latĂn eso
REALIA founding of rome roman monarchy
History
INDICE
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Romulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The reign of kings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The rape of Sabine women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The Horatii and the Curiatii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Lucretia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 How to quote. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
MEANING OF THE ICONS:
Identification of the subjects by colours: Natural Science
Classical culture and Latin
History
Mathematics
Identification by levels
1.º of E.S.O.
B-I
1.º Bachillerato
Other icons:
Activities
2.º of E.S.O.
B-II
2.º Bachillerato
3.º of E.S.O.
4º of E.S.O.
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Introduction Roman history is divided into different periods. The first one is Monarchy and you are going to know many things about it in this activity book. Thanks to the texts you are going to read you will know who and how many the Roman kings were, what each one of them did and how this period of the Roman history finished. And because the most of the Roman myths belong to this period, you will know some of them and their heritage in arts. The way to work is easy. You have to read the proposed texts. Some of them are taken from books and some from websites. If there is any word whose meaning you don´t know, look it up in a dictionary and write its meaning on the margin making a little gloss of it. After reading you will have to do the activities. You will be able to answer some of them only with the information obtained from the reading. But you will also have to look for more information to answer some of them. If you have to indicate your sources, follow the guidelines given on page 17. Quotations will be part of the marks. Be careful.The answers copied from the sources or from any partner won´t be taken into account.
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romulus
N
umitor, king of Alba Longa, was driven from the throne by his brother Amulius. Amulius then made Numitor´s daugther, Rhea Silvia, a Vestal virgin, since the priesthood required the maintenance of chastity, which, in Rea Silvia´s case, would prevent the birth of an avenger of Numitor. The god Mars, however, raped her, and she gave birth to twin sons, Romulus and Remus. Amulius ordered the twins to be thrown into the river Tiber.The Tiber was in flood, and the twins were washed ashore near a fig tree called the Ficus Ruminalis. A she wolf came upon them, suckled them, and brougth them up. Eventually, Faustulus, the royal hersdman, came upon them, and he and his wife brought them up as their own children. As the boys grew up and became involved in various bold deeds, including robbery, Remus was taken prisoner by Amulius, while Faustulus revealed to Romulus the secret of his parentage. Romulus rescued his brother, defeated Amulius, and reinstalled Numitor as king. The twins then decided to found a new city. Romulus set himself up on the Palatine hill, Remus on the Aventinus.When they took augury, six vultures first appeared to Remus but 12 vultures afterward appeared for Romulus. In the subsequent dispute over priority, Romulus killed Remus for daring to jump over his walls. Romulus became Rome´s first king. Romulus´s main problem was a lack of population in his newly founded community. He addresssed this problem first by setting up an asylum for fugitives of all sorts, who wished to join the Roman citizenry, next by tricking the nearby Sabines into coming to a festival in honor of Neptune and then stealing their wives. A war ensued, which eventually was broght to and end trough the intervention of the women themselves, who had begun to feel part of the Roman state. After a reign of about 40 years, Romulus vanished mysteriously amid a storm at a place called the Goat´s Marsh.He was thought to have been abducted by the gods and was worshipped under the name Quirinus. ROMAN, L and ROMAN, M. (2010). Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology, New York: Facts on file, pages 429-430.
