Litreature Study FOR HOUSING
HOUSING WHAT IS HOUSING? Housing is defined as a physical facility unit of structure, which provides shelter to its occupants, but which also consumes land and demands the provision of physical services such as water & sewerage as well as social services to households. HOUSING = SHELTER + INFRASTRUCTURE + FACILITIES
WHY HOUSING? Housing remains critical for providing safety, security, identity and space for social interaction for families to live, learn and grow together. Housing is also considered major determinant of quality of life besides major propeller of physical, social and economic development.
NEED TO DEFINE HOUSING Housing is a basic need of human being which ensures physiological needs and safety needs. Housing can be defined by 6 perspectives Multiple units Community Services Livelihood Affordability Individuality
PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN HOUSING
WHY HOUSING SHORTAGE?
Along with food and clothes, housing or a shelter is one of the three most important requirements of Human Being. If the total population of about 1200 million population is divided by 5, the average number of members in a family, the country requires housing for 240 million families. Of this, 2.4 million around 30% are either house-less or live in thatched collage or houses made of tree and plant live in and bamboo and mud houses.
HIG housing is targeted at individuals or families with higher income levels. These housing units are often more luxurious and may have additional features, catering to individuals who can afford higher-end properties.
The magnitude of the problem of housing in India is quite wide. The problem has both quantitative and qualitative dimensions. According to 1991 census, the housing shortage was 18.5 million dwelling units, out of which 13.7 million for rural areas and 4.8 million for urban areas 41.6.% was living in pucca houses, 30.9% was living in semipucca houses and 27.5% was living in kutcha houses.
TYPES OF HOUSING BASED ON INCOME Low income housing Middle income housing High income housing
URBAN HOUSING SHORTAGE AMONG DIFFERENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUPS IN INDIA Urban housing shortage is prominent across the economically weaker sections (EWS) and low income groups (LIG) which together constitute over 95 percent of the total housing shortage. 39.44% (7.41 mn)
URBANIZATION GROWTH Urbanization characterized by modernization, industrialization and sociological development. India's urban population has grown at a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 2.8 percent over 2001-2011, resulting in an increase in the urbanization rate from 27.8 percent to 31.2 percent. Out of India's 1.21 billion population, 377 million people are urban dwellers. Furthermore, over 2012-2050, the pace of urbanization is likely to increase at a CAGR(Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 2.1 percent - double than that of China.
HIG (High income group):
56.18% (10.55 mn
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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN-VI
TOPIC: HOUSING
SHEET NO: 01 REMARKS:
MIG & above The shortage amongst the middle income groups (MIG) and above is estimated at 4.38 percent.
LIG (Low income group): LIG housing is intended for individuals or families with lower income levels. Typically, these housing units are more affordable, and sometimes government subsidies or incentives are provided to make them accessible to individuals with lower incomes.
URBANIZATION GROWTH IN INDIA
MIG (Middle income group): MIG housing is aimed at individuals or families with moderate income levels. These housing units may be more spacious or offer additional amenities compared to LIG housing, but they are still designed to be relatively affordable for individuals with moderate incomes. 1.
SUBMITTED TO: Ar.Davinder pal singh Ar.Manu chaudhary
SOLUTION IN HOUSING SECTOR TO REDUCE HOUSING SHORTAGE • By implementing policies schemes etc. • By boosting affordable housing • By building integrated townships • Providing inputs to redevelopment • Increasing FSI limits and building vertical cities
SOURCE: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE HOUSING SECTOR IN URBANINDIA- A Cushman & Wakefield Research Publication, Report of Technical Group(TG-12) on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage 2012,
STATE OF HOUSING IN INDIA by Government of India, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation AND National Buildings Organisation, https://www.coa.gov.in/show_img.php?fid=182 , Government of India Union Budget 2014-15 , Press Information Bureau, Gol (Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation) briefing on Housing Shortage: 13 January2010, National Housing Bank (NHB) Report on Trend and Progress of Housing in India - 2013
SUBMITTED BY: BHAVI N S 12100131 BHAVITHA N S 12100132 MAITREYI R S 12106074
TYPES OF HOUSING 1. BUNGALOWS: They are large homes used as a solitary family unit.The biggest advantage of these types of houses in the area of space in and around your home that gives you enough room for a garden or even a stroll.
2. APARTMENTS/FLATS: These are self-controlled multi-storied housing units.These are selfcontrolled multi-storied housing units.
3. VILLAS: Previously this type of houses was meant for the upper-class state homes. Currently, separate modern townhouses are moreover called villas. Amenities like your driveway, backyard/lawn, garden plus a pool are accessible with these homes and are a source of comfort.
4. CONDOMINIUM (CONDO): This is a type of home ownership when you buy a part in an apartment building otherwise townhouse complex, however, does not own the land.It includes individual ownership apartments plus coownership of all common areas, similar to rooftops; outdoor areas playrooms.
5. CABIN:
9. DUPLEXHOUSE:
A little, about built house. The cabins on the ship are fairly small but comfortable. This kind of Indian style house is not common and is often a piece of fancy. The cabins, however, have wooden flooring and are neatly decked for appearance.
A duplex is generally a property divided into two separate living units. Those units can be situated side by side or stacked one on top of the other (the “oneup, one-down”). There are separate entrances for each unit, and sometimes there are separate garages and yards, as well.
6. ECO-FRIENDLY HOMES: These are houses which pool jointly many factors like rainwater crop, multifuel burning stoves, grounds, glazed windows, insulate the loft, solar panels, storm turbine, dung heap, waste recycling, power efficient appliance etc.
7. FARMHOUSE: a more rustic country style, often making use of vintage furniture or familiar patterns like plaid.
8. FARMHOUSE: A terraced house is a property that is linked, side-by-side, to a row of other homes. Most terraced housing is found in towns and cities, where terraces are a better use of the space available for housing.
