qef[D'&if- ½Sifa,m[ef 3;1

txl;acgif;pOf - ]]qef[D'&if}} I. tcsuftvuft&if;tjrpfrsm; u. "r®opfusrf;?

c. Flavius Josephus \ ]] Antiquities of the Jesus }} *. Talmud usrf;*efrS Mishnah u@? "r®opfusrf;ESifh Josephus \a&;om;csufwdkUESifh &AÁdqdkif&m a&;om;csufwdkUwGifwckESifhwck qDavSsmfrI r&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ &AÁdqkdif&m a&;om;csufwdkUwGif a,&k&SvifjrdKUü qef[D'&ifvTwfawmf ESpfck&Sdí wpfckrSm ,Zfyka&m[dwfrif;xdef; csKyfxm;onfh w&m;a&;&mESifh qdkifaom vTwfawmfESifh 'kwd,wpfckrSm zg&d&SJESifhusrf;wwfrsm;xdef;csKyfxm;onfh bmoma&; ESifhxHk;wrf;"avhESifhqdkifaom vTwfawmfwdkUjzpfonf/ odkUaomfvnf; at'D 200wGif a&;om;onfh&AÁdqdkif&ma&;om;csufESifh at'D70 ü AdkvfcsKyfwdwkrS a,&k&Sviftm;zsufqD;jyD;aemufydkif; "avhxHk;wrf;tajctaeudkawGU&onf/ ,k'vlwdkUu Jamnia 4if;wdkU\bmoma&; pepfwckudk jyefvnftpjyKjyD; at'D118 aemufydkif;*gvdvJe,fodkUjyefvnfa&TUajymif;Muonf/ II. a0g[m&pk? þw&m;a&;&mESifhqdkifaom qefwD'&ifudk tjcm; tac:ta0: rsm;jzifhvnf; awGU&onf/ a,&k&Svif&Sd ,k'todkif; t0dkif;tMum; w&m;a&;&m qdkif&m tac:ta0:rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;awGU&onf/ u. Gerousia - ]]qDedwf}} odkUr[kwf ]]aumifpD}} yg&Sm;acwfumv tqHk;ydkif;ü toHk;jyKonfh a&S;tusqHk; t ac:ta0: jzpfonf/ (Josephus \Antiquities 12.3.3 ESifh II maccabees 11:27) &Sifvkumu wrefawmf 5;21 wGifqef[D'&if tac: ta0:ESifhwGJoHk;xm;onf/ *&dbmompum;ajym pmzwfolrsm;twGuf &nf&G,f toHk;jyK[ef&Sdonf/ (I macc . 12:35) c. Synedrion - ]]qef[D'&if}} syn (twlwuG) ESifh hedra (ae&mxkdifcHk) ESpfvHk;aygif;pyf ac:a0:jcif;jzpfonf/ tma&rdbmompum;ü toHk;jyKaomfvnf; *&dpum;vHk;xif[yfaeonfrSm tHhMozG,f jzpfonf/ Maccabean tcsdefumvaemufydkif; a,&k&Svif&Sd*sL;wdkU\ txl;vTwfawmf&kH;ü vufcH toHk;jyK vmMuonf (róJ26;59 rmuk15;1ç vkum22;66ç a,m11;47ç wrefawmf5;27)/ 4if;toHk;tEIH;udkyif a,&k&Svifjyify&Sd a'oEÅm& w&m;a&;&mXgewdkUüyg toHk;jyKvmaomtcg &IwfaxG;rIudkjzpfaponf (róJ5;22ç 10;17)/ *. Presbyterion ]]OD;aqmifolrsm;aumifpD}} (vkum22;66) "r®a[mif;rS rsdK;EG,fpkacgif;aqmif rsm;tm; tac: ta0:jzpfonf/ aemufydkif; a,&k&Svif txl;vTwfawmfudk&nfnTef;aom toHk;tEIH;wckjzpfvmcJhonf/ (wrefawmf22;5) C. Boulē – þaumifpD toHk;tEIH;udk Josephus utoHk;jyKjyD; (Ulars 2. 16.2; 5.4.2, odkUaomf "r®opfusrf;ü ryg) (1) a&mr&Sd qD;edwf vTwfawmf (2) a&mr a'oEÅm&w&m;a&;&m (3) a,&k&Svif?,k'w&m;&kH; ESifh (4) ,k'a'oEÅm& w&m;a&;&mXge rsm;udk azmfjy&mü toHk;jyKonf/ t&dróJjrdKom; a,moyfom; qef[D'&if vTwfawmfrS [kazmfjy&m 0,f þ vTwfawmfrS jzpfonf/ (bouleutēs \ teufrSm ]]vTwft&m&Sd}} jzpfonf? rmuk15;43ç vkum23;50)/ III. acwfumv tajymif;tvJ? rlvtptm;jzifh {Zvufxuf jynfawmfjyeftcsdefumv w&m;p&yfwck zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufcsdefrSonf (Targum Song of Songs 6:1) a,&Iocifvufxuf&Sd qef[D'&ifvTwfawmftjzpfodkUwdkifatmif jzpfyHk&onf/ u. Mishnah (Talmud) rSwfwrf;t& a,&k&Svifü ta&;ygaomw&m;a&;&m Xge ESpfck&Sdonf/ (Sanh . 7:1)

