INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF THE WORLD PHYLUM: PORIFERA By Gaby, Auguste, Nate, and Vikram
Introduction to Porifera
Species: More than 8000 different species in this phylum Broken down into 3 different classes- Calcarea (calcareous sponges) Demospongiae (demosponges) Hexactinellida (glass sponges) Habitat: All sponges live in water Most live attached to marine reefs Most live in saltwater but over 100 species live in freshwater
Adaptations
Ocean Floor Live at the bottom of ocean floor so that they can catch water currents Sessile animals Osculum- releases the water from the sponge Ostium(ostia)- pores on sponge which allow water to enter Movement and Reactions: Lack true tissue and muscles, so they have controlled behaviors that can contract their body to respond to stimuli Filter feeders: Adapted to water by creating small pores for only food to enter their system
White Vase Sponge
Osculum Ostium
Young & Closest Relatives
Sponges differ from producing very few to many thousand young Living young are released from the outgoing oscula Newborn sponges resemble plankton After a few days of free floating, they attach to a hard surface and begin growth
Since Porifera are the only phylum that lack real tissue, their closest relatives are the choanoflagelletes Choanoflagelletes
are animal-like protists that animals evolved from
Common Examples
Spongia officinalis “the kitchen sponge” Dark gray, size of a baseball
Spongilla lacustris (freshwater sponge) Bright green or yellow Relatively small
Prey & Predators
What & how do they eat? Filter food particles out of water They use flagellated cells called collar cells that filter in the food.
Collar cells each have a flagellum which forces water through the sponge As food particles pass the collar, they become trapped and are consumed by the cell body and digested in the cell.
What eats them? Not very nutritious Not many things feed on them Select few who do: Sea slugs Some starfish Sponge flies
Collar Cells and Sponge fly
Reproduction & Excretion
Able to reproduce sexually or asexually Hermaphrodites–
can play the role of male or female Male sponge can release sperm into water, which then travels and enters a female sponge
Excretion through pores carbon
dioxide and other wastes are removed as the water moves in and out through pores
spawning sponge
Oxygenation/Water-current system
Flagellum in the cells of the sponge pump water through the sponges body. By pumping water, they carry oxygen and nutrients to sponge while removing waste and carbon dioxide Water-current system: water circulates to bring food and oxygen to sponge
Protosome/Deuterosome & Fun Facts
Sponges are not a protosome or deuterosome because they have no tissue Not symmetrical No coelom Sponges do not harm or benefit humans
Sponges can contain 16,000 other animals inside The chemicals they produce are being used to find a cure for cancer A new type of sponge is found every year In some places like the Caribbean, sponges can filter all the water in one day
Amphimedon compressa found in FL
Relationship to animals: Extracts
from this sponge contain complex polymers which are known to be toxic to bacteria, invertebrates and fish
There toxic toxins are being studied for cures of diseases.
Work Cited
Darwin’s Galapagos: "Porifera - Sponges." Darwin's Galapagos. Paul Ward, 2012. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. http://www.darwinsgalapagos.com/animals/porifera_sponges.htm. Sponges: "Sponge." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., 23 Apr. 2012. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge>. Euplectella aspergillium: T, Anderson. "Euplectella aspergillum ." Virtual Zoo. Pioneer School District , 2011. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. http://pioneerunion.ca.schoolwebpages.com/education/components/scrapbook/default.php?section detailid=2728&linkid=nav-menu-container- 4-11990. Access Science: Lovrav, Dennis V. "Porifera." AccessScience. ©McGraw-Hill Companies. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. http://www.accessscience.com/content.aspx?searchStr=porifera&id=538500. Spongia officinalis: Picchetti, Guido. Spongia officinalis. 7 Nov. 2003. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spongia_officinalis.jpg>. Spongilla lacustris: Spongilla lacustris. N.d. Virtual Zoo. Pioneer Union Elementary School District, Mar. 2008. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. <http://www.pioneerschooldistrict.org/education/components/scrapbook/default.php?sectiondetaili d=2738&linkid=nav-menu-container-4-12260>.
