Правата на човека в България през 1997 година

IjZ\ZlZ gZ qh\_dZ \ ;te]Zjby ij_a ]h^bgZ Kt^tj`Zgb_ JZlbnbpbjZg_ gZ f_`^mgZjh^gb bgkljmf_glb aZ qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z aZdhgh^Zl_egb ijhf_gb aZky]Zsb qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z IjZ\h gZ `b\hl kftjlgh gZdZaZgb_ Bal_aZgby fZelj_lbjZg_ k\jtomihlj_[Z gZ kbeZ hl ijZ\hijbeZ]Zsbl_ hj]Zgb K\h[h^Z b g_ijbdhkgh\_ghkl gZ ebqghkllZ G_aZ\bkbfhkl gZ kt^_[gZlZ \eZkl b kijZ\_^eb\ ijhp_k IjZ\h gZ g_ijbdhkgh\_ghkl gZ ebqgby b k_f__g `b\hl lZcgZ gZ dhj_kihg^_gpbylZ K\h[h^Z gZ fbktelZ kt\_kllZ j_eb]bylZ b m[_`^_gbylZ K\h[h^Z gZ bajZay\Zg_lh k\h[h^Z gZ f_^bbl_ K\h[h^Z gZ k^jm`Z\Zg_lh b fbjghlh kt[jZgb_ Mkeh\bylZ \ f_klZlZ aZ ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z AZsblZ gZ fZepbgkl\ZlZ ijh[e_fb gZ ]jZ`^Zgkl\hlh Z]j_kb\_g gZpbhgZebatf b dk_ghnh[by Iheblbq_kdh m[_`bs_ ijZ\Z gZ qm`^_gpbl_ kt[bjZg_ gZ k_f_ckl\Z K\h[h^Z gZ ijb^\b`\Zg_ K\h[h^gb b q_klgb ba[hjb Qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z \ ;te]Zjby dZlh ijh[_g dZftd gZ ^_fhdjZlbqgZlZ ijhfygZ b ij_^ba\bdZl_ekl\h dtf mijZ\e_gb_lh [_ _^gZ hl dexqh\bl_ ]h^bgb aZ jZa\blb_lh gZ ^_fhdjZlbqgby ijhp_k \ ;te]Zjby Ly aZihqgZ k hkljZ bdhghfbq_kdZ b nbgZgkh\Z djbaZ ^h\_eZ ^h hj]ZgbabjZgb mebqgb ijhl_klb kj_sm ijZ\bl_ekl\hlh gZ ;te]ZjkdZlZ khpbZebklbq_kdZ iZjlby ;KI L_ab ijhl_klb ij_^ba\bdZoZ hklZ\dZlZ gZ ijZ\bl_ekl\hlh b [yoZ hkgh\gZlZ ijbqbgZ aZ hldZaZ gZ jtdh\h^kl\hlh gZ iZjlbylZ ^Z ktklZ\b gh\h GZ n_\jmZjb ij_ab^_gltl gZagZqb kem`_[gh ijZ\bl_ekl\h gZq_eh k ] g Kl_nZg Khnbygkdb b gZkjhqb ij_^kjhqgb iZjeZf_glZjgb ba[hjb GZ Zijbe l_ [yoZ m[_^bl_egh ki_q_e_gb hl ^hlh]Z\ZrgZlZ hihabpby H[_^bg_gbl_ ^_fhdjZlbqgb kbeb H>K dhblh mkiyoZ ^Z ihemqZl Z[khexlgh fghabgkl\h \ gh\by iZjeZf_gl GZ fZc GZjh^ghlh kt[jZgb_ ba[jZ gh\h ijZ\bl_ekl\h gZ H>K gZq_eh k ] g B\Zg Dhklh\ dZlh fbgbkltj ij_^k_^Zl_e dh_lh ijh^te`Z\Z ^Z mijZ\ey\Z kljZgZlZ b ihgZklhys_f IjZ\bl_ekl\hlh gZ H>K hs_ hl kZfhlh gZqZeh aZy\b ]hlh\ghkllZ kb ^Z k_ ijb^tj`Z dtf gZij_^gZebl_ _\jhi_ckdb klZg^Zjlb ijb hij_^_eyg_ gZ jZfdbl_ gZ ^_fhdjZlbqgby ijhp_k b qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z GZ xgb ij_fb_jtl B\Zg Dhklh\ aZy\b \ GZjh^ghlh kt[jZgb_ Gb_ g_ ijb_fZf_ ijbgpbiZ q_ s_ ljy[\Z ^Z ieZlbf k qZkl hl k\h[h^ZlZ b ijZ\ZlZ gZ ]jZ`^Zgbl_ kta^Z\Zg_lh gZ a^jZ\ aZdhgh\ j_^ H[s_kl\_gbyl debfZl aZ ^_cghkllZ gZ hj]ZgbaZpbbl_ aZ aZsblZ gZ qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z \ ;te]Zjby ij_a ] k_ ih^h[jb L_ogbyl ^bZeh] k \eZklbl_ klZgZ ih bgl_gab\_g b ieh^hl\hj_g Z mqZklb_lh bf \ f_^bbl_ k_ m\_ebqb ;yoZ gZijZ\_gb b gydhedh ijhf_gb \ aZdhgh^Zl_ekl\hlh dhblh ]h ijb^\b`boZ ^h klZg^Zjlbl_ gZ f_`^mgZjh^ghlh ijZ\h ih qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z <tij_db iheh`bl_egbl_ ijhf_gb dhblh ihqlb \bgZ]b [yoZ ihklb]Zgb ftqbl_egh [Z\gh b ijb ij_h^hey\Zg_ gZ fgh]h[jhcgb b jZaghihkhqgb kit\Zsb nZdlhjb hkgh\gbl_ ijh[e_fb k qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z \ ;te]Zjby aZiZaboZ k\hy ijhnbe b k\hylZ hkljhlZ hl fbgZebl_ ]h^bgb ?^gb b ktsb hklZgZoZ b hkgh\gbl_ khpbZegb ]jmib dhblh [yoZ ki_pbnbqgh aZk_]gZlb hl gZjmr_gby gZ qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z Kljmdlmjgbl_ ijh[e_fb \ ijhp_kZ gZ hkts_kl\y\Zg_ gZ ijZ\hkt^b_lh ktsh g_ ihemqboZ agZqbf leZktd ih itly dtf lyoghlh ij_h^hey\Zg_

JZlbnbpbjZg_ gZ f_`^mgZjh^gb bgkljmf_glb aZ qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z aZdhgh^Zl_egb ijhf_gb aZky]Zsb qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z Kj_^ fgh]hlh aZdhgh^Zl_egb j_nhjfb dhblh gh\hlh ijZ\bl_ekl\h gZ H>K hkts_kl\b bfZr_ b lZdb\Z dhblh aZk_]gZoZ iheh`bl_egh qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z L_ h[Zq_ [yoZ g_^hklZltqgb b hklZ\boZ hs_ ^tet] itl ^h iteghlh kth[jZay\Zg_ gZ [te]Zjkdhlh aZdhgh^Zl_ekl\h k ghjfbl_ gZ f_`^mgZjh^ghlh ijZ\h ih qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z GZ hdlhf\jb \ KljZk[mj] ij_ab^_gltl Klhygh\ ih^ibkZ JZfdh\ZlZ dhg\_gpby aZ aZsblZ gZ gZpbhgZegbl_ fZepbgkl\Z gZ Kt\_lZ gZ ?\jhiZ kltidZ dhylh Zdh _ ijb^jm`_gZ k [tjaZ b [_aj_a_j\gZ jZlbnbdZpby [_a ktfg_gb_ s_ hdZ`_ iheh`bl_egh \ebygb_ \tjom aZsblZlZ hl ^bkdjbfbgZpby b ]ZjZglbjZg_lh gZ _lghdmelmjgZlZ b^_glbqghkl gZ fZepbgkl\_gbl_ ]jmib \ kljZgZlZ <b` AZsblZ gZ fZepbgkl\ZlZ ijh[e_fb gZ ]jZ`^Zgkl\hlh Z]j_kb\_g gZpbhgZebatf b dk_ghnh[by).

Ij_a xeb [_ gZijZ\_gZ j_nhjfZ \ gZdZaZl_eghlh aZdhgh^Zl_ekl\h K ijhf_gbl_ \ GZdZaZl_egby dh^_dk [yoZ jZarbj_gb ij_^_ebl_ gZ g_ba[_`gZlZ hl[jZgZ b [_ ^Z^_gZ \tafh`ghkl aZ aZdhggZ mihlj_[Z gZ kbeZ [_a h]e_^ gZ oZjZdl_jZ b hiZkghkllZ gZ aZsblZlZ \ j_^bpZ kemqZb \ dhblh _\_glmZeghlh y\gh g_kthl\_lkl\b_ f_`^m gZiZ^_gb_lh b aZsblZlZ [_ badexq_gh ktk aZdhg Ij_a gh_f\jb Dhgklblmpbhggbyl kt^ h[y\b aZ ijhlb\hdhgklblmpbhggb qZkl hl l_ab ijhf_gb gh g_ \kbqdb k dh_lh ^Z^_ \tafh`ghkl \ gydhb kemqZb gZ hl[jZgZ ^Z k_ baihea\Zl \kydZd\b kj_^kl\Z dhblh kt^tl g_ [b ke_^\Zeh ^Z ij_p_gy\Z hl ]e_^gZ lhqdZ gZ l_ogby oZjZdl_j b hiZkghkl <b` IjZ\h gZ `b\hl kftjlgh gZdZaZgb_ K ijhf_gbl_ \ GZdZaZl_egh ijhp_kmZegby dh^_dk gZj_^ k ^jm]hlh [_ gZfZe_gZ jheylZ gZ ijhdmjZlmjZlZ \ ij_^\Zjbl_eghlh jZake_^\Zg_ <b` G_aZ\bkbfhkl gZ kt^_[gZlZ \eZkl b kijZ\_^eb\ ijhp_k [_ \t\_^_gZ \tafh`ghkl aZ fgh]hdjZlgh h[`Ze\Zg_ gZ aZ^tj`Zg_lh ih^ kljZ`Z b [_ hij_^_e_g ij_^_e_g kjhd aZ aZ^tj`Zg_ ih \j_f_ gZ ij_^\Zjbl_eghlh ke_^kl\b_ <b` K\h[h^Z b g_ijbdhkgh\_ghkl gZ ebqghkllZ

Ij_a ^_d_f\jb [_ ijb_l b gh\ AZdhg aZ Fbgbkl_jkl\hlh gZ \tlj_rgbl_ jZ[hlb Lhab aZdhg g_ ijb^\b`b kts_kl\_gh j_nhjfZlZ \ lZab bgklblmpby b [_ k g_agZqbl_egb badexq_gby _^gh ih dhgkheb^bjZgh \taijhba\_`^Zg_ gZ klZjZlZ kljmdlmjZ gZ g_cgbl_ bgklblmpbb b ijZ\hfhsby < g_]h [yoZ hij_^_e_gb ijZ\hfhsbylZ gZ j_^bpZ bgklblmpbb gZ F<J aZ dhblh kts_kl\m\ZoZ ki_pbZegb aZdhgb Kthl\_lgh ke_^ \ebaZg_lh \ kbeZ gZ ^_d_f\jb ] gZ gh\by aZdhg l_ab klZjb aZdhgb \dexqbl_egh AZdhgtl aZ GZpbhgZegZlZ ihebpby [yoZ hlf_g_gb AZdhgtl aZ Fbgbkl_jkl\hlh gZ <tlj_rgbl_ jZ[hlb g_ ^hijbg_k_ aZ aZkbe\Zg_lh gZ lZdZ g_h[oh^bfby ]jZ`^Zgkdb b kt^_[_g dhgljhe \tjom ^_cghkllZ gZ F<J GZijhlb\ \ gydhb hlghr_gby bgklblmpbylZ k_ aZl\hjb ^hitegbl_egh gZijbf_j dZlh ke_^kl\b_ hl jZaihj_^[ZlZ gZ gh\by qe_g Ze ij_^\b`^Zs \tafh`ghkl hnbp_jbl_ b k_j`Zglbl_ hl F<J ^Z fh]Zl ^Z [t^Zl jZake_^\Zgb kZfh k jZaj_r_gb_ gZ fbgbkltjZ gZ \tlj_rgbl_ jZ[hlb Ij_a ^_d_f\jb [_ gZijZ\_gZ j_nhjfZ b \ =jZ`^Zgkdby ijhp_kmZe_g dh^_dk G_cgZlZ hkgh\gZ p_e [_ ^Z \t\_^_ ke_^ ih\_q_ hl r_kl]h^brgh aZ[Z\yg_ babkd\Zghlh hl DhgklblmpbylZ ljbbgklZgpbhggh ijhba\h^kl\h ih ]jZ`^Zgkdb ^_eZ aZ ^Z k_ ]ZjZglbjZ bgklblmpbhgZegZlZ b ijhp_kmZegZlZ klZ[beghkl gZ ]jZ`^Zgkdhlh ijZ\hjZa^Z\Zg_ ;_ mklZgh\_g b _n_dlb\_g f_oZgbatf gZ baiteg_gb_ gZ j_r_gbylZ gZ ?\jhi_ckdby kt^ ih ijZ\ZlZ gZ qh\_dZ \ KljZk[mj] Gydhb ktitlkl\Zsb ijhf_gb h[Zq_ ij_^ba\bdZoZ h`b\_g h[s_kl\_g ^_[Zl hlghkgh g_cgby _n_dl \tjom \tafh`ghklbl_ aZ ^hklti ^h ]jZ`^Zgkdhlh kt^hijhba\h^kl\hlh gZ ih [_^gbl_ ]jZ`^Zgb <b` G_aZ\bkbfhkl gZ kt^_[gZlZ \eZkl b kijZ\_^eb\ ijhp_k).

IjZ\h gZ `b\hl kftjlgh gZdZaZgb_ B ij_a ] ijh^te`b ^Z ^_ckl\Z gZeh`_gbyl ij_a eylhlh gZ ] fhjZlhjbmf \tjom baiteg_gb_lh gZ kftjlgbl_ ijbkt^b < aZl\hjbl_ hkt^_gb gZ kftjl hs_ hl ] ijh^te`boZ ^Z qZdZl hdhgqZl_egh j_r_gb_ aZ k\hbl_ _da_dmpbb b ^Z [t^Zl ^tj`Zgb gZ j_`bf gZ hkt^_gb gZ kftjl Gh fZ]bkljZlb hl jZaebqgb gb\Z dZdlh b ^_imlZlb g__^ghdjZlgh ihbkdZoZ hlfygZlZ gZ fhjZlhjbmfZ b baiteg_gb_lh gZ kftjlgbl_ ijbkt^b Hl ^jm]Z kljZgZ kt^bebsZlZ ijh^te`boZ b ij_a ] ^Z gZeZ]Zl kftjlgb gZdZaZgby Ij_a xgb b xeb ^_imlZlb hl ljb fZedb iZjeZf_glZjgb iZjlbb ihbkdZoZ hlfygZ gZ fhjZlhjbmfZ Ktshlh bkdZg_ hlijZ\boZ ij_a gh_f\jb ]eZ\gbyl ijhdmjhj ] g LZlZjq_\ b ij_^k_^Zl_edZlZ gZ Khnbckdby jZchg_g kt^ ] `Z DZidZ Dhklh\Z Gblh _^gh hl l_ab bkdZgby g_ [_ jZa]e_^Zgh hl iZjeZf_glZ Gh ijb j_nhjfZlZ gZ gZdZaZl_eghlh aZdhgh^Zl_ekl\h hl xeb <b` JZlbnbpbjZg_ gZ f_`^mgZjh^gb bgkljmf_glb aZ qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z aZdhgh^Zl_egb ijhf_gb aZky]Zsb qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z g_ [yoZ ij_^ijb_lb gbdZd\b kltidb dtf aZdhgh^Zl_egZ hlfygZ gZ kftjlghlh gZdZaZgb_ < djZy gZ fZc Hdjt`gbyl kt^ \ Ieh\^b\ ijhbag_k_ _^gZ kftjlgZ ijbkt^Z kj_sm m[b_p gZ ^_l_ Ij_a xeb <tjoh\gbyl kt^ ihl\tj^b kftjlgZlZ ijbkt^Z kj_sm m[b_p gZ ^\ZfZ feZ^_`b \ JZ\^Z Ij_a k_il_f\jb Hdjt`gbyl kt^ \ ;mj]Zk ijhbag_k_ ^\_ kftjlgb ijbkt^b kj_sm ^\ZfZ ft`_ b \ ^\ZlZ kemqZy aZ m[bckl\Z k\tjaZgb ktk kdZg^Zeb ih ih\h^ gZ bglbfgb \jtadb \ itj\by kemqZc gZ _^gZ qm`^Z ]jZ`^ZgdZ Z \t\ \lhjby kemqZc gZ ^\_ `_gb fZcdZ b ^ts_jy K_jbha_g ijh[e_f k ]ZjZglbjZg_lh gZ ijZ\hlh gZ `b\hl ij_^ba\bdZ jZarbjy\Zg_lh gZ \tafh`ghkllZ aZ mihlj_[Z gZ nbabq_kdZ kbeZ b h]g_klj_egh hjt`b_ hl qZklgb ebpZ \ kemqZc gZ gZiZ^_gb_ kj_sm lyo beb kj_sm l_o_g bfhl K ijb_lbl_ ij_a xeb baf_g_gby b ^hiteg_gby dtf GZdZaZl_egby dh^_dk [_ hkgh\gh j_^_nbgbjZgZ g_ba[_`gZlZ hl[jZgZ ;_ ijb_lh q_ g_aZ\bkbfh hl oZjZdl_jZ b hiZkghkllZ gZ aZsblZlZ gyfZ ij_\brZ\Zg_ ij_^_ebl_ gZ g_ba[_`gZlZ hl[jZgZ \ ke_^gbl_ r_kl kemqZy 1. gZiZ^_gb_lh _ hl ^\_ beb ih\_q_ ebpZ 2. gZiZ^Zl_eyl _ \thjt`_g 3. gZiZ^_gb_lh _ ba\tjr_gh qj_a ijhgbd\Zg_ k gZkbeb_ beb k \aehf \ `bebs_ \be_g bfhl beb klhiZgkdb h[_dl 4. gZiZ^_gb_lh _ \ fhlhjgh \ta^mohieZ\Zl_egh \h^gh ij_\hagh kj_^kl\h beb ih^\b`_g `_e_ahitl_g ktklZ\ 5. gZiZ^_gb_lh _ ba\tjr_gh ghs_f 6. gZiZ^_gb_lh g_ fh`_ ^Z [t^_ hl[etkgZlh ih ^jm] gZqbg Ke_^ dZlh [_ \_^gZ]Z k_abjZg hl ]jmiZ gZjh^gb ij_^klZ\bl_eb ^Z ij_p_gb _\_glmZegZlZ dhgklblmpbhghkth[jZaghkl gZ l_ab jZaihj_^[b Dhgklblmpbhggbyl kt^ ij_a ^_d_f\jb h[y\b aZ ijhlb\hdhgklblmpbhggb itj\bl_ ^\_ obihl_ab qZklbqgh lj_lZlZ kZfh hlghkgh ^mfbl_ \be_g bfhl beb klhiZgkdb h[_dl q_l\tjlZlZ b i_lZlZ ihjZ^b lh\Z q_ kZ \ ijhlb\hj_qb_ k ]ZjZglbjZghlh hl DhgklblmpbylZ b hl qe_g gZ F_`^mgZjh^gby iZdl aZ ]jZ`^Zgkdbl_ b iheblbq_kdbl_ ijZ\Z ijZ\h gZ `b\hl Kt^tl h[Zq_ hldZaZ ^Z h[y\b aZ ijhlb\hdhgklblmpbhggb b hklZgZebl_ obihl_ab qZkl hl lj_lZlZ b r_klZlZ aZ dhblh [_ k_abjZg b aZ dhblh fh`_ ^Z k_ ij_^iheZ]Z q_ ^hdhedhlh aZ^te`Z\Zl kt^Z ^Z g_ k_ kth[jZay\Z k oZjZdl_jZ b hiZkghkllZ gZ aZsblZlZ ktsh jZarbjy\Zl ij_dhf_jgh ij_^_ebl_ gZ g_ba[_`gZlZ hl[jZgZ I_lbfZ hl h[sh ^\ZgZ^_k_ll_ dhgklblmpbhggb kt^bb gZklhyoZ q_ pyeZlZ lj_lZ b pyeZlZ r_klZ obihl_aZ kZ \ gZjmr_gb_ gZ qe_g hl F_`^mgZjh^gby iZdl aZ ]jZ`^Zgkdbl_ b iheblbq_kdbl_ ijZ\Z b ih^ibkZoZ _^gZ qZkl hl j_r_gb_lh gZ Dhgklblmpbhggby kt^ k hkh[_gh fg_gb_

