Maps are interactive tools used throughout the years to both reveal and realize hidden potential. They generate ideas, test hypothesis and construct learning through creative practice (Corner 1999, Dodge, et. al. 2011). Mapping does not only include cartography making, and should not be considered as tracing. While tracing is preoccupied with a more direct representation of what exists, the map
and are not given the legitimate importance they should. Therefore there is the need of using mapping as a methodological tool that constructs worlds of the imagination, that represents feelings, human activities, cultural patterns, economic exchanges, etc., in a multidimensional way, which does not only represent reality, but becomes an active role that constructs a space (See image 3).
encapsulates a process with an open end that enhance The methodology applied during the present an intention of generate change, and contribute to the investigation will use mapping as a finding and at conception of new possibilities (Allen, et. al 2012). the same time as a founding (Corner, 1999). It will This is why the present research will incorporate lie in the purpose of uncovering the concept of map opposed to realities previously unseen, tracing, concerned more about “What distinguishes the map unimagined or unspoken, and developing a methodological tool from the tracing is that it is will encourage particular ways of for architects, urban planners entirely oriented toward an organised thinking about how to and landscape developers to experimentation in contact with the real. The map does generalise reality, how to distinct explore and show significant not reproduce an unconscious inherent, meaningful spatial relationships, as an active role to closed in upon itself; it structure from the data, and construct a better reality. constructs the unconscious.” how to produce spaces as well (Deleuze et al, 1987:12) as social relationships (Wood, As Martin Dodge cit. in Allen, et al. 2012). It is manifests ‘the power of maps then necessary to answer four comes from the fact that important questions that will guide the purpose and they are both a practical form of information the methodology of the research: what is going to be processing and also a compelling form of mapped, why is it important, for what and how will it rhetorical communication’’(2011). In a world where be mapped? (See image 4). visualisation represents a better cognitive process of learning through interactions, maps have the ability of unfolding reasons and questioning nowadays problems. These facts might be noticeable to citizens, but as they haven’t been produced in a graphical way, societies’ problems lost the strength 14
In order to understand the actual relationships between infrastructure development and social structures in Cumbaya, mapping will be used to reveal the hidden aspects in different scales between these
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
Image 3: Mapping example. James Corner, Taking measure Across the American Landscape, Planting calendar, 1996. Original Picture from: <http://socks-studio.com/2012/10/29/taking-measures-across-the-american-landscape-by-james-corner-and-alex-mclean/>
two important elements that any development plan should include. Mapping typically precedes planning because it is assumed that the map will objectively identify and make visible the terms around which a planning project may then be rationally developed, evaluated and built. (Scott 1988; Soderstorm 1996 cit. in Corner 1999). The use of different scales is a tool that helps the interaction and understanding between each other, taking as example the work produced by Bieke Cattor and Bruno Dre Meulder, in their book Figures Infrastructure, the change and use of various scales helps in a way that mirrors the supposed relations between each other, to constructively re-interpret the developed territory (2011).
The growth and development plans have often been questioned in Cumbaya, nevertheless there has never been a mapping research of the actual and more important effects that the construction of new infrastructure has generated. Therefore, since infrastructure has the ability of generating spatial structures at multiple scales, affecting not just the physical but the social environment; it is important to understand, in different scales how does new infrastructure relate with the established community in Cumbaya and what is the shape and characteristics of this community. There is the necessity to form new awareness into the capacity of mapping exercises to build a way for new-imaginaryfuture worlds (Shannon, 2008), and to show the Betsy Penaherrera
15
BACKGROUND missing or underpinned factors affected while the new expansion plans are conceived. Maps do not represent reality but rather “encode” perceptions of the space within which reality transpires, providing individuals with a means of making sense of the complexity of everyday life that in turn shapes behaviour (UCL, The heuristics of mapping 2013), in this case the actual daily activities in Cumbaya, which have been affected by infrastructure improvement or that are not the optimal ones. This mapping research has the objective to enable the knowledge of hidden realities and possible solutions that have never been mapped or shown in a graphical and physical way, it will be a base document for an on-going research on future and collaborative design development. The one that will need of more mapping exercises with the collaboration and participation of community for creating a better reality; because ‘‘maps are of the moment, brought into being through practices, always remade every time they are engaged with’’ (Kitchin, R. and Dodge Martin, 2007). The approaches that will be incorporated during this research will include a qualitative,
quantitative and historical research methods that will be based on the compilation of personal awareness of Cumbaya’s situation, different testimonies from Cumbaya’s citizen’s as well as from architects colleagues based in Cumbaya, photo surveys, online data and literature review that contemplates Cumbaya’s historical timeline. All of 16
them brought together in a graphical representation that has the goal of motivating to recognize the power of visual maps and tools that are, as James Corner suggested, both functional and expressive of human hope (Corner, et. al. 2000) . Mapping will be both a method and a topic for research. It will represent an identification technique for future problem-solving mechanisms, intended as a pragmatic tool for recognizing crucial information, which could be extended in terms of an instructive interface for the general public and as a tool for future urban development decision-makings. It is studied as a subject of critical thinking and a powerful design device. As James Corner suggests ‘‘the role of mapping will become less one of tracing and re-tracing already known worlds, and more one of inaugurating new worlds out of old. Instead of mapping as a means of appropriation, we might begin to see it as a means of emancipation and enablement, liberating phenomena and potential from the encasements of convention and habit ‘‘(1999).
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
What?