More Work Cited
White Vase Sponge: White Vase Sponge. 21 May 2002. NOAA Photo Library. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. <http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/expl0900.htm> Sponge fly: Murray, Tom. Spongillafly - Sisyra vicaria. 18 Aug. 2011. Bug Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. <http://bugguide.net/node/view/566392>. Spawning sponge: Dirscherl, Reinhard. Spawning sponge. N.d. Ocean-Photo. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. <http://www.oceanphoto.com/galerie_ansicht.php?foto_id=rdi_04106&vk=and&sw=spawn&wort=1 &thumbs=24&seite=1&erw=>. Enlargement of Collar Cell: Davey, Keith. Enlargement of Collar Cell. N.d. Life on Australian Seashores. Marine Education Society of Australasia, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. <http://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/sponges1.html>. A Simple Sponge: Bird, Jonathan. A Simple Sponge. N.d. Oceanic Research Group. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. <http://www.oceanicresearch.org/education/wonders/sponges.html>. Amphimedon compressa: Lyle, Jim. Amphimedon compressa. N.d. Underwater Photography Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012.
Cnidarians
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By: Sarah, Katie, Zoe, & Nick
Classification ď&#x192;&#x2018; ď&#x192;&#x2018;
Phylum: Cnidaria Species: coral, sea anemones, and jellyfish
Characteristics
Color: wide variety
Size: wide variety
Shape: tubular shape with stinging cells & tentacles around the mouth
Examples: jelly fish, sea anemones, hydras, & coral
Food
Cnidarians eat small crustaceans & small plankton-like animals
Coral polyp are eaten by parrot fish or star fish
Jellyfish are eaten by sea turtles
Relations with Humans
The box jellyfish’s sting can be lethal to humans
Coral plays a part in the economy by stimulating tourism
Some Cnidarians provide anti-cancer qualities
Adaptations
Hydrodtatic Skeleton to helps them swim in water
Nematocytes are stingers to help them attack & kill their prey (without teeth)
Tentacles help pull the food into their mouths
Nematocyst helps with protection; provides a toxic substance that predators want to avoid
Reproduction
Many eggs are released into the water in hopes of getting fertilized. Asexually or Sexually Sperm released in water and fertilize egg in the mesophyll Fragmentation Budding
Relatives
Ctenophora is the closest phylum Comb jellies Sea gooseberries Venus’s girdles
Ecology of Cnidarians •
•
•
The beautiful coral reefs are an attraction to tourists which helps Florida’s economy If the coral reefs are destroyed then it will ruin many ecosystems of fish which is harmful to the environment and our source of food Coral may have a source in them that can end up being a cure for cancer.
Eat and Excrete
All are carnivores or filter feeders They have a gastro vacular cavity which means their digested food and their non-digested food go in/out the same opening. Nutritive muscle Enzymatic
Gas exchange ď&#x192;&#x2018;
Cnidarians donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need a circulatory system because their cells are in contact with the water and there is plenty of oxygen and nutrients in it.
Did you know?
They’re Protosome Bilateral as adults, radial as polip They were the first animals with muscles and nerves All have stinging cells They all live in aquatic enviornments
Work Cited
“Cnidaria - Cnidarians, Coelenterates - Coelenterata, now obsolete terms.” DarwinsGalapagos.com. Paul Ward, 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. <http://www.darwinsgalapagos.com/animals/cnidaria_jellyfish_coral_sea_anemone.htm>. “Cnidaria (hydroids, sea fans, jellyfish, corals, sea anemones) .” BioDiversityExplorer.org. Iziko, 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. <http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/mm/cnidaria/>. Kappenbach, Laura. “Cnidaria - Phylum Cnidaria.” About.com. The New York Times Company, 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. <http://animals.about.com/od/cnidarians/p/cnidaria.htm>. A green turtle swims among the coral reefs that surround the Maldives. Photograph: Michele Westmorland/Getty Images. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. <A green turtle swims among the coral reefs that surround the Maldives. Photograph: Michele Westmorland/Getty Images>. coral reef. N.d. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. <http://www.picture-newsletter.com/corals/index.htm>. Biology 11 Block H. “Adaptations to Enviornment.” Cnidaria. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2012. <http://cnidarianh.blogspot.com/2007/03/adaptations-to-environment.html>. Nichols, Janna. White Spotted Anemone-Cnidaria Phylum. N.d. Janna Nichols [who says NW diving isn’t colorful]. Janna Nichols, 2009. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. <http://pnwscuba.smugmug.com/REEF/REEF-Pacific-NWInvertebrate/3215143_HB8xZN/177527901_9d2RR#!i=177527901&k=9d2RR>. Red Eye Medusa . N.d. Palaeos Invertebrates: Radiata. Keith Clements and John Gross, 2 May 2003. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. <http://palaeos.com/metazoa/radiata.htm>. University of California Museum of Paleontology. “Cnidaria .” Encyclopedia of Earth. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Cnidaria>. Collins, Allen, Ben M. Waggoner, and David Smith. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu. N.p., 9 May 2006. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. <http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/cnidaria.html>. Hopcroft, Russ. Chrysaora melanaster. 1 Jan. 2010. http://www.sfos.uaf.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. <http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/sewardline/ZoopSpecies/cnidarian/images/Chrysaora_melanaster_400x300.jpg>. Myers, Phil. “Cnidaria INFORMATION.” http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cnidaria.html. N.p., 20 Apr. 2012. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. <http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cnidaria.html>. Vella, Martin. Pollips. N.d. marine foundation.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. <http://www.marinefoundation.org/1,1staug1%20(178).jpg>.
