KIAMBU INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
COURSE
: DIPLOMA IN ARCHITECTURE
UNIT
: ARCHITECTURE PROJECT DESIGN AND
,
PORTFOLIO II
PRESENTER
: DENNIS NJENGA KARIUKI
REG NO
: DAR-1901-03
PROJECT
: PROPOSED MAXWAY MODERN
,
LIBRARY
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TABLE OF CONTENT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.0 SITE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................. 4 1.1.0 Physical Factors ........................................................................................................ 4 1.1.1 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION ................................................................................ 4 1.1.1 Topography ............................................................................................................ 5 1.1.3 SOIL ....................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.4 CLIMATE .............................................................................................................. 6 1.1.5 SOLAR ORIENTATION ...................................................................................... 6 1.1.6 PREVAILING WINDS ......................................................................................... 7 1.1.7 PLANT MATERIAL ............................................................................................. 8 1.1.8 WATER RESOURCES ......................................................................................... 9 1.2.0 Cultural and man-made features ............................................................................... 9 1.2.1 ZONING ORDINANCES ..................................................................................... 9 1.3.0 Sensory factors ........................................................................................................ 13 1.3.1 VIEWS ................................................................................................................. 13 1.3.2 SOUND ................................................................................................................ 13 1.3.3 AIR ....................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................... 14 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 14 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 14 2.2 OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS OF A PUBLIC LIBRARY ............................ 14 2.3 THE ROLE OF A PUBLIC LIBRARY IN EDUCATION .................................... 17 2.4 LIBRARY SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE KENYA NATIONAL LIBRARY SERVICES .................................................................................................................... 17 2.5 THE APPROACHES UTILIZED BY PUPILS AND TEACHERS IN PUBLIC LIBRARY SERVICES ................................................................................................. 18 CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................... 20 3.0 CASE STUDY ................................................................................................................ 20 3.1 DOCUMENTED CASE STUDY ................................................................................. 20 3.1.0 NATIONAL LIBRARY CASE STUDY ............................................................. 20 3.1.1 INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY CASE STUDY ................................................. 27
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The 2000-square-metre Maxway Modern Library Proposed development area is Located in Kiambu county at a center name Gita-mayu 3km from Kirigiti town which is about 2km from Kiambu Town. Gita-mayu is a center that include culture, entertainment and social aspects together with a new vision to highlight three aspects of the project. One is culture to increase knowledge and Gain new information and skills that they will use throughout their life for learning and personal development. Entertainment is one of the most prominent foundations of this project which it contains restaurant, cafes, Play area for different age groups, showroom and gaming rooms. Maxway Modern library it is the library that serves all citizens without exception, does not place any restrictions on its properties, and provides sources of information in all its forms and types, this project that solve One of biggest problems in the Middle East of Kiambu county. That is, we didn’t Plant reading in our children and the result 76% of Kiambu residents don’t read. They will not know the importance of reading in personal and professional life. The aim of the project is merge culture, entertainment and make reading in their lifestyle. So, people come often to the project, not just one time. This project lays out our ambitions for a fresh stage of growth in order to create a vibrant society in which all people in a flourishing domestic economy can realize their dreams, hopes, and ambitions.
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CHAPTER ONE 1.0 SITE ANALYSIS 1.1.0 Physical Factors 1.1.1 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION The proposed development is located in Kiambu, about 5km from Kiambu town along the Ruiru-Kamiti road, 50m from Gita-mayu shopping center.
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1.1.1 Topography The land is relatively flat with a slight slope from North towards the south.
1.1.3 SOIL The soil at the site is heavy clay soil that is volcanic red which most farmers if the region grown mainly coffee plant.
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1.1.4 CLIMATE
Kiambu is 1679m above sea level. The climate in Kiambu is warm and temperate. In Kiambu there is a lot of rain even in the driest month. The temperature here averages 18.0 °C | 64.5 °F. In a year, the rainfall is 674 mm | 26.5 inches.
1.1.5 SOLAR ORIENTATION
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Since there are no planted trees at the site this means that there will be no blockage for the sun glares and wind therefore deciduous trees will be planted along the eastward and westwards sides of the structure surrounding to provide shade and glare protection during the summer and let solar radiation through during the winter. In addition, louvers and blinds can be used to minimize the sun glares.
Minimizing sun glare by trees. 1.1.6 PREVAILING WINDS
In controlling winds, the same measures will be done that is use of trees to block the winds.
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1.1.7 PLANT MATERIAL The type of plant to be planted on a library area will affect pretty much that environment and therefore the plants to be planted will be the following.