10. STUDIOFLATS: a small apartment that has a main room, a very small kitchen, and a bathroom.
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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN-VI
TOPIC: TYPES OF HOUSING REMARKS:
11. PENTHOUSES: \A penthouse is an apartment or unit on the highest floor of an apartment building, condominium, hotel, or tower. Penthouses are typically differentiated from other apartments by luxury features.
12. COURTYARD HOUSE: A courtyard house is a type of house—often a large house—where the main part of the building is disposed around a central courtyard.
SUBMITTED TO: Ar.Davinder pal singh Ar. Manu chaudhary SUBMITTED BY: BHAVI N S 12100131 BHAVITHA N S 12100132 MAITREYI R S 12106074
NEIGHBOURHOOD CONCEPT The term neighbourhood is often used to describe the subdivisions of urban or rural locations such as cities, villages, and towns. In its purest definition, a neighbourhood is the vicinity in which people live. People live next to or near one another in sections of an area and form communities. The neighborhood concept has evolved over time, with different planning theories emphasizing various aspects. Some key principles of the neighborhood concept include: Walkability: Neighborhoods should be designed to be easily walkable, with amenities within a short distance of residences. This encourages physical activity, social interaction, and a sense of community. Mixed use: Neighborhoods should have a mix of land uses, such as residential, commercial, and office space. This creates a vibrant and diverse community and reduces the need for residents to travel long distances for their daily needs. Open space: Neighborhoods should have ample open space, such as parks, playgrounds, and greenways. This provides opportunities for recreation, relaxation, and connection with nature. Connectivity: Neighborhoods should be well-connected to other parts of the city or town by public transportation, cycling infrastructure, and pedestrian walkways. This makes it easier for residents to get around and participate in the wider community. Sense of place: Neighborhoods should have a distinct identity and character that is reflected in their architecture, landscaping, and public spaces. This creates a sense of place and belonging for residents.
Radburn model Core Philosophy: Separate traffic from pedestrians: Cars are relegated to perimeter streets and alleys, while homes face inwards onto shared green spaces and pedestrian paths. This prioritizes safety and creates a peaceful, car-free environment for residents. Superblocks: Large blocks encompassing several houses, with internal pedestrian pathways leading to a central, common green space. Courtyards: Shared green spaces between houses, promoting social interaction and a sense of community. Front-to-back house orientation: Backyards face the street, minimizing traffic noise and distractions in living areas. Front doors open onto the shared green space, encouraging interaction with neighbors. Limited access streets: Perimeter streets with minimal through-traffic, further discouraging car use within the community.
Safety: Reduced pedestrian-vehicle conflicts, creating a safer environment for children and families. Community: Shared green spaces foster social interaction and build a sense of belonging. Walkability: Pedestrian-friendly design encourages walking and physical activity. Environmental sustainability: Reduced car use improves air quality and minimizes emissions.
Garden city neighbourhood a garden city neighbourhood refers to a residential area designed after the principles of the late 19th-century Garden City Movement, led by urban planner Ebenezer Howard. Balance of residential and industrial areas: Ideally, a portion of the land is dedicated to light industry and commercial spaces, providing residents with employment opportunities close to home. Green spaces: Ample parks, gardens, and allotments are integrated throughout the community, providing open space for recreation and promoting a connection with nature. Walkable and car-free streets: The neighbourhood prioritizes pedestrian traffic with limited through-traffic streets, encouraging walking and cycling as primary modes of transportation.
Perry’s neighbourhood This influential concept, developed by American urban planner Clarence Perry in the 1920s, aimed to create self-contained, walkable communities that could foster a strong sense of identity and well-being for residents. Size and population: Ideally around 5,000 to 9,000 residents, occupying roughly 160 acres, allowing for a full range of amenities within walking distance. Central elementary school: The heart of the neighborhood, ensuring no child walks more than a quarter-mile to reach it, promoting safety and community cohesion. Mixed land uses: A blend of residential, commercial, recreational, and institutional spaces, catering to residents' daily needs without long commutes. Walkable streets: Designed for pedestrian priority, with minimal traffic and interconnected street patterns encouraging exploration and social interaction. Open space: Parks, playgrounds, and greenways sprinkled throughout the neighborhood, offering opportunities for leisure, exercise, and connection with nature. Boundaries: Defined by arterial roads or natural features, separating the neighborhood from through-traffic and creating a distinct sense of place.
ARC355 Architectural design VI TOPIC: Neighbourhood concept
Submitted to: Ar.Davinder paul singh Ar.Manu chaudhary
Submitted by: bhavi bhavitha maitreyi
HOUSING SCHEMES INTERNATIONAL HOUSING SCHEMES SOCIAL HOUSING: This type of housing is typically owned and managed by the government or a nonprofit organization, and it is rented to low-income families at subsidized rates. Social housing is often used to provide housing for people who cannot afford to rent or buy a home on the private market.
MICROFINANCE: Microfinance programs provide small loans to lowincome families to help them save for a home. These loans can be used to purchase building materials, pay for labor, or rent land. Microfinance programs can help families to achieve homeownership without having to rely on government subsidies.
COOPERATIVE HOUSING: Cooperative housing is a type of housing ownership in which a group of people come together to purchase or build a property. The property is then owned and managed jointly by the members of the cooperative. Cooperative housing can be a good option for people who want to have a say in how their housing is managed.
COMMUNITY LAND TRUSTS: Community land trusts (CLTs) are non-profit organizations that acquire land and then lease it to low-income families at affordable rates. CLTs help to ensure that housing remains affordable for future generations by keeping the land out of the hands of speculators.
NATIONAL HOUSING SCHEMES CENTRAL GOVERNMENT SCHEMES: PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA (PMAY): This flagship scheme encompasses PMAY-U (Urban) and PMAY-G (Gramin) for rural areas. It provides financial assistance to beneficiaries for buying or constructing houses.