Gydhb hl jZake_^\ZgbylZ ih kemqZbl_ gZ m[bckl\Z hl ijZ\hijbeZ]Zsb hj]Zgb ij_a ] aZ\tjrboZ ij_a ] k hldZa ^Z k_ ijb\e_dZl ba\tjrbl_ebl_ dtf hl]h\hjghkl LZdb\Z [yoZ kemqZbl_ k m[bckl\hlh gZ ]h^brgby jhf :g]_e At[qbdh\ \ JZa]jZ^ ij_a ygmZjb 1 ] b jZaklj_eZ gZ ^\ZfZ jhfb hl kem`bl_eb gZ <h_ggZlZ ihebpby \ k E_kmjZ B ih ^\ZlZ kemqZy ihgZklhys_f kZ \g_k_gb `Ze[b \ ?\jhi_ckdZlZ dhfbkby aZ ijZ\ZlZ gZ qh\_dZ \ KljZk[mj] < gydhedh ^jm]b kemqZy [yoZ h[jZam\Zgb b ijbdexq_gb ke_^kl\_gb b kt^_[gb ^_eZ kj_sm ihebp_ckdb kem`bl_eb h[\bg_gb \ jZaebqgb ih \b^ b l_`_kl aehmihlj_[b \ j_amelZl hl dhblh _ gZkltibeZ kftjl gZ aZ^tj`Zgb ebpZ < lyo h[Zq_ ba^Z^_gbl_ ijbkt^b [yoZ g_Z^_d\Zlgb gZ l_`_kllZ b h[s_kl\_gZlZ hiZkghkl gZ ^_ygb_lh b [yoZ \ kbe_g dhgljZkl k l_`dbl_ ijbkt^b ba^Z^_gb ih ^jm]b ih fZehagZqbl_egb kemqZb Ij_a xgb <h_ggZ ijhdmjZlmjZ Ie_\_g \g_k_ h[\bgbl_e_g Zdl aZ ij_^mfbre_gh m[bckl\h kj_sm ^\ZfZ ihebpZb hl Gbdhihe dhblh ij_a gh_f\jb ] m[beb ke_^ bal_aZgb_ \ f_klghlh JIM jhfZ Ojbklh Gbdheh\ hl k_eh <t[_e Kt^tl h[Zq_ hkt^b ihebpZbl_ ij_a k_il_f\jb kZfh gZ ih q_lbjb b iheh\bgZ ]h^bgb ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z aZ ijbqbgy\Zg_ gZ kftjl ih g_ij_^iZaeb\hkl GZ xeb _^bg kt^ \ KlZjZ AZ]hjZ hkt^b k_j`Zgl hl F<J kZfh gZ f_k_pZ mkeh\gh ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z b aZ m[bckl\hlh ke_^ ijhklj_e\Zg_ ij_a xeb ] gZ jhfZ F_of_^ Oh^`h\ Ij_a ]h^bgZlZ ijZ\hlh gZ `b\hl [_ ih ^jZklbq_g gZqbg gZjmr_gh b ijb gydhedhlh ba\_klgb kemqZy gZ kftjl ijb ktfgbl_egb h[klhyl_ekl\Z ijb beb ih \j_f_ gZ aZ^tj`Zg_ ijbqbg_gZ hl ^_ckl\by gZ ^et`ghklgb ebpZ ih \j_f_ gZ lyogZlZ kem`[Z qb_lh aZ^te`_gb_ _ ^Z hojZgy\Zl `b\hlZ gZ ]jZ`^Zgbl_ Ih ]heyfZlZ qZkl hl ba\_klgbl_ kemqZb gZ ih^h[_g lbi ebrZ\Zg_ hl `b\hl g_ [yoZ jZake_^\Zgb Z^_d\Zlgh Z gydhb g_ [yoZ jZake_^\Zgb bah[sh GZ ygmZjb Kl_nZg KlZg_\ ] [_ m[bl ijb aZ^tj`Zg_ ih h[\bg_gb_ \ djZ`[Z \ JIM Ihih\h <h_ggZlZ ijhdmjZlmjZ \t\ <ZjgZ aZihqgZ ij_^\Zjbl_egh ke_^kl\b_ b h[\bgb aZ m[bckl\hlh _^bg k_j`Zgl hl ihebpbylZ _^\Z ij_a xgb Lh\Z ^_eh h[Zq_ g_ [_ ijbdexq_gh ij_a ] GZ n_\jmZjb hdheh Ieh\^b\ ?ebg DZjZfZgh\ ] [_ m[bl hl kem`bl_eb gZ itlgZlZ ihebpby ^hdZlh ltjk_e klZjh `_eyah ih [j_]h\_l_ gZ j_dZ FZjbpZ JZake_^\Zg_lh dh_lh aZihqgZ ih kemqZy hl <h_ggZ ijhdmjZlmjZ Ieh\^b\ g_ [_ ijbdexq_gh ij_a ] < djZy gZ n_\jmZjb kem`bl_eb gZ H[sbgkdZlZ ihebpby Khnby m[boZ ke_^ ih[hc jhfZ Kl_nZg LjZcdh\ ke_^ dZlh ba\_klgh \j_f_ ]h ba^bj\Zeb aZ ^Z ]h gZdZ`Zl aZ ]jZ[_` gZ ijbyl_ey gZ _^bgby hl lyo L_ [yoZ baijZ\_gb ij_^ kt^ _^\Z \ djZy gZ ] GZ n_\jmZjb jhftl <Zkbe DZebgh\ ] hl k Ba[_]eb [ebah ^h :k_gh\]jZ^ [_ m[bl ke_^ dZlh [_ aZeh\_g ^Z djZ^_ dZ[_eb hl _^bg ihebpZc b _^bg pb\be_g eh\_p G_]h\byl ktmqZklgbd ;hjbk DZebgh\ ] [_ ijhklj_eyg \ djZdZ ?^bgbyl hl ba\tjrbl_ebl_ [_ h[\bg_g aZ m[bckl\h ih g_ij_^iZaeb\hkl gh ^_ehlh kj_sm g_]h g_ mkiy ^Z ijbdexqb ij_a ] GZ fZjl _^bg ihebp_ckdb kem`bl_e [_ Zj_klm\Zg b ih^\_^_g ih^ hl]h\hjghkl aZ m[bckl\hlh gZ ?fbe >bfbljh\ =_jfZg_pZ ] \ JZ^hfbj >h djZy gZ ]h^bgZlZ h[Zq_ lhc g_ [_ hkt^_g GZ fZjl =_hj]b ;yg^h\ ihqbgZ \ _^gZ [hegbpZ \ ;mj]Zk ke_^ dZlh gZ^ g_]h [_ mijZ`g_gh gZkbeb_ ijb aZ^tj`Zg_lh fm hl ihebpbylZ >_ehlh [_ gZ[tjah ijbdexq_gh ke_^ kftjllZ fm [_a ^Z [t^_ ih\^b]gZlh h[\bg_gb_ kj_sm ihebp_ckdb kem`bl_eb GZ fZc k_j`Zgl hl JIM :k_gh\]jZ^ aZklj_ey b m[b jhfZ Dhevh Lh^hjh\ ] dh]Zlh k_ hibl\Ze ^Z ba[y]Z hl aZ^tj`Zg_ ih h[\bg_gb_ aZ djZ`[Z JZake_^\Zg_lh dh_lh [_ aZihqgZlh ih lh\Z ^_eh g_ ^Z^_ gbdZdt\ j_amelZl K_j`Zgltl ^hjb g_ [_ hlkljZg_g hl ^et`ghkl ih \j_f_ gZ jZake_^\Zg_lh GZ xgb ihebpZc hl Lj_lh jZchggh ihebp_ckdh mijZ\e_gb_ \ Khnby ijhklj_ey \ ]eZ\ZlZ ijb hibl aZ [y]kl\h I_ltj Jh[_jl DZjZg^`Z dhclh ih dtkgh ihqbgZ \ [hegbpZlZ Ke_^kl\_ghlh ^_eh ih lhab kemqZc ijbdexqb gZ[tjah <h_ggZ ijhdmjZlmjZ Khnby ]h ij_djZlb b g_ ih`_eZ ^Z ]h ijb\e_q_ dtf hl]h\hjghkl GZ xeb KhnbckdZlZ \h_ggZ ijhdmjZlmjZ h[y\b q_ s_ jZake_^\Z aZ m[bckl\h ih g_ij_^iZaeb\hkl _^bg ihebp_ckdb kem`bl_e dhclh ijhklj_ey \ Khnby ke_^ k\Z^Z Lh^hj Lh^hjh\ @_jl\ZlZ ihqbgZ ^gb ih dtkgh \ _^gZ khnbckdZ [hegbpZ >h djZy gZ ]h^bgZlZ ba\tjrbl_eyl g_ [_ hkt^_g GZ Z\]mkl ihebp_ckdb kem`bl_e aZklj_ey \ Khnby <Ze_glbg KeZ\h\ Kyjh\ ] ke_^ k\Z^Z gZ _^gZ 1

<b` Qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z \ ;te]Zjby ij_a ] >hdeZ^ gZ ;OD ygmZjb ]

Z\lh[mkgZ kibjdZ <h_ggZ ijhdmjZlmjZ Khnby ijh\_jy\Zr_ kemqZy ij_a pyeZlZ hklZgZeZ qZkl gZ ] >h djZy gZ ]h^bgZlZ gbdhc g_ [_ ijb\e_q_g dtf gZdZaZl_egZ hl]h\hjghkl ih lh\Z ^_eh GZ gh_f\jb \ Itj\h JIM >h[jbq [_ ij_[bl hl _^bg ihebpZc Fbgqh KtjlfZq_\ aZ^tj`Zg aZ ]jZ[_` ?^bg ^_g ih dtkgh lhc [_ gZklZg_g k hiZkghkl aZ `b\hlZ \ f_klgZlZ [hegbpZ dt^_lh ihqbgZ KemqZyl k_ jZake_^\Z hl <h_ggZ ijhdmjZlmjZ <ZjgZ GZ gh_f\jb <Ze_glbg G_^_\ ] ihqbgZ \ _^gZ [hegbpZ \t\ <ZjgZ hl ^\mkljZggZ lm[_jdmehaZ ijb^jm`_gZ k ig_\fhgby IjbqbgZlZ aZ kftjllZ kihj_^ kth[s_gbylZ \ ij_kZlZ [_ [_ahl]h\hjgh hlghr_gb_ gZ kem`bl_ebl_ gZ Zj_klbl_ \ ]jZ^h\_l_ RZ[eZ DZ\ZjgZ b ;Zeqbd \ dhblh lhc ij_[b\Z\Ze \ ijh^te`_gb_ gZ ^_k_l ^gb Fhe[ZlZ fm ^Z ba\bdZl e_dZj [beZ hldehg_gZ hl hojZgZlZ GZ ^_d_f\jb \ Khnby [_ ijhklj_eyg b m[bl hl ihebp_ckdb kem`bl_e :g]_e ;h`dh\ ^hdZlh dZjZ kh[kl\_gby kb fbdjh[mk DheZlZ [beZ hldjZ^gZlZ gh \tjgZlZ gZ ;h`dh\ kj_sm hldmi Lhc g_ kth[sbe gZ ihebpbylZ \_^gZ]Z b ly ijh^te`beZ ^Z y ba^bj\Z KemqZyl k_ jZake_^\Z Bal_aZgby fZelj_lbjZg_ k\jtomihlj_[Z gZ kbeZ hl ijZ\hijbeZ]Zsbl_ hj]Zgb ;te]Zjkdhlh aZdhgh^Zl_ekl\h kt^tj`Z keZ[Z aZsblZ kj_sm g_aZdhggZ mihlj_[Z gZ kbeZ gZ^ aZ^tj`Zgb Qe_g Ze hl DhgklblmpbylZ ]ZjZglbjZ ijZ\hlh gZ Z^\hdZlkdZ aZsblZ hl fhf_glZ gZ aZ^tj`Zg_lh LZab ghjfZ [_ \taijhba\_^_gZ \ qe_g Ze gZ gh\by AZdhg aZ Fbgbkl_jkl\hlh gZ \tlj_rgbl_ jZ[hlb Gh jZaihj_^[ZlZ gZ GZdZaZl_egh ijhp_kmZegby dh^_dk aZ aZ^te`bl_egZlZ aZsblZ ih \j_f_ gZ ij_^\Zjbl_eghlh ke_^kl\b_ g_ [_ ijhf_g_gZ ijb j_nhjfZlZ hl xeb <b` G_aZ\bkbfhkl gZ kt^_[gZlZ \eZkl b kijZ\_^eb\ ijhp_k IjZdlbq_kdb g_ kts_kl\m\Z b \tafh`ghkl aZ f_^bpbgkdZ _dki_jlbaZ gZ aZ^tj`Zgby hl e_dZj ih g_]h\h `_eZgb_ Ij_a hdlhf\jb :fg_klb bgl_jg_rtgte ijbah\Z [te]Zjkdhlh ijZ\bl_ekl\h ^Z ijb\_^_ jZaihj_^[ZlZ gZ qe_g hl AZdhgZ aZ gZpbhgZegZlZ ihebpby dhblh ^Z\Zl \tafh`ghkl aZ ijhba\hegh baihea\Zg_ gZ hjt`b_ hl ihebp_ckdb kem`bl_eb aZ aZ^tj`Zg_ gZ ebp_ ba\tjr\Zsh ij_kltie_gb_ beb hibl\Zsh k_ ^Z ba[y]Z ke_^ aZ^tj`Zg_ \ kthl\_lkl\b_ k ijbgpbib b hl Ijbgpbibl_ gZ HHG aZ mihlj_[Z gZ kbeZ b h]g_klj_egh hjt`b_ hl ijZ\hijbeZ]Zsbl_ hj]Zgb 2 < ijb_lby ij_a ^_d_f\jb gh\ AZdhg aZ fbgbkl_jkl\hlh gZ \tlj_rgbl_ jZ[hlb h[Zq_ l_ab ij_ihjtdb g_ [yoZ \a_lb ij_^\b^ JZaihj_^[ZlZ gZ qe_g [_ [md\Zegh \taijhba\_^_gZ \ jZaihj_^[ZlZ gZ qe_g hl gh\by aZdhg 2

Amnesty International, Bulgaria: Growing incidence of unlawful use of firearms by law enforcement officials, October 1997.

K\jtomihlj_[ZlZ gZ kbeZ hl ijZ\hijbeZ]Zsbl_ hj]Zgb ij_a ]h^bgZlZ klZgZ \ kjZ\g_gb_ k fbgZebl_ ]h^bgb _^gZ kjZ\gbl_egh rbjhdh h[kt`^ZgZ l_fZ \ [te]Zjkdhlh h[s_kl\h < kj_^kl\ZlZ aZ fZkh\h hk\_^hfy\Zg_ [yoZ bag_k_gb fgh]h[jhcgb kemqZb gZ fZelj_lbjZg_ gZ ]jZ`^Zgb hl ihebp_ckdb kem`bl_eb b ^jm]b ^et`ghklgb ebpZ =heyfZ qZkl hl bal_aZgbylZ b fZelj_lbjZg_lh ij_a ]h^bgZlZ [yoZ ba\tjr_gb \ jZfdbl_ gZ gZdZaZl_egZlZ ijhp_^mjZ \dexqbl_egh ijb aZ^tj`Zg_ Ih \j_f_ gZ h[bdhedbl_ kb \ f_klZlZ aZ aZ^tj`Zg_ ;OD ihemqb fgh]h[jhcgb hieZd\Zgby hl ohjZ bal_aZ\Zgb beb fZelj_lbjZgb \ 3 ihebpbylZ b \ ^jm]bl_ f_klZ aZ aZ^tj`Zg_ BfZr_ b gZdZaZl_egb Zdpbb gZ ihebpbylZ kj_sm jhfkdb d\ZjlZeb ijb dhblh [yoZ [blb ohjZ \dexqbl_egh `_gb b ^_pZ =heyfZ qZkl hl hklZgZebl_ `_jl\b gZ ihebp_ckdZ [jmlZeghkl [yoZ ij_^klZ\bl_eb gZ jhfkdhlh fZepbgkl\h < fgh]h kemqZb aehmihlj_[bl_ g_ [yoZ jZa]e_^Zgb ih Z^_d\Zl_g gZqbg \ jZfdbl_ gZ \tlj_rgZlZ kbkl_fZ gZ hkts_kl\y\Zg_ gZ ijZ\hkt^b_lh Im[ebdm\ZgZlZ ij_a ]h^bgZlZ bgnhjfZpby aZ hkt^_gbl_ ebpZ ij_a ] ihdZaZ q_ \tij_db ^h[j_ ^hdmf_glbjZgbl_ kemqZb gZ bal_aZgby b fZelj_lbjZg_ hs_ hl ] gblh _^gh ^et`ghklgh ebp_ g_ [_ hkt^_gh aZ p_eby i_jbh^ ke_^ lh\Z ih qe_g hl GZdZaZl_egby dh^_dk aZ mihlj_[Z gZ ijhlb\haZdhggb ijbgm^bl_egb kj_^kl\Z aZ baljt]\Zg_ gZ ihdZaZgby 4 ?^bg hl gZc rbjhdh h[kt`^Zgbl_ kemqZb gZ ihebp_ckdZ [jmlZeghkl [_ gZkbeb_lh kj_sm ]jZ`^Zgb ij_a ghslZ gZ kj_sm ygmZjb ij_^ GZjh^ghlh kt[jZgb_ ke_^ _^bg baiteg_g k ^jZfZlbatf b \Zg^Zekdb ijhy\b ^_g \ dhgl_dklZ gZ fZkh\bl_ ijhl_klb kj_sm ijZ\bl_ekl\hlh gZ ;KI hl djZy gZ gZqZehlh gZ ] >_ckl\bylZ gZ ihebpbylZ b gZ ki_pbZegbl_ qZklb ij_a ghslZ h[Zq_ bfZoZ \kbqdb [_e_ab gZ ij_^\Zjbl_egh ieZgbjZgZ gZdZaZl_egZ Zdpby Klhlbpb ]jZ`^Zgb dhblh k gbsh g_ gZjmrZ\ZoZ h[s_kl\_gby j_^ [yoZ [blb k iZedb jblgbpb b ^tj\_gb ij_^f_lb Hl lyo gZc fZedh i_l [yoZ `mjgZebklb BfZr_ gydhedh ^_imlZlb \dexqbl_egh [b\rbyl fbgbkltj ij_^k_^Zl_e ] g Nbebi >bfbljh\ H[sbyl [jhc gZ jZg_gbl_ [_ hdheh ^mrb hl dhblh gZc fZedh [yoZ gZklZg_gb \j_f_ggh aZ e_q_gb_ k dhglmagh hoemagb jZgb Ihke_^\Zehlh jZake_^\Zg_ gZ ihebpbylZ b gZ ijhdmjZlmjZlZ g_ mkiy ^Z ijb\e_q_ gbdh]h dtf ^bkpbiebgZjgZ beb gZdZaZl_egZ hl]h\hjghkl aZ ZdpbylZ Z kZfh aZ hk_f hl \kbqdb ihkljZ^Zeb bfZ bgnhjfZpby ^Z kZ ihltjkbeb ijZ\hkt^b_ ih ]jZ`^Zgkdb j_^ < dhgl_dklZ ktsh gZ ]jZ`^Zgkdbl_ ijhl_klb hl gZqZehlh gZ ]h^bgZlZ ke_^\Z ^Z k_ hl[_e_`b b ih[hyl hl ihebpZb ki_pbZegh ^hdZjZgb hl Dxkl_g^be gZ^ ijhl_klbjZsb ]jZ`^Zgb kj_^ dhblh ^_pZ b klZjb ohjZ gZ ygmZjb \ >migbpZ B lhab bgpb^_gl g_ [_ jZake_^\Zg Z^_d\Zlgh hl dhfi_l_glgbl_ hj]Zgb Ij_a ]h^bgZlZ klZgZoZ ba\_klgb gZc fZedh ^\Z kemqZy gZ fZkh\b ihebp_ckdb gZdZaZl_egb Zdpbb kj_sm jhfkdb d\ZjlZeb GZ n_\jmZjb fZkdbjZgb ihebpZb gZoemoZ \ jhfkdby d\ZjlZe gZ IZaZj^`bd ij_[boZ hdheh ^mrb b baihqmiboZ f_[_eb b ihdtsgbgZ :dpbylZ [_ hlfts_gb_ aZ ijhl_klgbl_ Zdpbb gZ jhfb ijh\_^_gb ih \j_f_ gZ fZkh\bl_ im[ebqgb ijhl_klb kj_sm ijZ\bl_ekl\hlh gZ ;KI ih lh\Z \j_f_ dhblh \ IZaZj^`bd [yoZ ktijh\h^_gb k jZa[b\Zg_ b h]jZ[\Zg_ gZ ljb fZ]ZabgZ ktsby ^_g ih jZgh GZ hdlhf\jb dtkgh \_q_jlZ gydhedh ihebpZb k \b^bfb ke_^b hl mihlj_[Z gZ Zedhohe gZ\eyahoZ \ jhfkdby d\ZjlZe Ojbklh ;hl_\ \ Khnby b [_a \b^bfZ ijbqbgZ gZg_khoZ ih[hc gZ gZc fZedh k_^_f jhfb kj_^ dhblh `_gb b ^_pZ B \ ^\ZlZ ba\_klgb kemqZy gZ fZkh\b ihebp_ckdb gZdZaZl_egb Zdpbb \eZklbl_ g_ gZijZ\boZ gm`ghlh aZ ^Z jZake_^\Zl bgpb^_glbl_ ^Z gZijZ\yl im[ebqgh ^hklhygb_ j_amelZlbl_ b ^Z ij_^Z^Zl \bgh\gbl_ gZ ijZ\hkt^b_lh 3 4

<b` (XURSHDQ 5RPD 5LJKWV &HQWHU, Profession: Prisoner: Roma in Detention in Bulgaria, Budapest, December 1997.

<b` GZpbhgZe_g klZlbklbq_kdb bgklblml Ij_kltie_gby b hkt^_gb ebpZ Khnby Ba^ gZ GKB

Ih \j_f_ gZ ihk_s_gbylZ kb \ f_klZlZ aZ aZ^tj`Zg_ ;OD ihemqb fgh]h hieZd\Zgby aZ bal_aZgby gZc q_klh ijZdlbdm\Zgb hl ihebp_ckdb kem`bl_eb aZ baljt]\Zg_ gZ ihdZaZgby L_ab hieZd\Zgby [yoZ ihl\tj^_gb b hl k\b^_l_ekl\Z ihkltibeb \ ^jm]b g_ijZ\bl_ekl\_gb hj]ZgbaZpbb ;yoZ ^hdmf_glbjZgb kemqZb gZ nZeZdZ bal_aZgb_ qj_a m^Zjb k l\tj^ ij_^f_l \tjom kltiZeZlZ gZ djZdZlZ 5 >ZjbgZ GZc^_gh\Z jhfdZ k_ hieZdZ hl ih[hc k iZedb ih kltiZeZlZ gZ djZdZlZ gZ Zijbe \ JIM <teq_^jtf ke_^ dZlh [_ h[\bg_gZ \ djZ`[Z gZ gydhedh dhdhrdb < ktshlh JIM ih ktsby gZqbg k_ hieZdZ ^Z _ [bl gZ xgb b jhftl >ZgZbe FeZ^_gh\ k p_e ^Z k_ baljt]gZl hl g_]h ihdZaZgby aZ djZ`[Z gZ ^hfZrgb `b\hlgb Lhc ktsh lZdZ k_ hieZdZ q_ [be aZieZr\Zg k m[bckl\h Zdh g_ ijbagZ_ Ih lhab kemqZc ihltji_\rbyl k_ h[tjgZ k `Ze[Z ^h <h_ggZ ijhdmjZlmjZ Ie_\_g gh ly hldZaZ ^Z 6 h[jZam\Z ij_^\Zjbl_egh ke_^kl\b_ Ij_a ]h^bgZlZ ;OD b ^jm]b ijZ\haZsblgb ]jmib ihemqboZ fgh]h k\b^_l_ekl\Z aZ k\jtomihlj_[Z gZ nbabq_kdZ kbeZ hl ihebp_ckdb kem`bl_eb ijb aZ^tj`Zg_ gZ aZih^haj_gb \ ba\tjr\Zg_ gZ ij_kltie_gby beb aZ ij_^hl\jZly\Zg_ gZ [_aj_^bpb beb [_a ykgZ \b^bfZ ijbqbgZ 7 Dh]Zlh [_ k_abjZgZ ijhdmjZlmjZlZ q_klh hldZa\Zr_ ^Z jZake_^\Z kemqZbl_ beb ij_djZly\Zr_ jZake_^\ZgbylZ ktk aZdexq_gby q_ g_ _ mklZgh\_gZ k\jtomihlj_[Z gZ kbeZ Ij_a fZjl gydhedh ]jZ`^Zgb k_ hieZdZoZ q_ \ oh^Z gZ ijh\_jdbl_ aZ djZ^_gb dheb ba\_klgb dZlh Hi_jZpby DhfZj l_ [beb [blb hl ihebp_ckdb kem`bl_eb <tij_db q_ l_ab ^_ckl\by [yoZ rbjhdh h]eZk_gb aZ jZake_^\Zg_lh bf g_ [yoZ ij_^ijb_lb k_jbhagb ^_ckl\by hl kljZgZ gZ dhfi_l_glgbl_ \eZklb GZ xgb kem`bl_eb gZ Ki_pbZebabjZghlh ihebp_ckdh ih^_e_gb_ dtf KlhebqgZlZ ^bj_dpby gZ \tlj_rgbl_ jZ[hlb ZlZdm\ZoZ ^bkdhl_dZ G_jhg \ Khnby aZklZ\boZ ^Z e_]gZl gZ a_fylZ keh\_kgh mgb`Z\ZoZ [boZ b jblZoZ ijbktkl\Zsbl_ <tij_db ih^Z^_gbl_ `Ze[b ijhdmjZlmjZlZ g_ ih\^b]gZ h[\bg_gb_ kj_sm gbdh]h GZ xgb ^bj_dlhjtl gZ Keb\_gkdby ^jZfZlbq_g l_Zltj AeZldh =me_dh\ [_ aZ^tj`Zg hl ihebpbylZ b [bl \ f_klghlh JIM ke_^ dZlh ihebpbylZ ZlZdm\Z k[bjdZ gZ l_ZljZeb \ Keb\_g aZ lh\Z q_ \^b]Zl rmf <h_ggZ ijhdmjZlmjZ Keb\_g h[jZam\Z ijh\_jdZ gh ^h djZy gZ ]h^bgZlZ ly g_ ij_^y\b h[\bg_gb_ kj_sm ihebp_ckdb kem`bl_eb \tij_db m[_^bl_egbl_ f_^bpbgkdb k\b^_l_ekl\Z aZ ih[hy GZ kj_sm xeb hlgh\h kem`bl_eb gZ Ki_pbZebabjZghlh ihebp_ckdh ih^jZa^_e_gb_ dtf K><J ij_[boZ kem`bl_eb hl hojZgZlZ gZ dem[ ;b[ebhl_dZlZ Ih^jZa^_e_gb_lh [_ ih dtkgh jZanhjfbjh\Zgh gh bgpb^_gltl g_ [_ jZake_^\Zg Z^_d\Zlgh GZ hdlhf\jb ijhdmjZlmjZlZ ij_djZlb ^_ehlh ihjZ^b g_\tafh`ghkl ^Z mklZgh\b ba\tjrbl_ebl_ 5

IjbeZ]Zg_lh gZ lhab f_lh^ gZ bal_aZgb_ [_ ^hdmf_glbjZg b \ ^hdeZ^Z gZ ?\jhi_ckdby dhfbl_l aZ ij_^hl\jZly\Zg_ gZ bal_aZgbylZ ijb g_]h\hlh ihk_s_gb_ \ ;te]Zjby hl fZjl ^h Zijbe ] <b` Report to the Bulgarian Government on the visit to Bulgaria carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 26 March to 7 April 1995 and Responses of the Bulgarian Government, Strasbourg, 6 March 1997, ยงยง18-20.

