1.1 Introduction

1 . 1 I NTR O DUC TI ON:

Commuting is defined as traveling from one’s home and workplace on regular basis.

Initially, there was no commuting. Before the Industrial Revolution, most people lived and worked in rural areas. Visits were rare to try; it was expensive and often unnecessary for the residents of the agricultural community. Our current definition of travel - regular longdistance travel between home and work - did not exist until the 19th century.

As agriculture provides ways to new forms of energy and productivity, the need for workers in urban areas escalated. Immigrants and residents have turned to cities for more sustainable work, tightened housing supplies, and created living standards to live in an unhealthy area. By the mid-1800s, the slums in the industrial area were so overcrowded that working families began to move out, and many wealthy residents set up columns in the suburbs.

In New York City, for example, the segregation demanded by wealthy New Yorkers made travel to their workplace difficult - vendors and bankers sometimes walked two miles or more (about 40 blocks, or ~ 40 minutes) from Midtown to Wall Street. Then in 1814, the Fulton Ferry Company gave birth to the first American passenger terminal: Brooklyn Heights. Heights has grown in popularity due to its new spirit and proximity to Manhattan; it took an average passenger an hour from work to get home. In 1860, Fulton’s Ferries carried 100,000

workers across the East River each day.

Three important factors, namely. the allocation of economic activities and the availability of jobs in space, the distance between residence and work, and the wage gap between source and destination, collectively determine the decision of workers to move or leave. In addition to these factors, transportation access, time, and transportation costs are very important in communicating the decision to go to work. While the theoretical forms in residential and workplace are at a high level, in the context of developing countries are limited, especially between rural and urban areas. In fact, to date, most travel documents have continued to migrate. This is despite an increase in the number of migrant workers from rural and urban areas. It is also true that the number of passengers daily is greater if it is not larger than the seasonal or permanent migration of any year (Chandrasekhar et al., 2017). Additionally, with the dependence on non-farm employment and earnings among rural households, commuting has become a far more important channel to be understood and facilitated.