Infrastructure and physical connections. Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interaction, flows, thoughts and data interpretation from CUMBAYA in:
XS S
M
L
XL
relationships
Why?
Mapping has the ability of producing:
Knowledge Consciusness Participation Action about benefits and constraints in Cumbaya, reveals hidden information
What for?
Creating a base document that can be the starting point of future:
collaborative design
GROWTH
Development
Creating a research by design tool that enables: the knowledge of hidden realities for possible solutions that have never been shown in a graphical way.
How?
Different research methods will interact with each other;
Personal awareness Stories
Photo and site surveys
Online-Data
Qualitative, Quantitative, Historical research method Image 4: Mapping methodology Personal diagram
Betsy Penaherrera
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RESEARCH WORKFLOW
Background Problem statement
Research Chritian Nold G. Deleuze, F. Guattari Jeroen Stevens & Jonas Knapen Denis Crosgrove
MAPP
Literature review
Methodology
SCALES
James Corner Allen-Frediani-Lambert Denis Wood
Continuous modification
Online data Personal awareness Photo survey Previous available questionaries and interviews
18
Anal
Infrastruc Image Social Inte
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
d: Cumbaya
h context
PING
1)How could mapping be used as a tool for understanding and revealing the relationship between Cumbayaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s infrastructure development and social structures? 2)What are the practical applications of mapping that can be drawn from its use for future development and expansion plans?
Research question Subquestions 1)How could different scales of mapping provide more detailed information about social perception, use of space and infrastructure development? 2)What is the reality of social interaction for daily activities in Cumbaya?
lysis
Conclusion
cture
Future work More mapping excercises Group and team based research
eraction
Continuous modification Image 5: Workflow conceptual mapContinuos work during the dissertation development Betsy Penaherrera
19
CHAPTER I
INFRASTRUCTURE
Development and growth in Cumbaya
INFRASTRUCTURE
XLarge Quito
Appendix1
CALACALI
E RT
NO
IC
ER
M NA
A AN
PA
GA
RA
RI
VE
R
TABABELA AIRPORT
MA
CH
AN
QUITO
CUMBAYA PICHINCHA VOLCANO
VA
A VI RUT
ILALO
PICHINCHA VOLCANO
4780 m
22
2300 m
2900 m
RUTA VIVA
N
0 1km
CUMBAYA
QUITO
2750 m
2700 m
5km
10km
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
Image 7: Cumbaya’s mountain system and growth (View from north-east to south west) Original Picture from: <http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=635648>
Image 6: Quito’s growth diagram
Quito is the capital city of Ecuador, located in the northern-central highlands. It has been an important migration pole and has experienced a significant growth in the last decades; features that have changed the shape of the city (Carrion; Vasconez; Bermudez 2003). It went from being an oriented city to an urban agglomeration, incorporating urban centres and peripheral areas that were conditioned by the topographic irregularities of the surrounding mountains and slopes (UN-Habitat 2003). As the city couldn’t continue growing from north to south or vice versa, two different and recognizable growths have been stablished: informal settlements and satellite cities. These two urban actions are the consequences of a missing urban plans, having different features and bringing more problems to the city: one of them the feeling of not being part of it.
Image 8: Cumbaya (View from Pichincha Volcano) Original Picture from: <http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=635648>
There are urban informal settlements located in areas of irregular topography; on the other hand, there are 2 main satellite cities developing in the valleys of Quito, one of them CUMBAYA. They have their own centre, as well as private neighbourhoods that show no connection with the surroundings, avoiding the creation of public space and, at the same time, marginalizing old towns that had been established years ago in the area. Betsy Penaherrera
23
INFRASTRUCTURE
Large
Tumbaco
RO ED NP SA
CUMBAYA
Quito’s airport
CHICHE RIVER
PAN
AM ER IC
AN
AN
OR TE
Appendix 2
ER
RIV
PIFO
TUMBACO
RUTA VIVA
N
New highway Cumbaya site Voids (possible expansion)
24
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
in the expansion plans. It is necessary to take into account that development and growth does not only involve the creation of highways, but the creation of community.
Image 9: Accidents in Interoceanica Avenue (First connection Quito-Cumabya)
It is notable, through this mapping exercise that the ring which connects Quito with the new airport, stablishes a future development area that should be taken into consideration before any other quick intervention is made (See Image 10). Nayon will then be the place that will continue Quito’s sprawl, the place where urban planners should take a look for a planned and future enlargement.