1. wpfckrSm ta,muf70 (odkUr[kwf71) jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onfhtzGJU (Sand 1:6 üarma&Sonf awmvnf&m 11ü þ yxrqHk;aom qef[D'&ifudk tpjyKzGJUpnf;cJhonf[kyifqdkonf? awmvnf&m 11;16-25) 2. aemufwpfckrSm 23a,mufjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onfh tzGJU (a'oEÅm& w&m;Z&yfrsm;&Sd w&m;a&;&mXgersm;udk &nfnTef; [ef&Sdonf/) 3. tcsdKU,k'vlrsdK; usrf;wwfrsm;url a,&k&Svifü 23a,muftzGJU zGJUpnf;xm;onfhtzGJU oHk;zGJU&Sdonf[k ,HkMunfMu onf/ xdkokH;zGJUpkpnf;vkyfaqmifonfhtcg acgif;aqmifESpfOD;uOD;aqmifí 71OD; yg0ifaom vTwfawmf tzGJU[kac: onf[kqdkonf/ (Nasi ESifh Av Bet Din) u) ,Zfyka&m[dwfqdkif&m (Z'´KuúJ) c) w&m;a&;qkdif&m (zg&d&SJ) *) tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m (tMuD;tuJrsm;) c. ,k'vlrsdK;wdkU jynfawmfjyef tcsdefumvü 'g0d'frsdK;&dk;ü aZ&kAaAv jzpfjyD;tm&keftrsdK;ürl a,m&IwkdUudkawGU& onf/ aZ&kAaAv aoqHk;jyD;aemufydkif; 'g0d'frsdK;&dk;r&SdawmhjyDjzpf&m ,Zfyka&m[dwfqdkif&müjzpfap (1 Macc 12:6) a'oEÅm&tMuD;trSL;t&müjzpfap (ae[rd2;16ç 5;7) w&m;a&;&mvTrf;rdk;rI ywfowfrIr&Sdawmhay/ *. *&dtifyg,m vTrf;rdk;onfh tcsdefumvü ,Zfyka&m[dwfvkyfxHk;tm; w&m;a&;&mtqHk;tjzwftjzpf twnf jyKjcif;udk Diodorus 40:3:4-5 ü awGU&onf/ C. þ ,Zfyka&m[dwfvkyfxHk;ü tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm ywfoufrIudk Selucid tcsdefumvü qufvufí awGU&Sd&

onf/ Josephus udk;um;onfh Antichus “ the Great” III (223 – 187 B.C) in Antiquities 12, 138-142. i. þ ,Zfyka&m[dwf tcGifhtmPmoufa&mufrIonf Maccabean tcsdefumwdkif atmifvnf; qufvuf&Sdae

