B. 1/0. CEMENT by Bio-cement (Urban Morphogenesis Lab, Bartlett, UCL)

B. 1/0. CEMENT Research aided by Geo-mophic process and Bio-technological intelligence, seeking to explore the Organization and Construction of an Urban fabric within the Liwa Oasis in the UAE through harnessing its local resources, to allow socially cohensive design

URBAN MORPHOGENESIS LAB MArch URBAN DESIGN BARTLETT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Chunyi CHEN, Yilin ZHOU, Ying HU, Han LIU, Wenzhe YE CLAUDIA PASQUERO, MAJ PLEMENITAS,ZACHARY FLUCKER

ABSTRACT

Page 1

METHODOLOGY

Page 7

CHAPTER1 Liwa Oasis: a model for self-organizing city/neighborhood CHAPTER2 Bio-cement: as local material for self-construction CHAPTER3 Analogue & Digital Morphology: simulation and analogue of emergent urban/landscape morphogenesis

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Page 48-71

Page 72-135

CHAPTER4 Territorial Machine: testing method of material articulation of the territory

Page 136-185

CHAPTER5 Urban Protocols

Page 186-215

CHAPTER6 Urban Scenario Action Plan

Page 216-229

CONCLUSION

Page 230-233

APPENDIX

Page 234-285

ABSTRACT Liwa Oasis - the southernmost settlement of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates - has went through its vicissitude in the desert region for over centuries. Rolling sand dunes, which stretches from the south coast of Arabian Gulf to the unbroken and uninhabited sands of the State of Quarter, cover almost the whole territory. Compared to other regions of the UAE which are enriched upon the oil business, Liwa is rather impoverished. Nevertheless, due to that the unique geomorphology catalyzes the tourism, during last decades, the wealth is on the rise. The Abu Dhabi 2030 Urban Structure Framework Plan, issued by Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council (UPC), has been established to optimize the city planning through a long-time environmental program of urban evolution. In doing so, it is laying the foundations for a socially cohesive and economically sustainable community that preserves the Emirateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s uniqueness. B. 1/O. CEMENT harnesses local resources such as microalgae in the local fish ponds and sand within the Rub Al Khali desert in UAE and combines them together to generate a biological composite. Borrowing the material technology from the medical industry, our version of bio-cement is a process of concreting sand by the biorhythms of cyanobacteria. Utilizing sand and microalgae as the two main raw materials, the project site within the UAE region becomes the best test bench for the development of this material system at both architectural and urban scale. The project aims to ascertain the capabilities and limits of our material system in influencing the life in the UAE, and propose a long-term urban developing structure that activate human settlement within the desert, thus, response such mentioned environmental urban evolution. One of the vital facets of bio-cement project suggests a social participation, which would enable the bio-cement to provincialize structurally and functionally, not only on the environmental but also the anthropogenic aspect. It is a consensus that the UAE lacks water resources. This has been becoming increasingly overwhelming, especially during last decades due to the tourism booming, the available water resources could support neither the irrigation, the traditional income source for the locals, nor the livelihoods. Thus, this project targets the opportunities emerged from water system â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the microalgae subsisting and breeding in local water-recycle ponds - correspondingly emerges the optimistic environmental stratagems of rational resource utilization and then benefits to the inhabitants. . Architecture wise, this project is to study the morphological generation of bio-cement in relation to the constantly evolving landscape in Liwa Oasis. Therefore, the morphological determinants of dunes are necessarily to be expatiated. For instance, the wind from the Persian Gulf frames dunes and erodes the construction in the UAE region all-year-around. So wind, as an essential component of contributing the local urban fabric, needs to be analyzed. Additionally, it is the relationship between constructions and human demands which is also the core of this project, the humanized design ideology, such as the intelligentized design tool â&#x20AC;&#x201C; drones and the mass-participation-design website, has been taken place. In order to understand and visualize the research, digital simulations and analog modeling are the key to the design procedures. They are both structured upon an individual algorithm by starting from certain specific inputs, and then critically reflect on the outcomes. Based on the feedbacks, the merits and demerits of the algorithm are evaluated and thus are used in sublimating the next modeling. The bio-cement project, after all, suggests a relatively integrated material system for the UAE life that effectively cohere the UAE unique-landscape-features with its social context and carry forwards an environmentally and economically sustainable community.

METHODOLOGY In order to consummate bio-cement project, there are numbers of methods analyzed through the project procedures including theoretical research, material experiments, physical modeling digital modeling and the prototype delivery. Research and material experiment are closely related to the theatrical study. Especially, due to that bio-cement is produced by biochemical metabolism of cyanobacteria, in the stage of material experiment, interdisciplinary studies on the subjects of biology, chemistry, material science, architecture, landscape and urban design are the matters of significance. The most of the experiments have been instructed and conducted by the different schools in UCL including: School of Chemistry, Bio Material and tissue Engineering and Algal Biology. Physical and digital modeling are devoted for deeper understanding bio-cement. More importantly, the physical analogs and digital simulation within those two procedures, they are actually the possibly constructional morphologies that might emerge by taking the real-site circumstance into account. Therefore, simulations are the essentials that ensure the successful delivery of the final-design morphology. Incidentally, the simulations between physical and digital replenish each other. This establishes a feedback mechanism instead of being conducted in the isolated manner. For example, digital simulation, somehow, enhance the visualization when the physical models could not be substantialized in the massive territory scale. The prototype delivery achieved mainly rely on the drones incorporated with 3-D printing technology and the mass desire from bio-cement website. Standing upon the consideration of the complicate geomorphology of Liwa Oasis, where the incessant and undulations dunes are, a flexible and operable constructing tool is required in our project. Drones as a tool could meet such demand. For embodying the people demands in the bio-construction design process, a website, which allow the public frame the construction as their preferences, is established. Moreover, manipulating drones in the 3-D print pathway enables that the public desire on the bio-construction could eventually come true.

chapter.1

LIWA OASIS a model for self-organizing city/neighborhood

//Changes in Liwa Oasis //Study of Sand Dune Morphologies in Site //Study of Wind Environment in Site //Study of Water Resources Distribution on Site //Study of Local Water Recycle in Site

//LIWA OASIS: A MODEL FOR SELF-ORGANAZING CITY/NEIBORHOOD In This chapter, the basic issue that we wanna adress is being introduced gradualy by data analysis and site mappings. Firstly, we strart with the primary knowledge of historical Liwa Oasis, research on the local industry and local water transportation infrustracture. Then, comparing the local ecomomy industry, local population industry and local expansion on territory on data based diagram. Then looking into the Current Liwa Oasis, we use mapping to investigate the basic element that compose the Oasis- Sand Dune, Water and Wind. we start with a wide view of each element on the scale of UAE, then specifically analysis these elementâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s influence to local urban fabric. Also, a narrow inspect on local wastewater recycle system by the information from the interview of local commercial and agriculture industry . Based on the information in this chapter to discuss the basic relation between local urban fabric and its natural element, Local natrual environment and local sociaty structure as well as the relation between the now and future of Liwa Oasis

Life in Liwa Oasis

Tracing Liwaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history, forty villages appeared in Liwa before the 16th century. Due to the fact that Liwa locates in the desert region, the local life could only rely on the underground freshwater reserviour. The date cultivation is their mainly well-developed industry and income.

Living condition in Liwa Oasis

Liwa was occupied by the natives and non-natives: Pakistani, African, India and the tourists. The old-fashioned way of building up their houses has been inherited. The traditional construction material were the shell, coral stones, mud and plant-mixture blocks. In time, these material-based constructions are easily to erode in the environment of the persistently-blowing wind and sand storm.

// THE NEWLY-EMERGING DEVELOPING LIWA Liwa Oasis is the last settlement on the northern edge of the 650,000km dune field. Due to its vastness, harsh climate and forbidding environment, it became known as the Empty Quarter. Years ago, there was rarely any human being lives in this region except for some natives due to the tough environmental conditions; however, the population nowadays has been blooming during the past decades and non-UAE natives: Pakistani, African, India and other many tourists from all over the world emerged. Traditionally, dates farming is their mainly well-developed industry and income. However, as the limited water resource has been exhausting, the UAE government and policy-makers initiated and heartened new-form economics. As the prominent history and tradition of Liwa, as well as its unique landscape features, tourism has been well established and encouraged. The catering industry, service industry and a great many of other industries are blooming. The pillar industry transformed from the date farming to be more diversified. Especially, that the tourism industry has been developed brought Liwa a very high fame. The unique dune landform and the traditional festivals bloomed the tourism, in the way that extreme sports fanatics and foreign travelers are attracted to visit. Tourism is as the most profitable industry to be developed. Due to this, the diversiform architectures and constructions have been established to meet various kinds of demands, such as hotels, restaurants, communal facilities, and so on. As part of the Plan Al Gharbia 2030, the touristy potentials of Liwa Oasis is now being developed further. Many projects around this plan are being implemented.

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//GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE UAE Physical features of dunes in UAE are typically created on several different scales: giant sand ridges on a scale of hundreds of meters to a few kilometers, sand dunes measured in meters to tens of meters, and ripples on a scale of centimeters to a meter or more. They are significantly operated by the combination of wind strength and direction as well as humidity and the micro-sediment: salinity. The process of forming the sand dunes is slow, also, past history: the maintained humidity and salinity of dunes, may play a significant part in how the sand dunes look today in the UAE. The whole-year-north-west-orientation wind endowed the unique south-east geomorphologies. In addition, though within a given area, normally, because the above mentioned effectors are similar, the dune scales may be quite regular. Detailed wise, it is the fact that dune’ textures are easily effected, thus dunes are indeed mutable and variegated. As Liwa locates in south-east region of the UAE, there are the most diversified sand dunes. Most of the dunes in Liwa and its south desert Rub’ al Khali are more than hundreds meters in height. As page 20 – page21 highlighted, the numerous types of dunes intersperse in UAE. Liwa Oasis, and its southerner centralise the most dunes.

//GEOMORPHOLOGICAL DYNAMISM IN LIWA OASIS The north-east-orientation wind blows sand away and migrates the sand dunes from the north coast line to Liwa Oasis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a place that locates in the south region of UAE. In this case, sand dunes gather together and settle down here and therefore form the unique geomorphology. Most of the dunes in Liwa and its south desert Rubâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; al Khali are more than hundreds meters height. This 1,000-kilometers-long, 500-kilometers-wide desert centralised the most distinctive landform. Its surface elevation varies from 800 meters in the southwest to around the sea level in the northeast. The terrain is covered with sand dunes with heights up to 250 meters. This build up even more different elevation. Time changes, sands in Liwa regions have been blew away, however, it nowadays still remains the most hierarchical geomorphologies.

Dunesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; morphologies in Liwa Oasis

Macro-perspectively, the geomorphology within Liwa Oasis is stratified. Giant sand ridges on a scale of hundreds of meters to a few kilometers, sand dunes measured in meters to tens of meters, and ripples on a scale of centimeters to a meter or more.