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the reign of kings
A
fter Romulus, the first king, a series of six kings ruled Rome. Some of these kings may be ficitional characters and some may be real, but all of them are part of the traditional story of Rome´s beginning. Several kings after Romulus´s reign were responsible for enlarging the city, building religious temples, and calming down the neighboring Sabines (who were apparently still upset over their women being stolen at the harvest festival). The third king, Tullus Hostilius is believed to have built Rome´s senate house, which later became very important.The fifth, sixth and seventh kings were all Etruscans,They made a lot of improvements to the little city. In addition to the Colaca Maxima, they built temples and a fortification wall around the city, called the Servian wall after King Servius Tullius. The last Roman king was Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, or Tarquin the Proud. He became king through treachery and ruled cruelly. Tarquin´s wife, the daughter of king Servius, convinced her husband to have her fahter assassinated so that Tarquin could be the king. Tarquin was an arrogant man who had a rotten son named Sextus. Sextus raped his cousin´s wife, Lucretia, who then killed herself. Another cousin, Brutus, heard about this horrible act and got together enough people to start a rebellion to drive the Tarquins from power. He succeeded and that was the end of the reign of kings in Rome. DICKINSON, R. (2006), Tools of the Ancient Romans. Chicago: Nomad Press, pages.9,12
R
The rape of Sabine women
omulus created a sanctuary for fugitives in order to help increase the population of his new city.There were, however, not enough women to ensure the future of the city and requests to other cities for female inmigrants were scornfully refused. The problem was solved by a desperate measure. Romulus invited the surrounding tribes, including the Sabines, to the great annual festival of the Consualia, held in honour of Neptune. First his people courteously showed their visitors, who had brought their sons and daughters with them, round the new city. Immediately the festival began, however, the marriageable men of Rome ran through the crowds and seized all the marriageable daughters who had come with their parents. The festival broke up in panic, and the girls´angry parents escaped, lamenting the deception. Romulus reassured the terrified young women in turn, telling them that they would be honoured as married women and, eventually, mothers, sharing the privileges of the community.The men assured their chosen wives that their action had been prompted by love, and the women gradually accepted their husbands and settled down happily enough to motherhood. The neighbouring communities began a series of atttacks on Rome and were beaten back until the Sabines, under their king Titus Tatius, entered Rome through the treachery of a young Roman woman,Tarpeia, the daughter of the commander of the Roman citadel. The Romans and Sabines fought together on the marshy ground between the Palatine and 3
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Capitoline Hills. The situation was saved when the Sabine women, fearless of danger, threw themselves beween the armies. They begged their fathers and brothers to stop fighting their husbands, who were now also the fathers of their children. They cried that they would rather be killed themselves than be widowed or orphaned. Silence fell and not a man moved. Peace was concluded and two states were united under a single goverment, with Rome as the seat of power. The Romans, as a gesture to the Sabines began to call themselves Quirites, after the Sabine town of Cures. BARNETT, M (1999), Gods and Myths of the Romans, Kent: Grange Books, pages 32 - 34.
the horatii and the curiatii
D
uring the reign of Tullus Hostilius (c. 670 BC), the Romans found themselves at war with the Albans, their close kinsman. Because of these close ties, when their two armies met in the field Hostilius and the king of Alba Longa decided avoid unneeded bloodshed. Each army happened to contain a set of triplets. It was decided that these brothers should fight as champions for each side. The Horatii Brothers fought for the Roman side, and against them stood the Curiatii brothers. The home city of the losing side would be destroyed. In the initial battle, all three of the Curiatii were wounded. Two of the Horatii were killed. The sole remaining Roman champion was left to fight the three Curiatii. He however, was the only one not wounded. Not able to fight three men at once, the remaining Horatius turned and ran. The three Curiatii pursued him. One, who was only slightly wounded, managed to keep up. Another, who was wounded more seriously, lagged behind. The third, seriously wounded, fell far behind. Now that the brothers were separated, Horatius turned around and dispatched of the fastest brother. Then, he met the second brother and killed him as well. The third brother, seriously wounded, was no match for the healthy Horatius. Declaring that he had killed the first two to avenge the loss of his own brothers, and that he would now kill the third for Rome. Horatius then plunged his sword into the neck of the helpless man. Upon returning to Rome, Horatius met his younger sister, who happened to have been betrothed to one of the Curiatii. When she realized her fiancÊ was dead, she began to grieve for him. Enraged, Horatius took out his sword and stabbed his sister in the heart. Horatius was arrested and put on trial for his crime. As per the law, he was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. At that moment, however, Horatius’ father stepped forward and pleaded for his son. He said that his 4