6 7

BgnhjfZpbylZ b aZ ^\ZlZ kemqZy _ hl Ijh_dl IjZ\Z gZ qh\_dZ

AZ gydhb hl kemqZbl_ gZ fZelj_lbjZg_ gZ jhfb \ lhab ki_pbnbq_g dhgl_dkl \b` (XURSHDQ 5RPD 5LJKWV &HQWHU, Profession: Prisoner: Roma in Detention in Bulgaria, Budapest, December 1997.

< gZc fZedh ^\Z kemqZy `_jl\b gZ ihebp_ckdZ [jmlZeghkl ij_a ]h^bgZlZ klZgZoZ dZdlh b 8 ij_a ] ohfhk_dkmZebklb GZ fZjl ihebpZb gZoemoZ \ ]_c p_gltjZ NeZfbg]h \ Khnby b Zj_klm\ZoZ q_lbjbfZ ^mrb ih ih^haj_gb_ \ jZaijhkljZgy\Zg_ gZ ihjgh]jZnby ;yoZ dhgnbkdm\Zgb fgh]h fZl_jbZeb Ih k\_^_gb_ gZ ihltji_\rbl_ h[blZl_ebl_ [beb dZjZgb ^Z ey]Zl gZ ih^Z b [beb jblZgb Ke_^ hdheh qZkh\ ij_klhc \ ihebpbylZ l_ [beb hk\h[h^_gb Ij_a Z\]mkl ihebpZb ZlZdm\ZoZ gZ ljb itlb ]_c dem[ G_jb \ Khnby b aZ^tj`ZoZ \ R_klh JIM ih jZaebqgh \j_f_ gZc fZedh hl g_]h\bl_ h[blZl_eb Gydhb hl lyo kZ ijbgm`^Z\Zgb ^Z ih^ibk\Zl ij_^mij_^bl_egb ijhlhdheb q_ gyfZ ^Z k_ aZgbfZ\Zl k ijhklblmpby Kj_sm hs_ gydhedh [_ h[jZam\Zgh ke_^kl\_gh ^_eh aZ ba\tjr\Zg_ gZ ohfhk_dkmZegb ^_ckl\by k p_e bfhlgZ h[eZ]Z qe_g Ze hl GZdZaZl_egby dh^_dk Ijb lj_lhlh aZ^tj`Zg_ gZ Z\]mkl ih k\_^_gb_ gZ ihltji_\rbl_ dtf lyo kZ [beb hlijZ\ygb hl ihebp_ckdb kem`bl_eb h[b^gb aZdZgb Z ke_^ qZkh\ ij_klhc \ Zj_klZ ihebp_ckdbl_ kem`bl_eb ihdZgbeb djbfbgZegb j_ihjl_jb hl ]he_fbl_ klhebqgb \_klgbpb dhblh nhlh]jZnbjZeb aZ^tj`Zgbl_ \tij_db lyoghlh g_kt]eZkb_ ij_^ hqbl_ gZ ihebpZbl_ < _^bg hl gZrmf_ebl_ \ dhgl_dklZ gZ bdhghfbq_kdZlZ b omfZgblZjgZ djbaZ kemqZb hl gZqZehlh gZ ]h^bgZlZ ij_a n_\jmZjb k_^_f ^_pZ hl ^hfZ aZ ^mr_\gh [hegb ^_pZ \ >`mjdh\h ihqbgZoZ hl ]eZ^ b bafjta\Zg_ HklZgZebl_ ih\_q_ hl ^_pZ [yoZ hklZ\ygb aZ ^te]b i_jbh^b [_a ^hklZltqgh ojZgZ hlhie_gb_ b f_^bpbgkdh h[kem`\Zg_ K\h[h^Z b g_ijbdhkgh\_ghkl gZ ebqghkllZ Ij_a ] [_ gZijZ\_gZ j_rbl_egZ djZqdZ dtf j_rZ\Zg_lh gZ ijh[e_fZ k ijh^te`bl_egby ij_klhc \ f_klZlZ aZ aZ^tj`Zg_ gZ ohjZ dhblh g_ kZ hkt^_gb K baf_g_gbylZ gZ GZdZaZl_egh ijhp_kmZegby dh^_dk hl xeb [_ ij_fZogZlZ jZaihj_^[ZlZ gZ qe_g Ze dhylh gZ ijZdlbdZ aZ^te`Z\Zr_ hj]Zgbl_ gZ ij_^\Zjbl_eghlh ke_^kl\b_ ^Z aZ^tj`Zl h[\bgy_fb dh]Zlh kj_sm lyo bfZ g_aZ\tjr_gh ijhba\h^kl\h ih ^jm]h h[\bg_gb_ beb ijb j_pb^b\ <f_klh lh\Z [yoZ hij_^_e_gb ij_^_egb kjhdh\_ aZ aZ^tj`Zg_ ih^ kljZ`Z ^h _^gZ ]h^bgZ \ h[sby kemqZc b ^h ^\_ ]h^bgb \ badexqbl_egb kemqZb Zdh h[\bg_gb_lh _ aZ ij_kltie_gb_ aZ dh_lh k_ ij_^\b`^Z gZdZaZgb_ ih\_q_ hl i_lgZ^_k_l ]h^bgb ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z ^h`b\hl_g aZl\hj beb kftjl ;_ ^Z^_gZ b \tafh`ghkl aZ fgh]hdjZlgh h[`Ze\Zg_ gZ fyjdZlZ aZ g_hldehg_gb_ ij_^ kt^ Klhlbpb h[\bgy_fb dhblh [yoZ gZ^o\tjebeb l_ab kjhdh\_ \ gydhb kemqZb fgh]hdjZlgh k_ \taihea\ZoZ \_^gZ]Z hl ijhf_gbl_ b [yoZ hk\h[h^_gb < `_eZgb_lh kb ^Z ij_k_q_ lZab \tegZ hl ohjZ hk\h[h^_gb hl f_klZlZ aZ aZ^tj`Zg_ gZ hdlhf\jb iZjeZf_gltl ijb_ baf_g_gby dtf GID k dhblh k_ ij_k_q_ \tafh`ghkllZ gh\bl_ kjhdh\_ ^Z \Z`Zl aZ \_q_ aZ^tj`Zgb h[\bgy_fb K lh\Z k_ kta^Z^_ hq_\b^gZ g_jZ\ghihklZ\_ghkl f_`^m gh\bl_ b klZjbl_ aZ^tj`Zgb Z gZ j_nhjfZlZ gZ GID k_ ijb^Z^_ ^bkdjbfbgZpbhg_g _n_dl Ijh[e_ftl k ijh^te`bl_eghkllZ gZ ij_^\Zjbl_eghlh aZ^tj`Zg_ h[Zq_ ijh^te`b ^Z klhb ih hlghr_gb_ gZ ih^kt^bfbl_ l _ ohjZlZ gZ dhblh _ \jtq_g h[\bgbl_e_g Zdl gh g_ kZ hkt^_gb LjhfZ\ZlZ kt^_[gZ ijhp_^mjZ klZ\Z ijbqbgZ fgh]h hl lyo ^Z klhyl k ]h^bgb \ f_klZlZ aZ ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z [_a ijbkt^b Ih \j_f_ gZ ihk_s_gbylZ kb \ f_klZlZ aZ aZ^tj`Zg_ ;OD dhgklZlbjZ b j_^bpZ kemqZb gZ ijh^te`bl_egh Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh aZ^tj`Zg_ gZ qm`^b ]jZ`^Zgb \ >hfZ aZ \j_f_ggh gZklZgy\Zg_ gZ iteghe_lgb ebpZ \ Khnby AZ gydhedh \b_lgZfkdb ]jZ`^Zgb [_ mklZgh\_gh q_ kZ ^tj`Zgb ih f_k_pZ kZfh aZjZ^b lh\Z q_ gyfZl j_^h\gb ^hdmf_glb GZ aZ^tj`Zgbl_ ih lhab j_^ g_ k_ ij_^hklZ\y gbdZd\Z \tafh`ghkl aZ ijZ\gZ ihfhs \dexqbl_egh aZ h[`Ze\Zg_ gZ aZdhgghkllZ gZ aZ^tj`Zg_lh

8

<b` Qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z \ ;te]Zjby ij_a ] >hdeZ^ gZ ;OD Khnby fZjl ]

G_aZ\bkbfhkl gZ kt^_[gZlZ \eZkl b kijZ\_^eb\ ijhp_k Ij_a ] aZiZab b mdj_ib k\hylZ g_aZ\bkbfhkl hl baitegbl_egZlZ b aZdhgh^Zl_egZlZ \eZkl AZ jZaebdZ hl ij_^brgb ]h^bgb ly g_ [_ ZlZdm\ZgZ k_jbhagh hl ^jm]bl_ \eZklb Gh dZdlh b \ ij_^brgbl_ ]h^bgb kt^hijhba\h^kl\hlh [_ [Z\gh b g__n_dlb\gh Kt^_[gbyl dhgljhe \tjom Z^fbgbkljZlb\gbl_ Zdlh\_ ij_a ]h^bgZlZ nmgdpbhgbjZr_ jmlbggh fZdZj ^Z g_ [_ ij_^ba\bd\Zg \t\ \kbqdb kemqZb gZ gZjmrZ\Zg_ gZ ijZ\ZlZ b bgl_j_kbl_ gZ ]jZ`^Zgbl_ GZ n_\jmZjb Dhgklblmpbhggbyl kt^ h[y\b aZ ijhlb\hdhgklblmpbhggb jZaihj_^[bl_ gZ MdZa hl ] kihj_^ dhclh m\heg_gbylZ \ kbkl_fZlZ gZ ` i g_ ih^e_`Zl gZ kt^_[_g dhgljhe K j_nhjfZlZ gZ GZdZaZl_egh ijhp_kmZegby dh^_dk ij_a xeb jheylZ gZ ijhdmjZlmjZlZ \ ijhp_kZ gZ ij_^\Zjbl_eghlh jZake_^\Zg_ gZ ij_kltie_gby [_ gZfZe_gZ Ij_^\Zjbl_eghlh jZake_^\Zg_ [_ ih\_j_gh kZfh gZ ke_^h\Zl_ebl_ b ihfhsgbd ke_^h\Zl_ebl_ Z gZ ijhdmjhjbl_ [_ ij_^hklZ\_gZ \tafh`ghkllZ ^Z ba\tjr\Zl kZfh hij_^_e_gb ke_^kl\_gb ^_ckl\by <tij_db lh\Z ijhdmjZlmjZlZ aZiZab h[shlh jtdh\h^kl\h b gZ^ahjZ gZ^ ke_^kl\b_lh k dh_lh ijh[e_ftl aZ g_cgZlZ ^\hcgZ nmgdpby gZ h[\bgbl_e b jtdh\h^bl_e gZ gZdZaZl_eghlh ijhba\h^kl\h hklZgZ 9 J_nhjfZlZ h[Zq_ g_ aZk_]gZ jZaihj_^[bl_ aZ aZ^te`bl_egZ aZsblZ EbikZlZ gZ aZdhgh\Z ]ZjZgpby aZ mqZklb_ gZ Z^\hdZl gZ klZ^by gZ ij_^\Zjbl_eghlh ke_^kl\b_ aZ \kbqdb gZ dhblh _ gZeh`_gZ fyjdZ aZ g_hldehg_gb_ aZ^tj`Zg_ ih^ kljZ`Z ijh^te`b ^Z [t^_ k_jbhagh ij_iylkl\b_ ij_^ kijZ\_^eb\by gZdZaZl_e_g ijhp_k Qe_g hl GZdZaZl_egh ijhp_kmZegby dh^_dk ij_^\b`^Z ij_^hklZ\yg_ gZ [_aieZlgZ Z^\hdZlkdZ aZsblZ gZ gydhedh dZl_]hjbb h[\bgy_fb gh aZ^tj`Zgbl_ g_ kZ _^gZ hl lyo GyfZ b hj]ZgbabjZgZ nhjfZ gZ Z^\hdZlkdZ ihfhs \ ih^h[gb kemqZb Lh\Z hagZqZ\Z q_ _^gZ qZkl hl aZ^tj`Zgbl_ ih ki_pbZegh l_ab dhblh g_ agZyl q_ bfZl ijZ\h gZ Z^\hdZl beb gyfZl iZjb ^Z gZ_fZl lZdt\ gZ ijZdlbdZ mqZkl\Zl \ ij_^\Zjbl_eghlh ke_^kl\b_ [_a aZsblgbd Ijb l_ab dZl_]hjbb ohjZ hkh[_gh dh]Zlh l_ kZ hl hij_^_e_gb fZepbgkl\_gb ]jmib \ ;OD bfZ ih^Z^_gb gZc fgh]h kb]gZeb aZ ih[hc b fZelj_lbjZg_ ih \j_f_ gZ aZ^tj`Zg_ K j_nhjfZlZ g_ [_ ih^h[j_gZ b \tafh`ghkllZ aZ mqZklb_ gZ `_jl\ZlZ gZ ij_kltie_gb_ \ gZdZaZl_egby ijhp_k KlZjZlZ mj_^[Z kihj_^ dhylh hldZabl_ gZ ijhdmjZlmjZlZ ^Z ih\^b]g_ h[\bg_gb_ ih^e_`Zl gZ h[`Ze\Zg_ kZfh ij_^ ih ]hjgby ijhdmjhj gh g_ b ij_^ kt^ ijh^te`b ^Z ^_ckl\Z Ly ktq_lZgZ ktk kbegZlZ aZ\bkbfhkl gZ ]jZ`^Zgkdby ijhp_k hl baoh^Z gZ gZdZaZl_eghlh ^_eh aZky]Z qm\kl\bl_egh ijZ\ZlZ gZ ihltji_\rbl_ hl ba\tjr\Zg_ gZ ij_kltie_gby ^Z ihemqZl ijZ\hkt^b_ Ij_a n_\jmZjb ] ^bj_dlhjtl gZ GZpbhgZegZlZ ke_^kl\_gZ kem`[Z ba^Z^_ f_lh^bq_kdh mdZaZgb_ k dh_lh gZ aZsblZlZ gZ h[\bgy_fby gZ klZ^by gZ ij_^\Zjbl_eghlh ke_^kl\b_ k_ ^Z\Z \tafh`ghkl ^Z k_ aZihagZ_ kZfh k l_dklZ gZ ihklZgh\e_gb_lh aZ ijb\ebqZg_ gZ h[\bgy_f gh g_ b kt[jZgbl_ ^hdZaZl_ekl\Z ih ^_ehlh Lh\Z qm\kl\bl_egh h]jZgbqZ\Z \tafh`ghkllZ aZ aZsblZ b gZjmrZ\Z ijbgpbiZ gZ jZ\ghihklZ\_ghkllZ gZ kljZgbl_ \ gZdZaZl_egby ijhp_k >jm] h[_dl gZ aZ]jb`_ghkl ij_a ]h^bgZlZ ijh^te`b ^Z [t^_ ijhp_^mjZlZ aZ gZklZgy\Zg_ \t\ <taiblZl_egb mqbebsZ bgl_jgZlb [b\rbl_ L<M gZ fZehe_lgb b g_iteghe_lgb ijZ\hgZjmrbl_eb LZab ijhp_^mjZ mklZgh\_gZ ktk AZdhgZ aZ [hj[Z k ijhlb\hh[s_kl\_gbl_ ijhy\b gZ fZehe_lgbl_ b g_iteghe_lgbl_ hl ] dhclh [_ ijhf_g_g ij_a ] _ Z^fbgbkljZlb\gZ GZklZgy\Zg_lh \t\ <MB dh_lh kihj_^ f_`^mgZjh^gbl_ klZg^Zjlb _ ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z klZ\Z hl jZchggbl_ kt^bebsZ ih 9

< k\hy ^hdeZ^ ih ^_ehlh gZ :k_gh\ B\Zgh\Z b B\Zgh\ kj_sm ;te]Zjby hl xeb ] $SSO 1R SDUD ?\jhi_ckdZlZ dhfbkby ih ijZ\ZlZ gZ qh\_dZ ijb_ q_ gblh ijhdmjhjtl gblh ke_^h\Zl_eyl \ [te]Zjkdby gZdZaZl_e_g ijhp_k fh]Zl ^Z [t^Zl ijbagZlb aZ g_aZ\bkbfb hj]Zgb gZ kt^_[gZlZ \eZkl aZ p_ebl_ b ih kfbkteZ gZ qe_g l hl ?\jhi_ckdZlZ dhg\_gpby aZ ijZ\ZlZ gZ qh\_dZ K ijhf_gbl_ gZ gZdZaZl_eghlh aZdhgh^Zl_ekl\h hl xeb lhab ^_n_dl [_ ij_h^heyg kZfh qZklbqgh

ij_^eh`_gb_ gZ gZagZq_gb hl h[sbgkdbl_ Z^fbgbkljZpbb F_klgb dhfbkbb aZ [hj[Z k ijhlb\hh[s_kl\_gbl_ ijhy\b gZ fZehe_lgbl_ b g_iteghe_lgbl_ KZfhlh ^_eh h[Zq_ k_ ]e_^Z hl dhfbkbylZ Ebik\Z \tafh`ghkl aZ ijbah\Z\Zg_ gZ k\b^_l_eb hl h[\bg_gby h[\bg_gb_lh k_ ih\^b]Z b j_rZ\Z hl _^bg b kts hj]Zg gyfZ ijZ\h gZ h[`Ze\Zg_ GZ gbdZdt\ _lZi hl ijhp_^mjZlZ \ ]jm[h ijhlb\hj_qb_ k DhgklblmpbylZ g_ k_ ^himkdZ Z^\hdZlkdZ aZsblZ K j_nhjfZlZ gZ =jZ`^Zgkdby ijhp_kmZe_g dh^_dk hl ^_d_f\jb [_ ij_fZogZlh l gZj kem`_[gh gZqZeh \ ]jZ`^Zgkdhlh kt^hijhba\h^kl\h l _ \tafh`ghkllZ kt^tl ^Z gZitlkl\Z kljZgbl_ ijb mijZ`gy\Zg_ gZ l_ogbl_ ijZ\Z b ^Z kt[bjZ ^hdZaZl_ekl\Z ih k\hy bgbpbZlb\Z JheylZ gZ ijhdmjZlmjZlZ \ ]jZ`^Zgkdby ijhp_k ljZ^bpbhggh kbegZ \ ;te]Zjby [_ gZfZe_gZ ;_ mklZgh\_g b f_oZgbatf aZ hlfygZ gZ kt^_[gb j_r_gby dh]Zlh k_ _ ijhbag_kte ?\jhi_ckdby kt^ ih ijZ\ZlZ gZ qh\_dZ \ KljZk[mj] GZj_^ k iheh`bl_egbl_ kljZgb gZ j_nhjfZlZ \ gydhb h[s_kl\_gb djt]h\_ [_ bajZa_gZ lj_\h]Z q_ hkh[_gh ijb ebikZ gZ _n_dlb\_g f_oZgbatf aZ hdZa\Zg_ gZ ijZ\gZ ihfhs ly s_ gZijZ\b mki_oZ \ ]jZ`^Zgkdby ijhp_k \ agZqbl_egZ kl_i_g aZ\bkbf hl fZl_jbZeghlh ktklhygb_ gZ mqZklgbdZ IjZ\h gZ g_ijbdhkgh\_ghkl gZ ebqgby b k_f__g `b\hl lZcgZlZ gZ dhj_kihg^_gpbylZ Hkgh\gbyl ijh[e_f k ]ZjZglbjZg_lh gZ lh\Z ijZ\h ij_a ] ijh^te`b ^Z [t^_ \tafh`ghkllZ aZ [_adhgljhegZ gZf_kZ \ qZklgby `b\hl gZ ]jZ`^Zgbl_ hl gydhb kem`[b aZ kb]mjghkl Ij_a hdlhf\jb [_ ijb_l AZdhg aZ ki_pbZegbl_ jZamagZ\Zl_egb kj_^kl\Z k dhclh k_ mj_`^Zl mkeh\bylZ j_^tl aZ baihea\Zg_ b dhgljhetl \tjom baihea\Zg_lh gZ a\mdhaZibkb \b^_haZibkb nhlhkgbfdb [_eyaZgb ij_^f_lb ijh\_jdZ gZ dhj_kihg^_gpbylZ b ^j hl kem`[bl_ gZ Fbgbkl_jkl\hlh gZ <tlj_rgbl_ jZ[hlb L_ab kj_^kl\Z kihj_^ aZdhgZ fh]Zl ^Z k_ baihea\Zl aZ ij_^hl\jZly\Zg_ b jZadjb\Zg_ gZ l_`db ij_kltie_gby gh ktsh lZdZ b ih hlghr_gb_ gZ ^_cghklb k\tjaZgb ktk aZsblZ gZ gZpbhgZegZlZ kb]mjghkl qe_g

Ijb lh\Z dZdlh \ _^bgby lZdZ b \ ^jm]by kemqZc ijbeZ]Zg_lh gZ ki_pbZegb jZamagZ\Zl_egb kj_^kl\Z \ g_hleh`gb kemqZb fh`_ ^Z klZ\Z \ jZfdbl_ gZ qZkZ \ta hkgh\Z gZ jZaihj_`^Zg_ gZ fbgbkltjZ gZ \tlj_rgbl_ jZ[hlb beb k_dj_lZj gZ F<J [_a g_h[oh^bfhlh \ ghjfZegby kemqZc jZaj_r_gb_ hl hj]Zgbl_ gZ kt^_[gZlZ \eZkl qe_g

Gblh \ lhab aZdhg h[Zq_ gblh \ gydhc ^jm] k_ hij_^_ey dZd\h ij_^klZ\ey\Z gZpbhgZegZlZ kb]mjghkl b dZd\b [boZ [beb l_ab ^_cghklb ih hlghr_gb_ gZ dhblh fh]Zl ^Z k_ ijbeZ]Zl ki_pbZegb jZamagZ\Zl_egb kj_^kl\Z H[sZlZ nhjfmebjh\dZ gZ jZaihj_^[bl_ _ ij_^ihklZ\dZ aZ aehmihlj_[Z dhylh [b fh]eZ ihl_gpbZegh ^Z ^h\_^_ ^h gZjmrZ\Zg_ gZ ijZ\hlh gZ g_ijbdhkgh\_ghkl gZ ebqgby `b\hl b lZcgZlZ gZ dhj_kihg^_gpbylZ Ij_a ]h^bgZlZ ijZ\hlh gZ g_ijbdhkgh\_ghkl gZ ebqgby `b\hl [_ aZk_]gZlh b \ kemqZbl_ gZ g_aZdhggb ij_ltjk\Zgby b baa_f\Zgby hl ihebp_ckdb kem`bl_eb \ `bebsZ gZ ij_^klZ\bl_eb gZ gydhb g_ihimeyjgb j_eb]bhagb h[sghklb <b` K\h[h^Z gZ fbktelZ kt\_kllZ j_eb]bylZ b m[_`^_gbylZ).