Sand dunesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; texture in Liwa Oasis

Micro-perspectively, the texture of the sand dunes is luxuriant. Humidity and sand density, individually or cooperatively, create the interaction force in-between sand granules. Therefore, the speed and moves when wind is blowing sand are affected. Furthermore, especially, in distinctive seasons, wind is unstable in the aspects of the direction and speed, thus the impact on dunes surfaces are different. As the result, the different textures of sand dunes emerged.

//THE WIND ENVIRONMENT OF THE UAE Within the whole UAE, at the present days, wind appears to emerge from the coast blows to the inland. It carries and transports material: sand and so on, from the ages of the north inland to the south, concurrently, reworks the landform and surface of the sand geomorphologies. As mentioned previously, wind is the constructor of the land features of UAE. Not only the landscapes are impacted, so be the architectures. However, occasionally, swishing wind blows on structures without, so far, removing or destroying them. However, wind storm erodes the surfaces.

//THE WIND ENVIRONMENT IN LIWA OASIS Wind environment in Liwa oasis region not only has been changing the sand dunes thus transforming the geomorphologies, but also has a large impact on construction layout and architecture conditions. The traditional construction material of the local houses are shell and coral stones, mud and plant-mixture blocks. As time passes, these material-based constructions are easily eroded in the environment of the sand storm. In this way, local living life are influenced. In order to make the improvement, the house arrangement basically follows the rule that the minor side towards the wind direction, whereas the large-acreage-side of buildings are down to the wind direction. The dimensions eroded by wind are reduced. Moreover, most of the houses are constructed in the leeside of sand dunes, so that they could be partly protected.

//EROSION PHENOMENON IS EMERGED ON THE ARCHITECTURES IN LIWA Hereinbefore, as introduced, the traditional construction material were the shell, coral stones, mud and plant-mixture blocks. In time, these material-based constructions are easily to erode in the environment of the persistently-blowing wind and sand storm.

Traditional Construction Material of UAE

Shelstone

Coralstone

//THE WATER CONFESSION OF THE UAE In the UAE, the climate is arid with very high summer temperatures. The coastal area, where the bulk of the population lives, has a hot and humid climate in the summer with temperatures and relative humidity reaching 46 degrees Celsius and 100% respectively. Winters are generally mild. The interior desert region has hot summers with temperatures rising to about 50째C and cool winters during which the lowest temperature may fall to 4째C. Mean rainfall is poor quantity, ranging from less than 40 mm around Liwa. Throughout one year, only occasional concentrated heavy rainfall. In this condition, the average annual groundwater recharge is very low; the total annual surface runoff produced from rain is low; and the average annual groundwater recharge is low. Water resource is very limited in the UAE. Desalinated seawater and groundwater seems to be the only two main water recourse in the UAE. While groundwater is used for agriculture in Al Ain and Liwa, drinking water is provided almost entirely from desalinated seawater across the Emirates. In the interior desert region where the cities are far away from the seaside, the water situation is even worse. The long-distance transportation makes the cost of the water the desalted water very high. For the main occupier of the interior lands - farmers, it is hard to absorb. However, in recent years, both policies and new technologies have been taken into account, in order to recycle water in the expectation to alleviate the water crisis. For instance, the local ponds where the fishes grows, instead of being filled with fresh water, are fulfilled by waste water. Farmers import algae into the pond and recycled water can be treated based on the biological metabolism of algae. Thus, this helps establish the water-purified system, locally. Therefore, the unoptimistic water situation has been attached with the new hope.

//THE WATER SOURCE AND ITS CONSUMPTION IN LIWA OASIS There are many devices to supply and convey water, such as desalination plants, pumps, dams and pipes. Close to the coast line, where the high density of population, although there are more water-supply desalinations, there are the more water consumptions. The water is mainly consumed by native citizens, tourists and irrigation operation. (show as the page 36-37) In the page of 49, the density of wells, which represented by the punctiforms, reflect the population aggregation. Surround the low-salinity ground water (the blue area: the bluer, the less salinity), which could meet the minimum drinking requirement, there are more wells. Additionally, salinity is also an effector that contributes to sand dunes forming. Because that the higher salinity makes the larger dunes, therefore, the southern elevation is much higher than the northern region.

The aged fresh-water-transportation device

The shortage of long-term transportation incarnate in its devices. Along times, the pipes that carrying the water, are spoiled. Leakage happens.

The water tanks maintaining the recycled water and for irrigation using

Besides the water waste, local farmers indeed make every endeavor to save water resource. Within the local water system, after being recycled, the water is stored in the tanks.

//THE RESCUE OF THE WATER URGENCY: WASTE WATER RECYCLE SYSTEM IN LIWA OASIS

Facing the water issue, to further understand how the water resource management works locally, and thus enables our project reflect some of the real local issues, the investigations on the main water consumers are accordingly conducted. First of all, the main consumers need to be defined. There are two types of consumers. One is the local farmers. Due to the date farming is the most traditional locally economic industry, famers share the most responsibility of consuming water resource. The other is the hotels, where the huge quantity of fresh water is used every day. More specifically, as mentioned before, the truism is the newly-developing industry in Liwa Oasis. The water consumption of tourists cannot be ignored.

Water recycle investigation 1

Interviewing water-management staff in Liwa hotel, who in charging of administrating the hotel water usage. As the records, he stated â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;everyday, tons of fresh water is used and this generates huge amount of waste water. Even if hotels do recycle the used water; most of water, after once or twice treatment, is poured away.

Water recycle investigation 2

The process of interviewing the local farmers. As they described, limited water resource is a very essential issue. Except for carefully using the desalted water transported from seaside, they mainly rely on the recycled waste water. Apart from the everyday using water, the water from outside - which means the water generated from other industry. He pointed out specifically the waste water from hotels â&#x20AC;&#x201C; are their main target to do the recycle.

//THE LOCAL WATER RECYCLE DEVICE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; THE FISH POND

The water treatment device indeed refers to a sequence of fish ponds. The first fish pond, instead fresh water, is fulfilled with waste water. After some slight chemical treatment, the water will be transported to the next fish pond. Starting from the second pond, the specific algae are added. Some specific algae, for example, Cyanobacteria could perfectly subsist and multiply in the nutriments of the waste water. At the same time, t vhey could partly purified the waste water. Likely, the third and the forth pond is also added a certain amount of algae. What is worth noticing is that, the fish gradually appear in the later ponds, growing with algae in the environment of waste water. The fishes living status could verify whether the water could be reused.

chapter.2

BIO-CEMENT as local material for self-construction

//Principle of Bio-cementation //Cultivation of Algae-Microcoleus vaginatus //Preperation of Bio-cementation Solution //Method Test for Bio-cementation //Proportion Test for Bio-cementation //Bio-cementation Pressured Test

//BIO-CEMENT: AS LOCAL MATERIAL FOR SELF-CONSTRUCTION In this chapter, We divide the whole system of Bio-cementation into several systematic steps. Cultivation of Algae and Solution making ensured the material suppy of bio-cementation tests. Start with Method test, find out the optimal method of bio-cmentation and Proportion test to optimize the biocement outcome. additionally, use Air pressrued test to accelerate the process of bio-cementation as well as strengthen the outcome biocement.

// THE PRINCIPLE The process for generating bio-cement is actually the procedure of CaCO3 deposition. It is formed as a result of the microorganism activities. By the photosynthesis of micro algae, the PH of the solution where bacteria grows is unstable. In this case, the carbonate dioxide will be separated out from the new added liquids that contains the ion Ca+. After then, the liquid reaches a rich calcium ion environment. However, algae actually require a PH-balanced living condition to grow, thus themselves will act another metabolism to justice the PH. In this process, HCO3- and CO32- could be produced. These ions go through in-between the space of sand, generate the CaCO3, which is a stable solidification reaction, meanwhile solidified the sand, and eventually creates the bio-cement.

// THE BIO-CEMENTATION PROGRESS The microcosmic image presented by microscope in the magnification of 40ďź&#x152;highlights the aggregation process of sand and cyanobacteria, where the more bacteria concentrates, the more solidification occurs.

//MICROALGAE CULTIVATION

Due to the restricted demand on environmental conditions for algae growth, we designed the device, as showed on the right-side page to provide the every condition that algae needs. From up to down, left to right, the components are s in the image. The key units are essential. They are: an air-pump, which imports fresh air, an illumination device - light pump, which simulates the sunlight, a heat base that maintains the interior temperature. However, apart from these abiotic growth conditions, the organic nutriments are necessary to maintain through algae growth process all the time. What needs to be further mentioned and accounted as the very important operations are the process of air purifying and the dark environment simulating. These two steps could entirely activate the biochemical properties. In the later on constructing experiments â&#x20AC;&#x201C; physical modeling, biochemical properties of algae are the very important matter that determining the sand solidifying process. The two steps are controlled respectively by the unit of 2: air-filter, and the unit 12: timer with the container itself. The container is pasted by the mirror paper, so that could separate the interior space and the outside light environment. In this case, the timer could control the illumination by switching off the light plumb, therefor create a darkness circumstance for the algae inside the container. Algae wise, there are three different types of algae: Anabaena, Oscillatoria and Microcoleus vaginatus has been cultivating in this device, in order to selecting the most suitable one among the tree for our project. Numbers of other kinds of algae are also capable to solidify sand then to generate bio-cement. Nevertheless, considering the project budget, we only chose to cultivate the above-mentioned three.

Incubator for Algae Cultivation

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//PH ADJUSTMENT FOR BIO-CEMENTATION REACTION For any of biochemistry reaction, a proper PH value is definite one of the vital conditions. That whether PH environment is suitable for the microorganism directly determines if the biochemical reaction happens or if the reaction proceeds completely. In our project, due to that algae are exactly the microorganism that require a high-standard condition on the PH, the proper-PH-solution preparation for bio-cementation is necessary. On page 59, the serious of screenshots illustrate the process of the experiment that has been conducted to harmonize the PH solution. These images are the key steps of the experiment, and the corresponding descriptions under further explain the procedure in details.

Pouring 15ml CaCl2 1

Adding to NaHCO3 1

Test PH Value of Solution 1

PH Value Result: 8.2

Pouring 15ml CaCl2 2

Adding to NaHCO3 2

Test PH Value of Solution 2

PH Value Result: 7.9

Pouring 15ml CaCl2 3

Adding to NaHCO3 3

Test PH Value of Solution 3

PH Value Result: 7.6

Pouring 15ml CaCl2 4

Adding to NaHCO3 4

Test PH Value of Solution 4

PH Value Result: 7.3

Pouring 15ml CaCl2 5

Adding to NaHCO3 5

Test PH Value of Solution 5

PH Value Result: 7

//SEQUENTIAL TESTING Based on the maximum-activated algae and the optimum PH environment, the optimal bio-cement material producing indeed also depends on some other operational steps. Three components: sands, algae, and the catalyst â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the NaHC03 and CaCl2 mixed solution, are the only raw materials of generating bio-cement. First and foremost, the different sequences of adding the three reagents could emerge totally different bio-cement from the perspectives of quantity and quality. Moreover, this experiment only focus on the matter of the sequence of adding the three components rather than their dosages. Therefore, all the dosages of the reagents among the experimental groups are the same. Furthermore, the four comparative tests are in the same temperature condition and timing, so as to eliminate the two factors which are normally considered as the influencer to the chemical reactions. By conducting these four tests, the optimum sequence of adding the raw components was clarified.