Monstera Deliciosa
Areca palm
Calathea lutea
Samanea saman
The plant material will be of use in: 1. Defining space and directing views. 2. Providing visual screening and privacy. 3. Attenuating airborne sounds.
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1.1.8 WATER RESOURCES The proposed site in between Kiu river and Tatu river, both rivers however are polluted; with pollution originating from residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural developments in both Kiambu city, Kirigiti Gita-mayu and Tatu city. These rivers together with several dams impounded mainly for coffee irrigation and for livestock, form the main sources of water for domestic, irrigation and for livestock in Kiambu Municipality. Ground water resources have been extensively exploited in the settled areas of Kiambu Municipality, especially in Tatu city, Kirigiti and Gitamayu. The quality of water from the boreholes is of varying degrees of salinity and hardness with incidences of high fluoride content, and complaints abound in the area that borehole water stains sanitary fittings, cooking utensils and clothing. The recommended spacing of boreholes is at least 0.8km radius to avoid interference of the cones of depression. Other aquifer characteristics such as depth and yield as observed from the many boreholes vary a great deal and it is therefore difficult to give general values at this juncture. A more thorough study will need to be carried out to establish characteristics of the aquifer and thus quantify more accurately the quantity of ground water that can be obtained from the aquifer within Northlands project area. There is a risk of pollution of ground water due to rapid increase of population, and poor means of sewage disposal in Gitamayu.
1.2.0 Cultural and man-made features 1.2.1 ZONING ORDINANCES
A.C.K. St Peters Kiu river church opposite Gita-mayu shopping center.
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Gita-Mayu shopping center, 50 meters from proposed development.
Mugumo church nearby shopping center opposite the proposed development area.
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Proposed development
Green Angels Academy
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TO KAMITI
TO RUIRU TO KIAMBU
Kamiti Ridge Estate – Golden gate court
Kirigiti Town center 12
1.3.0 Sensory factors 1.3.1 VIEWS
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1.3.2 SOUND Construction works will most likely result in noise generation as a result of the machines in use e.g. excavation equipment, mixers and construction vehicles delivering materials to active construction sites. The noise is expected to last for the entire construction period and is likely to affect the neighbouring residents and institutions. Off-site noise will also be experienced near and along the access roads to the construction materials sources. It is expected however that there will be a permanent increase in ambient noise levels with the completion and occupation of the developments. The ambient noise elevations will arise from the mundane activities in an urban developed area. Sound to the proposed development can be controlled/reduced by planting trees to act as barriers, use of sound proof materials to the inside of the structure/building. 1.3.3 AIR The local air quality will be impacted both during the construction and operation phases of the development. This will mostly be from dust emitted during excavation/earthworks and aggregate transportation to construction sites, and from construction vehicles and machinery emitting oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur into the atmosphere during the construction phase. Upon completion of the development, the most likely sources of air pollution include emissions from standby generators, motor vehicles and kitchen fires. Other potential sources would be from incineration on site, and odours from sewer treatment plants/waste transfer sites. With adequate measures in the construction/operation phase environmental management plans, these impacts can be moderated.
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CHAPTER 2 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION The review concentrated in the following: (a) Objectives and functions of a Public Library. (b) The role of a Public Library in education. (c) Public Library Services to children. (d) Services provided by KNLS. (e) Approaches used in the utilization of Public Services by pupils and teachers. (f) Previous researches carried out on Public Library Services in Kenya. A Public Library has been defined as: A library provided by an authority, funded, governed and administered by it, available free of charge to all who live in its area and the environments, and offering a wide selection of materials chosen to meet diversified interests of library clientele. Samuel Johnson’s dictionary defines it as: A public institution whose responsibility for its existence is dual. Its operation is in the hands of the public servants who are specialists, its support is in the hands of public taxpayers, including everybody. These definitions emphasise two main points; that a public library is supported by the community it serves and therefore has the obligation of serving that community. That its services to the members of the community are free. It is seen as the principal means whereby the records of man's thoughts and ideas, and the expression of this creative imagination are made freely available to all. 2.2 OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS OF A PUBLIC LIBRARY Only by understanding objectives and functions of a Public Library can we be in a position to state whether our library services are living to those objectives. A study of objectives reveals that, they have never been constant but they have been undergoing revision and reassessment for over 200years in order to meet the needs of a constantly changing pattern of demands. Research also shows that, there are very many Public Library Systems in the world today that it is impossible to have universally accepted objectives of a Public Library.