PMAY-U: Aims to provide housing for all in urban areas by 2024. It offers interest subsidies on home loans, credit-linked subsidy schemes for construction, and support for building affordable rental housing complexes.
PMAY-G: Previously known as Indira Awas Yojana, it focuses on providing pucca houses with basic amenities to homeless families in rural areas.
RAJIV AWAS YOJANA: Launched in 2009, this scheme aims to bring all informal settlements within the formal housing system, eventually making India slumfree. It provides financial assistance for housing upgradation and basic amenities.
STATE LEVEL SCHEMES: DELHI DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (DDA) HOUSING SCHEME: Offers flats for purchase in various income categories (LIG, MIG, HIG) through periodic draws and auctions.
MAHARASHTRA HOUSING AND AREA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (MHADA) LOTTERY SCHEME: Provides affordable flats in Mumbai and other parts of Maharashtra through lottery draws.
PUNJAB HOUSING SCHEMES PUNJAB AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY 2022: Introduced to provide affordable housing options for low and middle-income segments. This policy incentivizes developers to construct affordable housing units with reduced stamp duty fees, floor area ratio (FAR) benefits, and property tax exemptions.
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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN-VI
SHAHEED CAPTAIN VIKRAM BATRA HOUSING SCHEME: Aims to provide housing assistance to eligible families of martyrs belonging to Punjab. The scheme offers financial assistance for house construction or purchase, along with additional benefits like education scholarships and employment opportunities.
HOUSING SCHEMES
SHEET NO : 02
MUKHYA MANTRI GHAR NUN MISSION:
REMARKS:
Focuses on renovation and repair of existing houses of the economically weaker sections (EWS) and lowincome groups (LIG) in rural areas. It provides financial assistance for improvements like flooring, walls, roofs, and toilets.
SUBMITTED TO:
BHAWANTAR SCHEME: Enables homeowners to surrender their agricultural land for urban development in exchange for developed plots or flats. This scheme aims to address the challenges of urban sprawl and promote planned development.
Ar.Davinder pal singh Ar. Manu chaudhary
URBAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY SCHEMES: GREATER MOHALI AREA PUNJAB URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (GMADA): DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (PUDA): Offers various housing schemes in Mohali, including plots for residential development, apartments in flats, and independent houses. GMADA also focuses on developing new townships with integrated infrastructure and amenities.
TOPIC:
Implements housing schemes across various cities in Punjab, including Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Patiala, and Bathinda. PUDA offers plots, apartments, and houses through online applications and draws.
SOURCE: https://www.citiesalliance.org/newsroom/events/policy-lab-4-india-rental-housing-provision-poor, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/15/11645, https://www.housinginternational.coop/co-ops/india/, https://pmayurban.gov.in/, https://dda.gov.in/, https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/new-affordable-housing-policy-will-realise-dream-of-common-man-to-own-house-aman-arora-200860, https://www.gmada.gov.in/en, http://m.newapartmentventures.com/507-plots-punjab-urban-planning-and-development-authority-puda-1475827989j.
SUBMITTED BY: BHAVI N S 12100131 BHAVITHA N S 12100132 MAITREYI R S 12106074
STANDARDS AND NORMS SETBACK
BATHROOMS AND WATER-CLOSETS: Height: The height of a bathroom or water-closet measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point in the ceiling (bottom of slab) shall not be less than 2.1 m. Size: The area of a bathroom shall not be less than 1.8 m2 with a minimum width of 1.2 m. The floor area of water closet shall be 1.1 m2 with a minimum width of 0.9 m. If bath and water-closet are combined, its floor area shall not be less than 2.8 m2 with a minimum width of 1.2 m. HABITABLE ROOM: Height: The height of all rooms for human habitation shall not be less than 2.75 m measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point of the ceiling (bottom of slab). In the case of pitched roof, the average height of rooms shall not be less than 2.75 m. The minimum clear head room under a beam, folded plates or eaves shall be 2.4 m.
In case of Residential Group Housing, if the length or depth of the building exceeds 40 m, add to the above Table ten percent of length or depth of building minus 4.0 m subject to maximum requirement of 20 m. FAR
STAIRCASE: Minimum clear width: a) Residential (A-2) NOTE — For row housing with 2 storeys, the minimum width shall be 0.75 m. :1m b) Residential (A-1, A-3 and A-4) c) Residential hotel (A5 and A-6) :1.25m
Maximum riser: The maximum height of riser shall be 150 mm. However, for one or two family dwelling, it may be increased to not more than 190 mm. The number of risers shall be limited to 12 per flight.
SIZE OF CLUSTER OPEN SPACE Group housing around a cluster open space should not be normally more than 15 m in height. Maximum cluster courtyard width and breadth shall be 13 m. BALCONY: The minimum width of individual balcony, where provided, shall be 0.9 m and shall not be more than 1.2 m and it shall not project beyond the plot line and on roads or pathway.
The minimum unobstructed width of corridors shall be 1 500 mm, with a preference for a width of 1 800 mm. Where less than 1 800 mm wide, a corridor shall be provided with passing places, 1 800 mm wide and at least 1 800 mm in length at reasonable intervals. These dimensions shall be exclusive of handrails and any other projections, for example portable fire extinguishers, notice boards, etc. Changes of direction within a corridor shall have a turning circle with a diameter of 1 500 mm or more, clear of any obstructions The minimum clear height of corridors shall be 2 100 mm. The minimum unobstructed width shall remain 900 mm
Size: The area of habitable room shall not be less than 9.5 m2, where there is only one room with a minimum width of 2.4 m. Where there are two rooms, one of these shall not be less than 9.5 m2 and the other not less than 7.5 m2, with a minimum width of 2.1 m.
Minimum tread : The minimum width of tread without nosing shall be 300 mm. However, for one or two family dwelling, it may be reduced to not less than 250 mm.