Original Picture from: <http://www.lahora.com.ec/index.php/noticias/show/1101800573/-1/7_heridos_deja_triple_choque_vehicular_en_la_av._Sim%C3%B3n_Bolivar.html#. VdHeEflVhBc>
Since Quito’s expansion, the previous airport could no longer provide the adequate requirements, hence the new airport was built in Tumbaco’s valley, and started functioning even before of the creation of the suitable mobility infrastructure. The quick intervention and planning of this element (RUTA VIVA), that connects Quito and Tumbaco’s parishes until reaching the new airport, led to the misunderstanding of sustainable growth. It is comprehensible that the previous highway which connected Tumbaco’s valley with Quito was not enough to support the mobility of the required amount of people to the recently built airport (See Image 9). Nevertheless, the fast and not well structured design of RUTA VIVA, could led to even bigger problems if it is not well arranged
Image 10: Nayon as the area of future growth
Betsy Penaherrera
25
INFRASTRUCTURE
Medium
Cumbaya
Appendix 3
QUITO
28 C S
treet
IVER
RA R
NGA
HA MAC
OPEN AREAS infr in f astruccture tuure near social hub ub bs Hous Ho usess in daang us nger gerr new ne w in infr nfr f as astr trruc u ture hass da ha damage gee exi x st stin tin ing g buuildinggs
OPEN AREAS
OPEN AREAS
RU
TA V
N
0
26
200m
600m
1000m
IVA
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
Social interaccttiion obstructed d by INFRASTR RUC UCTU TURE TU R RE
Image 11: People crossing RUTA VIVA Original Picture from: <http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/sectores-ruta-viva-movilidad-aeropuerto.html>
SA
N
PE
DR
O
RI VE
R
‘In the actual conditions,
crossing RUTA VIVA highway represents a peril. In average, the speed of each vehicle is 90km per hour. However, the residents of these
sectors need to do it…
Fran
cisc
o de
Orell
ana
stre
et
With RUTA VIVA’s opening, the local connection’s problems persist; it does not provide networks between established communities ‘ (Heredia, 2014)
RUTA VIVA highway was built over existing buildings and suitable topography status, creating some important connections and, at the same time, segregating points between present constructions (See image 11). Previous houses, services and pedestrian connections have been affected, and most of them are in actual danger of disappearing. There have not been any construction of pedestrian or cycle connections between important social hubs; therefore the new infrastructure represents a barrier for social development. Betsy Penaherrera
27
INFRASTRUCTURE
Small
Commercial Centre Appendix 4
QUITO UNIVERSITY USFQ 32m 28
CS
tree t CS tree t
Int Inf rover ras t B tru IG ctu re
28
32m
Hig hw
ay BA
RR
IER
Commercial buildings
Fra Previous rail road
Introvert buildings do not offer anything to the city. PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE
? 28
0
28
50m
150m
300m
et
N
tre
CS Public and private bridge, connection n of BIG commercial building g and University. Above existing houses.
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
Mobility infrastructure is not the only one that has been settled in Cumbaya, the presence of new commercial buildings has at the same time affected its social morphology. The introvert buildings located between Interoceanica highway produce not public space,
Water reservoir
and their relationship with the University is ambiguous. Students face a secure problem while crossing the fast highway that divides these spaces. Therefore, one of the unpractical ‘solutions’ proposed by the commercial centre was to create a link with the University through a pedestrian bridge. Its construction over existing buildings threatens their quality of life. The idea of creating upper public space is dissipated with the lack of communication between spaces.
Landscape presence near bicycle path
anc
Big INDUSTRI R AL infrastructuure re nea e r social hub u s ub
isco
de
Ore
llan
as
tree
t
TUMBACO INT
ERO
CEA
‘‘There is no safety zone…
NIC
AA VEN
UE
PASEO SAN FRANCISCO SHOPPING
–The incapacity of the pedestrian bridge to safeguard its transiets-’’. (Bueno, 2013)
Betsy Penaherrera
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INFRASTRUCTURE
XSmall Plaza
Appendix 5
QUITO
P sideewalkss
INTE
ROC
EAN
ICA
AVE N
UE
Commercial buildings, principal street with Bus stop giving preference to CARS
11.4m P
Buus Stop
P
Mixed use buildings near important avenues Sidewalk not good enough
30
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
P
Fran
cisc
o de
Ore
llan
a ST
Parking lots and blue zone street parking
REE
T
TUMBACO
P Paa in P Parkin ingg lo l tss and blluee zon o e sttrreeett parki arki ar k ng
N
Cars vs ppedestrians
0
10m
30m
70m
As seen in the previous scales, the importance given to cars and mobility is more than the one given to pedestrian activities. This is even manifested in Cumbayaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Plaza, a public space that was generated for social, religious and commercial activities. Nowadays, the presence of parking lots occupies more space than people. The facades, streets and perspectives incorporate cars rather than people, generating in this way an absence of social relationships. Moreover, the place where more people are, is the one with more chaotic transportation system and the one that is characterised by the sounds and smoke of coaches. Betsy Penaherrera
31
CHAPTER II
IMAGE
Meanings, thoughts and data from Cumbaya
IMAGE
XLarge Quito
Appendix 6
DANGER
Vulnerability
-£
High buildings QUITO
Nice weather
Centre
4 347.98 per/km2 26% poverty index
Distante CUMBAYA
History
1489.73 per/km2 21% poverty index
ECONOMY
£
New development
£££
Informal settlements Interoceaniica AV.
Quito’s historical centre Private urbanizations, fancy restaurants Airport
AM
N PA
NA
CA
I ER
IMAGE SECTION
Worrk Valley features, temperature of 21o C PICHINCHA VOLCANO
SUNNY
CUMBAYA TUMBACO
Univeersity RUTA VIVA
Population density >300 150-300
Difficult to reach
100-150
Traffic
50-100 25-50 10-25 5-10 <5
Landscaape, relax N
PINTAG
0 1km
34
5km
10km
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
Cognitive mapping, as described by Kevin Lynch, takes place through memory, feelings, thoughts, and produces both aware and unaware mental representations of the place, magnifying certain elements and ignoring others (Lynch, 1960). The presents maps are a compilation of personal awareness, testimonies and previous questionnaires made to Cumbaya’s citizens.