onfudk Josephus \Antiquities 13.10. 5-6; 13.15.5 üawGU&onf/ p. a&mr tifyg,m vufxuf qD;&D;,m; bk&ifcH (Gabinius 57-55 B.C ) u e,fajr ig;ae&mESifh qdkifaom ]qef[D'&if} udk tpjyKcJhaomfvnf; (Josephus, Antiquities, 14.5.4 ESifh Wars 1.8.5) aemufydkif;a&mr t pdk;&u zsufodrf;cJhonf (47 bDpD)/ q. qef[D'&ifonf 37 bDpDü a[&k'frif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ESifh pyfqdkifjyD; xdyfwdkuf jzpfvmonfhtcg vTwfawmf t rwfrsm;pGm ajcrIef;owfjzwfcH&onf/ (Josephus, Antiquities 14.9.4; 15.1.2) Z. Josephus \ (Antiquities 20.200.251) t& a&mrtkyfcsKyfrI atmufwGif qef[D'&ifrS vkyfydkifcGifhtmPm jyefvnf&,lonfudk tHhMobG,fawGU&jyefonf (rmuk14;55)/ ,Zfyka&m[dwfrif;\ OD;aqmifrIatmufü w &m;a&;&m udkifwG,frIudk "r®opfü oHk;MudrfawGU&onf/ 1. a,&IESifhpyfqdkifí (rmuk14;53 15;1ç a,m18;12-23ç 28;32) 2. ayw&kESifh a,m[ef (wrefawmf 4;3-6) 3. aygvk (wrefawmf22;25-30) ps. at'D66ü ,k'vlrsdK;wdkUawmfvSefykefuefaomtcg tusdK;quftaejzifh a,&k&SvifjrdKU omru ,k'vlrsdK;wkdU \ tzGJUtpnf; tm;vHk; at'D70 wGif ajcrIef;cH&jyD; ysufokPf; &avonf/ Jamnia ü zm&d&SJwdkU jyefvnfpk pnf;aomfvnf; qef[D'&ifonf tjyD;tydkifed*Hk;csKyfoGm;onf/ IV. zGJUpnf;rI? u. or®musrf;pmrS a,&k&Svif txufvTwfawmfudk 2&mcsKyf19;8-11 ü OD;pGmazmfjyonf/ (1) av0dvlrsm; (2) ,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;ESifh (3) vlrsdK;pk acgif;aqmifrsm; yg0ifonf (tMuD;tuJrsm;ç1Macc 14:20 , 11 Macc

4:44)/ c. Maccbean acwfumvwGif (1) Z'´KuúJ todkif; t0dkif;ESifh (2) rsdK;EG,fpk acgif;aqmif rsm;u xdef;csKyfxm;

onf/ (1Macc 7:33, 11:23, 14;28) aemufydkif;ü usrf;wwfrsm; (arma&S\ ynwÅdvdkufavSsmufol zg&d&SJ rsm;) yg0ifvmjyD; Alexander Jannaeus \ ZeD; Solome (76-67bDpD) ygxif&Sm;onf/ olronf zg&d&SJ wkdUtay:rsm;pGmvTrf;rdk;rI&SdcJhonf[kqdkonf (Josephus Wars of the Jews 1.5.2)/ *. ocifa,&I tcsdefumvü rl 1. ,Zfyka&m[dwf rif;todkif;t0dkif;? 2. vluHkxH todkif;t0dkif;? 3. usrf;wwfrsm; (vkum19;47) wdkUyg0ifonf/ V. tcsuftvufrSDjirf;rI?

u. Dictionary of Jews and the Gospel IVP pp 728-732 c. The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopidia of the Bible, Vol.5, pp 268-273 *. The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol.10, pp. 203-204

C. The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible Vol.4, pp 214-218 i. Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol.14, pp 836-839

3;2 - ]nOfhtcg} ntcsdefonf taESmuft,Sufuif;aomaMumifh oifMum;jcif;jyK&ef taumif;qHk;tcsdeftjzpf &AÁdwdkUu,l qonf/ edaum'if taeESifh a,&IESifhtwl&Sdaeonfudk tjcm;olrsm;jrifrnfpdk;í ntcsdef ykef;vSsdK;uG,fvSsdK;vm[ef&Sdonf/ ESpfrsdK; ESpfzHkem;vnfapaom a,m[ef\a&;om;csuftwdkif; þae&mwGifvnf; tvif;ESifhtarSmifMum; uGm[rI udkawGU&jyef