Method Test 1

Method Test 2

Method Test 3

Method Test 4

Sand

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agitate

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The sequential-experiment outcome

//PROPORTIONAL VALUE TEST Except for that the sequence of adding reagents impact the result of bio-cementation, their dosages do influence the outcome as well. It is noteworthy that this experiment was taken place in the precondition of optimum sequence of the reagents, which was proved from the first observation experiment. The two tests on the top were added with different potions of algae and NaHC03-CaCl2 solution. Within these two, it could be revealed that if the dosage of algae is more than the NaHC03-CaCl2 solution, or in the inverse case, better bio-cement in quality and quantity could be generated. The NaHC03-CaCl2 solution is as the catalyzer in the bio-cementation process. Comparing the two tests on the bottom, the impact from the catalyzer could be found out. By conducted these four tests, the optimum proportion among the raw components was clarified.

Porpotion Test 1

Porpotion Test 2

Porpotion Test 3

Porpotion Test 4

Sand: 50ml

Algae: 125ml

Algae: 75ml

Algae: 200ml

NaCHO3+CaCl2: 200ml

NaCHO3+CaCl2: 75ml

NaCHO3+CaCl2: 125ml

Algae: 200ml

NaCHO3+CaCl2: 200ml

agitate while pouring

agitate

The proportional-experiment outcome

//PRESSURE TEST Based upon the explorations on the impacts of the raw components, the methodology is also a key factor which could change the output entirely. From the procedure of the two previous experiments, it has been realized that only pouring the solutions and mixing them in the containers are scarcely to mix them thoroughly. Because of the high density of sand, the solutions partly float on the surface. Therefore, the quantity declines. The two test tubes, from left to right, respectively maintain the solution of algae and sand mixed with NaHC03-CaCl2 solution. What is worthy to point out is that mixing sand with NaHC03-CaCl2 solution in the first place agonists the optimum sequence; nevertheless, in this experiment, it is more important to study the approach but not the differences among the reagents. The algae solution is pressurized thus influx into the next test tube where the sand and NaHC03-CaCl2 solution are. Then biochemical reaction happens. By doing this, whereas the algae float on the sand surface, which were the cases in the previous two experiments, the sand is entirely infused in the algae solution. The more the algae solution are pressurized, the further blend process proceed. As the result, the more adequately the biochemical reacted, the more precipitation emerged.

Injection 1

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The pressure-experiment outcome

chapter.3

ANALOGUE & DIGITAL MORPHOLOGY simulation and analogue of emergent urban/landscape morphogenesis

//Study of Sand Behavior under Binder-Deposition //Exp1: Relation Between Binder-Deposition Parameters and dunes morphologies //EXP2: Relation Vetween Binder-Deposition Parameters and Dunes Morphologies on Site //Study of Sand Behavior under Wind Parameters //EXP3: Relation Between Binder-Deposition Parameters and Wind behavior //EXP4: Relation Between Binder-Deposition Parameters and Wind Behavior on the Site //EXP5: Relation Between Binder-dDeposition Parameters and Erosion Phenomenon

//ANALOGUE & DIGITAL MORPHOLOGY: SIMULATION AND ANALOGUE OF EMERGENT URBAN/ LANDSCAPE MORPHOGENESIS In this chapter, Input datda from the First chapter -- sand dune morpholoy and wind distribution in Liwa Oasis, we designed series of morphological simulations, including analogue and digital simulation experiment. the simulations can be devide into two parts, the first one is simulate the relation between sand and binder-deposition, which includes two simulations, from a absctract( simulation1) to the second one that had site sand dune morphology data imported. The second simulation part is simulate the relation between sand and wind parameters. In this part, begin with the simulation abstractly analogue a single direction and speed wind environment to the second one that intergrated both data of sand dune morphology and wind distribution in Liwa Oasis. As another aspect of wind which we find is called erosion, we use the third simulation to deploy the special fabric of erosion as a design tool from local natrual elements.

// DIGITAL OBSERVATION Before setting up physical experiments, in the purpose of understanding the behavior of wind and binder, the digital simulations were performed. This series of simulations are designed to analyse how two individual systems (sand and binder) affects each other at the molecular level. San system is a stable system under two opposite force（attraction and repulsion）which called Van der Waals forces. Within the sand, when the distance of particles are too large then attraction force will be stronger than the repulsion, on the other hand, when the distance of particles are too small then attraction force will weaker than the repulsion, so the system will reach a dynamic balance, that is, not too loose nor too tight between particles. Wind system will act as the role of invaders, they will disturb the previous system and break its stable for a certain time. Finally, the previous system will stable again in a new posture.

INPUT: { Basic pointcloud type: generate 3D point grid global location: (0,0,0) number in x :24 number in y: 24 number in z: 24 size in x: 24 size in y: 24 size in z: 24 distance between closest 2 point : 1 BASIC EMITER type: emit from position emit position: Basic pointcloud’s point position emit rate: 1 Rate type: total number of particles Seed: 89012 emit direction: (0,0,0) Randomize direction start angle: 0 Randonmize direction end angle: 0 emit speed : 0 Point size: 0.1 Point color: (R1 G1 B1 A0.2) Orientation: (0,0,0,0) } MEDIA: {softiamge2015;} RULE: { Principle: get each particle’s neighbouring particles in a certain cutoff distance, then use this neighbours to particle’s vector (average) as the attraction force or repulsion force;} { If the distance between two particles >1.5just show attraction force, if the distance between two particles <0.5 just show attraction force, if the distance between two particles >0.5and <1.5,then use the particle velocity;} { Add limit of the biggest force;} {Use a move cube grid to interface, grid(6,6,6), direction(0,1,0), speed0.1, start affect from100 frame, cut off 5, strength10} {Add point velocity form neighbour to affect the system (cutoff2.3 limit max length0.5);} {Add drag force 0.01;} {Add limit of the biggest force;} Output: {the change of the stable system by disturbed by another system;}

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//ANALOGUE EXPERIMENTS1: MORPHOLOGY EXPLORATION ON MATRIX-PERMUTATION DUNES Followed by such digital tests, that the doubt to what extend they have been integrated and then reflected our design merged. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidated by further experiments. The devices in this experiment, which combine both the sulfuric sheet and the under sheet, demonstrate the first physical simulation experiment curtly. From the top to the bottom, in turn, are the shelf, the saline bags, the controllers, pipes, the location grid, straws and the acrylic tank. The anticipated result generated from the process, first and foremost, was that till the abiological binder - which has dropped on precisely top of the duns, later converged on the glen between the dunes - coagulated the sand, the concretion replicated the fluctuation of the dune surface. Secondly, when the unbound sand was moved away, the arch-nets morphology has been established. This structure created from such process was relatively indurative and stable.

The digital simulation

INPUT: {8 same single sand dunes;} MEDIA: {softiamge2015;} RULE: {Set up 8 similar single sand dunes in a regular form as the [terrain] by lagoa system in softimage so they can pile up like little mountains;} {Building a 25*25 grid points as a [emitter] on the above of [terrain];} {Emit the digital [bio-binder] from the [emitter] and they will drop on the [terrain] by the function of gravity, then they will flow around the [terrain];} {It can choose that apply lagoa system to [bio-binder] so they can more like real material;} OUTPUT: {The pathway of the binder that from grid emitter to the 8 sand dunes surface;}

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size: D6 mm num-ber: 16

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//The experimental principle

Apparatus for Simulation 1

Load Sand

Sand Terrain

Open Decive

Drop Binder

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Experimental result

//ANALOGUE EXPERIMENTS2: MORPHOLOGY EXPLORATION ON LIWAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S GEOMORPHOLOGY Compared to the latest simulation, interrelated connection to the site has been conducted for the purpose of further molding the actual features. By doing this, as many as the single-factor tests are consummated, and as much as we might avert a plenty of misoperation in the case of the experiments carried through by bio-cement. This simulation devices configured with several individual components. From up to down, respectively, are the sand container, inject straws, and the acrylic tank. The distinctive layouts that have been ameliorated from the former mold base are as follows. The particular-graphic-pattern chassis base and the sand, binder ducts - the core accessories, which are endowed with the geographical information of Liwa. In order to achieve this, one specific actual site research, referring to the size, quantity, location of the dunes have to be proceeded by software. After that, the data have been collected and transformed into the form of the individually diverse holes, and eventually are printed as the pattern on the chassis base. Those holes are the ducts, by which the sand and binder could go. Simulation of the accurate typology of the Liwaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dunes is accomplished. Apart from such details, the wood sheet, which could bear the equal weight of the sand in the container, is also worthy of exploration. That the wood sheet is required to place between the acrylic tank and the sand container - so as to isolate the sand drop down immediately when inserting it to container - could entirely guarantee the simultaneity of sand falling down. The affirmative comprehension from this simulation is that the sand can evolve from a powdery substance to be a stable construction. This is one of our initial purpose. Posteriorly, the real features extracted from the site have been started to be a role. However, the site consideration that implicated during the whole process is far not enough to reflect the comprehensive natural characteristics. Taking this in account, more simulation experiments are demanded.

The digital simulation

INPUT: {8 sand dunes which reformed by wind;} MEDIA: {softiamge2015;} RULE: {Set up 8 similar single sand dunes in a regular form as the [pre-terrain] by lagoa system in softimage so they can pile up like little mountains;} {use the code before to simulate the wind blow the sand and reform the sand dune from [pre-terrain], get a [terrain] which be formed by wind after a certain time } {Building a 25*25 grid points as a [emitter] on the above of [terrain];} {Emit the digital [bio-binder] from the [emitter] and they will drop on the [terrain] by the function of gravity, then they will flow around the [terrain];} {It can choose that apply lagoa system to [bio-binder] so they can more like real material;}

OUTPUT: {The pathway of the binder that from grid emitter to the sand dunes surface which reformed by the wind;}

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//The morphological structure emerged during the process of geomorphological restoration of Liwa

Apparatus for Simulation 2

Input sand

Pouring sand

Input binder

Injecting binder

Injected binder

Result Model

//THE PREPARATIONS ON WIND BEHAVIOR AND ITS IMPACT ON DUNES Hereinbefore, it has been expatiated on that wind is a dominant determinant on the morphologies of sand dunes, from the one single dune to the dune flocks. However, dunes occur in many shapes in the mega scale, it is valuable to explore morphology of the individual dune firstly. Common to all dunes is the contrast between the gentle slope of the windward side (the side facing to wind) and the steep slope of the leeward side (the side facing away from the wind). As page of 101w illustrates and explains how the wind impact on the forming of individual dune and what kind of morphologies could emerge.