Mollusk Report Emily, Emily, Joseph, and Joe Biology Project â&#x20AC;˘ April 27 2012
Mollusks Report on Mollusks DIFFERENT TYPES: SHELLS, OCTOPUS, SNAIL, LIMPET, CHITON
Above are photos of different types of Mollusks that were also listed above
Mollusks are often found in fresh water. In fresh water they adapt to their surroundings. When they adapt, they begin to camouflage with their surroundings. There are more than 50,000 species including snails, octopus, shells, and many more. Class Gastropoda is part of Mollusks and they are the largest group. They hide in their shells which is used for protection. Body: Three parts: a visceral mass, a head and a foot. The visceral contains the organs and the head contains the brain. The foot is the muscular lower part. Most have a shell. Some may have a mantle which contains the anus. Feeding: 70% are Gastropods (stomach foots). Radula (tongue) to scrape algae off rocks Bivalves: Filter Feeders. Waste: Mantle has gills which execute waste Gastropoda: Familiar snails
Works Cited “Mollusks.” Angel Fire. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. <http:/http://www.angelfire.com/mo2/ animals1/phylum/mollusca.html>. “Ocean Animals.” Missouri Botanical Garden. Missouri Botanical Garden, 2003. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. <http://www.mbgnet.net/salt/oceans/animals/mollusk.htm>. Snails and Their Relatives. N.d. The Wonders of the Seas: Mollusks. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. <http:/http://www.oceanicresearch.org/education/wonders/mollusk.html>.
Phylum Arthropoda Millions of Species
JOJO-BOBO
LARE-BEAR
B-Philly
AVI
Arthropods Their bodies are segmented Have paired segmented appendages like legs The body has bilateral symmetry For protection they have a chitnous exoskeleton and is sometimes molted In the body there is a tubular alimentary canal with mouth and anus All arthropods have an open circulatory system and a main tubular dorsal blood vessel Body cavity or coelom Complex systems for reactions like the nervous system of anterior ganglia and paired nerve cords.
Arthropods
(continued)
The skeletal system is surrounded by striated muscles Arthropods perform respiration through gills, tracheae, or spiracle like insects Live in all kind of habitats: many live in the water and many can fly and many live on land like in desserts or in forests Protostome Usually have many young at once Closely related phlylums include Annelida and Mollusca Come in all different colors to camouflage in order to prevent being consumed by their many predators since it is a spread out group overall, and they also use color to attract mates Some are poisonous and dangerous and harm humans and agriculture and many are used for food like lobster and shrimp
Class Crustacea
• "Crusted Forms" - hard flexible crust • Over 38,000 species • Nearly all are aquatic - "Insects of the Sea“ I. External I.
MOM?
Appendages I.
II.
III.
Two pairs of antennae I. 1st homologous to antennae of insects & myriapods II. 2nd homologous to chelicerae II. 3rd pair of head appendages are mandibles III. Biramous - deadly segment with endopod and exopod Tagmata I. Head and trunk II. A carapace may cover dorsal and lateral surfaces Exoskeleton
I.