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daughter deserved what she got. If it were not the case, he would have killed Horatius himself, as was the right of the father. On top of that, he said that he had already lost two sons, and it would be unjust to deprive him of the third. Remembering Horatius’ heroic actions in the battle and his father’s moving words, Horatius was set free. The only punishment declared for so grievous a crime was that the Horatian family must hold a festival for the people, something which the family continued to do yearly afterwards. http://dante.udallas.edu/hutchison/Seven_kings/Hostilius/ horatii_and_curiatii.htm, consulted on September15th
lucretia
I
n the time of king Tarquinius Superbus, the Romans were laying siege to Ardea, in the territory of the Rutulians. One day, some of the young leaders of the Roman army were boasting about the virtues of their wives, each claiming to have the best. They decided to ride their horses to secretly observe their wives. In Rome they saw that the daughters-in-law of the king were enjoying a lavish dinner-party. In Collatia, however, Lucretia, wife of Collatinus Tarquinius, (son of Egerius), was up in the middle of the night with her servants, working wool. Collatinus and the others were welcomed into the house, among them Sextus Tarquinius, son of the king. A few days later, Sextus Tarquinius secretly returned to the house of Collatinus Tarquinius, where he was given dinner and lodging by Lucretia. Late at night, the prince entered Lucretia’s room, and attempted to rape her. She resisted until he threatened to kill both her and a slave, and make it seem that she had been killed when caught in an act of adultery. Rather than leave this legacy of dishonor for her husband, she relented. As soon as Sextus Tarquinius had left, Lucretia sent urgent messages to her father, Spurius Lucretius, and to her husband, telling them to come to her in haste, as a terrible thing had happened. Her father came with Publius Valerius and her husband arrived with Lucius Junius Brutus. Lucretia tearfully told what had happened and asked each of the men to seek revenge. The men tried to console her, calling her blameless, as force had been used. She, however, prefered death to even a hint of dishonor and, pulling a dagger from her clothes, took her own life. In the first moment of grief and shock, Brutus pulled out the bloody dagger and swore to avenge Lucretia and all others who had been wronged by the king, stopping at nothing short of the expulsion of the king from Rome. Collatinus, Lucretius and Valerius joined in his oath and then they carried the body of Lucretia to the forum. There, the words and passion of 5
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these men inflamed a band to march to Rome. Collatia was garrisoned and the armed band left for Rome, led by Brutus. In Rome, some of the leading men joined the band and there Brutus again spoke of the terrible crime commited by the prince, and all the other outrages suffered by the people under king Tarquinius Superbus. The people decided to expel the king and banish his family.A band led by Brutus was sent to the army at Ardea, to take control in place of the king; Lucretius, who had already been appointed prefect, was left in command in Rome. When news reached the king in Ardea, he left for Rome, but the gates were closed against him. He went into exile in Caere in Etruria with some of his family. Sextus Tarquinius was killed by some of his old enemies. In this way the reign of kings was brought to an end in Rome. http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Rape_of_Lucretia consulted on September 15th
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ACTIVITIES QUESTION 1
Complete the geanealogical tree of the twins Romulus and Remus. Write a description of each character underneath copying the examples you have.
ANQUISES
VENUS
PRÍAMO
HÉCUBA
Trojan hero
Love goddess
King of Troy
Queen of Troy
CREUSA
ENEAS
She died in Troy and couldn´t escape with her husband.
Trojan hero who escaped from Troy. He arrived at Latium and there he married Lavinia.
ASCANIO
PROCAS
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QUESTION 2
Are these sentences about Romulus and Remus true or false? • • • • • • •
T F
Romulus and Remus were twins. They were Amulius´grandsons. Romulus was a thief after being king. Remus rescued Romulus from Amulius. When they were children, they tasted milk of she wolf. The Romulus and Remus story has a narrow relationship with the Tiber. Both, Romulus and Remus, became gods.