K\h[h^Z gZ fbktelZ kt\_kllZ j_eb]bylZ b m[_`^_gbylZ Ij_a ] [_ hl[_eyaZg ba\_kl_g ijh]j_k \ kiZa\Zg_lh gZ ijZ\hlh gZ k\h[h^Z gZ fbktelZ kt\_kllZ j_eb]bylZ b m[_`^_gbylZ \ ;te]Zjby ;yoZ ^hdmf_glbjZgb ih fZedh l_`db kemqZb gZ gZjmrZ\Zg_ gZ j_eb]bhagbl_ ijZ\Z \ kjZ\g_gb_ k fbgZebl_ ]h^bgb 10 <tij_db lh\Z \ lZab kn_jZ hklZ\Zl b k_jbhagb ijh[e_fb dhblh ij_a ]h^bgZlZ [yoZ h[_dl gZ aZ]jb`_ghkl hl fgh]h [te]Zjkdb b qm`^b gZ[ex^Zl_eb 10

<b` Ktklhygb_lh gZ j_eb]bhagZlZ k\h[h^Z \ ;te]Zjby ke_^ ] >hdeZ^ gZ nhg^Zpby Lhe_jZglghkl b ;OD Khnby n_\jmZjb ]

Ij_a ] g_ [_ ijhf_g_gZ h[sZlZ ijZ\gZ jZfdZ ]ZjZglbjZsZ ijZ\hlh gZ k\h[h^Z gZ fbktelZ kt\_kllZ j_eb]bylZ b m[_`^_gbylZ Ijh^te`boZ ^Z ^_ckl\Zl dZdlh hklZj_ebyl AZdhg aZ baih\_^ZgbylZ lZdZ b ijb_lbyl ij_a ] ^bkdjbfbgZpbhg_g qe_g : hl AZdhgZ aZ ebpZlZ b k_f_ckl\hlh GZ ^_d_f\jb Fbgbkl_jkdbyl kt\_l h^h[jb ijh_dl aZ AZdhg aZ aZfygZ gZ \hbgkdbl_ aZ^te`_gby k Zel_jgZlb\gb kem`[Z K lhab aZdhg k_ baitegy\Z ke_^ ih\_q_ hl r_kl]h^brgh aZ[Z\yg_ babkd\Zg_lh gZ qe_g Ze hl DhgklblmpbylZ dhclh ]ZjZglbjZ gZ ]jZ`^Zgbl_ ijZ\hlh ^Z ihemqZl aZfygZ gZ \h_ggZlZ kem`[Z k hjt`b_ k Zel_jgZlb\gZ kem`[Z < ijh_dlZ _ ij_^\b^_gh Zel_jgZlb\gZlZ kem`[Z ^Z k_ jtdh\h^b hl Fbgbkl_jkl\hlh gZ ljm^Z b khpbZegbl_ ]jb`b K g_]h h[Zq_ k_ \t\_`^Z kjhd gZ Zel_jgZlb\gZlZ kem`[Z dhclh _ ^\hcgh ih ^tet] hl kjhdZ gZ j_^h\gZlZ \h_ggZ kem`[Z ihgZklhys_f _^gZ ]h^bgZ \ ;te]Zjby b bfZ hq_\b^gh gZdZaZl_egZ 11 ijh^te`bl_eghkl MijZ`gy\Zg_lh gZ ijZ\hlh gZ Zel_jgZlb\gZ kem`[Z hk\_g lh\Z _ h]jZgbq_gh \ aZdhghijh_dlZ qj_a kbkl_fZlZ gZ ]h^brgb d\hlb hij_^_eygb hl Fbgbkl_jkdby kt\_l <tafh`ghklbl_ aZ hl[b\Zg_ gZ Zel_jgZlb\gZlZ kem`[Z _ ij_^\b^_gh ^Z klZ\Z kZfh \ ^tj`Z\gb hj]ZgbaZpbb GZ \h_gghkem`_sbl_ g_ k_ ^Z\Z ijZ\h ^Z ihbkdZl Zel_jgZlb\gZ kem`[Z lh]Z\Z dh]Zlh kem`_sbl_ Zel_jgZlb\gZ kem`[Z fh]Zl ^Z ihbkdZl ^Z ij_fbgZl gZ gZ[hjgZ \h_ggZ kem`[Z Ktk aZdhghijh_dlZ ktsh lZdZ k_ h]jZgbqZ\Zl g_jZamfgh ijZ\ZlZ gZ kem`_sbl_ Zel_jgZlb\gZ kem`[Z l_ g_ fh]Zl ^Z qe_gm\Zl \ kbg^bdZegb hj]ZgbaZpbb b ^Z k_ dZg^b^ZlbjZl aZ ba[hjgb iheblbq_kdb ^et`ghklb <tij_db hq_jlZebl_ k_ i_jki_dlb\b aZ gydZd\h mj_`^Zg_ gZ ijh[e_fZ k Zel_jgZlb\gZlZ kem`[Z ijh^te`b gZdZaZl_eghlh ij_ke_^\Zg_ gZ hldZagbpb ih kt\_kl GZ n_\jmZjb <tjoh\gbyl dZkZpbhg_g kt^ ihl\tj^b _n_dlb\gZlZ ijbkt^Z aZ hldZa hl \h_ggZ kem`[Z ih kt\_kl gZ^ >byg >bfbljh\ K\b^_l_e gZ C_oh\Z hl Ihih\h GZ hdlhf\jb >bfbltj FZj_\ K\b^_l_e gZ C_oh\Z hl Khnby [_ hkt^_g ^Z ieZlb obey^b e_\Z ]_jfZgkdb fZjdb hl Khnbckdby jZchg_g kt^ aZ hldZa hl \h_ggZ kem`[Z H[sh \a_lh h[Zq_ gZdZaZl_eghlh ij_ke_^\Zg_ aZ hldZa hl \h_ggZ kem`[Z ih kt\_kl g_ k_ hkts_kl\y\Zr_ lZdZ q_klh dZdlh ij_a fbgZebl_ ]h^bgb 11

AZ kjZ\g_gb_ \b` j_ahexpbylZ gZ ?\jhi_ckdby iZjeZf_gl hl hdlhf\jb ] qe_g ?\jhi_ckdbyl iZjeZf_gl gZklhcqb\h ijbah\Z\Z dtf lh\Z kjhdtl gZ Zel_jgZlb\gZlZ kem`[Z ^Z g_ ij_\brZ\Z lhab gZ h[bdgh\_gZlZ kem`[Z ih\_q_ hl _^bg itl b iheh\bgZ aZ ^Z k_ dhfi_gkbjZl i_jbh^bl_ aZ ij_ih^]hlh\dZ gZ ebpZlZ dhblh kem`Zl h[bdgh\_gZ kem`[Z

Ij_a ] [yoZ gZijZ\_gb kltidb dtf _^gh ih Z^_d\Zlgh mj_`^Zg_ gZ ijZ\gby klZlml gZ gydhb j_eb]bhagb h[sghklb qbblh klZlml gZ xjb^bq_kdb ebpZ [_ hlg_l Z ^_cghkllZ bf 12 ij_djZl_gZ k ijb_fZg_lh gZ qe_g : hl AZdhgZ aZ ebpZlZ b k_f_ckl\hlh GZ xeb ] ?\jhi_ckdZlZ dhfbkby aZ ijZ\ZlZ gZ qh\_dZ \ KljZk[mj] h[y\b `Ze[ZlZ gZ K\b^_l_eb gZ C_oh\Z kj_sm ;te]Zjby aZ ^himklbfZ >_ehlh \ KljZk[mj] [_ aZ\_^_gh ke_^ hldZaZ gZ ijZ\bl_ekl\hlh ^Z ^Z^_ kt]eZkb_ aZ ij_j_]bkljZpby gZ K\b^_l_ebl_ gZ C_oh\Z b \dexq\Z hieZd\Zg_ ih gydhedh qe_gZ hl ?\jhi_ckdZlZ dhg\_gpby aZ ijZ\ZlZ gZ qh\_dZ IjZ\bl_ekl\hlh \_^gZ]Z h[y\b q_ _ ]hlh\h gZ ijbyl_ekdh mj_`^Zg_ gZ kihjZ Ij_]h\hjbl_ ijh\_^_gb f_`^m ij_^klZ\bl_eb gZ lZab ]jmiZ b >bj_dpbylZ ih \_jhbaih\_^ZgbylZ gZ gh_f\jb [yoZ ihke_^\Zgb hl \aZbfgb bay\e_gby aZ m^h\e_l\hj_ghkl hl ihklb]gZlby gZij_^td >hk_]Z h[Zq_ gyfZ ihklb]gZlh kihjZamf_gb_ GZ Z\]mkl Fbgbkl_jkdbyl kt\_l ^Z^_ jZaj_r_gb_ aZ j_]bkljZpby gZ Ojbklbygkdh k^jm`_gb_ =b^_hg _^gZ hl ]jmibl_ dhblh [yoZ ebr_gb hl klZlml gZ xjb^bq_kdh ebp_ ij_a eylhlh gZ ] ke_^ ijb_fZg_lh gZ ^bkdjbfbgZpbhggby qe_g : hl AZdhgZ aZ ebpZlZ b k_f_ckl\hlh GZc ]heyfhlh ihklb`_gb_ ij_a ]h^bgZlZ h[Zq_ [_ mki_rghlh ijh\_`^Zg_ gZ hdlhf\jb gZ h[_^bgbl_egZ dhgn_j_gpby gZ fxkxefZgkdhlh baih\_^Zgb_ b ijbagZ\Zg_lh gZ ba[jZghlh hl g_y jtdh\h^kl\h gZq_eh k gh\by ]eZ\_g fxnlby FmklZnZ OZ^`t hl ijZ\bl_ekl\hlh kZfh gydhedh ^gb ih dtkgh K lh\Z \ agZqbl_egZ kl_i_g [_ ij_h^heyg jZadhetl \ lh\Z \lhjh ih ]he_fbgZ baih\_^Zgb_ \ ;te]Zjby ij_^ba\bdZg hl gZf_kZlZ gZ gydhedh ijZ\bl_ekl\Z \t\ \tlj_rgh hj]ZgbaZpbhggby `b\hl gZ baih\_^Zgb_lh ke_^ ] 13 <tij_db gZij_^tdZ ij_a ]h^bgZlZ [yoZ ^himkgZlb k_jbhagb gZjmr_gby gZ ijZ\hlh gZ k\h[h^Z gZ fbktelZ kt\_kllZ j_eb]bylZ b m[_`^_gbylZ ]heyfZlZ qZkl hl dhblh jZadjb\Zl ba\_klgZ ijb_fkl\_ghkl k j_ij_kb\gZlZ iheblbdZ hl bafbgZebl_ ]h^bgb G_ ebik\ZoZ ijhy\b gZ djZcgZ j_eb]bhagZ g_lhe_jZglghkl b gZ yjhklgb dZfiZgbb \ gZpbhgZegbl_ f_^bb kj_sm gydhb hl ijhl_klZglkdbl_ ptjd\b ijh\_`^Zgb k fteqZeb\ZlZ ih^dj_iZ gZ \eZklbl_ LZdZ ih ih\h^ gZ _\Zg]_ebaZpbylZ hj]ZgbabjZgZ hl I_l^_kylgZlZ b ;h`bbl_ ptjd\b \kbqdb k j_^h\gZ j_]bkljZpby ih j_^Z gZ AZdhgZ aZ \_jhbaih\_^ZgbylZ f_`^m b fZc \ Khnby k_ klb]gZ ^h [mjgb ^_fhgkljZpbb gZ gZpbhgZebklb IZljbZjo FZdkbf ktsh mqZkl\Z \ aZde_cfy\Zg_lh gZjbqZcdb l_ obey^b ^mrb kt[jZgb \ _^gZ aZeZ \ Khnby \_jh b jh^hhlkltigbpb GZ fZc ] g B\Zg Kmg]Zjkdb ij_^k_^Zl_e gZ iZjeZf_glZjgZlZ dhfbkby ih qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z b \_jhbaih\_^ZgbylZ aZy\b q_ s_ ihbkdZ ijZ\hkeZ\gZlZ j_eb]by ^Z [t^_ h[y\_gZ aZ hnbpbZegZ ktk aZdhg \ ;te]Zjby aZ ^Z fh`_ ih mki_rgh ^Z k_ ijhlb\hihklZ\y gZ k_dlbl_ =eZ\gbyl ijhdmjhj ] g LZlZjq_\ aZy\b q_ gZ ptjd\bl_ hj]ZgbaZlhjdb gZ _\Zg]_ebaZpbylZ fh`_ ^Z [t^_ hlg_lZ j_]bkljZpbylZ F_^bcgZlZ ZlZdZ fZdZj b \ ih fZetd fZsZ[ [_ ih\lhj_gZ ij_a hdlhf\jb ih \j_f_ gZ _\Zg]_ebaZpby iZd k mqZklb_lh gZ qm`^_gpb _\Zg]_ebaZlhjb hj]ZgbabjZgZ hl ptjd\Z J_fZ ih^_e_gb_ gZ ;te]ZjkdZlZ ;h`by ptjd\Z < ^jm] kemqZc gZ ^_fhgkljZpby gZ djZcgZ j_eb]bhagZ g_lhe_jZglghkl gZ xgb \t\ <jZpZ gydhedh feZ^_`b dhblh k_ ij_^klZ\beb aZ ijb\tj`_gbpb gZ <FJH gZoemeb ih \j_f_ gZ [h]hkem`_gb_ \ fh ebl\_gby ^hf gZ ;te]ZjkdZlZ ;h`by ptjd\Z \bdZeb iexeb ih [h]hkem`_[gbl_ ij_^f_lb kqmibeb gydhedh klheZ b ijhahj_pZ gZ \tgrgZlZ \jZlZ Ihltji_\rbl_ k_ hieZdZeb \ f_klgZlZ ihebpby gh ba\tjrbl_ebl_ g_ [beb ij_^Z^_gb gZ ijZ\hkt^b_lh Ij_a ]h^bgZlZ ijh^te`b b ijZdlbdZlZ gZ mijZ`gy\Zg_ gZ hnbpbZegh beb g_hnbpbZegh gh hnbpbZegh ^himkdZgh nbabq_kdh gZkbeb_ gZ^ qe_gh\_ gZ fZepbgkl\_gb j_eb]bhagb h[sghklb GZ xeb \ I_ljbq [yoZ aZ^tj`Zgb \ ihebpbylZ b [blb ^\ZfZ qe_gh\_ gZ Ptjd\ZlZ gZ Z^\_glbklbl_ hl k_^fby ^_g aZjZ^b lh\Z q_ ijh^Z\Zeb j_eb]bhagZ ebl_jZlmjZ <ihke_^kl\b_ l_ [beb ktijh\h^_gb ^h Z\lh]ZjZlZ hl ihebpZb b ij_^mij_^_gb ^Z g_ ijh^Z\Zl ebl_jZlmjZ b ^Z g_ \h^yl ijhih\_^b gZ g_mklZgh\_gb aZ lh\Z f_klZ GZ ^_d_f\jb KhnbckdZlZ \h_ggh hdjt`gZ ijhdmjZlmjZ hldZaZ ^Z h[jZam\Z ij_^\Zjbl_egh 12

<b` Ktklhygb_lh gZ j_eb]bhagZlZ k\h[h^Z \ ;te]Zjby ke_^ ] >hdeZ^ gZ nhg^Zpby Lhe_jZglghkl b ;OD Khnby n_\jmZjb ] k 13

<b` iZd lZf k

ijhba\h^kl\h b ij_djZlb ij_ibkdZlZ ijb_fZcdb q_ gyfZ ^Zggb aZ gZg_k_g ih[hc GZ k_il_f\jb \ k =Z[jZ [ebah ^h ?ebg I_ebg _^bg f_kl_g `bl_e \ ba[ebd gZ Zglbk_dlZglkdb nZgZlbatf gZg_k_ ih[hc gZ^ qe_gh\_ gZ ;te]ZjkdZlZ ;h`by ptjd\Z b mgbsh`b ]heyfh dhebq_kl\h ij_^gZagZq_gb aZ jZa^Z\Zg_ j_eb]bhagb [jhrmjb IhkljZ^Zebl_ k_ hieZdZeb \ JIM ?ebg I_ebg gh `Ze[ZlZ bf ^hjb g_ [beZ aZ\_^_gZ b _ hklZ\_gZ [_a ihke_^kl\by < g_fZedh kemqZb ij_a ] [yoZ j_]bkljbjZgb b gZoem\Zgby gZ ihebpbylZ \ qZklgb ^hfh\_ hnbkb b f_klZ aZ fhebl\_gb kt[jZgby dhgnbkdZpbb gZ j_eb]bhagZ ebl_jZlmjZ b ba]hg\Zg_ hl kljZgZlZ gZ qm`^b ]jZ`^Zgb aZjZ^b lyogZlZ ijbgZ^e_`ghkl dtf gydhy hl g_`_eZgbl_ hl \eZklbl_ ptjd\b Hkgh\gbl_ ihltji_\rb [yoZ qe_gh\_ gZ H[_^bgbl_egZlZ ptjd\Z K\b^_l_eb gZ C_oh\Z fxkxefZgb b gydhb ^jm]b ojbklbygkdb ]jmib GZ Zijbe ihebpZb hl ;eZ]h_\]jZ^ gZoemoZ \ qZkl_g ^hf ih \j_f_ gZ k[bjdZ gZ qe_gh\_ gZ H[_^bgbl_egZlZ ptjd\Z gZ Fmmg b baa_oZ dgb]b e_dpbb b kgbfdb < gydhedh ^jm]b kemqZy ktk ktsZlZ ptjd\Z hl djZy gZ xgb b ij_a xeb ihebpZb baa_oZ hl qZklgb ^hfh\_ \ Khnby Ieh\^b\ <ZjgZ Dxkl_g^be :k_gh\]jZ^ I_ljbq b JbeZ dgb]b kibkZgby ieZdZlb \dexqbl_egh ba^Zgby gZ ;OD Kihj_^ kth[s_gb_ gZ ij_kZlZ \ kj_^ZlZ gZ xgb ihebpZb gZijZ\boZ h[bkd gZ qZkl_g ZiZjlZf_gl \ FhglZgZ h[blZ\Zg hl qe_gh\_ gZ <hcgb gZ OjbklZ _^gZ hl ]jmibl_ qbclh klZlml gZ xjb^bq_kdh ebp_ [_ hlg_l ij_a ] Hl ZiZjlZf_glZ [yoZ baa_lb dgb]b \b^_h b Zm^bhdZk_lb k ijhih\_^b b gZitlkl\by GZ Z\]mkl [_ baa_lZ ebl_jZlmjZ hl K\b^_l_eb gZ C_oh\Z \ Rmf_g GZ Z\]mkl kem`bl_eb gZ J_]bhgZegZlZ kem`[Z aZ kb]mjghkl Ieh\^b\ dhgnbkdm\ZoZ \b^_hdZk_lb k ijhih\_^b [jhrmjb dgb]b b l_ljZ^db hl k_fbgZjb \ GZj_q_gkdb [Zgb hj]ZgbabjZgb hl fxkxefZgkdZlZ nhg^Zpby BjrZ^ GZ k_il_f\jb [_ ba]hg_g hl kljZgZlZ _^bg Z\kljbckdb ]jZ`^Zgbg K\b^_l_e gZ C_oh\Z ke_^ dZlh [_ aZeh\_g ^Z ijhih\y^\Z \ Kfheyg GZ k_il_f\jb aZih\_^ aZ _dkljZ^bjZg_ hl J><J Dtj^`Zeb ihemqboZ b [_kZjZ[kdbl_ [te]Zjb Kl_iZg b FZjby DZjZ aZshlh [beb aZeh\_gb ^Z ijhih\y^\Zl ^hdljbgZlZ gZ K\b^_l_ebl_ gZ C_oh\Z Ij_a ]h^bgZlZ bfZr_ b dhgnebdlb \ gydhedh gZk_e_gb f_klZ ih ih\h^ [h]hkem`_[gb k]jZ^b < _^bg ^jZklbq_g kemqZc gZ Z^fbgbkljZlb\_g ijhba\he df_ltl gZ ieh\^b\kdby JZchg X`_g ] g :e_dkZg^tj >he_\ gZ k_il_f\jb ba^Z^_ aZih\_^ aZ dhgnbkdZpby gZ a^Zgb_ ihkljh_gh hl [b[e_ckdby p_gltj ?fZgmbe f_klgZ ijhl_klZglkdZ ]jmiZ k gZf_j_gb_ ^Z [t^_ baihea\Zgh aZ j_eb]bhagb p_eb :dltl [_ ktijh\h^_g k yjhklgZ dZfiZgby kj_sm ]jmiZlZ \ f_klgbl_ f_^bb b ktk aZieZob \dexqbl_egh b hl df_lZ >he_\ ebqgh kj_sm iZklhjZ gZ ?fZgmbe ] g B\Zg G_klhjh\ b kj_sm qe_gh\_ gZ ]jmiZlZ < ^jm] kemqZc hl _k_glZ h[sbgZlZ \ Dxkl_g^be hldZaZ ^Z ij_^hklZ\b gZ f_klghlh ih^_e_gb_ gZ ;te]ZjkdZ ;h`by ptjd\Z dhylh _ j_^h\gh j_]bkljbjZgZ ih j_^Z gZ AZdhgZ aZ \_jhbaih\_^ZgbylZ fyklh aZ kljh_` gZ fhebl\_g ^hf Ij_a dtkgZlZ _k_g gZ ] \ I_jgbd b \ ?ebg I_ebg gZ_fh^Zl_eyl ;>@ [_a ij_^mij_`^_gb_ ij_dtkgZ gZ_fgbl_ ^h]h\hjb k f_klgbl_ ih^_e_gby gZ H[_^bg_gZ ;h`by ptjd\Z dhylh _ j_^h\gh j_]bkljbjZgZ ih j_^Z gZ AZdhgZ aZ \_jhbaih\_^ZgbylZ ke_^ dZlh kZ ]b kf_lgZeb aZ hiZkgZ k_dlZ < djZy gZ ^_d_f\jb \ ;mj]Zk hl gZ_fZgZlZ ijh^te`bl_egh \j_f_ aZeZ gZ ;mj]ZkdZlZ nbeoZjfhgby [_ ba]hg_gh f_klghlh ih^_e_gb_ gZ I_l^_kylgZlZ ptjd\Z K\h[h^Z gZ bajZay\Zg_lh k\h[h^Z gZ f_^bbl_ Hs_ ijb k\h_lh nhjfbjZg_ gh\hlh ijZ\bl_ekl\h ^_deZjbjZ q_ `_eZ_ ^Z ij_^ijb_f_ dhj_ggZ j_nhjfZ \ aZdhgh^Zl_ekl\hlh aZky]Zsh k\h[h^ZlZ gZ f_^bbl_ Lh\Z [_ ihklhyggZ l_fZ gZ h[kt`^Zg_ ij_a pyeZlZ ] ;yoZ ij_^ijb_lb j_^bpZ aZdhgh^Zl_egb Z^fbgbkljZlb\gb b kt^_[gb bgbpbZlb\b hl jZaebqgb aZbgl_j_km\Zgb djt]h\_ J_amelZltl hl lyo h[Zq_ dtf djZy gZ ]h^bgZlZ g_ ^Z\Z \tafh`ghkl \ lZab kn_jZ ^Z k_ hl[_e_`b gydZd\h kts_kl\_gh ih^h[j_gb_ \ kjZ\g_gb_ k fbgZebl_ ]h^bgb Ljbl_ hkgh\gb ijh[e_fZ ij_iylkl\Zsb k\h[h^ZlZ gZ bajZay\Zg_ \ ;te]Zjby iheblbq_kdbyl dhgljhe \tjom _e_dljhggbl_ f_^bb gZdZaZl_eghlh ij_ke_^\Zg_ gZ `mjgZebklb aZ l_ogb im[ebdZpbb b dhgnbkdm\Zg_lh gZ ba^ZgbylZ gZ g_ihimeyjgb _lgbq_kdb b j_eb]bhagb ]jmib ijh^te`boZ