onf/ (NET Bible, p.1898, #7 sn udk&I)  t&Sifbk&m; (&AÁd) ]]q&m}}[k em;vnf&onf/ (1;38ç 4;31ç rmuk9;5ç 11;21) ,k'acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh a,&I ESifhywfowfjyD;pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpf&onfh tcsufrsm;teufwcsufrSm a,&Ionf rnfonfhtcgrSs &AÁdqdkif&mausmif; r wufchjJcif;yifjzpfonf/ emZ&ufjrdKU&Sd a'oEÅm& w&m;p&yfürSty rnfonfhae&mwGifrS oifMum;rIr&SdcJhay/  ]bk&m;ocif\tcGifhr&SdvSsif} trSefwu,f jzpfwnfrIudk &nfnTef;onf/  ]udk,fawmfonf bk&m;ocifxHawmfrS MuGvmawmfrlaom q&mjzpfaMumif;} w&m;a[m&musrf;18;15-18 rS y a&mzufjyKcsufudk oG,f0dkuf&nfnTef;[ef&Sdonf/ ocifa,&I\ vkyfaqmifrIESifh EIwfawmfxGufwefcdk;udk edaum'if odrSwf aomfvnf; þtqifhonf bk&m;ESifh0dnmOfa&;&m rSefuefrI&SdaejyD[k rqdkEdkifay/ 3;3ç5ç11 - ]igtrSeftuefqdkonf} tmrif?tmrif [k vnf; em;vnfEdkifonf/ "r®a[mif;toHk;tEIH; ]],HkMunfjcif;}} rS qif;oufvmonf/ twnfjyKjcif; aocsmapjcif; tay: tajcjyKxm;onf/ xl;jcm;onfhrdefUqdkrIwdkif;\tpjyKjcif;ü ocif a,&Iu oHk;EIH;onf/ ppfrSefaom abmfjycsufwcktm; twnfjyKjcif;wGif tqHk;owfjcif;üvnf; oHk;EIH;onf/ txl;acgif;pOf ]]tmrif}} 1;51 udk&I

 NASB,NKJV,TEV - ]'kwd,arG;jcif;} NRSV,NJB - ]txuft&yfrSarG;jcif;} an ōthen [laompum;vHk;udk (1) cE¨mtm;jzifh'kwd,tMudrfarG;jcif; (2) tpueOD;rS arG;jcif; (wrefawmf26;4) ESifh þusrf;ydk'ffwGif&nfnTef;aom (3) txuft&yfrSarG;jcif; (3;7ç31ç 19;11) [lí em;vnfEdkifonf/