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//The phenomenon interpretation on the wind behavior

https://wewanttolearn.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/10-11-2014-portfolio_page_07.jpg

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Besides that wind affects dune shapes as a whole object. Hierarchically, the textures and fabrics of the dunesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; surface are changed efficiently by wind,too. The exploratory experiment catalogs on 109 aim to simulate and restore the process that how wind create different kind of textures of dunes. In each image, there are three categories of dunes textures: the lines, the waves and the crescents. As followed by, they are respectively these texturesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; contours and the wind status when it past the these sand surfaces. . On the pages of 104-105, before setting up the physical-model simulation, because, yet, the only variable is wind, it maintains different properties of speeds, quantities, directions. Thus, understanding on how all these elements take place is important. Therefore, the single-varies experiments and the digital simulations are established in order to deliver a qualitative wind simulation experiment.

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Physical test for wind’s influence towards sand dune 1. Wind’s effection towards single sand dune. 2. Wind’s effection towards multiple sand dunes.

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Digital test for wind’s influence towards sand dune 1. Wind’s effection towards single sand dune. 2. Wind’s effection towards multiple sand dunes.

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//ANALOGUE EXPERIMENTS3: MORPHOLOGY EXPLORATION ON WIND ENVIRONMENT IN LIWA OASIS The simulation, first of all, is set up in a wind providing device. Though the whole device as a system works together to provide wind, the core units are the wood blades and the wind inlet device, which mainly contribute the wind-force, thus are necessarily to be elaborated. (The whole device showed as on page 110-112.) The wood blades work on guiding wind from the beginning since it is generated from the wind inlet. The reason for establishing them, is because that the northwest wind is the main distribution annually in Liwa. So, firstly, by shrinking the dunes into the limited space of the designed acrylic tank, the dunes are comparatively motionless to the tank. Arranging the blade along the southeast orientation for the tank so that blades will be in a south-east permutation compared to the dunes. After then, the straight-forward wind comes from the inlet will be obstructed and forced to change become the south-east direction wind. After that, it effects the dunes. For the wind creating device, that there are many diminutive holes through the air--volume adjuster and the smog diverter show as the fan-leaf shape. Moreover, on both of them the holes only were arranged on every two leaves. In this way, by rotating the freely rotatable connector, in the condition of the holes part on either of those two components face to the part without holes on another, wind cannot pass through. Therefore, the air volume can be justice. Concurrently, for the same reason, that the smog flows with wind leads to the adjustability of the the smog quantity. In this case, under the smaller-mount-smog condition, the processing of smog-shunt is an easy observation. Likewise, the wind direction appears. The result is shown as after, that the final morphology of the construction, which is generated from the single dune by wind force affection presents a crescent shape. Tracking the reason, it is because wind force input was signal-south-east direction. And this leads to that the sand facing to wind was pushed to raise until the duneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s top, then tumbled from the top to duneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bottom. Concurrently, the side that back to wind force was added up until maximising the slope rate, then the back-side sand kept stable. The morphology, from since, kept stable. In this way, in spite that both sides of dune were stable, the wind-blowing side presented as the surface subsidence by wind effect. Therefore, the falcate shape was formed. In addition to this, after wind blowing and the sand was removed, under the top where the sand solidified by binder, dimensional construction has been perfectly emerged. All in all, the final morphology of the wind simulation was appeared as a falcate-cavity construction.

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The digital simulation

INPUT: {8 same single sand dunes;} MEDIA: {softiamge2015;} RULE: {Set up 8 similar single sand dunes in a regular form as the [terrain] by lagoa system in softimage so they can pile up like little mountains;} {Building a 25*25 grid points as a [emitter] on the above of [terrain];} {Emit the digital [bio-binder] from the [emitter] and they will drop on the [terrain] by the function of gravity, then they will flow around the [terrain]; while the [terrain] changed by the wind at the same time. so that the [bio-binder] will also influenced by the changing of [terrain];} {It can choose that apply lagoa system to [bio-binder] so they can more like real material;} OUTPUT: {The real-time pathway of the binder that from grid emitter to the 8 sand dunes surface which be reformed by wind all the time;}

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1.Shelf 2.Movable columns 3.Saline bags with mixed solution 4.Choke plate 5.Grid 6.Plastic pipes 7.Container(arclic tank) 8.Fans 9.Droppig Box (Location points) 10.Exhaust Port

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North-west-direction-wind patterned board

Same-route arranged blades

Wood

wood blades oriente the wind into south-east direction //The experimental principle: wind is oriented by the wood blades

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Apparatus for Simulation 3

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Sand Dune move by wind 1

Wind Blows 1

Input Sand

Pouring Sand

Sand Dune move by wind 2

Wind Blows 2

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Sand Dune move by wind 3

Wind Blows 3

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Sand Dune move by wind 4

Wind Blows 4

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Sand Dune move by wind 5

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Result Model

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//ANALOGUE EXPERIMENTS4: MORPHOLOGY EXPLORATION ON LIWAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S WIND ENVIRONMENT Processing the result from the last experiment that the construction could be emerged. However, rather than the first wind simulation experiment, this simulation further tides up to that the geomorphology transformed by wind-force in a large scale. What causes differentiate dunes from one to another, rather than the single dune itself, the perennially blowing wind within the Liwa region changes the landscape in a great extent. Hence, wind force should be dissected in the territory level. However, because the constantly changing happens in such a large scale, the research is highly complex and confused if not point out in which aspect our research prefer to look at. For simplifying the complexity, the main method that this simulation followed is carrying the study before on the peak of sand dunes. By solidifying the peaks, the moving orbit of sand dunes could be clarified through the visibly moved peaks. The massive-net construction generated through the simulation could reflect the real situation when implementing bio-cement in the real site. The span-new construction endows the various possibility to the local living life.

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The digital simulation

INPUT: {4 single Barchan Dune model;} MEDIA: {softiamge2015;} RULE: {Set up 8 similar single sand dunes in a regular form as the [terrain] by lagoa system in softimage so they can pile up like little mountains;} {Generate strands from terrain and find the [top points] of [terrain];} {Emit the digital [bio-binder] from the [Top points] and they will drop on the [terrain] by the function of gravity, then they will flow around the [terrain];} {Let the terrain move in real-time, tracing the top point again, and run it again;} OUTPUT: {A single Barchan Dune after strong Erosion, it allows the dunes regenerate a new landscape;}

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//The experimental principle: the dune-migration network

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Apparatus for Simulation 4

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Result Model

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//ANALOGUE EXPERIMENTS5: THE EROSION-MORPHOLOGY EXPLORATION DUE TO LIWAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S WIND ENVIRONMENT In geomorphology and geology, erosion is the action of exogenic processes (such as water flow or wind) which remove soil and rock from one location on the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crust, then transport it to another location where it is deposited. However, for architectures, this phenomenon occurs in the case that the architecture is sharpened in the perennially severe environment. The constructions in the U.A.E, especially in Liwa Oasis region face to the sand-mixed wind all over the year. Pulsing the local architecture are normally made by the easily eroded material - shell stones, mud blocks and burning muds and son on. Thus, erosion happens regularly. As our project roots in proposing new urban construction and material system to Liwa Oasis, even the UAE from architecture viewpoint, though after analysing all experiments that explore the opportunities of establish the material system with taking local elements into consideration. In another word, after studying the relation between wind environment and sand morphologies and with geomorphology in UAE and Liwa, hence enable to build the local-geomorphology-based material system. It is also necessary to hold the knowledge on the negative effect emerged on local architecture due to the wind environment. So, the research of erosion phenomenon is needed to be accounted in both digital and physical way in our project.

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The digital simulation

INPUT: {A single Barchan Dune model;} MEDIA: {softiamge2015;} RULE: {Set up 8 similar single sand dunes in a regular form as the [terrain] by lagoa system in softimage so they can pile up like little mountains;} {Generate strands from terrain and find the [top points] of [terrain];} {Emit the digital [bio-binder] from the [Top points] and they will drop on the [terrain] by the function of gravity, then they will flow around the [terrain];} {Let the terrain move in real-time, tracing the top point again, and run it again;} OUTPUT: {A single Barchan Dune after strong Erosion, it allows the dunes regenerate a new landscape;}

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1.Computer 2.DC Charger 3.Machanical Arm 4.Air Blower 5.Syringe 6.Sand Dunes

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//The experimental principle: the erosion-morphology generation

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Apparatus for Simulation 5

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Sand Dune Move by Wind Force

Inject Binder

Sand Dune Move by Wind Force

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Sand Dune Move by Wind Force

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Sand Dune Move by Wind Force

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Experimental result

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chapter.4

TERRITORIAL MACHINES testing method of material articulation of the territory

//Study of Quantity and proportion of Microcoleus Vaginatus and Local Wastewater

//ANA1: Experiment of Analoging Local Wastewate Treatment Process //ANA2: Experiment of Analoging Bio-cementation Process by Using Local Resources //Drone as Terriotorial Machine //Exploration of End Effectors and its Operation Methods //3D-Printing Model1: Morphology Exploration on Bindr-Deposition Parameters by 3D-Printing Technic 1 //3D-Printing Model2: Morphology Exploration on Bindr-Deposition Parameters by 3D-Printing Technic 2

//TERRITORIAL MACHINE: TESTING METHODS OF MATERIAL ARTICULATION OF THE TERRITORY In this chapter, According to the information from the mapping in the first chapter, we rescaling the site into a specific scale, We collect the information of the site which indicates the amount of local fish pond in the area, also we analysis the relationship between bio-cement and local resources. according to the two information we designed the two analog experiment based on the research on chapter 2, the first one to analog the wastewater treatment process in local fish ponds, and the second analog experiment to analog the process of collecting local resources as bio-cementation material to produce biocementation by injection machine, whcih allows us to introduce the Territorial Machine: Drone. Based on the analogue and digital simulations from chapter3, we designed three end effector for the territorial mashine. saperately, they are, the first end effctor use for dropping binders, second for creat erosion fabirc. we use 3d-printing technology to test the two end effectors. Inspired by the 3d-printing test, we designed the tird end effector to creat vertical structure. thus, we use 3d-printing technology again to test the feasibility of the end effectors.

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// THE LOCAL WATER RECYCLE SYSTEM: WASTE WATER, FISH POND, MICROALGAE Theoretically, through the researches described in the first chapter, the local issues within in Liwa and UAE are respectively introduced. These issues, which refer to the climate, the water condition, the agriculture, local residential problems, sand morphology transformation, the burgeoning tourism and even the policy changing, are indeed the opportunities of generating new urban fabric to the local region. Bio-cement study, as explained in the second chapter, in a more scientific viewpoint, expounded that this new material is a potential could entirely connect all the conflicts and opportunities in Liwa and benefit the local life. The sand from Liwa desert and the algae from liraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; local fish farms â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a part of Liwa-water-recycle system are the raw material of bio-cement. Due to this, by constructing and designing bio-cement material based on the dunes morphology transformation, applying bio-cement in Liwa oasis, this eco-friendly material, will first of all benefit the local water issue, save the water resource, lead the new construction material in the local housing system, and then changing the living life in Liwa oasis region tremendously. After these two chapters, it is clear that the potential of bio-cement is definite; however, that to what extend does bio-cement might impact the locals is necessary to deliberated. Where to locally locate our project, which means the location of the test bed of bio-cement is amongst the bone of questions. The locations are lied on the matters that if there insist the demands and if there insist the raw materials. The blue Geometries on the map of page 141 illustrates the locations where the local ponds are. In this case, algae grows inside. The surround circles refer to the quantity of algae that grows inside the pond. The more circles, the more algae.