PLANNING . In case of group housing or flatted development at least 75 percent units should have a plinth area (excluding external circulation such as stairs, lifts, lobbies, etc) up to or not exceeding 40 m2 including future expansion
CORRIDOR: The width of the accessible entrance door shall not be less than 900 mm and the width of the corridors or passageways leading to and from such access door shall not be less than 1 200 mm.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY: In order to provide protection against electric shock due to leakage current for human being, a 30 mA RCCB/ RCD shall be installed at distribution board incomer of buildings, such as residential, schools and hospitals. LIFT: The minimum size of the lift shall be 1 500 mm wide by 1 500 mm deep, that allows easy manoeuvrability of wheelchair users. The clear opening of entrance to the lift car shall be at least 900 mm. PLINTH:
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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN -VI TOPIC: STANDARDS & NORMS
Main Buildings: The plinth or any part of a building or outhouse shall be so located with respect to the surrounding ground level that adequate drainage of the site is assured. The height of the plinth shall be not less than 450 mm from the surrounding ground level. Interior Courtyards and Covered Parking: Every interior courtyard shall be raised at least 150 mm above the determining ground level and shall be satisfactorily drained.
RAMP: Where the ramp run changes direction, the minimum landing dimensions shall be 1 500 mm × 1 500 mm. Landings shall also be provided at regular intervals of not more than 9 000 mm of every horizontal run. If the end landing follows or precedes a turn for a pathway or an entrance, the minimum dimension of the landing shall be minimum 1 500 mm× 1 500 mm. A ramp run with a vertical rise greater than 150 mm shall have handrails that are on both the sides
LEDGE OR TAND/LOFT: Height: The minimum head-room of ledge or Tand/loft shall be 2.2 m. The maximum height of loft shall be 1.5 m. Size: A ledge or TAND/loft in a habitable room shall not cover more than 25 percent of the area of the floor on which it is constructed and shall not interfere with the ventilation of the room under any circumstances. WATER RECYCLING: Commercial or residential multi-storeyed complexes may use recycled water for flushing of toilets, horticulture and fire fighting purposes. Separate storage tanks and separate distribution pipes shall be provided for the purpose. UNIVERSAL DESIGN: FIRE SAFETY
The minimum clear width of a ramp (exclusive of handrails) shall be 1200 mm and shall increase correspondingly as the level difference addressed by the ramp increases as per Table 10.
BASEMENT: Every basement shall be in every part at least 2.4 m in height from the floor to the underside of the roof slab or ceiling. The height of the ceiling of any basement shall be minimum 0.9 m and the maximum, 1.2 m above the average surrounding ground level. However, in case of parking, mercantile or business occupancy at ground floor, minimum height of the ceiling of the basement may be 0.3 m above the average surrounding ground level subject to mechanical ventilation being provided WINDOWS: In residential buildings windows of height 1.0 m to 1.1 m with sill height as 0.7 m to 0.9 m above floor are recommended for good distribution of daylight indoors. Window width can accordingly be adjusted depending upon the required fenestration percentage of the floor area.
KITCHEN: Height: The height of a kitchen measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point in the ceiling (bottom slab) shall not be less than 2.75 m, except for the portion to accommodate floor trap of the upper floor. Size: The area of a kitchen where separate dining area is provided, shall be not less than 5.0 m2 with a minimum width of 1.8 m. Where there is a separate store, the area of the kitchen may be reduced to 4.5 m2. A kitchen, which is intended for use as a dining area also, shall have a floor area of not less than 7.5 m2 with a minimum width of 2.1 m.
FIRE EXIT
SUBMITTED TO: AR. DAVINDER PAL SINGH AR.MANU CHOUDHARY
SUBMITTED BY: Bhavi NS Bhavitha NS Maitreyi RS
ELEMENTS AND FEATURES FOR COMPOSITE WEATHER: BUILDING ORIENTATION: The orientation of the building depends on a site’s microclimate. For regions where the longer prevailing season is the hot-dry season, the thermal design criteria recommended for hot-dry climates can be applied. According to NZEB recommendations, a rectangular form with a longer axis along the north-south is the preferred orientation for composite climates. This helps the building structure reduce heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter. BUILDING FORM: For composite climates, the building must be compact and low-rise. An important criterion that should be kept in mind here is the S/V ratio, which is the ratio of area to volume of a built mass.
To utilise the cooling effects of the breeze prevailing during the warm-humid season; To utilise the heat of the sun during the cold season
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Planting deciduous trees on the southern side of a building is useful during a composite climate. Deciduous plants like mulberry or Champa stop direct sun during summer, and as these trees shed leaves in winter, they permit the sun to heat the building in winter, which is suitable in a composite climate.
SHADING DEVICES: For composite climates, the built form must be such that it self-shades through massing or articulation, resulting in cutting off a large amount of direct solar radiation. In addition to this, envelopes should be designed in a way that allows them to incorporate shading strategies. This helps the building remain shaded from solar radiation for the greater part of the year. A good example of this would be Krushi Bhawan, designed by Studio Lotus in the composite climate of Bhubaneswar. The architects used deeply recessed windows and balconies as shading devices to help lower heat gain. The use of handcarved khondalite lattice design on the building’s facade also helped cut off direct sunlight from entering the indoor spaces.
RAINWATER HARVESTING AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT: Implement rainwater harvesting systems to capture and store rainwater for irrigation, landscaping, and non-potable water uses. Design permeable surfaces and green infrastructure to mitigate stormwater runoff and reduce the risk of flooding during heavy rainfall events.
The orientation of the openings is determined by two factors:
LANDSCAPING: Landscaping is a crucial element in altering the micro-climate of an area. It prevents reflected light from carrying heat into a building from the ground or other surfaces. Additionally, the shade created by trees reduces the air temperature of the microclimate around the building through evapotranspiration. Properly designed roof gardens help to scale back heat loads during a building.