^Z klhyl b ij_a ] Dtf lyo k_ ijb[Z\b b q_l\tjlb k\tjaZg ]eZ\gh k nmgdpbhgbjZg_lh gZ qZklgbl_ f_^bb ij_iylkl\Zg_lh hl jZ[hlh^Zl_ebl_ gZ hj]ZgbabjZgZlZ kbg^bdZegZ ^_cghkl gZ `mjgZebklb Ij_a gh_f\jb ] Dhgklblmpbhggbyl kt^ gZ ;te]Zjby h[y\b aZ ijhlb\hdhgklblmpbhggb gydhedh jZaihj_^[b gZ ijb_lby ij_a ktsZlZ ]h^bgZ hl ^hfbgbjZgby hl ;KI iZjeZf_gl AZdhg aZ jZ^bhlh b l_e_\babylZ Hkgh\gZlZ qZkl hl l_ab jZaihj_^[b mj_`^ZoZ ba[bjZg_lh gZ GZpbhgZegby kt\_l aZ jZ^bh b l_e_\baby hj]Zgtl dhclh gZ k\hc j_^ ba[bjZ 14 jtdh\h^kl\ZlZ gZ gZpbhgZeghlh jZ^bh b l_e_\baby Dhgklblmpbhggbyl kt^ ij_p_gb q_ gZqbgtl ih dhclh k_ nhjfbjZ kt\_ltl ^Z\Z \tafh`ghkl aZ iheblbq_kdb dhgljhe \tjom ^\_l_ gZc \ebyl_egb \ kljZgZlZ f_^bb J_^tl aZ ba[bjZg_ gZ GZpbhgZe_g kt\_l aZ jZ^bh b l_e_\baby dhclh aZdhgtl ij_^\b`^Zr_ [_ hlf_g_g gh jZaihj_^[bl_ dhblh hij_^_eyoZ q_ lhab kt\_l ljy[\Z ^Z ba[bjZ ]_g_jZegbl_ ^bj_dlhjb gZ gZpbhgZegbl_ jZ^bh b l_e_\baby hklZgZoZ <tij_db lh\Z gZ xeb gh\b ^bj_dlhjb gZ gZpbhgZeghlh jZ^bh b l_e_\baby [yoZ ba[jZgb ih klZjby j_^ gZijZ\h hl iZjeZf_glZ Ijb lh\Z b \ ^\ZlZ kemqZy ba[jZgbl_ [yoZ ohjZ ^_fhgkljbjZeb [ebahkllZ kb ^h mijZ\ey\Zsbl_ ?n_dltl hl g_]h [_ _^gZ ijh]jZfgZ iheblbdZ dhylh [_ hq_\b^gh ijbkljZklgZ \ iheaZ gZ mijZ\ey\Zsbl_ J_r_gb_lh gZ iZjeZf_glZ aZ ba[hj gZ ]_g_jZegb ^bj_dlhjb gZ gZpbhgZegbl_ f_^bb [_ \_^gZ]Z ZlZdm\Zgh ij_^ Dhgklblmpbhggby kt^ hl hihabpbylZ GZ gh_f\jb Dhgklblmpbhggbyl kt^ ijb_ q_ ba[hjtl _ ijhlb\hdhgklblmpbhg_g ltc dZlh gZjmrZ\Z _^bg hl hkgh\gbl_ ijbgpbib gZ ijZ\h\ZlZ ^tj`Z\Z \tjoh\_gkl\hlh gZ aZdhgZ dhclh _ aZdj_i_g hl qe_g Ze gZ DhgklblmpbylZ Kdhjh ke_^ lh\Z j_r_gb_ iZjeZf_gltl ijb_ ^hiteg_gby dtf AZdhgZ aZ jZ^bhlh b l_e_\babylZ k dhblh mklZgh\b gh\ j_^ aZ ba[bjZg_ gZ GZpbhgZe_g kt\_l aZ jZ^bh b l_e_\baby Ih lhab j_^ q_lbjb ^mrb hl kt\_lZ k_ ba[bjZl hl iZjeZf_glZ Z ljbfZ hl ij_ab^_glZ >jm]bl_ \eZklb dZdlh b aZbgl_j_km\Zgb ]jmib ba\tg \eZkllZ dhblh [boZ ijb^Zeb ^_ckl\bl_e_g h[s_kl\_g h[ebd gZ gZpbhgZegbl_ f_^bb g_ k_ ij_^\b`^Z ^Z [t^Zl ij_^klZ\_gb <tij_db q_ gh\byl GZpbhgZe_g kt\_l aZ jZ^bh b l_e_\baby ih aZdhg ljy[\Z ^Z \a_fZ j_r_gbylZ aZ ba[hj gZ ]_g_jZegb ^bj_dlhjb gZ jZ^bhlh b l_e_\babylZ k d\ZebnbpbjZgh fghabgkl\h \tafh`ghkllZ aZ mklZgh\y\Zg_ gZ iheblbq_kdb dhgljhe g_ _ ba[y]gZlZ ltc dZlh dZdlh iZjeZf_gltl lZdZ b ij_ab^_gltl kZ hl _^gZ b ktsZ iheblbq_kdZ kbeZ AZdhgtl ij_jya\Z b \tafh`ghkllZ hl^Z\Zg_lh gZ qZklgb jZ^bh b l_e_\babhggb q_klhlb ^Z k_ ba\tjr\Z hl g_aZ\bkbf hj]Zg babkd\Zg_ dh_lh [_ ykgh nhjfmebjZgh hl f_^bcgZlZ dhfbkby gZ Kt\_lZ gZ ?\jhiZ LZdZ b aZgZij_^ k_ ij_ml\tj^b ijZdlbdZlZ ebp_gabjZg_lh gZ qZklgbl_ jZ^bh b l_e_\babhggb dZgZeb ^Z klZ\Z gZijZ\h hl baitegbl_egZlZ \eZkl [_a _n_dlb\_g h[s_kl\_g dhgljhe < aZdhgZ hklZgZ b _^gZ ^bkdjbfbgZpbhggZ jZaihj_^[Z dhylh g_ [_ ZlZdm\ZgZ b ihjZ^b lh\Z g_ [_ jZa]e_^ZgZ hl Dhgklblmpbhggby kt^ ijb itj\hlh fm k_abjZg_ hl ] Ly ij_^\b`^Z \tafh`ghkl gZpbhgZeghlh jZ^bh b l_e_\baby ^Z ij_^hklZ\yl _nbj aZ h[jts_gby b ^Z ij_^Z\Zl agZqbfb j_eb]bhagb ijZagbpb gZ ;te]ZjkdZlZ ijZ\hkeZ\gZ ptjd\Z ^hdZlh aZ hklZgZebl_ ijbagZlb j_eb]bb k_ ij_^\b`^Z ij_^hklZ\yg_ gZ ijh]jZfgh \j_f_ kZfh aZ h[jts_gby dtf \yj\Zsb Gh\bl_ ^hiteg_gby dtf AZdhgZ aZ jZ^bhlh b l_e_\babylZ [yoZ djblbdm\Zgb hl gZc jZaebqgb h[s_kl\_gb djt]h\_ Z hihabpbylZ ]b ZlZdm\Z ij_^ Dhgklblmpbhggby kt^ >h djZy gZ ] lhc g_ k_ ijhbag_k_ ih ^_ehlh AZ jZaebdZ hl iheh`_gb_lh \ gZpbhgZegbl_ _e_dljhggb f_^bb ^jm]byl k_jbha_g ijh[e_f gZdZaZl_eghlh ij_ke_^\Zg_ gZ `mjgZebklb aZ l_ogb im[ebdZpbb ij_a ] ijh^te`b ^Z k_ jZa\b\Z \ klZjZlZ ijZ\gZ jZfdZ GZdZaZl_egbyl dh^_dk ij_^\b`^Z kem`_[gh ih\^b]Zg_ gZ h[\bg_gb_lh b baihea\Zg_ j_kmjkZ gZ ^tj`Z\ZlZ aZ gZdZaZl_egh ij_ke_^\Zg_ \ kemqZc gZ hde_\_ly\Zg_ gZ ^et`ghklgh ebp_ lh]Z\Z dh]Zlh \ kemqZc gZ hde_\_ly\Zg_ gZ qZklgh ebp_ gZdZaZl_eghlh ij_ke_^\Zg_ k_ hkts_kl\y\Z kZfh ih `Ze[Z gZ ihltji_\rby qe_g b hl GZdZaZl_egby dh^_dk <tafh`ghkl aZ ih\^b]Zg_ gZ h[\bg_gb_ hl 14

<b` Qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z \ ;te]Zjby ij_a ] >hdeZ^ gZ ;OD Khnby fZjl ]

ijhdmjZlmjZlZ k_ ^himkdZ ^hjb \ kemqZc dh]Zlh gyfZ `Ze[Z hl ihltji_\rby Kthl\_lgh ij_^\b^_gbl_ \ aZdhgZ gZdZaZgby aZ hde_\_ly\Zg_ gZ ^et`ghklgh ebp_ kZ ih l_`db hl gZdZaZgbylZ kijyfh qZklgb ebpZ b fh]Zl ^Z ^hklb]gZl ^h ljb ]h^bgb _n_dlb\gh ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z L_ab jZaihj_^[b hl ]h^bgb k_ baihea\Zl \ ;te]Zjby aZ badexq\Zg_ hl h[s_kl\_gh h[kt`^Zg_ b djblbdZ gZ ^_ckl\bylZ gZ ebpZ mijZ`gy\Zsb im[ebqgZ \eZkl ]eZ\gh ijhdmjhjb hl jZaebq_g jZg] b ijb[eb`_gb gZ lyo ohjZ Dtf lyo k baf_g_gbylZ gZ GZdZaZl_egby dh^_dk hl Z\]mkl ] <b` JZlbnbpbjZg_ gZ f_`^mgZjh^gb bgkljmf_glb aZ qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z aZdhgh^Zl_egb ijhf_gb aZky]Zsb qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z [_ ^h[Z\_g qe_g Z dhclh ij_^\b`^Z ^h ljb ]h^bgb ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z aZ jZa]eZky\Zg_ \dexqbl_egh mklgh gZ h[klhyl_ekl\Z b l\tj^_gby aZ ^jm]b]h hkgh\Z\Zsb k_ gZ g_ijZ\hf_jgh ijb^h[blZ bgnhjfZpby hl Zjob\Z gZ Fbgbkl_jkl\hlh gZ \tlj_rgbl_ jZ[hlb <k_ hs_ gyfZ ^Zggb lZab gh\Z jZaihj_^[Z ^Z _ ijbeZ]ZgZ KlZjbl_ jZaihj_^[b h[Zq_ ijh^te`boZ ^Z k_ ijbeZ]Zl Z ^_k_ldb ohjZ ij_a ]h^bgZlZ [yoZ h[\bg_gb aZ h[b^Z b hde_\_ly\Zg_ gZ ^et`ghklgb ebpZ GZ xgb ]eZ\gbyl ijhdmjhj ] g LZlZjq_\ aZy\b q_ `mjgZebkltl fh`_ ^Z ghkb gZdZaZl_egZ hl]h\hjghkl ^hjb aZ \tijhkbl_ dhblh aZ^Z\Z gZ bgl_j\xbjZgby Ktsbyl ^_g :gZ AZjdh\Z hl \_klgbd Ljm^ [_ h[\bg_gZ aZ h[b^Z b hde_\_ly\Zg_ gZ ^et`ghklgh ebp_ b ihemqb fyjdZ aZ g_hldehg_gb_ iZjbqgZ ]ZjZgpby hl e_\Z aZ bgl_j\x dh_lh im[ebdm\Z \t\ \_klgbdZ GZ k_il_f\jb Fbldh Sbjdh\ `mjgZebkl hl Kfheyg [_ hkt^_g gZ q_lbjb f_k_pZ mkeh\gh ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z aZ hde_\_ly\Zg_ gZ jZchg_g ijhdmjhj hl Kfheyg Ij_a k_il_f\jb kj_sm DZjhebgZ DjZ_\Z `mjgZebkldZ hl <jZpZ [_ ih\^b]gZlh h[\bg_gb_ aZ h[b^Z b hde_\_ly\Zg_ gZ f_klgby gZqZegbd gZ JZchgghlh ihebp_ckdh mijZ\e_gb_ kZfh aZshlh \t\ \_klgbdZ kb BklbgZ ly aZ^Z^_ gydhedh \tijhkZ aZ _\_glmZegZlZ fm h[\tjaZghkl k f_klgb [bag_kf_gb \ bgl_j_k gZ dhblh lhc _ mijZ`gbe ijZ\hfhsbylZ kb K_jbha_g ijh[e_f ij_^ba\bdZoZ b ^_eZlZ kj_sm `mjgZebkldZlZ hl \_klgbd KlZjhaZ]hjkdb gh\bgb Ch\dZ :lZgZkh\Z Kj_sm g_y [yoZ \h^_gb b ihgZklhys_f k_ \h^yl ^_eZ aZ de_\_lZ ltc dZlh \ klZlbbl_ kb [_r_ aZk_]gZeZ ba\_klgb Z^\hdZlb ihebp_ckdb gZqZegbpb [b\rb ijhdmjhjb \ KlZjZ AZ]hjZ LZab dZfiZgby bfZ \kbqdb ijbagZpb gZ hj]ZgbabjZg gZlbkd gZ f_klgh gb\h k ihl_gpbZe_g kfjZay\Zs _n_dl \tjom k\h[h^ZlZ gZ keh\hlh H[_dl gZ gZdZaZl_egh ij_ke_^\Zg_ ij_a ]h^bgZlZ [yoZ b ^_k_ldb `mjgZebklb hl <ZjgZ Keb\_g Ehf K\be_g]jZ^ b gydhedh ^jm]b ]jZ^Z gZ kljZgZlZ Ij_a xeb ;OD kt\f_klgh ktk KtxaZ gZ [te]Zjkdbl_ `mjgZebklb b gydhedh ^jm]b h[s_kl\_gb hj]ZgbaZpbb b f_^bb k_ h[tjgZ dtf iZjeZf_glZ k bkdZg_ ^Z k_ ^_djbfbgZebabjZl gydhedh qe_gZ hl GZdZaZl_egby dh^_dk ih dhblh gZc q_klh k_ \h^yl ^_eZlZ kj_sm `mjgZebklb aZ h[b^Z b hde_\_ly\Zg_ Ij_a ]h^bgZlZ ijh^te`b b ijZdlbdZlZ gZ ijhba\hegb b g_h[hkgh\Zgb dhgnbkdZpbb gZ ba^Zgby b fZl_jbZeb gZ gydhb g_ihimeyjgb _lgbq_kdb b j_eb]bhagb fZepbgkl\Z < gydhedh kemqZy ihltji_\rb hl ih^h[gb dhgnbkdZpbb [yoZ qe_gh\_ gZ H[_^bgbl_egZlZ ptjd\Z gZ Fmmg K\b^_l_eb gZ C_oh\Z fxkxefZgb b gydhb ^jm]b ih fZedb j_eb]bhagb h[sghklb <b` K\h[h^Z gZ fbktelZ kt\_kllZ j_eb]bylZ b m[_`^_gbylZ GZ ygmZjb ihebp_ckdb kem`bl_eb dhgnbkdm\ZoZ [ebah ^h Kfheyg gydhedh _da_fieyjZ hl ihfZrdZlZ _gpbdehi_^by gZ I_ljh L_hoZjb^b ba^Z^_gZ \ =tjpby dhylh ijhdZj\Z b^_ylZ aZ ki_pbnbqgZlZ b^_glbqghkl gZ ihfZrdby _lghk b ihfZrdby _abd @_jl\Z gZ ijhba\hegb dhgnbkdZpbb ij_a ]h^bgZlZ klZgZoZ b [te]Zjkdb ]jZ`^Zgb k fZd_^hgkdh kZfhktagZgb_ GZ Z\]mkl fblgbq_kdb kem`bl_eb gZ =DII KlZgd_ Ebkbqdh\h dhgnbkdm\ZoZ dgb]b hl =_hj]b Ojbklh\ ke_^ aZ\jtsZg_lh fm hl dhg]j_k \ Hojb^ < fhlb\bl_ aZ dhgnbkdZpbylZ _ aZibkZgh q_ l_ g_ kZ ^_deZjbjZgb b q_ kZ k ijhfZd_^hgkdh gZpbhgZebklbq_kdh kt^tj`Zgb_ < gZqZehlh gZ k_il_f\jb ^\ZfZ ihebpZb hl ;eZ]h_\]jZ^ gZijZ\boZ h[bkd gZ i_qZlgbpZ \ ]jZ^Z b baa_oZ g_]Zlb\b gZ \_klgbd GZjh^gZ \hey baebaZs gZ fZd_^hgkdb b [te]Zjkdb _abd < gZqZehlh gZ hdlhf\jb \ ;eZ]h_\]jZ^ ihebpZb hlgh\h h[bkdbjZoZ i_qZlgbpZlZ dhylh i_qZlZ \_klgbd GZjh^gZ \hey Dhgnbkdm\Zgb [yoZ ^\Z fZl_jbZeZ K\h[h^Z gZ k^jm`Z\Zg_lh b gZ fbjghlh kt[jZgb_

K\h[h^ZlZ gZ k^jm`Z\Zg_lh b fbjghlh kt[jZgb_ ij_a ]h^bgZlZ [_ h[sh \a_lh ]ZjZglbjZgZ aZ hkgh\gZlZ qZkl hl [te]Zjkdbl_ ]jZ`^Zgb dZdlh _ ba\_klgh DhgklblmpbylZ b AZdhgtl aZ iheblbq_kdbl_ iZjlbb kt^tj`Zl ^bkdjbfbgZpbhggZ aZ[jZgZ gZ iheblbq_kdb iZjlbb gZ _lgbq_kdZ b \_jkdZ hkgh\Z Ij_a ] h[Zq_ l_ab jZaihj_^[b g_ _ ba\_klgh ^Z kZ [beb ijbeh`_gb hl kt^bebsZlZ Ijh[e_fbl_ k ij_^hklZ\yg_lh gZ klZlml gZ xjb^bq_kdh ebp_ gZ gydhb j_eb]bhagb h[sghklb [yoZ ih aZ^h\hebl_e_g gZqbg j_r_gb fZdZj q_ iheh`_gb_lh gZ fgh]h ^jm]b hklZgZ g_ijhf_g_gh <b` K\h[h^Z gZ fbktelZ kt\_kllZ j_eb]bylZ b m[_`^_gbylZ AZ gydhb _lgbq_kdb b j_eb]bhagb fZepbgkl\Z k\h[h^ZlZ gZ fbjghlh kt[jZgb_ ijh^te`b ^Z [t^_ k_jbha_g ijh[e_f ij_a pyeZlZ ] IheblbdZlZ gZ gh\hlh ijZ\bl_ekl\h ih hlghr_gb_ gZ [te]Zjkdbl_ ]jZ`^Zgb k fZd_^hgkdh kZfhktagZgb_ hklZgZ g_ijhf_g_gZ LyogZlZ b^_glbqghkl ijh^te`b ^Z [t^_ hnbpbZegh hljbqZgZ < j_^bpZ kemqZb hiblbl_ bf ^Z ijh\_^Zl fbjgb kt[jZgby [yoZ _n_dlb\gh [ehdbjZgb Z l_ogb i_qZlgb ba^Zgby dhgnbkdm\Zgb <b` ktsh K\h[h^Z gZ bajZay\Zg_lh k\h[h^Z gZ f_^bbl_).