II.
Chitin may be calcified in larger species
Feeding and Digestion I.
Feeding I. II. III. IV.
II.
Most are suspension filter-feeders Larger species are predator/scavengers Appendages specialized for cutting, tearing, collecting Foregut enlarged into cardiac and pyloric stomach
Gut develops two digestive glands: comprised of highly branched, blind canals, secrete enzymes, absorb nutrients, store glycogen and fat
I.
I.
Gas Exchange, Circulation, and Excretion
II. III.
II.
I.
I. II.
I. II. I.
Respiration
All Crustaceans have gills May be within thoracic cavity or on appendages
Circulatory System
Heart --> dorsal vessel --> sinuses --> gills -->pericardial sinus --> ostia in heart In the blood of larger species there are Respiratory proteins calledhemocyanin
Excretion
Excretory organs near antennae called antennal glands or maxillae called maxillary glands
Nervous and Sensory Structures
II. III. IV.
I.
I. II. I. II.
CNS is typical for arthropods:
Brain found on dorsal area, paired ventral nerve cord, ganglia
Two Eye Types
median simple eye (naupliar) compound eyes - ommatidia
Prioprioceptors and statocysts
in soft tissues between segments single pair at base of 1st antennae
Sensory hairs
Order Thecostraca
Barnacles and relatives
Branchiopoda: Water fleas and brine shrimp
Order Malacostraca Lobsters, crabs, and shrimp Other Orders: Mystacocarida, Tantulocarida, Branchiura (sea and fish lice) Ostracoda (seed shrimp), Copepoda, Cehphalocarida, Remipedia
Class Arachnida
Orders Araneae(Spiders) Acari (Ticks and mites) Opiliones(Daddy longlegs) Scorpiones(Scorpions)
Arachnida • Two body regions (cephalothorax, abdomen) – Cephalothorax: contains sense organs, mouthparts, and limbs in pairs.
• The first pair of limbs known as the chelicerae, may be in the form of pincers or poisonous fangs • The second pair-the pedipalps-may serve as pincers, feelers, or legs. • The other limb pairs, generally four, are used for walking.
– Abdomen: the abdomen, bears the genital opening and other structures. It is usually equipped with modified gills called book lungs • Most make webs • No antennae nor wings • Eat a variety of insects and other arthropods and some are parasites: Predacious
Class Insectia
Orders: Pterygota (Winged insects), Thysanura(Silverfish and firebrats), Archaeognatha(Bristletails)
Insectia
Three pairs of legs Three body parts: head, thorax, and abdomen Typically two pair of wings; some groups have one pair or none One pair of antennae Usually one pair of compound eyes; simple eyes (Ocilla) present in many groups Some fly like bees and some crawl on the ground like beetles and wings attached to thorax Over a million different kind of species Certain insects, or bugs, are parasites like fleas, others are carnivores like beetles and mantids and eat other arthropods or even amphibians or small birds
Class Diplopoda (Millipedes)
• • • • •
Millipedes
Two pairs of legs per body segment Mostly brown and black Not poisonous or extremely dangerous Round in body and not flattened Feed on insects and spiders in moist and dark places like in mulch in gardens and under rocks and logs • Curl up tightly when disturbed • May damage seeding plants by eating leaves
Class Chiplopoda (Centipedes)
Centipedes • Centipedes have pair of poison claws behind the head and use the poison to paralyze their prey, usually small insects • The jaws of centipedes are weak • One pair of legs per a body segment • Flattened unlike millipedes • Well developed antennae on the head • Feed on organic matter in moist and dark places like in mulch in gardens and under rocks and logs
Works Cited Animal Kingdom. “Arachnids.” Arachnids of the Animal Kingdom. Animal Kingdom, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. <http://animalkingdom.net/2010/06/28/arachnids/arachnids/>. Bartlett, Troy. “Class Insecta- Insects.” Bug Guide. Iowa State University Entomology, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. <http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740>. Cornuet, Jean-François. Daphnia Pulex. N.d. Tree of Life. Tree of Life, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012.<http://tolweb.org/onlinecontributors/app;jsessionid=4AEE5B84BFEFF 689D32A5B44E95D8BB8?page=ViewImageData&service=external&sp=1137>. All the photos I have put in my Arthropod project are from the Tree of Life website. Crist, Thomas. “Introduction to Phylum Arthropoda.” Phylum Arhtropoda. Miami University, n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. <http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/4015/handouts/Orders.htm>.