In contrast with the West expansion Quito went through, the development of Tumbaco’s valley is equipped with the basic services such as water, sewerage system and electricity. Cumbaya is seen as a place of warm weather, high economic status, and as a residential and educational area. The image of Cumbaya as a high social settlement is conceived due to its citizen’s income of approximately 10 000 dollars per month (basic basket 670 USA dollars per month (INEC, 2015)) (Lideres, 2013). This conviction is so strong that people have started naming Cumbaya as Cumbayork, due to its relationship with fancy restaurants, expensive houses and parties. On the other hand, social groups from the actual and old community of Cumbaya, have expressed their disapproval to the mentioned nickname (See image 12), creating as well social media groups that suggests a space for social critique about the parish reality, with the logo of: ‘Official Cumbaya’s page – by its people and for its people’ Del pueblo y para el pueblo (Historias Miscelaneas).
These strong contradictions led to the
conclusion of a missing genius loci, an absence of feeling of belonging and a big barrier between societies.
Image 12: Social groups- Cumabaya Original Pictures from: <https://www.facebook.com/pueblo.parroquiacumabaya/about?section=bio&pnref=about> <https://www.facebook.com/ilovecumbayork?fref=ts>
Betsy Penaherrera
35
IMAGE
Large
Tumbaco
Appendix 7 VILLA 73.80%
DEPARTMENT 17.91%
ROOMS 5.51 %
Cumbaya: the gate to Qu
renewable natural resource RA
GA
AN
H AC
R
VE
RI
M
QUITO
RO
ED
NP
£££
SA
Floating population: 45 000 peopke
ER
RIV
CUMBAYA
Resiide Re dent ntia ia and ag and agri r cu c lt fifields
18 people/hectare
6.9% Population growth
T
RUTA VIVA
N
0
36
1km
3km
4km
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
46.2-62.4% 34.9-46.2%
uito and the valley
Poverty incidence
26-34.9% 18.8-26% 9.2-18.8% 0.7-9.2%
Cumbaya is known as the gate to Quito and to the valleys. The presence of industries, offices and San Francisco University makes Cumbaya an important
£ PUEMBO
13 people/hectare
al tur ural al
2.2% Population growth
££ and aggri r ccu ulttural urral fields
17 people/hectare
TUMBACO
Population growth PIFO
2.9% renewable natural resource
11 people/hectare
development centre, reasons enough for facing a floating population of approximately 46780 inhabitants. People who used to have their familiar estates and lands, are now creating exclusives urbanizations and building new estate properties in Tumbaco, Puembo and Pifo. As a result, these parishes will experience the same unplanned growth Cumbaya is going through nowadays, where private urbanizations are being settle without any community characteristics and in an undefined way.
‘Owners built their houses with high walls, electric fences and guards; without any municipal construction licence.’ (Pazmiño, 2013) Betsy Penaherrera
37
IMAGE
Small
Commercial Centre Appendix 8
Private Private urbanizations
Private urbanizations
KNOWLEDGE: UNIVERSITY
Private urbanizations
BIG scale buildings
BIG scale buildings
Private urbanizations
Private urbanizations
N
0
38
50m
150m
300m
窶連n urban neighbourhood is determined not only by geographica inhabitants and those of other neighbourhoods have of i
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
urbanizations
Natural resources
LANDSCAPE
PLAZA
One of the strongest image presented by Cumbayaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s citizens relates to the mixture of building scales, and the conflict presented in the principal roundabout, which is characterized by big commercial introvert infrastructure and by private urbanizations nearby. After asking people who work and/or live in Cumbaya to describe and draw the first image that comes to their mind when they think of Cumbaya, the results show a big importance and attention to infrastructure and nearby buildings that are conceived in their daily activities (See image 13). Nevertheless these elements represent at the same time a barrier of social communication, as mentioned in the previous chapter.
COMMERCE Small scale buildings
al and economic factors, but also by the image that its itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. (Chombart de Lauwe cit. in Debord, 1959)
Image 13: Derive by academics in Cumbaya Original Pictures from: Castro (2011)
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IMAGE
XSmall Plaza
Appendix 9
Commercial target Average price Medium high price High price
N
0
10m m
30m
50m
C
40
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
1900 Religion Games Agriculture Traditions Bullfights
1960
Eating around and in the Plaza community gathered together Food exchange
Music and bandss
Sunday mass Food exchange
2015
No interaction in the PLAZA
Parking slots
Plaza not used as before
The mentioned barriers are also observed in the social and commercial activities in the surroundings of Cumbayaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Plaza, the ones that have changed during the years. In 1960, this space was occupied for weekend festivities, bull fight spectacles and traditional celebrities. After a few years the presence of the church suggested, at the same time, a place of social communication, where people gathered together after the mass for sharing food and playing games. Temporal commerce was built surrounding the plaza, affordable for everyone and made by the community itself. Nowadays, these social relationships are lost. The commercial activities around the plaza are not affordable for the community and do not represent any support for the plaza itself, leaving the plaza empty and unused. Betsy Penaherrera
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CHAPTER III
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
Social hubs and flows
SOCIAL INTERACTION
XSmall Plaza
Appendix 10
QUITO
QUITO
USFQ
USFQ
INT
ERO
INT
ERO
CEA
CEA
NIC
A
NIC
A
N
N
BUS STOP 0
10m
30m
80m
BUS STOP 10m
30m
44
80m
RUTA VIVA
RUTA VIVA
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
FRA
NCI
SCO
DE
ORE
LLA
NA
TUM
BAC
O
The place where more people is found is the bus stop and plaza. However, the plaza is more used as a transit space rather than a place to stay. The bus stop counts with the presence of temporal and movable commercial activities which are the ones that get people together (See image 14). An example of this is the sale of typical and affordable food such as: hornado, ice-creams, fritada, etc. Nevertheless, this space does not have the safe and adequate conditions for supporting the amount of people found in here, due to its characteristic of medium speed highway.