GZ Zijbe Zdlb\bklb gZ HFH Bebg^_g fZd_^hgkdZ ]jmiZ [yoZ aZ ihj_^_g itl [ehdbjZgb \ k\hbl_ mkbeby ^Z ijh\_^Zl kt[hj gZ Jh`_gkdby fZgZklbj ij_^ ]jh[Z gZ Yg_ KZg^Zgkdb Hdjt`gbyl ijhdmjhj gZ ;eZ]h_\]jZ^ aZ[jZgb k[bjdZlZ k ihklZgh\e_gb_ Df_ltl gZ ]jZ^ KZg^Zgkdb ktsh g_ y jZaj_rb :\lh[mk k ^mrb [_ kijyg ijb k_eh Eha_gbpZ b \tjgZl >\ZfZ ^mrb aZy\boZ q_ kZ [blb hl ihebpZb ijb k_eh Gh\h >_eq_\h ?^bgbyl hl lyo ijbl_`Z\Z f_^bpbgkdh k\b^_l_ekl\h GZ fZc \ ;eZ]h_\]jZ^ [yoZ aZ^tj`Zgb Zdlb\bklb gZ HFH Bebg^_g ijb hibl ^Z q_kl\Zl ]h^brgbgZlZ hl kftjllZ gZ =hp_ >_eq_\ Hdjt`gZlZ ijhdmjZlmjZ \ ]jZ^Z ba^Z^_ ihklZgh\e_gb_ k dh_lh aZ[jZgb q_kl\Zg_lh < gZqZehlh gZ Z\]mkl [_ [ehdbjZgh hl f_klgZlZ ihebpby b q_kl\Zg_lh hl HFH Bebg^_g gZ ]h^brgbgZlZ hl Bebg^_gkdhlh \tklZgb_ \ f_klghkllZ KZfmbeh\Z dj_ihkl djZc I_ljbq GZ hdlhf\jb gZpbhgZebklb bao\tjeboZ hl _^gZ aZeZ \ >hfZ gZ l_ogbdZlZ \ Ieh\^b\ gydhedh _lgbq_kdb fZd_^hgpb dhblh k_ [yoZ kt[jZeb ^Z ij_^klZ\yl dgb]ZlZ gZ =_hj]b JZ^meh\ Bklhjby gZ FZd_^hgby Ziheh]by gZ fZd_^hgbafZ AZ[jZgZ aZ ij_^klZ\yg_lh gZ dgb]ZlZ [beZ ihemq_gZ ebqgh hl df_lZ gZ Ieh\^b\ Z gydhedh ^jm]b hj]ZgbaZpbb \dexqbl_egh GZjh^gZlZ [b[ebhl_dZ f_klgbyl dehg gZ Hl\hj_gh h[s_kl\h b _^bg feZ^_`db ^hf hldZaZeb ^Z ij_^hklZ\yl aZeb H[_dl gZ h]jZgbq_gby ijb mijZ`gy\Zg_ gZ k\h_lh ijZ\h gZ fbjgh kt[jZgb_ klZgZoZ b gydhb fZepbgkl\_gb j_eb]bhagb ]jmib GZ Zijbe jtdh\h^kl\hlh gZ [b\rby >hf gZ kt\_lkdZlZ gZmdZ b dmelmjZ ij_djZlb ^hkltiZ gZ K\b^_l_e gZ C_oh\Z ^h aZeZlZ \ ^hfZ dhylh l_ ihea\ZoZ ijh^te`bl_egh \j_f_ aZ k[bjdb gZ Z\]mkl h[sbgZlZ \ OZkdh\h aZ[jZgb im[ebqgh f_jhijbylb_ gZ [ZoZbl_ b bf hldZaZ jZaj_r_gb_ aZ gZ_fZg_ gZ ihf_s_gb_ L_ [yoZ ij_^mij_^_gb ^Z gZimkgZl b gZ_lby ZiZjlZf_gl \ p_gltjZ gZ ]jZ^Z Mkeh\bylZ \ f_klZlZ aZ ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z Ij_a ]h^bgZlZ ;OD bfZr_ \tafh`ghkl ^Z ihk_lb \kbqdb aZl\hjb \ ;te]Zjby Ly [_ ex[_agh ij_^hklZ\_gZ hl jtdh\h^kl\hlh gZ =eZ\gh mijZ\e_gb_ gZ f_klZlZ aZ ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z Lhab ih^oh^ _ \ jyatd dhgljZkl k dZl_]hjbqgby hldZa gZ jtdh\h^kl\hlh gZ GZpbhgZegZlZ ke_^kl\_gZ kem`[Z ^Z ^himkg_ ij_^klZ\bl_eb gZ ;OD ^Z k_ aZihagZyl ^hjb kZfh k fZl_jbZegbl_ mkeh\by gZ ^tj`Zg_ gZ ohjZlZ \ ke_^kl\_gbl_ Zj_klb Jtdh\h^kl\hlh gZ GZpbhgZegZlZ ke_^kl\_gZ kem`[Z hldZaZ ^Z ij_^hklZ\b b ghjfZlb\gZlZ mj_^[Z aZ ^tj`Zg_ gZ Zj_klZglb \ Zj_klbl_ ;OD bfZr_ b ^hklti ^h <taiblZl_egbl_ mqbebsZ bgl_jgZlb [b\rbl_ L<M f_klZlZ aZ ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z gZ \h_gghkem`_sb b ^h f_klZlZ aZ aZ^tj`Zg_ hl ihebpbylZ Dtf ] \ [te]Zjkdbl_ aZl\hjb ij_[b\Z\ZoZ h[sh ebr_gb hl k\h[h^Z hl dhblh h[\bgy_fb b ih^kt^bfb Dtf l_ab pbnjb ljy[\Z ^Z k_ ijb[Z\yl b g_hij_^_e_g [jhc gh \t\ \kbqdb kemqZb gydhedhklhlbg aZ^tj`Zgb \ ke_^kl\_gbl_ Zj_klb

b \ ih^_e_gbylZ gZ F<J aZ baiteg_gb_ gZ gZdZaZgb_lh Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh aZ^tj`Zg_ ih j_^Z gZ MdZaZ aZ [hj[Z k ^j_[ghlh omeb]Zgkl\h dZdlh b gZklZg_gbl_ aZ aZ^te`bl_egh \taiblZgb_ \t\ \taiblZl_egb mqbebsZ bgl_jgZlb fZehe_lgb b g_ iteghe_lgb ijZ\hgZjmrbl_eb <b` G_aZ\bkbfhkl gZ kt^_[gZlZ \eZkl b kijZ\_^eb\ ijhp_k L_ab pbnjb hl[_eya\Zl gZjZkl\Zg_ gZ [jhy gZ ebr_gbl_ hl k\h[h^Z \ kjZ\g_gb_ k ] gh gZfZey\Zg_ gZ ^_eZ gZ g_hkt^_gbl_ qbclh \bkhd ^ye \ f_klZlZ aZ ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z [_ _^bg hl hkgh\gbl_ ijh[e_fb gZ [te]ZjkdZlZ kbkl_fZ gZ gZdZaZl_eghlh ijZ\hkt^b_ <b` K\h[h^Z b g_ijbdhkgh\_ghkl gZ ebqghkllZ <Z`gh badexq_gb_ hl lZab h[sZ l_g^_gpby h[Zq_ _ aZl\hjtl aZ g_iteghe_lgb \ ;hcqbgh\pb dt^_lh ^_etl gZ g_hkt^_gbl_ _ hl h[sby [jhc gZ aZ^tj`Zgbl_ M\_ebqZ\Zg_lh gZ h[sby [jhc gZ ebr_gbl_ hl k\h[h^Z ^h\_^_ ^h ij_ite\Zg_ gZ gydhb hl aZl\hjbl_ LZdb\Z kZ kemqZbl_ k hkgh\gbl_ dhjimkb gZ ihqlb \kbqdb hl ih ]he_fbl_ aZl\hjb < gydhb hl aZl\hjbl_ [_ dhgklZlbjZgZ fZl_jbZegZ hkdt^bpZ < j_amelZl hl g_y b hl ehrZlZ ob]b_gZ ij_a ]h^bgZlZ agZqbl_egh k_ m\_ebqboZ kemqZbl_ gZ aZ[hey\Zgby hl lm[_jdmehaZ < hij_^_e_gb i_jbh^b hl \j_f_ \ gydhb aZl\hjb jZaf_jtl gZ _ib^_fbbl_ ^h[b aZkljZrbl_e_g oZjZdl_j Lm[_jdmehaZlZ [_ b _^gZ hl hkgh\gbl_ ijbqbgb aZ gZjZkl\Zg_lh gZ h[sby [jhc gZ ihqbgZebl_ \ aZl\hjbl_ dh_lh _ k ih\_q_ hl ] Ijb ihk_s_gbylZ kb \ f_klZlZ aZ aZ^tj`Zg_ ;OD dhgklZlbjZ b gydhb ^jm]b ijh[e_fb gZjmrZ\Zg_ gZ dhgnb^_gpbZeghkllZ gZ Z^\hdZlkdhlh k\b`^Zg_ gZjmr_gby gZ aZdhgZ ih hlghr_gb_ gZ j_`bfZ g_aZdhggh kibjZg_ gZ dhj_kihg^_gpby b dhe_lgb ijZldb Mkeh\bylZ gZ ^tj`Zg_ gZ ohjZ \ aZl\hjbl_ h[Zq_ ijb pyeZlZ bf fZl_jbZegZ hkdt^bpZ kZ agZqbl_egh ih ^h[jb hl mkeh\bylZ gZ ^tj`Zg_ \ Zj_klbl_ gZ GZpbhgZegZlZ ke_^kl\_gZ kem`[Z 15 <tij_db q_ gZ ;OD g_ [_ jZaj_r_gh hl jtdh\h^kl\hlh gZ GZpbhgZegZlZ ke_^kl\_gZ kem`[Z ^Z ihk_sZ\Z ke_^kl\_gbl_ Zj_klb dhfbl_ltl ihemqb fgh]h[jhcgb k\b^_l_ekl\Z hl ohjZ ^tj`Zgb ijh^te`bl_egh \j_f_ \ lyo hl dhblh fh`_ ^Z k_ aZdexqb q_ ba\h^bl_ aZ fZl_jbZegbl_ mkeh\by gZ ?DIB fh]Zl ^Z k_ jZaijhkljZgyl b \tjom ^jm]bl_ g_ihk_l_gb hl ^_e_]ZpbylZ Zj_klb AZ jZaebdZ hl ^_e_]ZpbylZ gZ ?DIB ;OD ihemqb ^hklh\_jgb dhk\_gb k\b^_l_ekl\Z aZ kemqZb gZ mijZ`gy\Zg_ gZ g_aZdhggh nbabq_kdh gZkbeb_ gZ^ aZ^tj`Zgb \ l_ab f_klZ >jm] k_jbha_g ijh[e_f dhclh ;OD dhgklZlbjZ [yoZ kemqZbl_ gZ fZelj_lbjZg_ \ gydhb hl aZl\hjbl_ FZdZj h[sh \a_lh fZelj_lbjZg_lh ^Z g_ _ kbkl_fZ \ [te]Zjkdbl_ aZl\hjb \ gydhb hl lyo dZlh gZijbf_j ;mj]Zkdby b Eh\_rdby lh k_ baihea\Z dZlh _^bg hl f_lh^bl_ aZ ih^^tj`Zg_ gZ \tlj_rgby j_^ AZsblZ gZ fZepbgkl\ZlZ ijh[e_fb gZ ]jZ`^Zgkl\hlh Z]j_kb\_g gZpbhgZebatf b dk_ghnh[by 15

Ijb k\h_lh ihk_s_gb_ \ ;te]Zjby ij_a fZjl Zijbe ] ?\jhi_ckdbyl dhfbl_l aZ ij_^hl\jZly\Zg_ gZ bal_aZgbylZ dhgklZlbjZ Ihqlb [_a badexq_gb_ mkeh\bylZ \ Zj_klbl_ gZ GZpbhgZegZlZ ke_^kl\_gZ kem`[Z, ihk_l_gb hl DIB fh]Zl ^Z [t^Zl hibkZgb dZlh g_qh\_rdb b mgbabl_egb Report to the Bulgarian Government on the visit to Bulgaria carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 26 March to 7 April 1995 and Responses of the Bulgarian Government, Strasbourg, 6 March 1997, ยง232).

H[shlh gbkdh jZ\gbs_ gZ aZsblZ gZ _lghdmelmjgZlZ b^_glbqghkl gZ fZepbgkl\ZlZ \ ;te]Zjby ij_a ]h^bgZlZ g_ k_ ih\brb BfZ k_jbhagb hkgh\Zgby ^Z k_ ij_^iheZ]Z q_ h[sbyl [jhc gZ ij_^klZ\bl_ebl_ gZ _lgbq_kdbl_ fZepbgkl\Z bamqZ\Zsb k\hy fZcqbg _abd \ h[sbgkdbl_ mqbebsZ ij_a ] [_ ih fZetd hldhedhlh \ ij_^oh^gbl_ ]h^bgb BkdZg_lh gZ eb^_jb gZ h[sghkllZ gZ [te]Zjkdbl_ lmjpb h[mq_gb_lh ih fZcqbg _abd ^Z [t^_ 16 \dexq_gh \ j_^h\gZlZ ijh]jZfZ b aZ bamqZ\Zg_ gZ gydhb ij_^f_lb gZ lmjkdb g_ [_ m\Z`_gh b ij_a gh\ZlZ mq_[gZ ] FZepbgkl\_gbl_ h[sghklb kZ h[sh ae_ ij_^klZ\_gb \ f_^bbl_ < gydhb kj_^kl\Z aZ fZkh\h hk\_^hfy\Zg_ ijh^te`boZ ^Z k_ ihy\y\Zl fZl_jbZeb gZktkd\Zsb hfjZaZ dtf fZepbgkl\ZlZ GZ ^_d_f\jb ijZ\bl_ekl\hlh ijb_ IhklZgh\e_gb_ 1 k dh_lh kta^Z^_ GZpbhgZe_g kt\_l ih _lgbq_kdbl_ b ^_fh]jZnkdbl_ \tijhkb dtf Fbgbkl_jkdby kt\_l Lhab kt\_l _ dhgkmelZlb\_g hj]Zg dhclh k_ ij_^iheZ]Z ^Z jZajZ[hl\Z b ij_^eZ]Z gZ ijZ\bl_ekl\hlh kljZl_]bb aZ ^_fh]jZnkdZlZ iheblbdZ b f_jdb aZ aZiZa\Zg_ gZ lhe_jZglghkllZ b jZa[bjZl_ekl\hlh f_`^m _lgbq_kdbl_ b j_eb]bhagb ]jmib \ kljZgZlZ dZdlh b aZ ]ZjZglbjZg_ gZ l_ogbl_ ijZ\Z Lhc ktsh lZdZ k_ ij_^iheZ]Z ^Z dhhj^bgbjZ f_jdb gZkhq_gb dtf ih^ihfZ]Zg_ gZ [te]Zjbl_ \ qm`[bgZ Kf_k\Zg_lh gZ ijh[e_fbl_ gZ _lgbq_kdbl_ b j_eb]bhagb fZepbgkl\Z k ^_fh]jZnkdbl_ ijh[e_fb b ijh[e_fbl_ gZ [te]Zjbl_ \ qm`[bgZ ij_^ba\bdZ djblbdZ kj_^ gydhb h[s_kl\_gb djt]h\_ b h[hkgh\Zgb ktfg_gby aZ nmgdpbhgZeghkllZ gZ GZpbhgZegby kt\_l ih _lgbq_kdbl_ b ^_fh]jZnkdbl_ \tijhkb Badexqbl_egh k_jbha_g ijh^te`Z\Z ^Z [t^_ ijh[e_ftl k bgl_]jZpbylZ gZ jhfkdhlh fZepbgkl\h Jhfbl_ ijh^te`Z\Zl ^Z kZ h[_dl gZ jZaebqgb nhjfb gZ ^bkdjbfbgZpby \t\ \kbqdb kn_jb gZ h[s_kl\hlh h[jZah\Zgb_lh aZ_lhkllZ `bebsgZlZ iheblbdZ khpbZeghlh hkb]mjy\Zg_ f_^bpbgkdhlh h[kem`\Zg_ < l gZj pb]Zgkdb mqbebsZ ijh^te`boZ ^Z k_ ijbeZ]Zl aZgb`_gb h[jZah\Zl_egb djbl_jbb ijh]j_kb\gh k_ m\_ebqZ\Z [jhyl gZ hliZ^Zsbl_ hl h[jZah\Zl_egby ijhp_k ^_pZ =jZ^hmkljhckl\_gZlZ iheblbdZ ih hlghr_gb_ gZ jhfkdbl_ d\ZjlZeb _ aZfjZa_gZ hl ]h^bgb Lh\Z \h^b ^h aZ^te[hqZ\Zg_ gZ ijh[e_fbl_ \ lyo ktk kljhbl_ekl\hlh dhfmgZeghlh h[kem`\Zg_ [blZ GZ fgh]h jhfkdb fZcdb [yoZ hldZaZgb ihjZ^b [xjhdjZlbqgb [Zjb_jb b ij_^jZakt^tpb gZ^[Z\db aZ hl]e_`^Zg_ gZ ^_l_ iheZ]Zsb bf k_ gZ hkgh\Zgb_ gZ MdZaZ aZ gZktjqZ\Zg_ gZ jZ`^Z_fhkllZ JZ\gbs_lh gZ [_ajZ[hlbpZ kj_^ jhfbl_ _ g_dhedhdjZlgh ih \bkhdh hldhedhlh kj_^ hklZgZeZlZ qZkl hl gZk_e_gb_lh >bkdjbfbgZpbhggbl_ ijZdlbdb ijb gZ_fZg_lh beb hk\h[h`^Z\Zg_lh hl jZ[hlZ ijh^te`boZ Gydhb nbjfb bajbqgh ihkhq\ZoZ \ k\hbl_ h[y\b aZ gZ_fZg_ gZ jZ[hlgbpb q_ g_ `_eZyl jhfb < djZy gZ ] \ dhfmgZegbl_ nbjfb \ Khnby ]heyf [jhc jhfb [yoZ ktdjZl_gb beb ijbgm^_gb ^Z gZimkgZl jZ[hlZ Jhfbl_ [yoZ hkh[_gh k_jbhagh aZk_]gZlb hl bdhghfbq_kdby dheZik b omfZgblZjgZlZ djbaZ hl gZqZehlh gZ ] Ij_a fZjl k_ ihy\boZ kth[s_gby aZ _ib^_fbb hl \bjmk_g o_iZlbl kj_^ jhfkdb ^_pZ ^h\_eb ^h gydhedh kemqZy gZ ftqbl_egZ kftjl Ij_a ]h^bgZlZ klZgZoZ ba\_klgb b gydhedh kemqZy gZ jZkbkldb fhlb\bjZgb ZlZdb kj_sm jhfb < _^bg rbjhdh h]eZk_g hl f_^bbl_ kemqZc gZ xeb ]jmiZ hl q_lbjbfZ feZ^_`b ij_[boZ ^h kftjl G_^dZ :lZgZkh\Z ] jhfdZ hl Keb\_g M[bckl\hlh [_ ih hq_\b^gh jZkbkldb ih^[m^b b [_ ba\tjr_gh ij_a ^_gy ih `_klhd gZqbg <ihke_^kl\b_ ^\ZfZ hl feZ^_`bl_ [yoZ hk\h[h^_gb hl gZdZaZl_egZ hl]h\hjghkl ihjZ^b fZehe_lb_ Z ^jm]bl_ ^\ZfZ [yoZ ih^\_^_gb ih^ hl]h\hjghkl aZ omeb]Zgkl\h b hkt^_gb kthl\_lgh gZ r_kl f_k_pZ mkeh\gh ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z b gZ _^gZ ]h^bgZ b iheh\bgZ _n_dlb\gh ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z < gZc fZedh ljb kemqZy ij_a ] jhfb klZgZoZ `_jl\Z gZ gZkbeb_ hl kljZgZ gZ hj]ZgbabjZgb lteib hl qZklgb ebpZ GZ Zijbe \ Kj_^gh k_eh [ebah ^h <_ebdh Ltjgh\h i_l jhfb [yoZ aZ\tjaZgb aZ h]jZ^Z \ p_gltjZ gZ k_ehlh b ebgqm\Zgb hl lteiZ hl ^mrb kt[jZgb hl ktk_^gbl_ k_eZ ke_^ h[\bg_gb_ \ djZ`[Z gZ l_e_lZ Ebgqtl ijh^te`be ^\Z qZkZ ^hdZlh ^hreZ ihebpby hk\h[h^beZ [blbl_ b ]b hldZjZeZ \ [hegbpZ GbdZd\h ih 16

<b` Qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z \ ;te]Zjby ij_a ] >hdeZ^ gZ ;OD Khnby fZjl ]

gZlZltrgh jZake_^\Zg_ gZ kemqZy h[Zq_ g_ ihke_^\Z Ijb ^jm] kemqZc hl gZqZehlh gZ fZc kihj_^ kth[s_gby \ ij_kZlZ \ k_eh G_^yekdh [ebah ^h Yf[he ]jmiZ jhfb [yoZ aZ^tj`Zgb hl f_klgbl_ k_eygb ih h[\bg_gb_ \ djZ`[Z gZ Z]g_lZ Ih dtkgh l_ [beb aZ\tjaZgb aZ ljZdlhj b jZaoh^_gb ba k_ehlh aZ gZab^Zgb_ GyfZ bgnhjfZpby aZ dZd\blh b ^Z [beh ihke_^\Zeb ^_ckl\by gZ ihebpbylZ beb ijhdmjZlmjZlZ ih jZake_^\Zg_ gZ kemqZy Kihj_^ kth[s_gby gZ ij_kZlZ gZ k_il_f\jb hdheh jhfb [beb aZ\tjaZgb hkljb]Zgb b ebgqm\Zgb \ k_eh Jhk_g hdheh IZaZj^`bd hl f_klgb k_eygb ke_^ dZlh [beb aZeh\_gb ^Z djZ^Zl j_dhelZlZ < mklZlZ gZ \k_db [beZ gZ[mlZgZ ih _^gZ qmrdZ B ih lhab kemqZc gyfZ bgnhjfZpby aZ jZake_^\Zg_ hl dhfi_l_glgbl_ \eZklb Ij_a ]h^bgZlZ fgh]h jhfb klZgZoZ `_jl\Z gZ g_aZdhggZ mihlj_[Z gZ kbeZ hl kljZgZ gZ ihebpZb <b` Baftq\Zg_ b fZelj_lbjZg_ k\jtomihlj_[Z gZ kbeZ hl ijZ\hijbeZ]Zsbl_ hj]Zgb Jhfbl_ kZ gZ ijZdlbdZ badexq_gb hl ijhp_kZ gZ \a_fZg_lh gZ iheblbq_kdb j_r_gby \dexqbl_egh gZ hg_ab hl lyo dhblh aZky]Zl lyogZlZ h[sghkl Ij_g_[j_`bfh gbktd _ b ^_etl gZ jhfbl_ dhblh jZ[hlyl \ ihebpbylZ Ij_a ]h^bgZlZ g_ [_ hl[_eyaZg gbdZdt\ ijh]j_k \ hlghr_gbylZ f_`^m \eZklbl_ b [te]Zjkdbl_ ]jZ`^Zgb dhblh k_ kZfhhij_^_eyl dZlh _lgbq_kdb fZd_^hgpb ;te]Zjkdbl_ ]jZ`^Zgb k fZd_^hgkdh kZfhktagZgb_ kj_sgZoZ j_^bpZ ijh[e_fb ijb \aZbfhhlghr_gbylZ kb k \eZklbl_ dhblh \ gydhb kemqZb ^h\_^hoZ ^h k_jbhagb gZjmr_gby gZ qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z <b` K\h[h^Z gZ k^jm`Z\Zg_lh b fbjghlh kt[jZgb_).