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// THE BIO-CEMENT PROJECT DATA FOUNDATION â&#x20AC;&#x201D; INPUT AND OUTPUT MODEL: WASTE WATER, FISH POND, MICROALGAE, BIO-CEMENT YIELD. In urban design, an input-output model is a quantitative technique that represents the interdependencies between different constituents within one independent system. Moreover, through inputâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;output model, not only the current supplementation or descent of the elements could be produced, the model itself involves a conceptual balance, which could be formulated and then established an easy predictive tendency. This trend can demonstrate the system stability, also, point out the future interdependencies in the material system. In our project, input-output model is a scale plate that measures and embodies the interdependencies among algae, CO2, waste water and bio-cement. In this way, the quantity change in-between the input: algae and CO2; CO2 and waste water; algae and waste water; and algae, CO2, waste water and bio-cement - the output - could be easily defended through the project. Basically, The relation between these four element is that 1 wastewater and 0.52 algae can produce 0.012 cubic meter of bio-cement, 1 wastewater can also cultivate 0.55 algae and generate 0.3 CO2. and the 1 whole process of biocementation can reduce 0.75 CO2.

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//THE INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL EXPERIMENTAL VERIFYING â&#x20AC;&#x201D; BIO-CEMENT MATERIAL LOCALIZATION EXPERIMENTAL VERIFYING: THE ENERGY CIRCULATION AMONG WASTE WATER AND MICROALGAE. After the theoretical study on the material interdependencies within the project site, the experimental study is also essential. The following two material experiments are relatively the simulations of algae cultivation during waste-water-treatment process and bio-cement generation, and bio-cementation pressure test. The first simulation is conducted on the precondition of input-output model. Getting from the quantitative data, this experiment devote to verify the theory study, restore the facts of the interdependencies during algae cultivation process, therefore helps to easier to understand and visually explain the possible relation of bio-cement application and Liwa local innate system.

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Phase 1: Sediment large solid wastes

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//Microalgae cultivation and treated wastewater in the analogue process

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//THE INPUT AND OUTPUT MODEL EXPERIMENTAL VERIFYING â&#x20AC;&#x201D; BIO-CEMENT MATERIAL LOCALIZATION EXPERIMENTAL VERIFYING: THE BIO-CEMENT YIELD.

Taking the energy flow and the outcome from the first experiment, the second experimental simulation is aiming to verify whether or not that the bio-cement generated from the first experiment could create the high quality building material. This experiment is explained in the matters including the apparatuses, process tables, outcome images and video-shots. Through these two experiment, that if bio-cement, as a material, has the feasibility of being applied legitimately in Liwa Oasis region could be declared.

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//THE TERRITORIAL MACHINE AND THE END-EFFECTORS In the chapter three, the process of physical modeling has been detailedly introduced; however, those experiments more purely stand from the viewpoint of morphologies. In order to realize the morphologies in the large scale, the method to establish the bio-cement construction has to be flexible, operable, and intelligent. As showed on the page of 154-155, drone is as the tool that could entirely able to fly freely, thus there is no restriction to site, including acreage and elevation. In addition, there is always the end-effector coordinating with drone for the purpose that endowing the different textures to the bio-cement construction. The end-effector 1, is especially designed to realize the punctiform morphologies. The results as showed on the page 157; nevertheless, in different heights, speeds, angles, different shapes generated. The reverse correlation between movement speed of the end-effector and the punctiform sizes. In the certain distance, the positive correlation between height of the end-effector and the punctiform sizes. The contrary correlation between angle between the end-effector and sand dunes with the length of the punctiforms The end-effector 2, is especially designed for realizing the erosion morphology. The injection distance and speed impact the pore sizes. As the outcomes on the page 159, by vertical comparison, the higher speed, the larger pores. By horizontal comparison, the longer distance the larger pores. The end-effector 3, is especially designed to realize the columnar morphologies. The results as showed on the page 161; nevertheless, in different pathways generated the distinctive columnar morphologies.

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//TERRITORIAL MACHINE

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//Syringe 1: D=0.15mm //Injection speed: 5M/s

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//Syringe 2: D=0.20mm //Injection speed: 3M/s

//Syringe 3: D=0.30mm //Injection speed: 3M/s

//Syringe 1: D=0.15mm //Injection speed: 1M/s

//Syringe 2: D=0.20mm //Injection speed: 1M/s

//Syringe 3: D=0.30mm //Injection speed: 1M/s

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ARCH

COLUMN SRROUNDED SPACE

SINGLE COLUMN

CURVED WALL

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//The principle of 3d-printing Morphology process

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// THE TECHNIQUE TENTATIVE EXPLORATION Similarly to 3D print technology, the ideology cross through the simulation is dropping binder layer by layer. This procedure implies the pathways of which bio-cement concentrates the sand height over height. Within the actual desert, dunes are accumulated gradually by the wind. During this, the bio-cementation process or constructing process could established progressively in a basically repeated manner that the cyanobacteria is arranged and stuck between two different heights of sand levels, then one level after another. Rather than dropping the sand on the surface of dunes then create the bio-cement morphology simply based on the natural-dunes shape, this experiment, somehow, allows us start to investigate the morphology formation from a manual-controlling viewpoint. Drone flies with the end-effector in the desert region, controlled manually. From this, the more feasibilities might be arose in order to create the various structure based on the sand dunes.

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The layers of digital tool-path

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Resultant model

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//THE TECHNIQUE FURTHER EXPLORATION Compared to the first 3D print experiment, which is the preliminary attempt on the 3D technique. The modeling of this experiment utilizes the different end-effectors, so as to the morphologies are presented in various forms, such as the crescent shape naturally generated based on the dunesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; shapes, the columnar morphologies created by the end-effector, punctiform and erosion texture made by end-effectors. Aside from the superficial and constructional multiformity. The model delivered the spatial diversity profusely. These spatial structures could fully satisfy the human demands on different kind of activities. They are demonstrated as the imagines on the pages of 180-181, 182-183, 186-187, 188-189.

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The layers of physical-modeling tool-path

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chapter.5

URBAN PROTOCOL

//Simulation of the Territorial Machines’ Movement Patterns //Simulation of Territorial Machine’s Injection Patterns //Project Website: Interactive Internet Feedback system

//URBAN PROTOCOL: In this chapter, The urban protocol will be illustrate by 3 patrs. The first part is to introduce the movement pattern of the territoiral machine. according to different data map the territorial machine will have three flying patterns: fly as a row, fly in matrix and fly along the sand dune boundry. The second part is to inllustrate the injection methods of the territorial machine. According to the design and test of end effectors in chapter 4, the territorial machine can injection binders in dropping, building vertically and 3d-printing the erosion pattern. and the third part is collecting information from the interactive website. there are two ways of interact the design process. one is to choose a location to vote for a optimal construction site. and the other one is to draw down the construction area and summarize the drawings in certain amount and locate the most popular area. Thus, the whole protocol is to interact local people as well as professionals to the design process, let the site that was choosen by amount of opinion to decide the construction method and pathway, to generagte a urban morphology by collective inteligence.

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//THE BIO-CEMENT CONSTRUCTION ESTABLISHING: THE PATHWAYS OF DRONES As mentioned hereinbefore, drones are as the tools that could entirely able to fly freely, thus there is no restriction to site, including acreage and elevation; however, in a territorial scale, single drone alone could only realise the construction in a small-scale terrain, thus hardly establish the material system in a large scale. In this case, swarm drones are taken into account. They are intelligent controlled by the code interacted and implemented building up the construction efficiently then achieve the bio-cement system. In the following experiments, our project indeed embeds the sites. Utilizing all the theoretical researches and experiments techniques to start the project features. First and foremost, locating where to exactly drop the algae is important. Even though the site has been decided, algae should be dropped on the wind-facing side or the leeside, and should be on the top or on the 3/4 position of dunesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; slope are uncertain. The following three experiments including three algorithms in order to propose the final bio-cement construction in the aspect of dropping locations. Refining the site study in the former chapter, there are certain vital points. Firstly, due to the continuously blowing wind, the constructions are needed to be located in leeside. Secondly, as the physical experiments demonstrated, the best locations of dropping bio-cement are the top point and the crest lines of the sand dunes. Correspondingly, the swarm drones are relatively set the value of seeking the leeside, top point and the crest lines of the sand dunes.

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INPUT: {the 500m*500m terrain model of Liwa;} MEDIA: {softiamge2015;} RULE: {Build a texture map about the terrain modelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s every nodeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s normal direction as the [siteOrientation], if the angle between normal direction and the wind direction approach 0, that means the this surface is a windward side and it will be red, otherwise it will be other color;} {Set up a point cloud of [drone] that they will fly above the terrain model from south to north;} { Set up a point cloud of [endEffector] that always has the same point position with [drone], and they can get the information of [siteOrientation] by finding the closet point on terrain, if the [siteOrientation] is windward side it will in [open] state, otherwise will in [close] state;} {Emit the digital [bio-binder] from the [endEffector] if they state are [open], and [bio-binder] will drop on the terrain by the function of gravity, then they will flow around the terrain;} OUTPUT: {the pathway of the binder that from the drone to the windward side surface of terrain;}

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INPUT: {the 500m*500m terrain model of Liwa;} MEDIA: {softiamge2015;} RULE: {Build a texture map of the public opinion about where they want to build as the [publicOpinion], the color of the texture map will more withe if more people want to build there, otherwise it will be other color;} {Set up a point cloud of [drone] that they will fly above the terrain model from south to north; and they will get the information of [publicOpinion] by finding the closet point on terrain, if highest of [publicOpinion] from the [drone] beyond a certain threshold, the [drone] will gather to the position where the highest [publicOpinion] is and start to swam around it as a square;} {It can choose that set up point cloud of [endEffector] and [bio-binder] as previous one} OUTPUT: {the pathway of the drone that will gather to where pubic want to build in a certain degree;}

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INPUT: {the 500m*500m terrain model of Liwa;} MEDIA: {softiamge2015;} RULE: {Build a texture map of the boundary of sand dunes as the [flyGuide], the color of the texture map will be green if it is near ther boundary, otherwise it will be black;} {Set up a point cloud of [drone] that they will fly above the terrain model from south to north; and they will get the information of the height of terrain by finding the closet point on terrain and the calculate the variance of all as the [heightVariance], if the [heightVariance] beyond a certain threshold, the [drone] will fly in a flocking way and try to find the green part of the [flyGuide] each frame, that is, they will fly along the sand dunesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; boundary ;} {It can choose that set up point cloud of [endEffector] and [bio-binder] as previous one}

OUTPUT: {the pathway of the binder that from the drone to the windward side surface of terrain;}

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//THE BIO-CEMENT CONSTRUCTION ESTABLISHING: THE REGULATIONS OF THE END-EFFECTORS Yet the drop pattern has been proposed as the three simulations before, the regulation that how to sculpt bio-cement construction has not. Among the three pathways in the above three experiments, except for that the paths are established on the topography of sand dunes, which means that creating the construction mainly relies on the nature, there is one that establish the bio-construction on the leeside. However, in which approach this one could be sculpted in order to construct the various constructions is need to be further considered. In the following sections, three algorithms of realizing construction on the leeside are separately proposed. Additionally, they are all based on the previous researches on the morphologies that drones carrying with the three different end-effectors: dropped-algae based, column based, erosion-pattern based (introduced before) produce different constructions.