Another important criteria is the P/A ratio, which is the perimeter-to-area ratio. A circular geometry has the lowest P/A ratio, making it the most energyefficient in composite climates.
THERMAL INSULATION: Designers tune the thermal characteristics of buildings so that they can maintain habitable internal conditions using the minimum amount of materials. An interesting example would be Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur (VNIT, Nagpur), Maharashtra, placed in the composite climatic zone of India. For the design, the architects chose to keep all walls 230 mm thick, whereas the west and south façade walls were provided with the insulator (expanded polystyrene). This helped prevent heat gain due to thermal mass.
NATURAL VENTILATION: For composite climates, reasonably large openings on opposite walls are suitable, preferably with solid shutters that may be opened when cross-ventilation is important.
THERMAL MASS: Integrate thermal mass materials such as concrete, brick, or rammed earth into building design to stabilize indoor temperatures and reduce temperature fluctuations. Use exposed thermal mass elements to absorb excess heat during the day and release it slowly at night. ROOF AND WALLS: Roofs and external walls should be constructed of solid masonry or concrete to have a 9 to 12-hour time lag in heat transmission. The thermal capacity will be beneficial for the cold and hot dry seasons. The roof pond system can be used as an insulator. Resistance insulation should be placed on the outer surfaces of the external walls or roof. Low rise development is the greater contact of the walls with the ground; thus, the ground will also act as thermal storage.
Summer setting sun can be avoided by planting dense trees and shrub plantings on the west and northwest sides of a building. Natural cooling can be encouraged by locating trees to direct southeast summer breezes in composite climates. Cooling breezes are going to be ready to undergo the trunks of trees placed for shading. EXTERNAL SPACES: Brise-soleils, louvers, and other sun breaks used to protect openings during the hot-dry period also are advantageous within the season, serving as a protection against rain. During the cold season, when solar gain is important, all shading is undesirable. Vegetation is easier to maintain because of the high rainfall, consequently also reducing dust. Deciduous plants are advisable. A courtyard is the most pleasant outdoor space for most of the year because it excludes the wind and raps the sun during the winter. Deciduous plants on a pergola can be used to cover the courtyard.
EARTH AIR TUNNELS: A tunnel within the sort of pipe or otherwise embedded at a depth of about 4m below the bottom will acquire an equivalent temperature because the surrounding earth at its surface and thus the ambient air ventilated through this tunnel will get cooled in summer and warmed in winter and this air is often used for cooling in summer and heating in winter.
FORM AND PLANNING: The building must be compact and low-rise. Buildings with a courtyard are more suitable. A moderately compact internal planning of the house is going to be of benefit for many of the year. Buildings should be grouped thanks to cash in of the prevailing breezes during the short period when air movement is important. A moderately dense, low-rise development is suitable, which can ensure the protection of outside spaces, mutual shading of the external walls, and shelter from the wind during the cold season. Shelter from dust and reduction of surfaces exposed to radiation. Shading walls are desirable, provided the roof features a low transmittance and good thermal capacity. LOCATION OF WATER BODIES: Water is a good modifier of micro-climate. It takes up an outsized amount of warmth in evaporation and causes significant cooling. Water features a moderating effect on the air temperature of the microclimate. It possesses a very high thermal storage capacity, much higher than the building materials like brick, concrete, and stone.
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN-VI
TOPIC: ELEMENTS & FEATURESS OF COMPOSITE CLIMATE
SHEET NO : 02 REMARKS:
SUBMITTED TO: Ar.Davinder pal singh Ar. Manu chaudhary
COMPACTNESS: The building form also determines the airflow pattern around the building, directly affecting its ventilation. The compactness of the building is measured using the ratio of area to volume (S/V). The depth of a building also determines the need for artificial lighting. The greater the depth, the higher the need for artificial lighting. The circular geometry has a rock bottom S/+ ratio thus the conduction gains from the building envelope also as solar gains from windows are the smallest amount, in circular geometry in comparison to other building geometries which is the most energy-efficient in composite climate.
SOURCE: https://www.novatr.com/blog/passive-design-strategies-composite-climate#:~:text=Shading%20Devices,amount%20of%20direct%20solar%20radiation, https://www.slideshare.net/RohitBhatt15/architectural-featuresof-composite-climate-in-india, https://www.slideshare.net/MDSABUJALAM/shelter-for-composite-climate, https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-of-Earth-Air-Tunnel-System-3_fig1_367698484
SUBMITTED BY: BHAVI N S 12100131 BHAVITHA N S 12100132 MAITREYI R S 12106074
LEED & GRIHA CERTIFICATION LEED:
Suzlon One Earth, Pune:
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is the world's most widely used green building rating system. LEED certification provides a framework for healthy, highly efficient, and cost-saving green buildings, which offer environmental, social and governance benefits.
PURPOSE OF A LEED CERTIFIED BUILDING: provides a framework for healthy, highly efficient, and cost-saving green buildings, which offer environmental, social and governance benefits.
THE BULLITT CENTER IN SEATTLE, WASHINGTON: Rainwater harvesting system that meets 90% of nonpotable water needs 260 kW rooftop solar panels generating over half the building's electricity Green roof providing insulation and habitat for pollinators Natural ventilation and daylighting maximizing occupant comfort and reducing energy use
THE ARBOR IN PORTLAND, OREGON: Energy-efficient appliances and lighting systems reducing energy consumption by 20% Water-saving fixtures minimizing water use by 30% Bike parking garage encouraging sustainable transportation options Rooftop garden providing green space and recreation for residents
THE SOLAIRE IN BATTERY PARK CITY, NEW YORK: Solar panels generating 10% of the building's electricity Green roof absorbing rainwater and reducing heat island effect Graywater reuse system recycling water for irrigation and toilet flushing
SOURCE:
Onsite and offsite renewable energy: 18 hybrid wind turbines and offsite wind farms generate all the building's electricity. Water conservation: Rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling, and water-efficient fixtures minimize water usage. Natural daylight and ventilation: Strategically placed windows and light shelves maximize natural light and reduce reliance on artificial lighting. Sustainable materials: Recycled and locally sourced materials minimize the environmental impact of construction.