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For Britain/the objectives are set under headings of education, information, culture, and leisure. Education: To foster and provide means for self-development of the individual/group at whatever stage of education closing the gap between the individual and recorded knowledge. Information: To bring to the individual/group accurate information quickly and in-depth, particularly on topics of current concern. Culture: To be one of the principal centres of cultural life and promote a keener participation, enjoyment and appreciation, of all the arts. Leisure: To play a part in encouraging the positive use of leisure and providing material for change and relaxation. In 1977, the American Library Associations and Public Library Association issued the following objectives: (I) To operate as it were, in the eye of the revolutionary storm and to keep the radical new thrust in some continuity with the past. (ii) To preserve and make widely accessible the record of human experience - to stimulate thoughtful people everywhere, to discern positive insights and values from the past, and to assimilate them into the new order. (iii) To identify relationships in the fast-flowing river of change, to maintain the record of new ideas, technologies, values, so that individuals and institutions will be able to perceive and then control the direction of change as it relates to each person's particular eexperience.
In India, the following objectives have been acknowledged: (i) To furnish up-to-date facts and information on all subjects to one and all. (ii) To distribute in an unbiased and balanced way, all shades of recorded views and thought of one and all, as a help in the discharge of their political functions in respect to local, National and International affairs. (iii)To contribute to productivity drive by informing top managements of the latest trends in diverse enterprises, by ploughing back into the minds of the researchers, designers, and technologists every piece of relevant new thought, promptly and pinpointedly. (iv) To provide to one and all a harmless and elevating use of leisure.
In Public Library's seminar held in Ibadan Nigeria in 1953, the Public Library in Africa has the following key objectives: (i) To support and reinforce programmes of adult and fundamental education. (ii) To provide effective services for children and young people including requisite services for schools.
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(iii) To provide needed information and reference services. (iv) To promote and stimulate reading for pleasure and recreation. (v) To provide wherever needed, adequate services for special groups, etc., in order to ensure availability of resources on equal terms to all members of the community.
Given the economic and social under-development of developing countries, the Public Library’s objectives should focus mainly on economic and educational role. This is illustrated in the UNESCO (The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) meeting of 1962 which stated: -It is now being gradually realised that libraries are a basic factor in the many campaigns in progress and planned in all parts of the world to eradicate illiteracy and to raise general education standards, and that libraries can be of immense importance in the projects initiated under the United Nations Development Decade and other programmes to hasten the economic and social development of Nations. A country can only progress if its people have access to the indispensable knowledge conveyed through the printed word. Through this, they will keep at pace with new findings in the technological fields. However, for any service to be effective, the following conditions must prevail: the library must be universally and sufficiently available to all people. it must be well-stocked to fulfil their functions. must be fully free and the expenditure on staff, stock and premises must be adequate.
A Public Library has a number of functions. According to the UNESCO Public Library Manifesto revised in 1972, its purpose is: To offer to adults and children the opportunity to keep in touch with their time, to educate themselves continuously and keep abreast of progress in sciences and arts. Its contents should be a living demonstration of the evolution of knowledge and culture, constantly reviewed, kept up to date and attractively presented. In the light of the above views, the functions of a Public Library can be summarised as to collect, store, organise, preserve and communicate information, ideas, thoughts, knowledge or experience in whatever medium is most appropriate for their presentation. It ensures that every member of the society has easy access to knowledge and ideas, such access contributes to the quality of life in all aspects and is essential to a democratic society.
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2.3 THE ROLE OF A PUBLIC LIBRARY IN EDUCATION The Public Library Service has proved to be the best means whereby books and related media of communication can be made available and accessible. By affording facilities for wide and unrestricted reading, it enables everybody to broaden their horizon and deepen their understanding of the world in which they live. It is a necessary complement to all branches of educational services and can not be isolated from the development taking place in the educational field. It is an agency for the promotion of mass education and for the elimination of illiteracy. It has a duty to serve the educational needs of all the members of the society, the young, the old, the poor, the rich, the educated and the illiterate alike. Every individual in the society is at liberty to pursue whatever educational course meets his needs, whether they are cultural enrichment, practical information to solve a problem or overcome an obstacle, or development of leisure time hobbies. Individuals also benefit through programs organised by the library: Great Books discussion programs provide individuals with the opportunity to share their responses and reactions to a wide range of ideas, library meetings which bring citizens together not only add to their knowledge of relevant, practical or merely current high interest topics but may also have the fringe benefit of reducing loneliness and or the pleasure of sharing an experience such as a book review, a travelogue or an excursion in music. Libraries must contribute to the development and maintenance of life long education through providing services to school leavers and majority of ‘Wananchi’. 