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INPUT: {the point position from the final simulation in 500m*500m terrain, but we just choose 100m*100m from that for the limitation of computer;} MEDIA: {softiamge2015;} RULE: {use point position from the result of final simulation as the [startPoint], and the [startPoint] will flow around the terrain by the function of gravity;} {set up the [strand] form the [startPoint] and extend the length in the opposite direction of the velocity of [startPoint], the length of [strand] will be longer if the velocity of [startPoint] is faster, otherwise it will be shouter; } {Create [extrusion] along [strand], the base shape is a circle and the circleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s radiance based on the different part of the [strand], at the start point of the [strand] the [extrusion] will be a little bigger while at the middle it will biggest, and at the end it will be have a little hole;} OUTPUT: {the digital model seems like the physical model built by the dropping way;}

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INPUT: {the point position from the final simulation in 500m*500m terrain, but we just choose 100m*100m from that for the limitation of computer;} MEDIA: {softiamge2015;} RULE: {use point position from the result of final simulation as the [startPoint], and the [startPoint] will flow around the terrain by the function of gravity;} {set up the [strand] form the [startPoint] and extend the length in the direction that opposite the normal direction of the closet terrain from the [startPoint], the length of [strand] will be longer if the altitude of [startPoint] is higher, otherwise it will be shouter; } {Create [extrusion] along [strand], the base shape is a circle and the circleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s radiance based on the different part of the [strand], at the start point of the [strand] the [extrusion] will be a little bigger then the other part will from small to big along the depth of the [strand];} OUTPUT: {the digital model seems like the physical model built by the digging way;}

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INPUT: {the point position from the final simulation in 500m*500m terrain, but we just choose 100m*100m from that for the limitation of computer;} MEDIA: {softiamge2015;} RULE: {use point position from the result of final simulation as the [startPoint], and the [startPoint] will flow around the terrain by the function of gravity;} {set up a point cloud that will record the pathway of [startPoint] as [binderFlow], and the [binderFlow] will create a polygon by the method of metaball;} {set up a point cloud that will record the end point of [startPoint] as [erosionPart], and the [erosionPart] will create a polygon by the method of creating extrusion along strands, that will looks like the erosioned rock ;} OUTPUT: {the digital model seems like the physical model built by the 3Dprinting way;}

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//The first part is the the head part of Html, used for definite some global variable such as compose //type of webpage, and define the font/color/size of the words, and define some functions of //different buttons by Java script.

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <style type=”text/css”> div#headerPic {height:200px;width:350px; float:left;} div#headerTxt {height:200px;width:600px; float:left;} div#menu {height:30px; clear:both;} div#content {height:800px; } div#interface {height:1000px; } div#footer {height:30px; clear:both; text-align:center; height:50px;} h1 {color: gray; font-size:40px; font-family:”Times New Roman”; } p {color: white; } ul{list-style-type:none; margin:0; padding:0; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;} li{float:left;} a:link,a:visited{display:block;width:120px;fontweight:bold;color:#FFFFFF;background-color:gray;text-align:center;padding:4px;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;} a:hover,a:active{background-color:#000000;} </style> <script> window.onload = function() { var saveButton = document.getElementById(“saveImageBtn”); bindButtonEvent(saveButton, “click”, saveImageInfo); var dlButton = document.getElementById(“downloadImageBtn”); bindButtonEvent(dlButton, “click”, saveAsLocalImage); };

//THE HUMANIZED WEBSITE From the first chapter to this chapter, the bio-cement has been established on a relatively substantial basis in the cases of theoretical research, digital simulations and physical modeling. In this chapter, the bio-cement material fabrication in the urban scale is being protocoled. In order to do this, the pathways and the sculptural regulations of drones have been proposed through the last six simulations. However, it is criticized that even though the bio-material construction is built up based on the geomorphologies of Liwa Oasis, as the initial purpose of this experiment is to suggest the urban structure that activate human settlement within the desert, the human needs in this project are not yet responded. v However, as the flexibility of our methodology of realizing the contracture -3D-printing, this allows the possibility of bonding human demands and bio-cement structure. What is worthy to know is that the combination mainly takes place in the leeside area. This is because (mentioned in the chapter 1) buildings locate in the leeside could avoid the wind erosion affection. Beside such mentioned, the foremost issue is that how to embody the people demands in the process of construction. For accomplishing this, a humanized website involving the procedures of choosing the prefer site, vote for the site, design the ideal construction, simulation the design and feedback is established. The following section will introduce the instructions of the website.

[ http://biocement.esy.es/Bio-cement.html ] [http://biocementucl.wix.com/biocementgroup ]

//From here to the end will be the body part of Html that it is the main part of Html, that is, all the // main function will happen in this part. //Fist thing is build a title for the website and also can match a picture for it, here we also hide a //computer easter egg in the picture for title, that you can jump in a little game if you click on some //certain part of that pic. //Second thing is build a menu for website, people can jump in different part of this website by //click on this menu.

<body bgcolor=”black” > <div id=”headerPic”> <p align=”right”> <img src=”http://static.wixstatic.com/media/d5f7c5_9b80d93b22a3493e912044f73955a48d.jpg_srb_p_849_555_75_22_0.50_1.20_0.00_jpg_srb” width=”350” height=”180” alt=”Picture fail” border=”0” align=”top” border=”0” usemap=”#head”/> </p> <map name=”head” id=”head”> <area shape=”circle” coords=”200,60,20” href =”/game.html” target =”_blank” /> </map> </div> <div id=”headerTxt”> <br> <br> <h1 align=”left” >B.I/O.CEMENT </h1> <ul> <li><a href=”/Bio-cement.html”>Home</a></li> <li><a href=”/Bio-result.html”>Result</a></li> <li><a href=”/Bio-contact.html”>Contact</a></li> <li><a href =”http://biocementucl.wix.com/biocementgroup” target=”_blank”>About</a></li> </ul> </a> </div>

//Then, we build the first way – voting - that people can get participate in design process. We map //some functions that will let people jump into a voting page in the different certain part of a Liwa //map, so that when people click on where they want to build they will jump in a page that allow //them vote to the corresponding site, then they can decide to vote there by email us.

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<div id=”content”> <p align=”center”> <b> Click where you want to build </b> </p> <p align=”center” style=”color: gray;”> <i>We will use your decision as the script of design </ i> </p> <p align=”center” > <img src=”/ter.jpg” width=”640” height=”630” alt=”Picture fail” border=”0” usemap=”#sitemap” />

</p> <map name=”sitemap” id=”sitemap”>  <area shape=”circle” coords=”142,21,20” href =”/site%231.html” target =”_blank” />  <area shape=”circle” coords=”372,75,20” href =”/site%232.html” target =”_blank” />  <area shape=”circle” coords=”455,127,20” href =”/site%233.html” target =”_blank” />  <area shape=”circle” coords=”192,141,20” href =”/site%234.html” target =”_blank” />  <area shape=”circle” coords=”595,168,20” href =”/site%235.html” target =”_blank” />  <area shape=”circle” coords=”379,240,20” href =”/site%236.html” target =”_blank” />  <area shape=”circle” coords=”134,313,20” href =”/site%237.html” target =”_blank” />

background(0,0,0) ; img = loadImage(“ter.jpg”); fill(255,255,255); stroke(255,255,255); strokeWeight(1); beginShape(); vertex(800,0); vertex(800,800); endShape(); beginShape(); vertex(800,400); vertex(1200,400); endShape(); textSize(22); fill(200, 200, 200); text(“Controller Platform of Draw”, 800, 25); text(“Controller Platform of Simulation”, 800, 425); textSize(11); text(“* Make sure your have saved the picture you draw before start simulation”, 800, 440);

image(img,0,0,800,800);

rect(850,50,250,20); textSize(15); text(“Radius”, 1110, 70); rect(850,100,250,20); text(“Diaphaneity”, 1110, 120); text(“ Reset Button !”, 900, 180); text(“ It will reset all your drawing”, 900, 200); text(“ if you pressed”, 900, 220); rect(975, 50, 20, 20); rect(975, 100, 20, 20); text(“ Chage mode Button !”, 900, 535); text(“ ‘D’ for drawing mode”, 900, 555); text(“ ‘S’ for simulation mode”, 900, 575); textSize(10); //text(“In ‘P’ mode, you can :”,920,340); //text(“left clicks to create, Right clicks to end”,920,350); //text(“Press ‘A’ to add new, Press ‘C’ or ‘L’to change curvature”,920,360); //show data startPoint = new int[listLength]; endPoint = new ArrayList(); for(int i = 0; i < startPoint.length; i++) { startPoint[i] = i*10; } // class drone fly = new Drone[40]; b = new float[3]; for(int i = 0; i < fly.length; i ++){ fly[i] = new Drone(i * 20 + 10,800);} }

rect(940,660,10,40) ; } fill(255,255,255) ; beginShape() ; vertex(1050,680) ; vertex(1050,660) ; vertex(1070,680) ; vertex(1050,700) ; vertex(1050,680) ; vertex(1030,660) ; vertex(1030,700) ; vertex(1050,680) ; endShape() ; noFill(); strokeWeight(6) ; arc(1150,680,40,40,-PI,PI/2) ; strokeWeight(2) ; fill(255,255,255) ; beginShape(); vertex(1140,700) ; vertex(1150,690) ; vertex(1150,710) ; endShape(CLOSE) ; //slider for draw if(mouseX>850 && mouseX<1100 && mouseY > 50 && mouseY < 70 && mousePressed ){ drawR = map(mouseX,850,1100,3,60); fill(0); rect(850,50,250,20); fill(255); rect(mouseX, 50, 20, 20); } if(mouseX>850 && mouseX<1100 && mouseY > 100 && mouseY < 120 && mousePressed ){ drawA = map(mouseX,850,1100,5,80); fill(0); rect(850,100,250,20); fill(255); rect(mouseX, 100, 20, 20); } } void showData(){ fill(0); rect(850,270,320,100); color theColor = get(mouseX,mouseY); float cr = red(theColor); float cg = green(theColor); float cb = blue(theColor); endPoint.add(map(cr,0,255,0,100)); if(endPoint.size()>listLength){endPoint.remove(0); } for(int j = 0; j < endPoint.size(); j++){ stroke(255); line(startPoint[j] + 850,270 , startPoint[j] + 850, (Float)endPoint.get(j)+270); println(); } }

void draw(){  <area shape=”circle” coords=”562,322,20” href =”/site%238.html” target =”_blank” />

noStroke(); if(mouseX<800 && mousePressed && mode == false) { fill(255,255,255, drawA); ellipse(mouseX,mouseY,drawR,drawR);} if(mouseX<800 && mousePressed && mode == true)