KITE, CHICAGO, USA: A green roof that helps to insulate the building and reduce stormwater runoff Solar panels that generate electricity A rainwater harvesting system that collects and reuses rainwater for irrigation High-efficiency windows and appliances A bicycle parking garage and electric car charging stations
MOTIVATIONS FOR LEED CERTIFICATION IN HOUSING: Environmental benefits: Reduced energy and water consumption, minimized waste generation, and responsible material use lessen the building's environmental footprint. Financial benefits: Lower utility bills due to energy efficiency, potential tax breaks and incentives, and increased property value due to LEED certification attract environmentally conscious tenants. Health benefits: Improved indoor air quality, access to natural light and green spaces, and opportunities for active living contribute to resident well-being. Community benefits: LEED-certified multifamily projects can revitalize neighborhoods, promote walkable and bikeable communities, and contribute to a more sustainable city infrastructure.
GRIHA: GRIHA is a rating tool that helps people assesses the performance of their building against certain nationally acceptable benchmarks. It evaluates the environmental performance of a building holistically over its entire life cycle, thereby providing a definitive standard for what constitutes a 'green building'.
PURPOSE OF A GRIHA CERTIFIED BUILDING: GRIHA attempts to minimize a building's resource consumption, waste generation, and overall ecological impact to within certain nationally acceptable limits / benchmarks.
ASHRAYA INITIATIVE FOR CHILDRE IN BANGALORE, INDIA.
1675 MULTI DWELLING UNITS AT JAILORWALA BAGH, DELHI Energy Efficiency: The project incorporates several features to reduce energy consumption, such as energy-efficient lighting, passive cooling techniques, and efficient building envelope design. This helps to lower the building's operating costs and carbon footprint. Water Efficiency: The project uses water-saving fixtures and rainwater harvesting systems to reduce water consumption. This is especially important in Delhi, which faces water scarcity challenges. Material Efficiency: The project uses locally sourced and recycled materials whenever possible to minimize the environmental impact of construction. This also helps to support the local economy. Indoor Environment Quality: The project provides occupants with healthy and comfortable living spaces by ensuring adequate ventilation, natural light, and thermal comfort.
1. Energy Efficiency: The design of the housing units incorporates energy-efficient technologies, such as energy-efficient lighting, appliances, and insulation, to 24 NGO +72 CONSTABLE QUARTERS MULTI STOREY (G+6) GOLE LINE JEHANGIRABAD minimize energy consumption. 2. Water Conservation: The project implements waterBHOPAL Reduced energy consumption: The G+6 design efficient fixtures and rainwater harvesting systems to likely incorporates energy-efficient features like reduce overall water consumption and promote LED lighting, passive cooling techniques, and sustainable water management. optimized building envelope design, leading to 3. Waste Management: Ashraya Initiative for Children lower operational costs and a smaller carbon focuses on effective waste management practices, footprint. including waste segregation and recycling, to minimize Water conservation: Water-saving fixtures and the environmental impact associated with construction rainwater harvesting systems might be and ongoing operations. employed to minimize water usage, especially 4. Green Materials: During construction, the project important in water-scarce regions like Bhopal. utilized eco-friendly and locally sourced materials, Sustainable materials: The project might contributing to the reduction of the environmental prioritize locally sourced and recycled materials footprint associated with transportation and in its construction, minimizing environmental manufacturing. impact and supporting the local economy. 5. Site Planning: The housing project is designed with considerations for the local ecosystem, optimizing site MOTIVATIONS FOR LEED CERTIFICATION IN planning to preserve existing greenery and reduce the HOUSING: heat island effect in urban areas. Environmental benefits: Reduced environmental impact Improved air and water quality Reduced greenhouse gas emissions Economic benefits: Lower operating costs Increased property values Government incentives Social benefits: Improved occupant health and well-being Increased access to green housing Job creation
https://www.grihaindia.org/, https://www.archdaily.com/466958/suzlon-one-earth-global-corporate-headquarters-christopher-benninger, https://www.cosentini.com/index.php/portfolio/projects-by-market/residential/34projects-by-markets/residential/221-battery-park-city-the-solaire
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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN-VI
TOPIC: LEED & GRIHA
SHEET NO :
REMARKS:
SUBMITTED TO: Ar.Davinder pal singh Ar. Manu chaudhary
SUBMITTED BY: BHAVI N S 12100131 BHAVITHA N S 12100132 MAITREYI R S 12106074
INNOVATIONS 3D PRINTED HOMES A home that can be 3D printed in just 24 hours at the cost of $4000. The 350 square foot prototype was unveiled in Austin, Texas this year, becoming the first 3D printed house in the US to meet local housing regulations. New Story now plans to build the first community of 3D printed homes in El Salvador in 2019. Communities are also able to use ICON’s software to customise their homes to meet specific needs. The 3D printer uses a converted blueprint or CAD drawing to create a physical structure by gradually printing the material in layers. This process is, in most cases, more cost and time efficient than traditional construction techniques. The 3D construction printer mainly focuses on the house's basic structure. This means that the installation of components such as windows, doors and electrical systems are done after the printing process. The technology can also be used for building industrial, public and commercial constructions and sections of other structures – wind turbines, for example.