2.4 LIBRARY SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE KENYA NATIONAL LIBRARY SERVICES KNLS (The Kenya National Library Service) is one of the public libraries in Kenya. Its creation was a direct result of Hockey Commission (1960) which had made the following proposals: (i) That the Public Library Service in Kenya should eventually consist of a National Library with regional libraries to serve the whole territory. (ii) The country would be divided up into six regions, with the regional libraries situated in Nairobi, Mombasa, Nakuru, Nyeri, Kisumu and Eldoret. (iii) The Service would gradually be built up in five phases. (iv) The various phases would be expanded according to the availability of funds, each phase expanding the service from the centre. (v) Buildings being used as Public Libraries should be extended and alterations and renovations done so that they can be used as National, Regional or Branch Libraries. Where these are not available, library buildings properly designed for the purpose should eventually be erected. These proposals were not affected until after Independence when there was a need for each of the three East African countries to manage their own library services. The KNLS was born out of East African Literature Bureau. It was created by an Act of Parliament in 1965, as a statutory organisation but did not start operating until 1967. The Act established
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a National Library Service Board for Kenya whose executive members include representatives from the Ministry of Culture and Social Services and the Nairobi City Commission. The Board was to play this role: (a) Development of reading habits among the people from an early age. (b) Provision of adequate and relevant material to the new literates and school leavers. (c) Survey of users' needs to determine their requirements and thus enable the Board to provide an improved service. (d) Encourage local people to write books. (e) Functioning as cultural centres where through such activities as literacy discussion, lectures etc. the habit of reading could be developed. (f) Provision of suitable libraries in both primary and secondary schools. The official function of KNLS include the following: (i) To promote, establish, equip, maintain and develop libraries in Kenya. (ii) To advise the Government local authorities and other public bodies on all matters relating to library, documentation and related services in Kenya. (iii) To provide facilities for the study of and training ln the principles, procedures and teaching of Liberianship and such other related subjects as the Board may from time to time decide. (iv) To sponsor, arrange, provide facilities for Conferences and Seminars for discussion of library and related services. (v) To carry out and to encourage research in the development of library and related services. (vi) To stimulate public interest in books and promote reading for knowledge, information and enjoyment. (vii) To participate and assist in campaigns for the eradication of illiteracy. (viii) To acquire books produced in and outside Kenya and such other materials and sources of knowledge necessary for a comprehensive national library service. (ix) To publish the national bibliography of Kenya and provide bibliographical and reference services. KNLS opened its doors to the public in 1969 with a book stock of about 40,000 having inherited about 25,000 books from the Kenya branch of East African Literature Bureau. It had a skeleton staff of one chief librarian, one librarian, three library assistants, one administrative officer, a few clerical, secretarial and subordinate staff. By 197643 the stock had increased to 220,000 with 700,000 registered borrowers. In 198244 the stock was about 500,000 with a total membership of over 120,000. 2.5 THE APPROACHES UTILIZED BY PUPILS AND TEACHERS IN PUBLIC LIBRARY SERVICES There are two bibliographic devices prepared specifically to facilitate the retrieval of documents from a library. These are the arrangement of documents on the shelves and the catalogues recording the documents. John Horner, defines a library catalogue as: The record of the stock of whole bibliographic items of the library. It should be within defined limits a complete record and a record arranged in a useful order, or more usually in several useful orders, or with several approaches. 18
Needhem, defines it as: "An arrangement of entries representing documents, each entry is in two parts. Bloomberg, definition does not differ with those two because he says: "The catalogue is one of the most important and useful reference tools in the library. It is a systematic list of the books and other materials in the library collection. All these scholars agree that a catalogue is a list of the holdings of a library and should be arranged in some definite and recognized order. According to Cutter (1876), the objectives of 'a library catalogue is: 1. To enable a person to find a book of which: A. The author or B. The title or C. The subject is known 2. To show what the library has D. By a given author E. On a given subject F. In a given kind of literature 3. To assist in the choice of a book: G. As to its edition (bibliographically) H. As to its character (literary or topical). From these objectives, a catalogue plays the role of a finding list for specific documents, serves as a finding list for groups of documents and enables the library user to be able to distinguish between different editions of a given document and assists the user in the choice of a document by providing enough information about its distinctive features.