Image 14: Social interaction in Cumbayaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s centre bus top Original Pictures from: Personal picture
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SOCIAL INTERACTION
Small
Commercial Centre Appendix 11
P
University Students Food and basic services nts nt ess for stuudent Seerrvvices
UNIVERSITY
PRIVATE VOIDS
N
0
46
50m
150m
300m
PRIVATE VOIDS
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
PRIVATE VOIDS
Public VS Private
Social connections in small scale are also not the optimal ones. Even though the social hubs are related to education and commercial activities; people are also looking for green areas where they can practice sports or just walk through. As seen before, the barrier that infrastructure represents to social connections has not green areas and do not prioritize pedestrians activities. The green spaces seen in Google Earth map, represent private parks from urbanizations or private sport courts from the University. People are looking for places to practice sports, to ride a bike, they are searching for areas where they can feel free and secure to walk through (See image 15).
Social Hub Food
PLAZA
Image 15: Looking for outdoor activities Original Pictures from: <http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/quito/chaquinan-sera-declarado-patrimonio-natural.htm>, personal picturel
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SOCIAL INTERACTION
Medium
Cumbaya
Appendix 12
SOCIAL HUBS as ral Are
Natu
l Areas
Natura
Private urbanizations
Residential area
Ruta
VIVA
Residential are
Public spaces needded. More infrastructure for public transportation rather that private mobilization N
SOCIAL HUBS 0
48
200m
600m
1000m
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
Natural Areas
l Areas
Natura
Private urbanizations
SOCIAL HUBS
ea Social hubs located S near infrastructure and introvert spaces
Taking into consideration that the most important social hubs in Cumbaya contemplate services and activities such as: education, food, religion and sports; there is the need of no more private urbanizations. It is fundamental to approach a mixed and public use of space, where different activities can be placed together. The social hubs shown in the present map, distinguish more social interactions in the places that are open to society and in the ones near dairy services; rather than in the surroudings of the exclusive residential areas. Given that Cumbaya has more private walls than public trees, it is fundamental to generate open and green spaces where people are welcome and where they can interact with each other with no social status distinction. Betsy Penaherrera
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1) How could mapping be used as a tool for understanding and revealing the relationship between Cumbayaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s infrastructure development and social structures? 2) What are the practical applications of mapping that can be drawn from its use for future development and expansion plans?
1.1) How could different scales of mapping provide more detailed information about social perception, use of space and infrastructure development? 1.2) What is the reality of social interaction for daily activities in Cumbaya?
CONCLUSIONS
A look to possible actions
CONCLUSIONS
Mapping as a methodology
During the present research, mapping helped the process of understanding and revealing the relationships between Cumbaya’s infrastructure and social structures. It was a productive methodology to question the real problems that Cumbaya is facing, making evident some aspects that were previously hidden or unseen. It enables the opportunity of taking a second look, of changing perspectives; in order to find out the relationships that have been affected during Cumbaya’s development, not only because of infrastructure but because of an undefined community that has been growing in an irregular and isolated way. Although there are still more mapping exercises needed for researching and designing a solution, due to some limitations found in the process; mapping was a fruitful and dynamic tool to make people aware of today’s situation and to think and perceive Cumbaya’s problems in a different way. About some of the constraints found during the application of this methodology, it is important to mention the necessity of up-to-date information, the limitations of available materials and the awareness of what to map, in order to have an open perspective of the situation and not creating an observation or participation border. Different scales need more precise information than others. For instance mapping in an XSmall scale requires of more detailed information that can be only achieved with on-site work or with a site based team; the one that has the opportunity of mapping observation
52
patterns of social interaction like specific activities or gestures perceived between people. This work needs of more time and resources for generating a deepest look on Cumbaya’s situation, taking into consideration updated people’s perspectives. It is in this moment, where mapping faces the difficulty of overlapping and showing different perceptions, with the possibility of rejecting some important information that can be easily hidden or perceived as unnecessary. Producing a map and including most of the information gathered needs of an information filter, the one that has the possibility of becoming a barrier or a boundary by itself. However, the benefits that map produces as an interactive and educational tool are unmeasurable. It has the possibility of becoming a tool of social participation and intervention in Cumbaya’s reality, making people themselves the ones that answer to the problems they are facing. Although this research was made by a personal awareness of the situation as a Cumbaya’s citizen; some of the results were at first unknown and unperceivable by the author. With maps people become aware of actual situations and have the possibility of seeing in a 2D perspective, tridimensional feelings, information and data; results which cannot be shown in a regular tracing exercise. Mapping also acts as a narrative through scales (See Image 16), revealing important information in each of them and later on relating them with each other. It is in this way how mapping acts as a research tool, with different interactions of thoughts, realities, physical
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
and sensory aspects. Furthermore it enables possible solutions and highlight aspects that can start a new research or the necessity of deeper mapping devices. Throughout these 12 mapping exercises there is the compilation of different information sources and researching materials, they all questioned the existing relationships between infrastructure and social organizations. Making visible that it is not only infrastructure the one that has segregated community, but different physical invisible borders in Cumbayaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s society. Although for further research there is the need of more mapping exploration, this methodology enabled an understanding of the reality and found out that the aspect that needs more intervention nowadays is the finding of community and the regeneration of its identity.