<area shape=”circle” coords=”372,381,20” href =”/site%239.html” target =”_blank” />  <area shape=”circle” coords=”457,390,20” href =”/site%2310.html” target =”_blank” />

{ }

//class Drone class Drone{ int x; int y;

Drone(int tempX, int tempY){ x = tempX; y = tempY; }

if(mouseX> 800){ void run(){ controller() ; } if(mouseX< 800){ showData(); } if(mode == true && simulation == true){ for(int i = 0; i < fly.length; i ++){ fly[i].run(); fly[i].display();

// T finding mode /*color theColor1 = get(x, y-1); color theColor2 = get(x-1, y-2); color theColor3 = get(x, y-2); color theColor4 = get(x+1, y-2); float b1 = blue(theColor1); float b2 = blue(theColor2); float b3 = blue(theColor3); float b4 = blue(theColor4);

}  <area shape=”circle” coords=”122,471,20” href =”/site%2311.html” target =”_blank” />  <area shape=”circle” coords=”434,496,20” href =”/site12.html” target =”_blank” />  <area shape=”circle” coords=”191,542,20” href =”/site%2313.html” target =”_blank” /> </map> </div>

} if(sq(mouseX-850)+sq(mouseY-200)<sq(35) && mousePressed){ image(img,0,0,800,800); fly = new Drone[40]; b = new float[3]; for(int i = 0; i < fly.length; i ++){ fly[i] = new Drone(i * 20 + 10,800);} } } void controller(){ smooth(); fill(10,10,10) ; stroke(255,255,255) ; strokeWeight(1);

//click to change color //reset button if(sq(mouseX-850)+sq(mouseY-200)<sq(35) && mousePressed) {fill(255,0,0); ellipse(850,200,70,70);} else{fill(0,0,0); ellipse(850,200,70,70);} //change Mode if(sq(mouseX-850)+sq(mouseY-550)<sq(35) && mousePressed ) {fill(255,255,0); ellipse(850,550,70,70); mode = !mode;} else{fill(0,0,0); ellipse(850,550,70,70);} fill(255,255,255) ; stroke(255,255,255) ;

//Last, we build the second way – interfacial drawing - that people can get participate in design process. We using processing to build a user interface that allowed people draw white point on where they want to build on the map of Liwa.

//buttom for Draw noFill(); strokeWeight(6) ; arc(850,200,40,40,-PI,PI/2) ; strokeWeight(2) ; fill(255,255,255) ; beginShape(); vertex(840,220) ; vertex(850,210) ; vertex(850,230) ; endShape(CLOSE) ;

if(mode == false){ textSize(55); fill(255); text(“D”, 830, 570);} else{ textSize(55); fill(255); text(“S”, 835, 570);}

<p align=”center” style=”color: white;”> <b>Or, you can draw where you want to build by yourself</b> </p>

<p align = “center”> <script src=”/processing.js”></script> <script type=”text/processing” data-processing-target=”thecanvas”> PImage img; float drawR = 40; float drawA = 60; boolean mode = false; boolean simulation = false; //show data int[] startPoint; ArrayList endPoint; int listLength = 30; //class drone Drone[] fly; float[] b; float maxValue;

void setup(){ size(1200,800) ;

//for simulation fill(255,255,255) ; beginShape() ; vertex(830,660) ; vertex(830,700) ; vertex(860,680) ; endShape(CLOSE) ; if(sq(mouseX-845)+sq(mouseY-680)<sq(35) && mousePressed ){ simulation = true; fill(0,255,0); beginShape() ;vertex(830,660) ; vertex(830,700) ; vertex(860,680) ;endShape(CLOSE) ; } fill(255,255,255) ; rect(920,660,10,40) ; rect(940,660,10,40) ; if(sq(mouseX-940)+sq(mouseY-680)<sq(35) && mousePressed ){ simulation = false; fill(0,255,0); rect(920,660,10,40) ;

if(b1>=b2 && b1>=b3 && b1>=b4 ){x=x; y = y -1;} if(b2>b1 && b2>=b3 && b2>=b4){x= x-1; y = y-2;} if(b3>b1 && b3>b2 && b3>=b4){x= x; y = y-2;} if(b4>b1 && b4>b2 && b4>b3){x = x+1; y = y-2;} */ // - finding mode color theColor1 = get(x-1, y-1); color theColor2 = get(x, y-1); color theColor3 = get(x+1, y-1); float b1 = blue(theColor1); float b2 = blue(theColor2); float b3 = blue(theColor3); b[0] = b1; b[1] = b2; b[2] = b3; maxValue = b[0]; for(int i =1; i < b.length; i++){ if(b[i] > maxValue){ maxValue = b[i]; } } if(maxValue > 18){ if(b1>b2 && b1>b3){x=x-1; y=y-1;} if((b2>=b1 && b2>=b3)||b1==b3){x=x; y=y-1;} if(b3>b1 && b3>b2){x=x+1; y=y-1;} //if(b1==b3){x=x; y=y-1;} }else { x=x; y=y-1; } } void display(){ noStroke(); fill(0,0,0,90); ellipse(x,y,5,5); } } </script> <canvas id=”thecanvas”></canvas> </p> <br> <br> <CENTER> <button id=”saveImageBtn”>Save</button> <button id=”downloadImageBtn”>Download</button> </CENTER> </div>

<div id=”footer”> <hr/> <p align=”center” style=”color: gray;”> Thanks </p> </div>

</body> </html>

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// VOTING SIMULATION SITE

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// VOTING SIMULATION SITE - PROCESS

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// DRAWING SIMULATION AREA

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// DRAWING SIMULATION AREA - PROCESS

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//THE PROCESS OF COLLECTING DATDA FROM WEBSITE AND APPLY IT TO TERRITORIAL MORPHOLOGY SIMULATION

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Summerized data map of the data maps received fromthe

website

This summerized map is from a superposition of data maps that was sent by email from the interactive website. This kind of summerize will be operate once after several weeks, we collect the data from public and then use this summerized map to run simulation as a feedback, we post the simulation result on the website and receive comments from the users.

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The digital simulation of summerized datamap from website

INPUT: {the 500m*500m terrain model of Liwa, and a drawing of the boundary of sand dunes, and a drawing of public opinion;} MEDIA: {softiamge2015;} RULE: {Build a texture map of the boundary of sand dunes as the [flyGuide], the color of the texture map will be green if it is near ther boundary, otherwise it will be black;} {Build a texture map of the public opinion about where they want to build as the [publicOpinion], the color of the texture map will more withe if more people want to build there, otherwise it will be other color;} { Set up a point cloud of [drone] that they will fly above the terrain model from south to north, and the [drone] have 3 states([scanState], [focusState] and [freeState]), and there are 2 threshold value([publicOpinivvon] and [heightVariance]) to control which states they are. } {First state is [scanState]; in this state, the [drone] will fly in a liner way and get information form the [publicOpinion] and [heightVariance], if either of this value beyond the threshold, the state will changed.} { Second state is [focusState]; the [drone] will get the information of [publicOpinion] by finding the closet point on terrain, if highest of [publicOpinion] from the [drone] beyond a certain threshold, the [drone] will gather to the position where the highest [publicOpinion] is and start to swam around it as a square;} {Third state is [freeState]; the [drone] will get the information of the height of terrain by finding the closet point on terrain and the calculate the variance of all as the [heightVariance], if the [heightVariance] beyond a certain threshold, the [drone] will fly in a flocking way and try to find the green part of the [flyGuide] each frame, that is, they will fly along the sand dunesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; boundary ;} { Set up a point cloud of [endEffector] that always has the same point position with [drone], and they can get the information of [siteOrientation] by finding the closet point on terrain, if the [siteOrientation] is windward side it will in [open] state, otherwise will in [close] state;} {Emit the digital [bio-binder] from the [endEffector] if they state are [open], and [bio-binder] will drop on the terrain by the function of gravity, then they will flow around the terrain;} OUTPUT: {the pathway of the binder from the drone that changed in 3 different state above the 500*500m terrain;}

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chapter.6

URBAN SCENARIO ACTION PLAN

Based on all the theoretical researches, physical and digital explorations and simulations, finally extracted and utilized the knowledge through the previous chapters, and combined with the public positions of the project (reported as the bio-cement website), the final project design is now proposed. INPUT: {the 6000m*8000m terrain model of Liwa, and the mapping of the pond including the size, the location, the shape and other datas; and a drawing of the boundary of sand dunes, and a drawing of public opinion;} MEDIA: {softiamge2015;} RULE: {For applying the previous code we have built, we divide the 6000m*8000m terrain to 192 smaller parts of 500m*500m;} {Each 500*500m part will have 4 direction that the drone would entry (north , south , east and west), it depends on the relationship between this site and the nearest pond, set the best direction which means can let drone move to that square edge as fast as they can as the [entryDireciton];} { Set up a point cloud of [drone] that they will fly above the terrain model from [entryDireciton], and the [drone] have 3 states(scanState, focusState and freeState), and there are 2 threshold value([publicOpinion] and [heightVariance]) to control which states they are. } {Build a texture map of the boundary of sand dunes as the [flyGuide], the color of the texture map will be green if it is near ther boundary, otherwise it will be black;} {Build a texture map of the public opinion about where they want to build as the [publicOpinion], the color of the texture map will more withe if more people want to build there, otherwise it will be other color;}

Void scanState([drone], [publicOpinion], [flyGuide]){ {First state is [scanState]; in this state, the [drone] will fly in a liner way and get information form the [publicOpinion] and [heightVariance], if either of this value beyond the threshold, the state will changed.} } Void focusState([drone], [publicOpinion], [flyGuide]){ { Second state is [focusState]; the [drone] will get the information of [publicOpinion] by finding the closet point on terrain, if highest of [publicOpinion] from the [drone] beyond a certain threshold, the [drone] will gather to the position where the highest [publicOpinion] is and start to swam around it as a square;} } Void freeState([drone], [publicOpinion], [flyGuide]){ {Third state is [freeState]; the [drone] will get the information of the height of terrain by finding the closet point on terrain and the calculate the variance of all as the [heightVariance], if the [heightVariance] beyond a certain threshold, the [drone] will fly in a flocking way and try to find the green part of the [flyGuide] each frame, that is, they will fly along the sand dunesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; boundary ;} } { Set up a point cloud of [endEffector] that always has the same point position with [drone], and they can get the information of [siteOrientation] by finding the closet point on terrain, if the [siteOrientation] is windward side it will in [open] state, otherwise will in [close] state;} {Emit the digital [bio-binder] from the [endEffector] if they state are [open], and [bio-binder] will drop on the terrain by the function of gravity, then they will flow around the terrain;} } OUTPUT: {The simulation result of using the previous code(the final simulation of 500*500m site) in 6000*8000m site, that is, the prediction about how the structure will be build in this site;}

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//Territorial simulation

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//DETAILED MORPHOLOGY SAMPLE As bio-cement project aims propose a long-term urban developing structure that activate human settlement within the desert, in the meantime, response the public demands on a socially cohesive and economically sustainable community, a host of researches, experiments, simulations has been taken place. . Based on all the theoretical researches, the extracted knowledge firstly pointed out the location of the bio-construction should close to the local-water- treatment ponds. As for the mass use, it is needed to neighboring the human settlements. design strategy Physical and digital explorations and simulations, finally extracted and utilized the knowledge through the previous chapters, and combined with the public positions of the project (reported as the bio-cement website), the final project design is now proposedas well as to prove the value of bio-cement in Liwa Oasis. Thus, The location of the territorial morphology is essential. This is how to establish the value of the theoratical research on further practical application. Simulation Exploration

The basic simulation exploration in chapter3 and 4 has also becomes real crutial to morphology of the final model. From the research on wind influence towards sand dune to 3d-printing technology, all the elements becomes the technique support of the final model. Simulation directly changed the step-by-step design process, and delivered the final Territorial Moprhology. In here, we will explain the model through the codes theoratically and use section and top view render to show it visually.