Iheblbq_kdh m[_`bs_ ijZ\Z gZ qm`^_gpbl_ kt[bjZg_ gZ k_f_ckl\Z Ij_a ] ;OD g_ kZfh gZ[ex^Z\Z gh b mqZkl\Z Zdlb\gh \ ]ZjZglbjZg_lh gZ ijZ\hlh gZ m[_`bs_ qj_a k\hy ki_pbZe_g ijh_dl aZ ijZ\gZ b khpbZegZ aZsblZ gZ [_`Zgpbl_ b dZg^b^Zlbl_ aZ m[_`bs_ Qj_a k\hylZ fj_`Z hl xjbklb ;OD ih_ fgh]h ^_eZ gZ dZg^b^Zlb aZ m[_`bs_ dZdlh ij_^ Z^fbgbkljZlb\gby hj]Zg ij_^hklZ\ys m[_`bs_ lZdZ b ij_^ <tjoh\gby Z^fbgbkljZlb\_g kt^ =heyfZ qZkl hl ijh[e_fbl_ gZ [_`Zgpbl_ b dZg^b^Zlbl_ aZ m[_`bs_ lbibqgb aZ ] ijh^te`boZ ^Z kts_kl\m\Zl b ij_a ] Ij_a itj\ZlZ iheh\bgZ hl ]h^bgZlZ q_klb ijZdlbdb gZ GZpbhgZeghlh [xjh aZ l_jblhjbZegh m[_`bs_ b [_`Zgpbl_ G;LM;

^tj`Z\gZlZ kem`[Z dhylh ij_^hklZ\y [_`Zgkdb klZlml [yoZ hldZabl_ hl j_]bkljZpby gZ dZg^b^Zlb aZ m[_`bs_ >jm]byl k_jbha_g ijh[e_f [yoZ b ijh^te`Z\Zl ^Z [t^Zl bgl_j\xlZlZ EbikZlZ gZ ^hklZltqgh kem`bl_eb dhblh ijZ\yl bgl_j\xlZ q_klh \h^b ^h ijh\_`^Zg_ gZ kZfh _^gh bgl_j\x BfZ b kemqZb gZ j_r_gby aZ hldZa [_a gblh _^gh bgl_j\x kZfh gZ hkgh\Zgb_ gZ ijbeh`_gbl_ itj\hgZqZegb ^hdmf_glb <k_ hs_ _ jZaijhkljZg_gZ ijZdlbdZ dZg^b^Zlbl_ aZ m[_`bs_ ^Z g_ k_ m\_^hfy\Zl aZ lyoghlh ijZ\h gZ Z^\hdZl ih \j_f_ gZ ijhp_^mjZlZ MqZklb_lh gZ ij_\h^Zq gZ jZaebqgbl_ _lZib hl ijhp_^mjZlZ ktsh [_ k_jbha_g ijh[e_f < G;LM; ijZdlbdZlZ ^Z k_ ijh\_`^Zl bgl_j\xlZ [_a ij_\h^Zq _ \k_ hs_ l\tj^_ jZaijhkljZg_gZ J_r_gbylZ aZ hldZa fgh]h q_klh ktsh k_ \jtq\Zl [_a ij_\h^Zq >jm]byl hkgh\_g ijh[e_f ij_a ]h^bgZlZ [yoZ hldZabl_ ^Z k_ ij_^hklZ\b [_`Zgkdb klZlml < hldZabl_ dhblh ij_^klZ\ey\Zl bg^b\b^mZegb Z^fbgbkljZlb\gb Zdlh\_ g_ k_ mdZa\Z \tafh`ghkllZ aZ kt^_[gh h[`Ze\Zg_ gZ ZdlZ dh_lh kibjZ g_]h\hlh baiteg_gb_ BfZ b kemqZb gZ _dkimekbjZg_ hs_ ij_^b ^Z _ bal_dte kjhdtl aZ h[`Ze\Zg_ Kt^bbl_ hl <tjoh\gby Z^fbgbkljZlb\_g kt^ dhblh ]e_^Zl ^_eZlZ ih h[`Ze\Zg_lh hl ^jm]Z kljZgZ ^_fhgkljbjZl keZ[Z aZihagZlhkl k [_`Zgkdhlh ijZ\h b f_`^mgZjh^gbl_ omfZgblZjgb klZg^Zjlb < iheh`bl_e_g Zki_dl fh`_ ^Z k_ hl[_e_`b h[jtsZg_lh gZ ijZdlbdZlZ gZ <tjoh\gby Z^fbgbkljZlb\_g kt^ ijb jZa]e_`^Zg_lh gZ [_`Zgkdb ^_eZ Kt^tl \_q_ ij_p_gy\Z g_ kZfh ^Zeb j_r_gb_lh aZ hldZa _ \a_lh hl dhfi_l_glgby hj]Zg \ djt]Z gZ

g_]h\bl_ ijZ\hfhsby dZd\Zlh [_r_ klZjZlZ ijZdlbdZ gh b jZa]e_`^Z kZfbl_ hkgh\Zgby aZ ij_^hklZ\yg_ gZ [_`Zgkdb klZlml < gydhedh kemqZy ijb ihk_s_gb_lh kb \ >hfZ aZ \j_f_ggh gZklZgy\Zg_ gZ iteghe_lgb ebpZ \ Khnby ;OD mklZgh\b gZebqb_ gZ aZ^tj`Zgb ohjZ dhblh bkdZoZ ^Z ih^Z^Zl fhe[Z aZ ij_^hklZ\yg_ gZ [_`Zgkdb klZlml gh lZab \tafh`ghkl g_ bf [_ ij_^hklZ\_gZ BfZ k\_^_gby aZ \jtsZg_ gZ ihl_gpbZegb dZg^b^Zl [_`Zgpb b hl ]jZgbqgbl_ imgdlh\_ dt^_lh \k_ hs_ ebik\Z Z^_d\ZlgZ Z^fbgbkljZlb\gZ b fZl_jbZegZ bgnjZkljmdlmjZ aZ ijb_fZg_ gZ dZg^b^Zlb aZ m[_`bs_ K\h[h^Z gZ ijb^\b`\Zg_ Ij_a ]h^bgZlZ g_ [yoZ dhgklZlbjZgb h]jZgbq_gby gZ k\h[h^ghlh ijb^\b`\Zg_ gZ [te]Zjkdb ]jZ`^Zgb \tlj_ \ kljZgZlZ IjZ\hlh gZ gydhb hl lyo ^Z itlm\Zl \ qm`^b kljZgb h[Zq_ [_ k_jbhagh h]jZgbq_gh Ij_a n_\jmZjb fbgbkltjtl gZ \tlj_rgbl_ jZ[hlb aZ[jZgb gZ [b\rb qe_gh\_ gZ ijZ\bl_ekl\hlh gZ ;KI b gZ qe_gh\_ gZ l_ogbl_ k_f_ckl\Z ^Z gZimkdZl ;te]Zjby [_a ^Z kZ h[\bg_gb \ ba\tjr\Zg_ gZ gydZd\h ij_kltie_gb_ <ihke_^kl\b_ [_ gZeh`_gZ aZ[jZgZ aZ ba^Z\Zg_ gZ aZ^]jZgbqgb iZkihjlb b gZ [b\rb hkt^_gb ke_^ dZlh kZ baltji_eb k\hbl_ gZdZaZgby <tafh`ghklbl_ gZ [te]Zjkdbl_ ]jZ`^Zgb ^Z itlm\Zl \ qm`^b kljZgb [yoZ h]jZgbq_gb b hl kmjh\by \bah\ j_`bf dhclh gydhb hl _\jhi_ckdbl_ kljZgb kZ gZeh`beb DZdlh \ ij_^brgb ]h^bgb lZdZ b ij_a ] \a_fZg_lh gZ \baZ hkh[_gh aZ ]he_fbl_ _\jhi_ckdb kljZgb \dexq\Z balhsbl_egZ ih k\hylZ ijh^te`bl_eghkl ijhp_^mjZ babkd\ZsZ fgh]h \j_f_ g_j\b b fZl_jbZegb j_kmjkb K\h[h^gb b q_klgb ba[hjb GZ Zijbe [yoZ ijh\_^_gb ij_^kjhqgb iZjeZf_glZjgb ba[hjb L_ [yoZ m[_^bl_egh ki_q_e_gb hl H[_^bg_gbl_ ^_fhdjZlbqgb kbeb H>K b [yoZ ijbagZlb aZ k\h[h^gb b q_klgb dZdlh hl \tlj_rgbl_ lZdZ b hl f_`^mgZjh^gbl_ gZ[ex^Zl_eb \dexqbl_egh hl fbkbylZ gZ HKK( _____________________________ <tjom gZibk\Zg_lh gZ lhab ^hdeZ^ jZ[hlboZ ?fbe Dh_g LZgy FZjbgq_rdZ DjZkbfbj Dtg_\ Baihea\Zgb kZ fZl_jbZeb gZ Ijh_dl ³IjZ\Z gZ qh\_dZ´ b Nhg^Zpby ³Lhe_jZglghkl´

Qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z \ ;te]Zjby dZlh ijh[_g dZftd gZ ^_fhdjZlbqgZlZ ijhfygZ b ij_^ba\bdZl_ekl\h dtf mijZ\e_gb_lh F_fhjZg^mf gZ ;te]Zjkdb o_eabgdkdb dhfbl_l < lhab \taeh\ aZ jZa\blb_lh gZ ^_fhdjZlbqgby ijhp_k m gZk fhf_gl gb_ k_ h[jtsZf_ dtf bgklblmpbbl_ gZ \eZkllZ iheblbpbl_ b h[s_kl\_ghkllZ k bkdZg_ lhc ^Z \dexqb b jZa\blb_ \ kn_jZlZ gZ qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z Ij_a ihke_^gbl_ ]h^bgb ijh[e_fbl_ k qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z [yoZ baleZkdZgb \ i_jbn_jbylZ gZ gZrby h[s_kl\_g `b\hl Hl lh\Z g_ ki_q_eb gbdhc gh aZ]m[boZ fghabgZ AZ]m[boZ gZc \_q_ hg_ab dhblh klZgZoZ `_jl\Z gZ jZaebqgb ih jh^ b l_`_kl aehmihlj_[b k l_ogbl_ ijZ\Z Gh aZ]m[boZ b \kbqdb hklZgZeb Âą b hg_ab dhblh ijbqbgboZ kljZ^ZgbylZ b hg_ab dhblh klZgZoZ g_fb k\b^_l_eb b hg_ab qbclh ]eZk hklZgZ ]eZk \ imklbgy

Ijh[e_fbl_ k qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z \ ;te]Zjby ^g_k kZ ^h[j_ hij_^_e_gb AZ lyoghlh j_rZ\Zg_ _ gm`gZ ij_^b \kbqdh ijhk\_l_gZ iheblbq_kdZ \hey gm`_g _ jZamf b omfZgghkl Gb_ bkdZf_

, Ijbkt_^bgy\Zg_ dtf f_`^mgZjh^gb ^h]h\hjb ih qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z Ijhp_ktl gZ ijbkt_^bgy\Zg_ dtf f_`^mgZjh^gb bgkljmf_glb aZ aZsblZ gZ qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z dhclh kijy ij_a ] ljy[\Z ^Z ijh^te`b Kibktdtl gZ f_`^mgZjh^gbl_ ^h]h\hjb ih qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z ijbkt_^bgy\Zg_lh dtf dhblh s_ hdZ`_ ^te]hljZ_g iheh`bl_e_g _n_dl \tjom \tlj_rghlh b f_`^mgZjh^ghlh iheh`_gb_ gZ ;te]Zjby _ \k_ hs_ ^tet] Ih^ibk\Zg_lh b jZlbnbpbjZg_lh [_a j_a_j\b gZ gydhedh hl lyo ljy[\Z ^Z [t^_ h[kt^_gh ijbhjbl_lgh Kj_^ lyo kZ R JZfdh\ZlZ dhg\_gpby gZ Kt\_lZ gZ ?\jhiZ aZ aZsblZ gZ gZpbhgZegbl_ fZepbgkl\Z R <kbqdb g_ih^ibkZgb ^hk_]Z ijhlhdheb gZ ?\jhi_ckdZlZ dhg\_gpby aZ ijZ\ZlZ gZ qh\_dZ b hkgh\gbl_ k\h[h^b R <lhjbyl nZdmelZlb\_g ijhlhdhe dtf F_`^mgZjh^gby iZdl aZ ]jZ`^Zgkdbl_ b iheblbq_kdbl_ ijZ\Z R ?\jhi_ckdZlZ khpbZegZ oZjlZ R OZ]kdZlZ dhg\_gpby hl ] aZ aZsblZ gZ ^_pZlZ b ktljm^gbq_kl\hlh ih hlghr_gb_ gZ hkbgh\y\Zg_ gZ ^_pZ hl ^jm]Z kljZgZ

,, Ij_^hl\jZly\Zg_ gZ bal_aZgbylZ mgbabl_eghlh b ^_]jZ^bjZsh hlgZkyg_ b gZdZaZgb_ AZ ^Z [t^_ _n_dlb\gh ij_k_q_gZ \tafh`ghkllZ aZ bal_aZgby g_aZdhggZ mihlj_[Z gZ kbeZ b \kydZd\b nhjfb gZ gZkbeb_ hl kljZgZ gZ ijZ\hijbeZ]Zsbl_ hj]Zgb b aZ ^Z [t^_ aZdhgh^Zl_ekl\hlh gb ijb\_^_gh \ kthl\_lkl\b_ k ghjfbl_ gZ f_`^mgZjh^ghlh ijZ\h ih qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z _ gm`gh 1. >Z [t^Zl gZijZ\_gb gydhedh ijhf_gb \ GZdZaZl_egh ijhp_kmZegby dh^_dk k dhblh ^Z k_ ^Z^_ \tafh`ghkl aZ R R

_n_dlb\gh mqZklb_ gZ Z^\hdZl \dexqbl_egh kem`_[_g Zdh ebp_lh g_ jZaiheZ]Z ktk kj_^kl\Z aZ aZieZsZg_ gZ ^jm] hs_ hl fhf_glZ gZ aZ^tj`Zg_lh beb gZ ij_^y\y\Zg_lh gZ h[\bg_gb_ _\_glmZegh qj_a ^hiteg_gb_ gZ qe

_n_dlb\_g kt^_[_g dhgljhe \tjom hldZabl_ gZ ijhdmjZlmjZlZ ^Z ih\^b]g_ h[\bg_gb_ Lh\Z [b fh]eh ^Z k_ hkts_kl\b ih ^\Z gZqbgZ - qj_a ijhfygZ gZ DhgklblmpbylZ k dhylh ijhdmjZlmjZlZ ^Z k_ ij_\tjg_ \ qZkl hl baitegbl_egZlZ \eZkl Z ^_cghkllZ c ^Z k_ ih^qbgb gZ h[sbl_ ijbgpbib gZ kt^_[gby dhgljhe \tjom Zdlh\_l_ gZ Z^fbgbkljZpbylZ - [_a ijhfygZ gZ DhgklblmpbylZ ± qj_a \t\_`^Zg_ \ k_]Z ^_ckl\m\Zsby GZdZaZl_egh ijhp_kmZe_g dh^_dk gZ \tafh`ghkl aZ kt^_[_g ij_]e_^ gZ hldZabl_ gZ ijhdmjZlmjZlZ ^Z ih\^b]Z h[\bg_gby ih bkdZg_ gZ `_jl\ZlZ gZ ij_kltie_gb_ beb gZ ^jm]b aZbgl_j_kh\Zgb ebpZ b bgklblmpbb

2. >Z k_ mklZgh\b g_aZ\bkbf hj]Zg aZ gZ^ahj gZ^ ijZ\hhojZgbl_egbl_ hj]Zgb dhclh ^Z fh`_ ^Z ihemqZ\Z b ^Z ba\tjr\Z ijh\_jdb ih `Ze[b gZ ]jZ`^Zgb Qj_a g_]h ke_^\Z ^Z k_ ]ZjZglbjZ [tjabgZlZ b _n_dlb\ghkllZ gZ jZake_^\ZgbylZ gZ kemqZbl_ gZ g_aZdhggZ mihlj_[Z gZ kbeZ hl kljZgZ gZ ijZ\hijbeZ]Zsbl_ hj]Zgb dZdlh b im[ebqghkllZ gZ j_amelZlbl_ hl l_ab jZake_^\Zgby IZjZe_egh k lh\Z ke_^\Z ^Z k_ mkt\tjr_gkl\m\Z kbkl_fZlZ gZ \tlj_rgh\_^hfkl\_g dhgljhe gZ Fbgbkl_jkl\hlh gZ \tlj_rgbl_ jZ[hlb 3. AZdhgh^Zl_egh ^Z k_ mj_^b Z^_d\Zlgbyl ^hklti ^h ijZ\hkt^b_ b j_oZ[beblZpbylZ gZ `_gbl_ `_jl\b gZ ^hfZrgh gZkbeb_ dZlh

R R

k_ gZijZ\yl ijhf_gb \ GZdZaZl_egby dh^_dk k dhblh ^hfZrghlh gZkbeb_ k_ ij_ke_^\Z dZlh ij_kltie_gb_ hl h[s oZjZdl_j k_ kta^Z^Zl beb k_ ih^dj_iyl kts_kl\m\Zsbl_ m[_`bsZ b p_gljh\_ aZ j_oZ[beblZpby gZ `_jl\b gZ ^hfZrgh gZkbeb_

4. >Z k_ ij_fZog_ kftjlghlh gZdZaZgb_ m gZk lZab hl`b\_ebpZ \ kbkl_fZlZ gZ gZdZaZl_eghlh ijZ\hkt^b_ Ijbkt_^bgy\Zg_lh dtf gydhb hl f_`^mgZjh^gbl_ ^h]h\hjb ih qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z s_ j_rb lhab \tijhk Z\lhfZlbqgh Gh kftjlghlh gZdZaZgb_ [b fh]eh ^Z k_ ij_fZog_ b qj_a [tjaZ b ijhklZ j_nhjfZ gZ GZdZaZl_egby dh^_dk F_`^m\j_f_ggh ke_^\Z ki_rgh ^Z k_ aZf_gyl kftjlgbl_ ijbkt^b gZ hkt^_gbl_ gZ kftjl dhblh g_ kZ _da_dmlbjZgb kZfh ihjZ^b ^_ckl\b_lh gZ fhjZlhjbmfZ \tjom baiteg_gb_lh gZ kftjlgbl_ ijbkt^b gZeh`_g hl <_ebdhlh gZjh^gh kt[jZgb_ ij_a ] Ijh^te`bl_eghlh bf aZ^tj`Zg_ \ hqZd\Zg_ gZ _da_dmpby _ jZ\ghkbegh gZ bal_aZgb_ 111 KijZ\_^eb\ kt^_[_g ijhp_k Ijh[e_fbl_ k\tjaZgb ktk kijZ\_^eb\by kt^_[_g ijhp_k m gZk kZ fgh]h b jZaghh[jZagb < lh\Z hlghr_gb_ ktsh _ gm`gZ [tjaZ j_nhjfZ 1. Fh`_ [b gZc hkljZ _ g_h[oh^bfhkllZ hl aZdhgh^Zl_egZ j_nhjfZ dhylh ^Z ij_^ba\bdZ mkdhjy\Zg_ gZ kt^hijhba\h^kl\hlh dZdlh ]jZ`^Zgkdhlh lZdZ b \ hs_ ih ]heyfZ kl_i_g gZdZaZl_eghlh G_h[oh^bfb kZ dZdlh ijhf_gb \ ^_ckl\Zsbl_ ijhp_kmZegb aZdhgb qj_a dhblh ^Z k_ ij_h^he__ g_gm`gh aZ[Z\yg_ lZdZ b pyehkl_g iZd_l hl f_jdb ih^h[jy\Zsb hj]ZgbaZpbylZ gZ kt^_[gZlZ kbkl_fZ b fhlb\ZpbylZ gZ jZ[hl_sbl_ \ g_y 2. HklZj_ebl_ b hl`b\_ebl_ \j_f_lh kb ghjfZlb\gb Zdlh\_ dZlh MdZaZ aZ [hj[Z k ^j_[ghlh omeb]Zgkl\h b AZdhgZ aZ [hj[Z k ijhlb\hh[s_kl\_gbl_ ijhy\b gZ fZehe_lgbl_ b g_iteghe_lgbl_ \tij_db ijhf_gbl_ hl djZy gZ ] ke_^\Z ^Z [t^Zl hkgh\gh j_nhjfbjZgb R

R

AZ^tj`Zg_lh ^h ^_ghghsby ih MdZaZ aZ [hj[Z k ^j_[ghlh omeb]Zgkl\h ke_^\Z ^Z [t^_ lj_lbjZgh dZlh ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z Z g_ dZdlh \ fhf_glZ dZlh Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh gZdZaZgb_ Kthl\_lgh gZ lh\Z ljy[\Z ^Z [t^Zl gZijZ\_gb ijhf_gb \ aZdhgh^Zl_ekl\hlh dZlh ih ki_pbZegh [t^_ \t\_^_gh mqZklb_ gZ Z^\hdZl \tafh`ghkl aZ h[`Ze\Zg_ gZ ijbkt^ZlZ b aZ baltjiy\Zg_ gZ gZdZaZgb_lh \ f_klZ dhblh kZ qZkl hl kbkl_fZlZ gZ f_klZlZ aZ ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z DZlh ebrZ\Zg_ hl k\h[h^Z ke_^\Z ^Z [t^_ lj_lbjZgh b gZklZgy\Zg_lh gZ ^_pZ \t\ \taiblZl_egb mqbebsZ bgl_jgZlb [b\rbl_ L<M < kthl\_lkl\b_ k lh\Z ke_^\Z ^Z [t^_ \t\_^_gZ kt^_[gZ ijhp_^mjZ aZ gZklZgy\Zg_ \ lyo dZdlh bajbqgh gZklhy aZ lh\Z Dhfbl_ltl aZ ijZ\ZlZ gZ ^_pZlZ gZ HHG \ l gZ k\hbl_ ij_ihjtdb dtf ;te]Zjby hl ygmZjb ]

3. Gm`^Z hl j_nhjfbjZg_ bfZ b ijhp_^mjZlZ aZ gZklZgy\Zg_ gZ ikbobqgh [hegb aZ ijbgm^bl_egh hk\b^_l_ekl\Zg_ b e_q_gb_ Ke_^\Z ^Z k_ ij_fZog_ ijZdlbdZlZ ijhdmjhjb ^Z gZklZgy\Zl ]jZ`^Zgb aZ hk\b^_l_ekl\Zg_ \ ikbobZljbqgb debgbdb aZ hij_^_e_g kjhd I9 K\h[h^Z gZ bajZay\Zg_lh b ijZ\hlh gZ bgnhjfZpby