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CONCLUSIONS
Development and growth Infrastructure analysis and hidden information
Medium
New borders and margins with the creation of RUTA VIV highway. Connectio benefits and drawbacks. Pedestri and automobile infrastructure
Personal awareness of the situation, map not just a 2d representation
Small
XSmall
New building infrastructure, creation of BIG commercial buildings, no relationship with the context and pedestrians. PUBLIC SPACE?
Automobile vs pedestrians, streets occupancy and public space in streets. Accessibility and public transport
Better understanding of the
Up-to-date information and testimonies
Who to map? c XLarge Cumbaya population vs. Quito. Density and image of Cumbaya. Reasons for traveling or living in Cumbaya.
Personal awareness, previous research
Social interactions
Details in XSmall scale needed
Social hubs and interaction, relationship with previous analysed infrastructure
54
XSmall Centre plaza considered the focal point of interaction. Nevertheless, most people transit in the area of the bus station, plaza becomes a secondary public space
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya Accesible information by previous maps and online data
Large
VA on
ian
XLarge
Construction of RUTA VIVA highway, to connect the new airport with Quito’s centre. New development in Quito’s valleys, voids’ occupancy.
Quito’s growth, topography characteristics that suggested the creation of Quito’s valley: Tumbaco
situation. Introduction to social developments
Awareness and observation
Image of Cumbaya
Social perception, stories and feelings about Cumbaya
can also produce or be a border Large People living in Cumbaya, Tumbaco and Puembo. Density, social income. Reasons and number of floating population, type of buildings in Cumbaya: villas/apartments.
Small Presence of public bicycle path, connection with landscape. Sports and knowledge in Cumbaya. Lack of public spaces not COMMERCIAL CENTRES
Difficulties on compiling information and summarizing
XSmall Plaza not enough. Stories about the plaza years ago. Nowadays situation, surrounded by high class restaurants. More importance to car rather than pedestrians
Data collected Small Presence of big voids, most of them private (gardens or soccer courts). Big scale buildings do not allow free mobility between the surroundings.
Medium Social Hubs, private urbanizations more than public spaces. Limited green areas. Connections with the surroundings, important points: University and plaza.
NEEDED INTERACTION More site-based research needed
More public spaces Mapping could define which kind of space needed. Image 16: Mapping narrative methodology Betsy Penaherrera
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Mapping future applications
In a world of continuous growth, evolution and fluctuating characteristics, there is the need of using mapping for finding and generating successful concepts that should be considered in any development plans. Mapping is the base analysis and design tool for conceiving an image of design in multiple scales. The mapping exercises, developed through the present dissertation, discovered possible solutions and characteristics that must be contemplated in Cumbayaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s future plans. For instance, the necessity of prioritizing the design of public spaces, dealing with the existing social, political and physical borders; the requirement of mixed use spaces with characteristics similar to the ones found in the historical centre of Cumbaya (traditional food, religion, sports, affordable commercial activities, etc.) and the performance of an interactive architecture that contemplates the built, social and natural environments. Mapping enabled a dynamic and accurate way of understanding the benefits and constraints of the infrastructure development and its relationship with social structures. In this way, mapping has been proved to be a useful design and research tool. For instance, the requirement of more public spaces is notable in all the scales (See Image 17). This does not only include the need of spaces for social interaction that are open to everyone, without social or economic distinction like parks, boulevards, etc.; but also the need to take a look to public transportation. The new highway encourages the use of private vehicles, leaving behind any social relationship between 56
citizens, due to the inefficient location and amount of public transportation. This is also perceivable in the scale of Plaza where parking lots occupy more spaces than people themselves. There are notable social, physical, political and economic borders that need to be study, encouraging the possibility of a unified and welcome society, which integrates its inhabitants and improves their way of living. It is also fundamental to create an expansion plan that generates a town with identity and strong social characteristics. This future growth can make Cumbaya a desired place to live, with appropriate flows for usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; interaction that can prevent a breakdown of the city. This is the reason why mixed programmatic spaces represent a potential environment for future actions. As seen in the scale of parish, Cumbaya holds social hubs related to religion, sports, education, food, and commercial activities. This is why future actions should consider the planning of neighbourhoods with this characteristics, prioritizing outdoor activities and the concept of shared spaces. The places mentioned should not be integrated in an introvert building; in contrast they should generate community and develop social interactions in the streets, sidewalks, etc. (See image 18). Maps have also shown the lack of interactive environments in Cumbaya. People already have the answer, but there has not been any physical or built improvement to this fact. As seen in the mapping exercises, citizens develop social characteristics in religious, sport and commercial spaces. Although
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
there is just one natural environment space (El Chaquinan – bike path), people use and habit this site for long amounts of hours. Sports and leisure activities enable social relationships. Thanks to the nice weather, the plain topography and the short distances in Cumbaya; walking and cycling activities can be developed around the parish. Places where built environment can interact with children, students, families, etc., will also be a successful action that will generate community and a feeling of belonging, dissipating any social or physical barrier. (See image 19). Although the mapping exercises presented in this dissertation helped to have an idea and design concept for future actions, there is still the necessity of further on site research, where citizens could be more involved during this design process. They could be the ones who answer what Cumbaya should be or become, as they have the power of reinforcing and reshaping the place. Mapping has been adopted to reassert Cumbaya’s reality and it has been a tool for making visible the social and physical barriers in different scales. It is indeed an identification method that shows the path for future problem-solving actions. It can also be extended as an educational interface for the general public for understanding Cumbaya’s needs and potentials. Mapping is the question and the answer.