MODULAR AND PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION: Modular Construction: In modular construction, entire rooms or sections of a building, called modules, are constructed off-site in a factory setting. These modules are typically built to standard dimensions and specifications. Once completed, the modules are transported to the construction site and assembled into the final structure. Modular construction offers advantages such as reduced construction time, better quality control, and potentially lower costs. Prefabricated Construction: Prefabricated construction involves the manufacturing of individual components or panels off-site. These components can include walls, floors, roofs, and other building elements. Once manufactured, these prefabricated components are transported to the construction site and assembled into the final structure. Prefabricated construction allows for greater flexibility in design and can also offer benefits in terms of speed and efficiency. SMART HOME HEATING Due to the constant need to maintain the house at a comfortable temperature, efficient heat management of the living space is a top priority for homeowners. New smart home heating technologies allow intelligent and selective heating, eliminating the need of warming the whole house. There is an emphasis on greener alternatives as well as saving energy and money while reducing emissions. Programmable thermostats let users control and automatically schedule the room temperature. Other smart home heating devices include heat pump systems and smart water heaters.
SMART HOMES A smart home is a home furnished with devices that can be controlled remotely from a phone or a computer. These homes give the possibility to control the various devices of your house while you are not there. For example, if you go for a vacation, you can make sure you haven’t forgotten any lights in your house and avoid a massive electricity bill. It can also notify you if someone tries to break into your house and alert the police. As smart homes were considered a luxury before, they are becoming more and more common, as technologies become more accessible. Using a floor plan on your home automation application to visualize the property can improve your user experience. Indeed, it is a way of seeing the layout of your home and helps you eliminate any mistake that could happen when interacting with your smart devices. It is also a way to get rid of lists and hard-to-use tree structures that could be confusing when switching your devices on or off. SUSTAINABLE HOME With consumers increasingly opting for sustainable lifestyles, initiatives to reduce emissions are also making their way to homes. Smart homes are adopting advanced technologies to improve sustainability. Some of these innovations include the use of renewable energy, sustainable materials, and rethinking water storage and conservation. With the incorporation of renewable energy through photovoltaic cells, solar hot water harvesting, and energy harvesting, homes have access to sustainable energy. Rainwater harvesting systems and intelligent irrigation systems contribute to the more efficient use of water.
INNOVATIVE MATERIALS POWER GENERATING GLASS Energy use in built spaces is a big concern considering that buildings contribute to 40% of global carbon emissions. This hatched the idea of power-generating glass. Solar and wind systems have been in use for a long but now, turning windows into solar panels has become a reality. This hatched the idea of power-generating glass. Power generating glass resembles regular glass, but it can deflect invisible light wavelengths and convert them to energy. This glass reduces electricity costs, minimizes pollution, and adds to a structure's architectural appeal. SELF-HEALING CONCRETE This is a new type of concrete that imitates the healing of a human body after having wounds. It achieves this by secreting some materials into the concrete. This concrete is made by adding fibers or capsules that have adhesive liquids into the concrete mix. After cracking, the capsules or fibers break and secrete the fluids, subsequently healing the concrete. This technology is, however, still in the research stage. This automatic healing of concrete will increase the lifespan of concrete and reduce the costs expended for repairs. If cracks expand and get to the reinforcement, it leads to corrosion. However, this self-healing concrete prevents this from happening. TRANSPARENT WOOD Transparent wood is a revolutionary construction material that is a great alternative to glass and plastic. It has the same strength as lumber and is much lighter. It is made by compressing and treating thin strips of wood. The lignin is replaced with polymers to make the wood transparent in the treating process. Among the favorable properties of transparent wood is its low density compared to glass, low thermal conductivity, and high optical transmittance. The optical transmittance reduces the need for artificial light, thus minimizing power consumption. HYDRO CERAMICS Hydro ceramics are a new technology for constructing walls and allow walls to react to outdoor temperatures. These smart walls are made of clay panels and water capsules that absorb water to cool a building. A hydro ceramic wall acts as a cooling device by reducing the temperature and increasing the humidity. The trapped water can evaporate when the exterior heat rises and expels cold air into the building. These walls can reduce room temperature by up to 5 degrees Celsius. It also increases the humidity in hot, dry climates by 15%, making premises more habitable. Clay and hydrogels are inexpensive, making these buildings a low-cost alternative.
DISASTER-RESISTANT AND RESILIENT HOUSING: In regions prone to natural disasters, innovative housing solutions focus on improving resilience and minimizing damage. This includes using resilient materials, elevated designs, storm-resistant structures, and decentralized energy and water systems. Resilient homes often use durable and disaster-resistant materials such as reinforced concrete, steel framing, impact-resistant glass, and weather-resistant siding.
LIGHT GENERATING CEMENT According to a study from UMSNH of Morelia, concrete can absorb and radiate light, providing better functionality and versatility concerning energy efficiency. Light-generating cement has many potential uses. We can use it in parking lots, swimming pools, and road safety signs. We produce this cement by altering the microstructure of cement for it to absorb solar energy and later emit light in the darkness. Currently, the colors in light-generating cement are blue and green, and contractors can adjust the light intensity to meet the requirements.
SOURCE: https://safetyculture.com/topics/construction-innovation/, https://medium.com/purposemagazine/5-innovations-to-transform-the-future-of-homes-and-communities-c578f470ebff, https://housinginnovation.co/innovations/, https://chat.openai.com/
ARC355
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN-VI
TOPIC: INNOVATIONS
SHEET NO : 01 REMARKS:
SUBMITTED TO: Ar.Davinder pal singh Ar. Manu chaudhary
SUBMITTED BY: BHAVI N S 12100131 BHAVITHA N S 12100132 MAITREYI R S 12106074
UNIVERSAL DESIGN FOR HOUSING VEHICLE ACCESS, CAR PARKING AND GARAGES People with disabilities and the elderly can often drive, so they need vehicle access and car parking up to the house. There are no special driveway requirements, but it’s recommended that parking areas are 3.5 m wide for wheelchair users and 3 m wide for ambulant disabled people . If possible, a garage should have direct access into the house to provide: shelter , security , storage and battery recharging space for electric mobility scooters. The garage should also be wide enough for a wheelchair user to get in and out of the car . Access between the garage and house should be either level or ramped.