K\h[h^ZlZ gZ bajZay\Zg_ bfZ gm`^Z hl ^hitegbl_egh gZktjqZ\Zg_ \ ;te]Zjby : ijZ\hlh gZ bgnhjfZpby _ kn_jZ \ dhylh gZrZlZ kljZgZ ljy[\Z l_itj\Z ^Z \t\_^_ hkgh\gb aZdhgh^Zl_egb ]ZjZgpbb K h]e_^ gZ lh\Z 1. HqZd\Zf_ _^bg Z^_d\Zl_g aZdhg aZ gZpbhgZegbl_ _e_dljhggb f_^bb dhclh hdhgqZl_egh ^Z ij_k_q_ \tafh`ghkllZ aZ iheblbq_kdb dhgljhe gZ^ lyo < g_]h ljy[\Z ^Z [t^_ \dexq_gZ b mj_^[Z gZ klZlmlZ gZ ;te]ZjkdZlZ l_e_]jZngZ Z]_gpby dhylh [_r_ ³aZ[jZ\_gZ´ \ ijb_lby hl GZjh^ghlh kt[jZgb_ aZdhg fbgZeZlZ ]h^bgZ GZpbhgZegZlZ l_e_\baby jZ^bh b ;L: ljy[\Z ^Z [t^Zl mijZ\ey\Zgb hl g_aZ\bkbfb mijZ\bl_egb kt\_lb ktklZ\_gb hl ijhn_kbhgZebklb ij_^eh`_gb hl h[jZah\Zl_egb bgklblmpbb ki_pbZebabjZgb a\_gZ b ^jm]b aZbgl_j_km\Zgb h[s_kl\_gb djt]h\_ R R R

Ijb ba[hjZ gZ mijZ\bl_egbl_ hj]Zgb ljy[\Z ^Z k_ ]ZjZglbjZ g_aZ\bkbfhkllZ b iheblbq_kdZlZ [_aijbkljZklghkl gZ jtdh\h^_sbl_ ^et`ghklgb ebpZ Ljm^h\bl_ hlghr_gby gZ `mjgZebklbl_ \ gZpbhgZegbl_ f_^bb b ;L: dZdlh b ^bkpbiebgZjgbl_ f_jdb ljy[\Z ^Z [t^Zl mj_^_gb lZdZ q_ ^Z bf ij_^hklZ\yl kb]mjghkl Z\lhghfby b k\h[h^Z gZ bajZay\Zg_lh Kts_\j_f_ggh ljy[\Z ^Z [t^Zl kta^Z^_gb aZdhgh^Zl_egb ]ZjZgpbb q_ \ gZpbhgZegbl_ f_^bb s_ gZf_jyl bajZa gZ g_^bkdjbfbgZpbhggZ hkgh\Z \kbqdb \b^h\_ h[s_kl\_g bgl_j_k

HqZd\Zf_ ^Z \b^bf b ij_fZo\Zg_ gZ ^bkdjbfbgZpbhggbl_ jZaihj_^[b \

GZdZaZl_egby dh^_dk ]ZjZglbjZsb \ ]jm[h ijhlb\hj_qb_ k f_`^mgZjh^ghlh ijZ\h ih qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z ijb\be_]bjh\ZgZ b ih kbegZ aZsblZ gZ ^et`ghklgbl_ ebpZ \ kemqZb gZ h[b^Z b hde_\_ly\Zg_ GZeh`bl_egb kZ b ijhf_gb ^_djbfbgZebabjZsb k_]Zrgbl_ h[sb ktklZ\b gZ ³h[b^ZlZ´ b ³hde_\_ly\Zg_lh´ dZlh aZ l_ab kemqZb hklZg_ ]jZ`^ZgkdZlZ hl]h\hjghkl aZ \j_^b

HqZd\Zf_ ijb_fZg_lh gZ aZdhg k dhclh ^Z k_ ]ZjZglbjZ ijZ\hlh b ^Z k_ mj_^b j_^tl aZ ij_^hklZ\yg_ gZ bgnhjfZpby hl bgklblmpbbl_ gZ ^tj`Z\ZlZ dZdlh aZ ebq_g lZdZ b aZ h[s_kl\_g bgl_j_k

9 K\h[h^Z gZ fbktelZ kt\_kllZ j_eb]bylZ b m[_`^_gbylZ K\h[h^ZlZ gZ fbktelZ kt\_kllZ j_eb]bylZ b m[_`^_gbylZ [_ hkh[_gh ij_a ihke_^gbl_ ]h^bgb _^bg hl gZc Zdlb\gh h[kt`^Zgbl_ ijh[e_fb k qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z \ ;te]Zjby Ihqlb \t\ \kbqdb aZdhgh^Zl_egb kn_jb aZky]Zsb k\h[h^ZlZ gZ fbktelZ kt\_kllZ j_eb]bylZ b m[_`^_gbylZ _ gm`gZ aZdhgh^Zl_egZ j_nhjfZ 1.

GZc hkljZ _ gm`^ZlZ hl hkgh\gZ j_nhjfZ gZ aZdhgh^Zl_ekl\hlh mj_`^Zsh hlghr_gb_lh f_`^m ^tj`Z\ZlZ b ptjd\ZlZ G_e_ih _ k_^_f ]h^bgb hl gZqZehlh gZ ^_fhdjZlbqgbl_ ijhf_gb lh ^Z k_ j_]mebjZ hl AZdhgZ aZ baih\_^ZgbylZ hl ] kta^Z^_g g_ aZ ^Z ]ZjZglbjZ k\h[h^ZlZ gZ baih\_^ZgbylZ Z aZ ^Z ]b ih^qbgb gZ lhlZeblZjgZlZ \eZkl

2.

Ljy[\Z ^Z k_ hlf_gb b ^bkdjbfbgZpbhggby qe_g : hl AZdhgZ aZ ebpZlZ b k_f_ckl\hlh kta^Z^_g ki_pbZegh k p_e ^Z k_ h]jZgbqb k\h[h^ZlZ gZ k^jm`Z\Zg_ b baih\_^Zgb_ gZ fZepbgkl\_gbl_ j_eb]bhagb h[sghklb

3. DjZcgh \j_f_ _ ^Z k_ ijb_f_ b babkd\Zgbyl hl DhgklblmpbylZ AZdhg aZ Zel_jgZlb\gZlZ kem`[Z b ^Z k_ ij_djZlb gZdZaZl_eghlh ij_ke_^\Zg_ kj_sm feZ^_`b hldZa\Zsb \h_ggZ kem`[Z ih kt\_kl Lhab aZdhg ljy[\Z ^Z ij_^\b`^Z ]jZ`^ZgkdZ ih\bgghkl dhylh g_ _ k\tjaZgZ k ZjfbylZ b g_ _ k gZdZaZl_egZ

ijh^te`bl_eghkl dZdlh b ijhp_^mjZ aZ hldZa hl \h_ggZ kem`[Z b gZkhq\Zg_ dtf Zel_jgZlb\gZ kem`[Z dhylh g_ _ ih^ dhgljheZ gZ \h_ggbl_ Ljy[\Z ^Z _ \tafh`gh bkdZg_lh aZ hk\h[h`^Z\Zg_ hl \h_ggZ kem`[Z ih kt\_kl ^Z k_ gZijZ\b ih \kydh \j_f_ \dexqbl_egh \ ijhp_kZ gZ hl[b\Zg_ gZ \h_ggZlZ kem`[Z 91 K\h[h^Z gZ k^jm`Z\Zg_lh Ih hlghr_gb_ gZ k\h[h^ZlZ gZ k^jm`Z\Zg_ DhgklblmpbylZ gZ ;te]Zjby b aZdhgh^Zl_ekl\hlh kt^tj`Zl jZaihj_^[b dhblh kZ g_jZamfgh h]jZgbqbl_egb b hldjblh ^bkdjbfbgZpbhggb Gb_ bkdZf_ ^Z \b^bf aZdhgh^Zl_egb bgbpbZlb\b dhblh ^Z aZk_]gZl 1. JZaihj_^[bl_ aZ[jZgy\Zsb nhjfbjZg_lh gZ iheblbq_kdb iZjlbb gZ _lgbq_kdZ b j_eb]bhagZ hkgh\Z < gydhedh kemqZy l_ [yoZ baltedm\Zgb l\tj^_ h]jZgbqbl_egh hl gydhedh kt^bebsZ m gZk \dexqbl_egh b hl Dhgklblmpbhggby kt^ L_ab jZaihj_^[b b ijZdlbdb aZdhghf_jgh nhjfbjZl gZij_`_gb_ ijb kZfhhj]ZgbaZpbylZ gZ ]jZ`^Zgkdhlh h[s_kl\h \ kljZgZlZ b ij_^ba\bdZoZ \gbfZgb_lh b kijZ\_^eb\ZlZ aZ]jb`_ghkl gZ fgh]h f_`^mgZjh^gb hj]ZgbaZpbb ij_a ihke_^gbl_ ]h^bgb 2. K_]ZrgZlZ hklZjyeZ b djZcgh [xjhdjZlbabjZgZ mj_^[Z gZ ijb^h[b\Zg_lh gZ klZlml gZ xjb^bq_kdh ebp_ gZ ]jZ`^Zgkdbl_ k^jm`_gby Ly ljy[\Z ^Z k_ ijhf_gb Lh\Z [b fh]eh ^Z klZg_ beb qj_a \t\_`^Zg_ gZ Z^fbgbkljZlb\gZ ijhp_^mjZ beb qj_a hij_^_eyg_ gZ djZldb kjhdh\_ aZ jZa]e_`^Zg_ gZ fhe[bl_ hl nbjf_gbl_ hl^_e_gby gZ kt^bebsZlZ 3. K_]ZrgZlZ mj_^[Z gZ ^Zgtqgby j_`bf gZ ^Zjbl_ekl\hlh dhclh ij_iylkl\Z kta^Z\Zg_lh gZ mklhcqb\b ]jZ`^Zgkdb k^jm`_gby \ ;te]Zjby VII AZsblZ kj_sm ^bkdjbfbgZpby hkgh\ZgZ gZ iheblbq_kdb m[_`^_gby <_q_ [ebah k_^_f ]h^bgb hl gZqZehlh gZ ^_fhdjZlbqgbl_ ijhf_gb ijh[e_ftl k ^bkdjbfbgZpbylZ hkgh\ZgZ gZ iheblbq_kdb m[_`^_gby b iheblbq_kdh mqZklb_ klhb lhedh\Z hkljh dhedhlh b \ gZqZehlh < ;te]Zjby [yoZ ba\tjr\Zgb b ijh^te`Z\Zl ^Z k_ ba\tjr\Zl iheblbq_kdb gZagZq_gby b m\heg_gby gZ \kbqdb jZ\gbsZ gZ Z^fbgbkljZpbylZ b \ ^tj`Z\gbl_ kem`[b \k_db itl dh]Zlh k_ kf_gy \eZkllZ ;yoZ ijhdZjZgb b hldjblh ^bkdjbfbgZpbhggb aZdhgb gZeZ]Zsb badexq\Zg_lh hl hij_^_e_gb ihabpbb \ h[s_kl\hlh gZ ]jmib ohjZ aZjZ^b l_ogbl_ m[_`^_gby Gb_ Zi_ebjZf_ 1. >Z k_ ijb_f_ AZdhg aZ ^tj`Z\gby kem`bl_e dhclh ^Z mklZgh\b ]ZjZgpbb b _n_dlb\gb kj_^kl\Z aZ aZsblZ gZ kem`bl_ebl_ \ ^tj`Z\gbl_ b h[sbgkdbl_ Z^fbgbkljZpbb hl iheblbq_kdb qbkldb dZlh kts_\j_f_ggh ykgh hij_^_eb l_ogbl_ ijZ\Z b aZ^te`_gby dZdlh b dZl_]hjbbl_ kem`bl_eb dhblh fh]Zl ^Z [t^Zl kf_gygb k ijhfygZlZ gZ mijZ\e_gb_lh 2. >Z k_ mklZgh\b f_oZgbatf aZ gZ[ex^_gb_ b ijhlb\h^_ckl\b_ gZ iheblbq_kdZlZ ^bkdjbfbgZpbylZ \dexqbl_egh qj_a _n_dlb\gZ kbkl_fZ aZ jZa]e_`^Zg_ gZ bg^b\b^mZegb `Ze[b VIII. AZsblZ gZ [_`Zgpbl_ b dZg^b^Zlbl_ aZ m[_`bs_ Ijh]j_ktl \ lZab h[eZkl _ l\tj^_ keZ[ G_e_ih _ [ebah q_lbjb ]h^bgb ke_^ jZlbnbpbjZg_lh gZ Dhg\_gpbylZ aZ klZlmlZ gZ [_`Zgpbl_ \ ;te]Zjby \k_ hs_ ^Z gyfZ aZdhgb mj_`^Zsb bapyeh klZlmlZ gZ [_`Zgpbl_ b ijhp_^mjZlZ aZ ij_^hklZ\yg_ gZ [_`Zgkdb klZlml

1.

Gb_ gZklhy\Zf_ aZ ki_rgh ijb_fZg_ gZ lZdt\ aZdhg dhclh ^Z ij_^\b^b Z^_d\ZlgZ Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh ijZ\gZ mj_^[Z gZ ijhp_^mjZlZ ih ij_^hklZ\yg_lh gZ m[_`bs_ k Z^_d\Zl_g kt^_[_g dhgljhe b ijZ\h gZ h[`Ze\Zg_

2.

GZklhy\Zf_ aZ ijb_fZg_ gZ aZdhgh^Zl_ekl\h dh_lh ^Z mj_^b baq_jiZl_egh ijZ\gby klZlml gZ [_`Zg_pZ b ltjk_sby m[_`bs_ \ kthl\_lkl\b_ ktk klZg^Zjlbl_ gZ Dhg\_gpbylZ aZ klZlmlZ gZ [_`Zgpbl_ hl ] b IjhlhdheZ hl ]

3.

GZklhy\Zf_ b aZ kta^Z\Zg_lh gZ kem`[b dhblh ^Z kZ \ ktklhygb_ ^Z j_rZ\Zl \kbqdb ijh[e_fb gZ [_`Zgpbl_ b dZg^b^Zlbl_ aZ m[_`bs_ dhblh \tagbd\Zl ba\tg ijhp_^mjZlZ aZ ihemqZ\Zg_ gZ [_`Zgkdb klZlml

4.

GZklhy\Zf_ aZ [tjah hj]ZgbabjZg_ hl Fbgbkl_jkl\hlh gZ ijZ\hkt^b_lh gZ jZaghh[jZagb b _n_dlb\gb nhjfb gZ h[mq_gb_ gZ kt^bb ih [_`Zgkdh ijZ\h

IX AZ[jZgZ gZ ^bkdjbfbgZpbylZ gZ _lgbq_kdZ hkgh\Z b aZsblZ gZ _lghdmelmjgZlZ kZfh[blghkl gZ fZepbgkl\_gbl_ h[sghklb BkdZf_ ^Z \b^bf b ijh]j_k \ ih gZlZltrgZlZ aZsblZ hl _lgbq_kdZ ^bkdjbfbgZpby b \ ml\tj`^Z\Zg_lh gZ _lghdmelmjgbl_ ijZ\Z gZ fZepbgkl\ZlZ 1. < fgh]h kn_jb hl khpbZegby `b\hl g_ ^_ckl\m\Zl gbdZd\b Zglb^bkdjbfbgZpbhggb jZaihj_^[b hk\_g h[sbl_ jZaihj_^[b gZ DhgklblmpbylZ < ^jm]b kn_jb g_ kZ kta^Z^_gb gbdZd\b ij_^ihklZ\db aZ ijbeZ]Zg_ gZ kts_kl\m\Zsbl_ jZaihj_^[b GyfZ gbdZd\b hj]Zgb b bgklblmpbb Zg]Z`bjZgb k ijh[e_fZ aZ _lgbq_kdZlZ ^bkdjbfbgZpby Lhc ^hjb g_ _ ijbagZl dZlh lZdt\ hl ^tj`Z\gbl_ bgklblmpbb \ gZrZlZ kljZgZ <t\ \jtadZ k lh\Z R R

G_h[oh^bfh _ ijb_fZg_lh gZ h[s Zglb^bkdjbfbgZpbhg_g aZdhg dhclh ^Z hkb]mjy\Z _n_dlb\gZ aZsblZ hl _lgbq_kdZ ^bkdjbfbgZpby \t\ \kbqdb kn_jb gZ khpbZegby `b\hl G_h[oh^bfh _ mkt\tjr_gkl\m\Zg_ gZ k_]Z ^_ckl\m\Zsbl_ ijhp_^mjb b kt^_[gZlZ ijZdlbdZ aZ aZsblZ hl _lgbq_kdZ ^bkdjbfbgZpby

2. G_h[oh^bfh _ ^Z k_ ijbagZyl hl ^tj`Z\ZlZ gZ g_^bkdjbfbgZpbhggZ hkgh\Z ]jmibl_ b k^jm`_gbylZ gZ \kbqdb ]jZ`^Zgb dhblh [_a \tgr_g gZlbkd ^_deZjbjZl ijbgZ^e_`ghkl dtf hij_^_e_gh fZepbgkl\h 3. G_h[oh^bf _ b ih gZlZltr_g ijh]j_k \ ]ZjZglbjZg_ gZ bamqZ\Zg_lh gZ fZcqbgby _abd aZ qe_gh\_l_ gZ _lgbq_kdbl_ fZepbgkl\Z b hkh[_gh aZ h[mq_gb_lh ih jhfkdb _abd Ih ki_pbZegh R

R

Gm`gh _ baf_g_gb_ gZ AZdhgZ aZ gZjh^gZlZ ijhk\_lZ aZ ^Z k_ ijhf_gb k_]ZrgZlZ ijZdlbdZ qZkh\_l_ ih fZcqbg _abd ^Z k_ bagZkyl ba\tg j_^h\gZlZ mq_[gZ ijh]jZfZ b ^Z k_ lj_lbjZl \ jZfdbl_ gZ h[sbl_ dmjkh\_ aZ h[mq_gb_ \ fgh]h kemqZb dZlh qZkh\_ aZ hl^bo b hlimkdZg_ Gm`gh _ ktsh h[jZah\Zl_egbl_ \_^hfkl\Z gZ \kbqdb gb\Z ^Z ij_^ijb_fZl kltidb dtf ih^]hl\yg_ gZ d\ZebnbpbjZgb mqbl_eb ih fZcqbg _abd \dexqbl_egh qj_a kta^Z\Zg_ gZ kthl\_lgbl_ nbeheh]bq_kdb b i_^Z]h]bq_kdb ki_pbZeghklb \ mgb\_jkbl_lbl_

X G_ijbdhkgh\_ghkl gZ qZklgby `b\hl `bebs_lh b dhj_kihg^_gpbylZ

IjZ\hlh gZ g_ijbdhkgh\_ghkl gZ qZklgby `b\hl `bebs_lh b dhj_kihg^_gpbylZ ljy[\Z ^Z [t^_ ]ZjZglbjZgh hl ihk_]Zl_ekl\Z gZ \eZklbl_ Kem`[bl_ aZ kb]mjghkl \ fhf_glZ ^_ckl\m\Zl ih gZqbg dhclh _ g_ijhajZq_g g_ kZfh aZ h[s_kl\hlh gh b aZ hj]Zgbl_ b bgklblmpbbl_ dhblh \ _^gZ ^_fhdjZlbqgZ kljZgZ ke_^\Z ^Z ]b dhgljhebjZl G_h[oh^bfh _ ^Z k_ ijb_f_ aZdhgh^Zl_ekl\h dh_lh ^Z ]ZjZglbjZ Z^_d\Zl_g kt^_[_g b iZjeZf_glZj_g dhgljhe \tjom lyogZlZ ^_cghkl b hkh[_gh \tjom hg_ab g_cgb Zki_dlb dhblh kZ k\tjaZgb k _\_glmZegbl_ ihk_]Zl_ekl\Z gZ^ ebqgby `b\hl gZ ohjZlZ O1 AZsblZ gZ ijZ\Z gZ ^_pZlZ DZdlh Dhfbl_ltl aZ ijZ\ZlZ gZ ^_pZlZ hl[_eyaZ \ ij_ihjtdbl_ kb hl ygmZjb ] ih ih\h^ ^hdeZ^Z gZ ;te]Zjby ih Dhg\_gpbylZ aZ ijZ\ZlZ gZ ^_l_lh bfZ hs_ fgh]h aZdhgh^Zl_egb f_jdb dhblh ke_^\Z ^Z k_ ij_^ijb_fZl k p_e ^Z k_ ]ZjZglbjZ ih Z^_d\ZlgZ aZsblZ kj_sm gZjmrZ\Zg_lh gZ qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z gZ ^_pZlZ GZj_^ k hl[_eyaZgZlZ \_q_ g_h[oh^bfhkl hl jZlbnbpbjZg_ gZ OZ]kdZlZ dhg\_gpby b pyehklgh j_nhjfbjZg_ gZ kbkl_fZlZ gZ ^_lkdhlh ijZ\hjZa^Z\Zg_ _ gm`gh 1. >Z k_ kta^Z^_ gZpbhgZegZ kbkl_fZ aZ ijhke_^y\Zg_ gZ klZlmkZ gZ \kbqdb ^_pZ \ ;te]Zjby k hkh[_gh \gbfZgb_ \tjom ^_pZlZ hl jbkdh\bl_ ]jmib 2. >Z k_ kta^Z^Zl ki_pbZegb kem`[b aZ ^_pZ dhblh k ijbhjbl_l ^Z jZa]e_`^Zl \tijhkbl_ k\tjaZgb k _n_dlb\ghlh mijZ`gy\Zg_ gZ ijZ\ZlZ gZ ^_pZlZ 3. >Z k_ aZ[jZgyl \kbqdb nhjfb b ijhy\b gZ l_e_kgh gZdZaZgb_ b ^Z k_ \a_fZl f_jdb aZ _n_dlb\gZ aZsblZ hl l_e_kgb gZdZaZgby 4. >Z k_ aZkbeb b ^Z k_ gZijZ\b _n_dlb\_g \dexqbl_egh qj_a kta^Z\Zg_ gZ ki_pbZegb kem`[b dhgljhetl kj_sm k_dkmZegZlZ _dkiehZlZpby b gZjdhfZgbylZ kj_^ ^_pZlZ 5. >Z k_ \a_fZl aZdhgh^Zl_egb b ^jm]b f_jdb aZ aZ^tj`Zg_ gZ ^_pZlZ \ mqbebs_ \dexqbl_egh qj_a klbfmebjZg_ gZ ljm^Z gZ mqbl_ebl_ \ mqbebsZlZ \ dhblh ijh[e_ftl k hlktkl\b_lh _ hkh[_gh hkltj 6. >Z k_ ]ZjZglbjZ aZdhgh^Zl_egh b qj_a ih^h[jy\Zg_ gZ ijZ\hijbeZ]Zg_lh _n_dlb\gZlZ aZsblZ hl _dkiehZlZpby gZ ^_lkdby ljm^

Gb_ ij_^eZ]Zf_ dhgdj_lgb bgbpbZlb\b BkdZf_ ^Z kt[_j_f aZ^ lyo \tafh`gh gZc rbjhdZ h[s_kl\_gZ iheblbq_kdZ b bgklblmpbhgZegZ ih^dj_iZ L_ab ij_^eh`_gby kZ j_amelZl hl gZrZlZ jZ[hlZ b hl lZab gZ ^jm]bl_ hj]ZgbaZpbb aZ aZsblZ gZ qh\_rdbl_ ijZ\Z L_ kZ h[jZatl gZ gZrZlZ gZ^_`^Z b gZrbyl djbl_jbc aZ ijhfygZ