There is still the necessity of further on site research where citizens could be more involved during this design process. They could be the ones who answer what Cumbaya should be or become, as they have the power of reinforcing and reshaping the place.
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Recognizing Borders
Alteration of different typologies and topologies of borders
The appearance of different borders in Cumbaya is recognizable in different scales. They are not only physical borders as they appear on tracings; they carry different significances including social, political and economic typologies, the ones that were perceivable in the previous maps. The study of each of them can generate an inclusive society with no introvert or individual thinking. For the construction of community there is the need to think more about public rather than private spaces. This is the case of public transportation, outdoor commerce, inclusive housing, etc.
CONCLUSIONS
XLarge No more private urbanizations
Enclosed spaces become PERMEABLE
Medium
Small
Commercial buildings should NOT be introvert
Large
Public rathe
60
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya NO MORE ENCLOSURE (SOCAIL ECONOMIC - PHYSICAL BARRIERS)
Community integration
Public space, disappearing borders
XSmall
transportation er than private
Image 17: Future actions Betsy Penaherrera
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Programmatic Collage Mixed use spaces
Cumbaya needs of mixed use spaces, where people from different generations, professions, social or economic status, can relate to each other. There is still the necessity of building community, of constructing social relationships. Nevertheless, there are recognizable activities and traditions that integrate Cumbayaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inhabitants. For instance: Sundayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mass, outdoor sports, market and traditional food. As Cumbaya is a place of work, study and residence; there should be spaces that integrate these activities, not segregating them in different zones, but enabling the possibility of sharing knowledge and experiences between them.
CONCLUSIONS
64
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
Image 18: Future actions Betsy Penaherrera
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Interactive Environment
Interrelation of built, natural and social environments
Cumbaya is a parish with favourable conditions for outdoor activities which conduct the interactions between different environments such as: the natural environment (with the presence of the reservoir, Chaquinan bike path, San Pedro and Machangara rivers and a big flora biodiversity); the built environment (referring to the existing infrastructure) and the social environment (students, workers, children, etc.). However, the interaction among them is slight and vague and do not produce any social benefit that can suggest a strong community image. The need of creating environments, able enough to interact among them, requires of attention to physical and sensorial characteristics of the place, such as: climate, traditional activities, cultural manifestations, etc. In this way, any intervention will take into consideration different factors that are always going to be affected.
CONCLUSIONS
68
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya
Image 19: Future actions Betsy Penaherrera
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Mapping - Allen, Adriana, et.al (2012). The Heuristics of Mapping Urban Environmental Change, London mapping seminar, UCL, London. -Cattoor, B., De Meulder, B. (2011), Figures, Infrastructure. SUN Architecture -Corner, James (1999). The agency of mapping: Speculation, Critique and Invention, in ‘Mappings’, ed. Denis Cosgrove, London: Reakton Books, 1999, 214-252 -Corner, James (2000). Taking Measures across the American Landscape, Yale University Press. -Debord, G. E. (1958) ‘Theory of the Dérive’, Internationale Situationniste, 2; [http://library.nothingness.org/a rticles/all/all/display/314][Last accessed 19/08/2015]. -Deleuze G. and Guattari, F. (1987) A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. -Dodge M., Kitchin R, and Perkins C. (2011). The Map Reader. London: Wiley-Blackwell. -Dodge M, Kitchin, R. (2007). Rethinking maps. Progress in Human Geography. 331-344. -Lynch, Kevin (1960). The Image of the City. Cambridge: MIT Press. -Shannon, Kelly (2008). The ‘Agency of Mapping’ in South Asia: Galle-Matara, Mumbai, in Footprint. -Stevens, J. and Knapen, Jonas (2013). Urbanism & Stages of Insurgence. Belgium: Leuven -UCL, Heuristics of mapping urban environmental change, [http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/portlets/dpu/ mapping-environmental-change] [last accessed: 01/07/2015]. -Wood, D. (2010), Rethinking the Power of Map, New York: the Guilford Press.
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Quito and Cumbaya -Bueno, C. (April 25th, 2013). There is not safety zone. ‘CADItextos’. [http://caditextos.usfq.edu.ec/2013/04/ there-is-no-safety-zone.html][Last accessed: 17/08/2015]. USFQ. -Bustamante, T., Kingman, E. Echeverria, L. Del Castillo, C. Barragan, L., Villaroel, F. (1992), Quito Comunas y Parroquias. Quito. -Castro, M.; Daza, S., Penaherrera G (2011). Cumbaya’s social analysis. ‘Universidad San Francisco de Quito’. Quito -Carrion, Diego; Vasconez, Jaime; Bermudez, Nury (2003). The case of Quito Ecuador. London, Earthscan [http:// www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Quito.pdf.] [Last accessed: 10/01/2015] -Cueva, C. (2014), Parque y Centro Comunitario Cumbaya, Thesis, Quito: Universidad San Francisco de Quito. -Diario El Hoy (2012). Cumbaya: construcciones crecen un 700% en 15 años. 19 Sept, 2012. -Heredia, V. (December 16th, 2014). Siete sectores de la ruta vivaesperan las vías de conexión. ‘El Comercio’. [http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/sectores-ruta-viva-movilidad-aeropuerto. html] [Last accessed 17/08/2015] -INEC (2013). ‘Secretaría de Territorio, Habitat y Vivienda’. Proyección Poblacional. Base Datos. 5, Dic. 2013. [http://sthv.quito.gob.ec/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29&Itemid] [last accessed 13.08.2015] -INEC (2010). Censos Nacionales 1950, 1962, 1974, 1982, 1990, 2001 and 2010. Quito [http://www. ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/censo-de-poblacion-y-vivienda/][last accessed 05.08.2015] -Líderes (2013). ‘El Comercio’. No se dice Cumbaya se dice Cumbayork. [/http://www.revistalideres.ec/lideres/ dice-cumbaya-dice-cumbayork.html][Last accessed: 16/08/2015] -Moscoso, Lucia (2008), El Valle de Tumbaco; acercamiento a su historia memoria y cultura, Quito: Fondo de Salvamento del Patrimonio Cultural -Pazmino, F. (2013). Collective memory and orality: History of Cumbaya’s social relationships since 1960. ‘Universidad Central del Ecuador’. Quito -Prefectura de Pichincha (2012), Plan de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial de la Parroquia de Cumbaya 2012-2015, Gustavo Baroja, Prefectura de Pichincha, Quito. -UN-Habitat (2003). Global Report on Human Settlements 2003, The Challenge of Slums, Earthscan, London; Part IV: ‘Summary of City Case Studies’, pp195-228.