QUESTION 3
Who are the Vestal virgins? Why Amulius made Rhea Silvia Vestal virgin?
QUESTION 4
Romulus and Remus took the auguries: • looking at the sea hoping to see fish. • looking at the earth hoping to see ants. • looking at the sky hoping to see birds. QUESTION 5 Which one of the brothers gave his name to the new city?
Romulus and Remus founded Rome in Lazio. Enclose that region in this map of Italy. How do you say Lazio in Latin language? Quote the sources you have used.
Book: Internet:
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http://www.intercoined.org/espanol/Paises/Italia/Imagenes/mapa%20italia.gif
QUESTION 6
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QUESTION 7
Look at this pictures. They are not in order. Say their correct order and write a brief sentence to explain it underneath. All your sentences must form a meaningful text.
Imágenes tomadas de AAVV (2006). Tu primer vox de los héroes.Barcelona: Vox, págs. 154-157
...................... ....................... ........................................................ .............................. ............................................................... ............................. .............................. ............................................................... .............................
....................... ....................... .............................. .............................. .............................. ..............................
...................... ...................... ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................
........................ ............................... ...............................
.................................................................... ........................................................................... ...........................................................................
......................... ................................ ................................
......................................... ................................................ ................................................
...................... ............................. ............................. 9
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QUESTION 8
Pay atention to the following image and tell what it is.
http://es.museicapitolini.org/percorsi/percorsi_per_temi/grandi_bronzi/lupa_capitolina
It was said that this statue was an Etruscan bronze from the V BC. But nowadays there is a new opinion. What period of the history it is from? When were the twins added? Who added them? Quote your sources.
Book: Internet: QUESTION 9
Fill in the following text. Don´t forget to quote your sources «Rome is called the city of the seven hills. Its names are ........................., ........................., ........................., ........................., ........................., ......................... y ......................... Only three of them have a relationship with the twin brothers. Their names are ......................... , ......................... and .......................... Romulus and Remus set up the on the hills. Remus set up on the .............................. and Romulus on the .............................. Although Remus was the ................ on seeing the ........................... ; Romulus won becasue he saw ......................... than his brother. The new city was founded at the .............................. and it was named Rome after the ....................... ´s name. But there are other etymological interpretations about this name. On the one hand, some scholars say that it comes from the Umbrian word ........................ that means «river». On the other hand, it is said that it comes from an Etruscan word .................... that means «teat» Book: Internet:
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QUESTION 10
Why did the Romans raped the Sabine women? • • • •
because because because because
the women they had were very ugly. they didn´t have enough wives. their wives couldn´t have any children. they hated their neighbours, specially the Sabines.
QUESTION 11
Before finishing the war between Romans and Sabines the Tarpeia´s episod took place. Who was Tarpeia? Whose side was she on? What did she do? What were the consequences of this act? Answer all these questions in the same text. Quote yours sources.
Book: Internet:
PREGUNTA 12
How did the Sabine Women end the war? • • • • •
They killed themselves in front of their fathers and husbands. They killed their own children. They threatened to kill the children they had had. They threatened not to have sex with their new husbands. They stepped in and stopped the fight.
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QUESTION 13
The rape of the Sabine women has been painted or sculpted several times. Link authors to masterpieces and say when they were painted or sculpted. Pietro de la Cortona; Picasso; Gianbologna; Bambini; David; Poussin; Nahl; Ricci 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 Painter Century
4
2
3
5
8 6
7
Do you think that all these images represent the same moment of the myth,? Say yes or no and why.