a,m[ef\ t"dyÜg,fESpfrsdK; nTef;qdkaom toHk;tEIH;udk wzefawGU&jyefonf/ tjyeftvSef t"dyÜg,foufa&mufaom þ&nfnTef;rI ESpfcsufvHk; rSefuefrI&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ (Bauer, Arndt, Gergrich ESifh Danker \ ]A Greek English Lexican of the New Testament, p.77) tcPf;i,f 4wGif edaum'ifu eHygwf(1) [k em;vnfaomfvnf; a,m[efESifhay w&k (1ay1;23)u u,fwifjcif;twGuf tuGsrf;w0if&SdjyD; toHk;tEIH;wifpm;csufudk aygvk\toHk;tEIH; ]]jzpfbGm;apjcif;}} uJhodkUem;vnfxm;onf/ OD;wnfazmfjyvdkonfrSm crnf;awmfbk&m;ocif\tpjyK vkyfaqmifjcif; yifjzpfonf (1;13)/ u,f wifjcif;[lonf bk&m;ocif\vufaqmifrGefESifhvkyfaqmifrIomjzpfonf (1;12-13ç a&mr3;2124ç 6;23ç {zuf2;8-9)/  ]rjrif&} þtoHk;tEIH;pum;pkudk tcPf;i,f 5 ]]r0if&}} toHk;tEIH;ESifh ,SOfíem;vnfEdkifonf/  ]bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmf} &Sifa,m[efü þpum;pktoHk;udk ESpfMudrfomawGU&onf (;5)/ tjcm;c&pf0ifusrf;wdkUü t"du aomhcsuftoHk;tEIH;tjzpfawGU&onf/ ocifa,&IyxrqHk;tMudrfa[maom w&m;a[mcsufESifhaemufqHk;w&m;a[m csuf tygt0if yHkaqmifoHk;EIH;csufrsm;ü þtcsufudk tpOftoHk;jyKonf/ vlUESvHk;om;ü bk&m;\tkyfpdk;jcif; üvnf; þ t oHk;tEIH;udk oHk;EIH;Edkifonf/ a,m[efu usrf;wapmifvHk;ü ESpfMudrfomoHk;onfhtjyif a,&I\pum;awmfwdkUwGifwMudrfrSs roHk;onfudkvnf; tHhMobG,fawGU&onf/ atmufygtxl;acgif;pOfudkMunfhyg/ a,m[eftwGufrSmrl ]]xm0&touf}} [l aomtoHk;tEIH;onf aomhcsuftoHk;tEIH;ESifh wifpm;abmfjycsufwcktjzpfawGU&onf/ tem*wÅdqdkif&m abmfjycsuf (aemufqHk;aomtcsdefumv)ESifhpyfqdkifí ocifa,&I\ a[mMum;csufwdkUwGif þtoHk; tEIH;udk qufEG,foHk;EIH;xm;onfudkvnf;awGU&onf/ oDMoavmf*sDqkdif&m tqdkjzpfonfh ]]jzpfESifhjyD;om;ç rjzpfao;}} aom t&mESifhqufEG,frI&Sdaom ,k'vlrsdK;wdkUcH,lcsufacwfESpfacwfjzpfonfh vuf&Sdqdk;,kwfaomumvESifh vmrnfh ajzmifhrwfjcif; umvonf ar&Sd,tm;jzifhjzpfay:vmjyDjzpfonf/ ,k'vlrsdK;wdkUurl MuGvmrnfholonf "r®a[mif;umvpD&ifjcif;rsm;uJhodkU 0d nmOfwefcdk;jzifh ppfacgif;aqmiftoGifjzifharSsmfvifhaecJhMuonf/ c&pfawmfESpfMudrfMuGvmrnfht&mudk 4if;wdkUarSsmfvifh&macwf umvESpfacwf tMum;wMudrfwcgwnf;tjzpf rSwf,lcJhMuonf/ AufvufjrdKUüvlUZmwdcH,lí bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmfonf vlUordkif;aMumif;ü ae&m,lcJhjyD;jzpfonf/ odkUaomfvnf; Asm'dwf 19wGif azmfjyESifhonftwdkif;atmifEdkifaom ppfolMuD;uJhodkU r[kwfao;yJ tapcHuGsef (a[&Sm,53) uJhodkU ESdrfhcspGm (Zmc&d9;9) qif;MuGvmcJhonf/ xdkUaMumifhEdkifiHawmfonf tpjyKcJhjyD jzpfaomfvnf; (róJ3;2ç 4;17ç 10;7ç 11;12ç 12;28ç rmuk1;15ç vkum9;2ç11ç 11;20ç 21;31-32) jyD;jynfhpHkjcif;odkU r a&mufao;ay (róJ6;10ç 16;28ç 26;64)/ ,HkMunfolwdkUonf xdkumvESpfckvGefqGJaerIpyfMum; touf&SifMu&qJjzpfonf/ xajrmufjcif;toufwmudk ydkif qdkif&jyDjzpfaomfvnf; cE¨mtm;jzifh ao&MuqJjzpfonf/ tjypfwefckd;atmufrS vGwfajrmufjyD;jzpfaomfvnf; tjypfü usif vnfMuqJjzpfonf/ jzpfjyD;t&mESifh rjzpfao;onfht&mü tem*wÅdqdkif&mvGefqGJaerIMum; touf&Sifae&qJjzpfonf/ jzpfjyD;ç rjzpfao;aom vGefqGJrIudk Frank Stagg \ ]] New Testament Theology }} üazmfjyonfrSm ]]&Sifa,m[ef c&pf0ifusrf;onf vmrnfhtem*gwfumvukd tav;ay;A[dkjyKxm;jyD; (14;3ç 18;28ç 16;16ç22) xajrmufjcif;ESifhaemufqHk; aeU&ufüpD&ifjcif;ukd azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; (5;28ç 6;39ç 44;54ç 11;24ç 12;48) usrf;wapmifvHk;ü xm0&touf?pD&if jcif;ESifh xajrmufjcif;wdkUonf ,aeU ypöKyÜefwGifyifjzpfwnfaejyDjzpfonf[kqdkonf}} (3;18ç 4;23ç 5;25ç 6;54ç 11;23ç 12;28ç 13;31ç 14;17ç 17;26)/