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APPENDICES -Appendix 1: Infrastructure - XLarge map Ruta Viva’s relationship to Quito’s peripheral highway infrastructure Information gathered from Google Earth resources (altitude and latitude, topographic features and elevation perspective), Cadastral maps from Quito’s Municipality, EPMOOP.
Ruta viva Development/ EPMMOP http://www.epmmop.gob.ec/epmmop/
-Appendix 2: Infrastructure - Large map Infrastructure ring composition Information gathered from Google Earth resources (topographic features and principal infrastructure connections), Cadastral maps from Quito’s Municipality, EPMOOP -Appendix 3: Infrastructure - Medium map Stress points through infrastructure Information gathered from Google Earth resources (topographic features and principal infrastructure connections), Cadastral maps from Quito’s Municipality, photo survey. -Appendix 4: Infrastructure - Small map Infrastructure as a barrier between important social interaction points Information gathered from Google Earth resources (topographic features), Cadastral maps from Quito’s Municipality, photo survey, EPMOOP (Metropolitan Mobility and Public works Council)
72
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya -Appendix 5: Infrastructure - XSmall map Mobility and infrastructure around the Plaza Information gathered from Google Earth resources, Cadastral maps from Quito’s Municipality, personal photo and site survey, EPMOOP (Metropolitan Mobility and Public works Council). -Appendix 6: Image - XLarge map What does Cumbaya represent to Quito? Information gathered from Cadastral maps from Quito’s Municipality, personal photo and site survey, online social networks, Simon Bolivar University (Map of poverty incidence), Secretaria de Territorio, Habitat y Vivienda Quito’s City Council, perceptions from: Moscoso, Lucia (2008).
Population density 1990-2010 http://www.laciudadviva.org/blogs/?p=19596
-Appendix 7: Image - Large map Income and population growth Information gathered from Cadastral maps from Quito’s Municipality, personal awareness, Secretaria de Territorio, Habitat y Vivienda Quito’s City Council, perceptions from: Pazmino (2013).
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APPENDICES
Ground Commercial value . EPMMOP http://sthv.quito.gob.ec/spirales/9_ mapas_tematicos/9_7_economia/9_7_2_1.html
-Appendix 8: Image - Small map Social Enclosure and building scales Information gathered from Google Earth resources, Cadastral maps from Quito’s Municipality, photo survey, personal awareness, and questionnaires to Cumbaya’s citizens and architects that live or work in Cumbaya. INEC data and statistics’ information.
74
Questionnaires and data collection, mapping exercises Castro(2011)
MAPPING INFRA AND SOCIALSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya -Appendix 9: Image - XSmall map Social and economic boundaries across time Information gathered from Cadastral maps from Quito’s Municipality, personal photo and site survey, personal awareness, perceptions from: Moscoso, Lucia (2008) and Pazmino (2013).
Questionnaires and data collection, Population from old communities in Cyumbaya Pazmino (2013)
-Appendix 10: Social Interactions - XSmall map Social Hubs in unconventional situations Information gathered from Cadastral maps from Quito’s Municipality, personal photo and site survey, personal awareness, perceptions from: Moscoso, Lucia (2008) and Pazmino (2013).
-Appendix 11: Social Interaction - Small map Public and private space, enclosure green areas Information gathered from Google Earth resources, Cadastral maps from Quito’s Municipality, photo survey, personal awareness, and online magazine and newspaper resources -Appendix 12: Social Interaction - Medium map Urbanization and development patterns in accordance to social hubs Information gathered from Google Earth resources, Cadastral maps from Quito’s Municipality, photo survey, personal awareness, online magazine and newspaper resources, Secretaria de Territorio, Habitat y Vivienda Quito’s City Council.
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Infrastructure Development and growth in Cumbaya
XLarge QUITO
Medium
TUMBACO
CUMBAYA
Small COMMERCIAL CENTRE
XSmall PLAZA
Image Meanings, thoughts and data from Cumbaya
XLarge QUITO
Large
Small
Large
COMMERCIAL CENTRE
TUMBACO
XSmall PLAZA
Social Interactions Social hubs and flows
Medium CUMBAYA
Small COMMERCIAL CENTRE
XSmall PLAZA
Mapping Infra and SocialSTRUCTURE An Atlas of the unseen Cumbaya