ACCESSIBLE AND INCLUSIVE ENTRANCES:
Ground-floor entrances: Provide level access to the main building from sidewalks and parking areas. Eliminate any steps or curbs to create a seamless transition. Ramp access: If ground-floor entry isn't feasible, offer welldesigned ramps with appropriate slope, handrails on both sides, and landing areas at the top and bottom. Automated doors: Install automatic door openers at all main entrances for ease of access, especially for those with mobility limitations.
INCLUSIVE OUTDOOR SPACES AND AMENITIES: Accessible gardens and green spaces: Design gardens with level paths, firm ground cover, and raised planter beds for wheelchair users. Include accessible picnic tables and seating areas for community gatherings. Playground accessibility: Ensure playgrounds have accessible features like ramps, adaptive swings, and rubberized surfacing for safe and inclusive play. Parking with designated accessible spaces: Provide ample parking spaces close to entrances and designated accessible stalls with wider bays and lowered van-accessible aisles.
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION AND CONNECTIVITY: Convenient access to public transportation: Locate housing developments near bus stops, train stations, or other public transport options to encourage sustainable and independent mobility. Designated pick-up and drop-off zones: Create clearly marked pick-up and drop-off zones close to entrances for taxis, ride-sharing services, and personal vehicles. Safe crossing areas: Provide well-marked crosswalks with pedestrian signals and accessible curb ramps at intersections for safe and independent movement across streets.
SUSTAINABLE AND RESPONSIVE SITE DESIGN: Site layout for natural light and ventilation: Optimize building placement and landscaping to maximize natural light and ventilation throughout the site. This enhances comfort, reduces reliance on artificial lighting, and promotes wellbeing. Water management and conservation: Implement rainwater harvesting systems and permeable paving to reduce stormwater runoff and promote water conservation. This creates a more sustainable and resilient environment. Integration with the surrounding community: Design the housing development to seamlessly integrate with the existing community fabric. This fosters social connections and a sense of belonging for residents.
SPACIOUS AND MANEUVERABLE CORRIDORS: WELL-CONNECTED AND NAVIGABLE PATHS:
Wide and level pathways: Maintain a minimum width of 5 feet for sidewalks and paths to accommodate wheelchairs, walkers, and people with reduced mobility. Ensure level surfaces with firm materials to prevent tripping. Clear signage and wayfinding: Use clear and consistent signage with high contrast and raised lettering or Braille for visual impairments. Provide maps and directional information to help residents and visitors navigate the site easily. Rest areas and benches: Place strategically placed benches and seating areas along paths for people to rest and socialize. Choose designs with armrests for added support and stability.
Wide and level corridors: Maintain a minimum width of 5 feet for hallways and corridors to accommodate wheelchairs, walkers, and people with reduced mobility. Ensure level surfaces with firm materials to prevent tripping. Turning circles: Create clear turning circles at hallway intersections and dead ends to allow wheelchairs and other mobility aids to navigate comfortably. Handrails: Install continuous handrails on both sides of walls at appropriate heights for support and stability.
INCLUSIVE STAIRCASE DESIGN:
Well-lit stairs: Ensure adequate lighting on stairs with consistent riser and tread heights for safety and ease of use. Non-slip surfaces: Choose slip-resistant materials for stairs to prevent accidents, especially in wet or snowy conditions. Contrasting handrails: Use handrails with high contrast colors or textures to aid visual impairment.
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ACCESSIBLE AND OPEN COMMON AREAS:
Level and accessible common areas: Design shared spaces like lobbies, laundry rooms, and recreation areas to be level and accessible for everyone. Eliminate steps or provide ramps and lifts. Ample space for movement: Ensure adequate space for wheelchairs and other mobility aids to maneuver comfortably in common areas. Avoid overcrowding furniture or creating narrow pathways. Accessible furniture: Choose furniture with armrests and appropriate heights for ease of use by people with different abilities.
UNIVERSAL RESTROOMS AND FACILITIES: Accessible stalls and fixtures: Provide at least one accessible stall in each restroom with grab bars, lowered sinks, and toilets with raised seats. Automatic faucets and soap dispensers: Install touchless faucets and soap dispensers to promote hygiene and accessibility for people with limited hand mobility. Clear signage and labeling: Use clear and consistent signage with raised lettering or Braille for visual impairments. Label restrooms and facilities for easy identification.
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN-VI
TOPIC: UNIVERSAL DESIGN
SHEET NO :
REMARKS:
SUSTAINABLE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY FEATURES: Natural light and ventilation: Design blocks to maximize natural light penetration and cross-ventilation. This reduces reliance on artificial lighting and promotes energy efficiency. Accessible outdoor spaces: Create accessible balconies, courtyards, or rooftop gardens for residents to enjoy the outdoors. Use level paths, firm ground cover, and strategically placed seating areas. Water conservation measures: Implement rainwater harvesting systems or greywater reuse solutions to conserve water and reduce environmental impact.
SUBMITTED TO: Ar.Davinder pal singh Ar. Manu chaudhary
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS: Accessible evacuation routes: Ensure all levels have accessible evacuation routes, including ramps and designated accessible exits. Emergency call systems: Install accessible emergency call systems throughout the building, including pull cords in bathrooms and bedrooms. Emergency preparedness information: Provide clear and accessible information about evacuation procedures and emergency contacts.
SOURCE: https://www.branz.co.nz/universal-design/universal-design-dimensioned-diagrams/, https://code.universaldesign.org/chapter/parking-areas, https://www.nahb.org/courses/Universal-Design-Essentials---42957
SUBMITTED BY: BHAVI N S 12100131 BHAVITHA N S 12100132 MAITREYI R S 12106074