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INPUT: {the 500m*500m terrain model of Liwa, and a drawing of the boundary of sand dunes, and a drawing of public opinion;} MEDIA: {softiamge2015;}

{use point position from the [bio-binder] as the [startPoint], and the [startPoint] have 3 different model state(dropping, digging, 3Dprinting);}

RULE: {Build a texture map of the boundary of sand dunes as the [flyGuide], the color of the texture map will be green if it is near ther boundary, otherwise it will be black;} {Build a texture map of the public opinion about where they want to build as the [publicOpinion], the color of the texture map will more withe if more people want to build there, otherwise it will be other color;} { Set up a point cloud of [drone] that they will fly above the terrain model from south to north, and the [drone] have 3 states(scanState, focusState and freeState), and there are 2 threshold value([publicOpinion] and [heightVariance]) to control which states they are. }

Void dropping([startPoint]){ {set up the [strand] form the [startPoint] and extend the length in the opposite direction of the velocity of [startPoint], the length of [strand] will be longer if the velocity of [startPoint] is faster, otherwise it will be shouter; } {Create [extrusion] along [strand], the base shape is a circle and the circle’s radiance based on the different part of the [strand], at the start point of the [strand] the [extrusion] will be a little bigger while at the middle it will biggest, and at the end it will be have a little hole;} }

Void digging([startPoint]){ {use point position from the result of final simulation as the [startPoint], and the [startPoint] will flow around the terrain by the function of gravity;} {set up the [strand] form the [startPoint] and extend the length in the direction that opposite the normal direction of the closet terrain from the [startPoint], the length of [strand] will be longer if the altitude of [startPoint] is higher, otherwise it will be shouter; } {Create [extrusion] along [strand], the base shape is a circle and the circle’s radiance based on the different part of the [strand], at the start point of the [strand] the [extrusion] will be a little bigger then the other part will from small to big along the depth of the [strand];} }

Void focusState([drone], [publicOpinion], [flyGuide]){ { Second state is [focusState]; the [drone] will get the information of [publicOpinion] by finding the closet point on terrain, if highest of [publicOpinion] from the [drone] beyond a certain threshold, the [drone] will gather to the position where the highest [publicOpinion] is and start to swam around it as a square;} } Void freeState([drone], [publicOpinion], [flyGuide]){ {Third state is [freeState]; the [drone] will get the information of the height of terrain by finding the closet point on terrain and the calculate the variance of all as the [heightVariance], if the [heightVariance] beyond a certain threshold, the [drone] will fly in a flocking way and try to find the green part of the [flyGuide] each frame, that is, they will fly along the sand dunes’ boundary ;} { Set up a point cloud of [endEffector] that always has the same point position with [drone], and they can get the information of [siteOrientation] by finding the closet point on terrain, if the [siteOrientation] is windward side it will in [open] state, otherwise will in [close] state;} {Emit the digital [bio-binder] from the [endEffector] if they state are [open], and [bio-binder] will drop on the terrain by the function of gravity, then they will flow

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around the terrain;} }

Void 3dPrint([startPoint]){ {use point position from the result of final simulation as the [startPoint], and the [startPoint] will flow around the terrain by the function of gravity;} {set up a point cloud that will record the pathway of [startPoint] as [binderFlow], and the [binderFlow] will create a polygon by the method of metaball;} {set up a point cloud that will record the end point of [startPoint] as [erosionPart], and the [erosionPart] will create a polygon by the method of creating extrusion along strands, that will looks like the erosioned rock ;} } OUTPUT: {The final model of the simulation that the drone fly above the terrain 500*500m and change 3 states by the public opinions and variance of height;}

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Top View

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CONCLUSION Reviewing bio-cement project, from the first chapter - the environmental and social facts of Liwa - which including the climate, the water condition, the agriculture, local residential problems, sand morphology transformation, the burgeoning tourism and even the policy changing - to the second chapter: bio-cement - the material, whose fabrication process reflects and conciliates all those Liwaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s issues, these two sections together theoretically declared the bio-cement is a poetical material of generating new urban fabric and shall activate human settlement in the desert. Chapter three, which mainly elaborates on the dune morphology transformation and its relative determinants through the methodologies of digital and analogue categories, digital simulations and physical modeling, stated strongly that this project has fully entrenched in the precise ideology. This laid the foundation for the later on establishing the bio-cement system. However, when authentically commence the project on site, in order to demonstrate the feasibility and strengthen the persuasiveness of the bio-cement project, in the chapter four, as continue the research on bio-cement material, the input-out model has been explicated and then supported strongly that the bio-cement, as a material, is a potential for generating the local urban feature. Moreover, standing upon the consideration of the complicate geomorphology of Liwa Oasis, where the incessant and undulations dunes are, thus a flexible and operable constructing tool is required to our project. The chapter four proposed the drones as the tool could meet such requirement, and then explained the main constructional technique â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3D printing. Lastly, chapter 5 and 6, based on all the theoretical researches, physical and digital explorations and simulations, finally extracted and utilized the knowledge through the previous chapters, and combined with the public positions of the project (reported as the bio-cement website), proposed the final project design. As at the beginning, Bio-cement project aims to harness local resources in Liwa Oasis, standing from the architecture or urban viewpoints, to propose the urban structure that activate human settlement within the desert. It now appears that the project achieved a considerable success, due to the fact that bio-cement project made use of the microalgae in the Liwa-local-fish ponds and the sand dunes within Rub Al Khali desert in the UAE. By cohering the social context of Liwa, changing issues to become design opportunities, it indeed carried forward a humanized, environmentally and economically sustainable social community. Unfortunately, our bio-cement project has not been applied as a real project rather than as an academic research. Nevertheless, our project has convincingly demonstrated the potential of Bio-cement being constructional material. Science and technology are evolving and changing our life over time, especially in the region where has the survival living condition, such as the UAE. There might be one day in the future when Bio-cement could really be utilized and confer benefits to the society.

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APPENDIX

APPENDIX 1 Social activities analysis in Liwa Oasis

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APPENDIX 2 Bio-cementation Experiment

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APPENDIX 3 Simulation of sand behavior under binder injection

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APPENDIX 4 Simulation of sand behavior under wind environment

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APPENDIX 5 Excel data for Input-Output model

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APPENDIX 5 Self-healing system

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APPENDIX 6 Algae station design

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APPENDIX 7 Territroial simulation results

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APPENDIX 1 In this appendix, the map and diagram shows the basic social activities distribution in Liwa oasis, in order to support the function of the out come territorial structure.

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Liwa Oasis where Main Social activities distanced by huge Sand dunes

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APPENDIX 2 This is the primary test of bio-cementation, it illustruated the first version of the bio-cementation process, also, including the process of algae cultivation and solution making. It also showes the process of the test and the test sample that is successed first time.

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Chemicals & Flasks

Pouring Alage in to flask

Mixing cultivation solution

Mixing Chemical solution

Testing PH value

Adjust proportion

Testing PH value

Adjust proportion

Testing PH value

Adjust proportion

Testing PH value

Adjust proportion

Testing PH value

Adjust proportion

Testing PH value

Adjust proportion

Testing PH value

Adding solution to test tube

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APPENDIX 3 This is the digital catalog that explores the relation between binder and sand. It illustrate the diffferent form of sand might have consolidated in a certain parameters, which including injection speed, injection amount as well as injection height.

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The test runs different parameters to explore the feature of inject binders to sand. From first row to the fourth raw: 1. 2. 3. 4.

inject inject inject inject

by different syringe sizes from different heights by increment inject points from different angles

APPENDIX 4 It starts with the basic analysis on how the different size of sand particles influence the sand dune movement. Then followed by the digital and analogue simulation catalog to simulate the process of the movement of sand dune in wind parameters, and then enlarge the parameter in order to creat the erosion phenonmenon on the sand.

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Wind Movement in site (500*500)

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Wind Density in site (500*500)

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Physical test for both salinity and humidity towards sand dune. 1. salinityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s effection towards single sand dune. 2. humidityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s effection towards multiple sand dunes.

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CHAPTER4 The Input-output model Excel Data, including the array that explain the proportion of each element, which is wastewater, algae, bio-cement and co2. and its caculation values based on the data we ran simulation on the site in 6000*8000 scale, and predict the growth of fish pond on site

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APPENDIX 5 We further explored the function of algae solidify sand, come up with the idea of self-healing structure. In this structure, we use algae as biological binder to flow over the facade of the structure, when the wind blows with the sand, the binder will make the sand that originally would erode the facade, into a cover that protect the facade from the erosion.

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The self-healing experimental apparatus

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Open Valve for binder

Binder flow

Sand solidify on surface

wind blows towards surface

Sand solidify on surface

wind blows towards surface

Sand solidify on surface

wind blows towards surface

Sand solidify on surface

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APPENDIX 6 In order to cultivate algae and emission the territorial machine, we proposed the idea of algae station.

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Top View of Alage station on site

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CHAPTER5 Simulation that based on different location that comes from the collected data from the website

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Territorial Simulation based on website data collection 1

Concerntation spots were focus on the lower right area, drone flied in array and then rotate, and inject binder , let binder flow long the sand dune morphology

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Territorial Simulation based on website data collection 2

Concerntation spots were focus on the lower right area, drone scan the site first , and then transform into array, rotate and inject binder , let binder flow long the sand dune morphology

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Territorial Simulation based on website data collection 3

Concerntation spots were focus on the lower left area, drone flied in row to scan the site, find sand dune boundry and then transform into array, rotate and inject binder , let binder flow long the sand dune morphology

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Structural study of erosion patterns

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Final design Draft

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B.1/0.CEMENT TEAM

Chunyi CHEN Yilin ZHOU Ying HU Han LIU Wenzhe YE

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