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ImĂĄgenes tomadas de http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapto_de_las_sabinas y http://americangallery.wordpress.com/category/nahl-charles-christian/
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QUESTION 14
Which ones of these sentences of the Horatii and Curiatii´s combat are false? • • • • • •
The combat took place in Romulus´s reign. Horatii brothers won the combat. Curiatii were from Alba Longa and Romans from Rome The winner Horatius´sister was married to one of the Curiatii An only Horatius was able to kill the three Curiatii The winners would massacre the defeated people
QUESTION 15
The combat between Horatii and Curiatii has inspired a lot of paintings,sculptures, musical and and literay creations.Link authors to arts and centuries. Caballero d´Arpino
Literature
XVI - XVII
Brecht
Literature
XVII
Salieri
Painting
XVIII
Cimarosa
Painting
XVIII
Corneille
Music
XIX
David
Music
XX
QUESTION 16
There were six more kings after Romulus. What are their names? Link the king´s name to the fact each one did. King
Facts He ordeder to built the Circus Maximus. He laid down the religious rituals
.
The combat between Horatii and Curiatii took place during his reign. He was exiled from Rome. The Roman monarchy finished with his exile. He gave Rome an exit to the sea. He was a reformer king who divided the people in classes according to their wealth.
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QUESTION 17 The last three kings were Etruscan. Look up information about them and fill in this text. Don´t forget to quote your sources «The real name of Tarquinius Priscus was .............................. He was married to .................... who was very good at interpreting prodigies. They migrated to Rome in a ..................... On the way to Rome an .............................., Juppiter´s bird, came from the sky and stole his .............................. After flying away, the bird came back and deposited it again at his .................. His wife interpreted this fact as a gods´signal. She said that his future would be very successful and it woul be plenty of greatness. In Rome he changed his name. Tarquinius was known because of his wealth. His fame made the king ............................... .... appoint him tutor of his sons. After the death of the king, Tarquinius used a trick to obtain the reign. He moved the heirs away from Rome and in their absence he was elected the new king of the city. It is said that in palace there was a slave who had a son called ............................ Once, meanwhile the child was sleeping, some .......................... came up around his head. Tarquinius´wife interpreted that wonder as a divine manifestation. The child was raised in the palace as a king´s son. When he became adult, he got married to his daugther The sons of ..................... wanted to recover their father´s throne. So, they hired two shepherds who killed the king with an ........................ Tarquinius´wife ordered to shut the palace. Although the king was dead, his wife opened a window and said to the people that her husband was recovering and during his recovery his son-in-law would be the king. When the death of Tarquinius became public, Servius had already consolidated as a king. Servius was assassinated by his own daugther and her husband, ..................................... . who became the last king of Rome.»
Book: Internet: QUESTION 18 When was Rome founded? When did the Roman monarchy finish?
year Founding of Rome Expulsion of the kings
14
century
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QUESTION 19 What historical fact does Lucretia´s legend explain?
QUESTION 20 Look at this painting. Sandro Botticelli painted it in the Renaissance (XV century) basing on Lucretia´s legend. It has three different sequences. Put them in order and tell the legend briefly with their help. C
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Suicide_lucretia.jpg/1280px-Suicide_lucretia.jpg
A B
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VOCABULARY
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HOW TO QUOTE If you have to quote, do it in the following way (these are CEDRO´s rules -Centro Español De Derechos Reprográficos-): • Book: AUTHOR´S FIRST NAME . Initial / s of the Christian name (year of publication). Tittle. Place of publication: Publishing house. GRIMAL, P. (1991). Las ciudades romanas. Barcelona: Oikos-tau. • Article of encyclopedia Tittle of the article. Tittle of the encyclopedia. Place of publication: Publishing house, year of publication, volume, number of the first page of the article. - number of the last page of the article. Roma quadrata. Diccionario de civilización romana, Barcelona: Larousse, 1996, pág. 188. • Article of magazine AUTHOR´S FIRST NAME . Initial / s of the Christian name . “Tittle of the article”.. Título de la revista, year of publication, number of the magazine, number of the first page of the article. - number of the last page of the article. JIMÉNEZ SALVADOR, J. L. “Programa monumental básico de una ciudad romana”. Cuadernos de arte español, 1992, nº 30, págs. 6 – 10. • Internet address Internet address. Consulted: date. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_Roma. Consulta: 3 de abril de 2008.
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