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CHAPTER 5 3.0 CASE STUDY 3.1 DOCUMENTED CASE STUDY 3.1.0 NATIONAL LIBRARY CASE STUDY
KENYATTA UNIVERSITY POSTMODERN LIBRARY POSTMODERN LIBRARY, KENYATTA UNIVERSITY The Postmodern Library (PML)is an academic library in Kenyatta University and is in a newly constructed five storey building fitted with cutting edge information resources. It houses over a million information materials, which are continuously increasing. It also has a sitting capacity of over 6,000and caters for more than 60,000 students. The library has its branches in the constituent campuses of Kenyatta University. The Library has experienced tremendous growth since its beginning in the year 1972, when Kenyatta University became a constituent college of the University of Nairobi (University of Nairobi Act of 1970). The library was first housed in a two-floor building, which was previously a Military Canteen, with a sitting capacity of 200, a growing stock of 130,000volumesand a few periodical subscriptions. With the increase in book volume and users, the library was then moved to a more spacious one storey purpose-built library, referred to as the Moi Library in July1984. Moi Library catered over 30,000 students with a growing book stock of 350,000 volumes. Moi library was completed in two phases with one housing the information materials and reading space, and the second used solely as a reading area to ease user congestion. It was soon realized that the library could not hold the exponentially growing population and information resources. This led to the construction of the Postmodern Library (PML), it costed approximately to $6,400,000 for it to be completed fully and was opened to the users 20
in September 2011, but officially opened by H.E. the President, Honourable Mwai Kibaki on 7thOctober, 2011.Throughout its development, Kenyatta University Library has been able to bring about developments that truly suit its new status. These developments are: • •
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PML was the first public university library in Kenya to provide its users with unlimited wireless internet access Integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT’s) into the Library operations and services. these include: i) Automation of the library the catalogue from manual to electronic by use of CDSISIS database management software in 2003but later hosting it to KOHA in 2008. ii) The use of adaptive technologies to cater for users with special needs, which include JAWS (Job access with windows), NVDA (Non-visual desktop access), dolphin pen, CCTV, Braille Embosser and Thunder. iii) Digitization of theses and dissertations using d-space, Greenstone and Procite. The Library carries out Information Literacy training continuously to both the university teaching staff and students, enabling them to access information resources especially E-resources. During such sessions the users are trained on how to cite and reference using Zotero citation language. In addition to this, the university community is usually trained on how to use turn-it-in, anti-plagiarism software, which is awaiting implementation by the University. PML is organized into subject libraries which correspond with the disciplines offered in Kenyatta University. These include: o Ground Floor, Education and Library and information Science Library; o 1stFloor, Social Sciences Library; o 2ndFloor, Humanities Library; o 3rdFloor, Science and Technology Library; o 4thFloor, Research and Special Collections.
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PML contains instruction rooms on each of its floors, with a sitting capacity of 40 users, they are mainly used for instructional courses in power point presentations. PML also contains group study rooms on each of its floors, allowing users to hold discussions that are not normally allowed within the library reading areas. These rooms are mostly used by undergraduate users when they are doing their group work assignments. PML has built-in reading carrels that are carpeted and equipped with a computer that is internet enabled. They can comfortably host 2 occupants at a time. They are extremely conducive for serious study and research. A fee of Ksh.100 per day is charged for use of the facility. PML has computer labs found on all floors except 5thFloor.Each lab has a total of 40 computers. They are all connected to the internet and are manned by CT technicians who assist the library users to make full use of e-resources. A separate reading area for staff and post graduate student is available on the 5thFloor.Thefloor has computers mounted around its round shaped design, in addition to this there is wireless internet access. It is manned by a member of staff who assists users to access its spacious reading. On each floor, there are computers designated for OPAC use only (Online Public Access Catalogues) they are meant to be used for searching the online OPAC hosting bibliographic records of the PML holdings and the campus libraries as well.
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other areas In addition to subject based information services, every floor has Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC), a Computer laboratory, an Instruction room, a Group study room and several Study carrels. Wireless connection/computers- There is wireless connection within and around the library. Students can therefore use their laptops and also the computers already provided. Computers- About 300 computers are fixed in the library computer rooms for your use. Library staff- The Library has a strong team of Professional, Para-professional and support staff who are always ready to assist. Furniture- The library has comfortable chairs, reading tables, and computer tables. Most of the furniture is delicate. Use of escalators- Escalators are power driven hence the need for caution when using them. For safety reasons, students with special needs are discouraged from using the escalators unless they feel are comfortable to do so. Lifts-There are three (3) lifts for use by staff and students. Lifts will not be allowed to operate with more than the allowed number of people (load). stair cases/tiles- Durable tiles have been used on the floor in the entire library and also on the stair case. To lengthen the life of the tiles particularly on the stair cases, be careful not to chip the edges of the stair tiles as you walk. Painting- The library is well painted in mostly blue and white. Reading space- There is adequate reading space provided including the library basement. A research common is also available in fifth floor. Safety - The design of the building is such that there are open internal areas within the building (Atrium). Students are not to sit on the rails inside the building or near the Atrium to avoid accidental falls.
3.1.1 INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY CASE STUDY
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