CUES: Center for Urban Ecology and Sustainability. “Class Crustacea.” Crustaceans. University of Minnesota, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. <http://zoology.muohio.edu/crist/zoo312/crustaceans.html>. Entomology. “Centipede, Millipede.” Centipede, Millipede. Texas A&M University, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. <http://insects.tamu.edu/fieldguide/cimg379.html>.
The Basics Phylum: Echinodermata
There are over 6,000 different species of Echinoderms in the world
Where do they live/Habitat?
They mostly live on the ocean floor or in the sea.
What adaptations do they have for their environment?
Water vascular system, tube feet, and symmetry. Echinoderms are considered to have bilateral symmetry because this is what they show as embryos. However, at first glance they appear to be radial.
What do they eat?
Mostly mollusks, clams, crabs, and even other Echinoderms
Who is their closest relative?
Echinoderms are most closely related with chordates. Their embryoogical evidence shows that they shared a common ancestor (Believed to be a sea Urchin).
Additional Information ď&#x201A;&#x2014; How do they get their food?
Echinoderms eat by surrounding the shell of mussels and use the suckers on their feet to pull the two parts of the shell apart. It then puts its stomach into the clam's shell and eats its insides. ď&#x201A;&#x2014; Reproduction?
Echinoderms usually reproduce sexually by the external fertilization of eggs by spermatozoa. The eggs then develop and become plankton larvae. They go through two main stages called Bipnnaria and Brachiolaria. They then undergo metamorphis and become adults. Echinoderms can also reproduce asexually. In this process, echinoderms divide into two or more parts by a process called fission. They then go through regeneration and grow back the missing limbs, creating two separate organisms.
Additional Info Continued ď&#x201A;&#x2014; Water vascular system:
Starfish have a unique system that connects a series of internal canals with their external tube feet, allowing them to do many things including the following: - Obtain oxygen, excrete ď&#x201A;&#x2014; Echinoderms are classified as Deutersomes.
Water Vascular System
Habitat Echinoderms live on ocean floors all across the world, including our own Florida coast. Ecology Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies are all echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Within these limits, echinoderms have diversified into a number of life styles. Some, like many starfish, are predators; holothurians, sand dollars, and ophiuroids that often feed on detritus. Sea urchins scrape algae from rocks. Starfish and sea usually dwell in very shallow water, while the floor of the deep sea may swarm with ophiuroids or holothurians. Echinoderms fill the oceans in their numbers, and thankfully, are not in danger of becoming extinct. Sea Cucumber
How do they Harm/Benefit Humans? ď&#x201A;&#x2014; How do echinoderms benefit humans? ď&#x201A;&#x2014; Echinoderms are harvested as food and they can also be studied
in laboratories. Scientist believe that they may be helpful in discovering medicines for human disease. ď&#x201A;&#x2014; How echinoderms harm humans? Echinoderms are contributing to a global sink. They are creating a large amount of carbon that is begun to affect the global climate.
Resources
Bird, Jonathan. “Echinoderms: The Spiny Animals!” Ocean Research Group. amaranthnetworks inc, 5 June 2007. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. <http://www.oceanicresearch.org/education/wonders/echinoderm.html>. Echinoderms. 2010. www.starfish.ch/reef/echinoderms.html. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. <http://www.google.com/imgres?q=echinoderms&hl=en&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=UTSgGjOF_Bk_s M:&imgrefurl=http://www.starfish.ch/reef/echinoderms.html&docid=Kkx6oaLyDXPbM&imgurl=http://www.starfish.ch/Fotos/echinoderms-Stachelhauter/starfish-Seesterne/Fromiamonilis1.jpg&w=600&h=450&ei=h2qVT5D9Nqmf6QHskPGvBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=336&vpy=4& dur=4159&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=147&ty=58&sig=102495441752060518056&page=1&tbnh=158&tbn w=209&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:111&biw=1138&bih=555>. Mario Lebrato, et al. “Echinoderms Contribute to Global Carbon Sink; Impact of Marine Creatures Underestimated.” Science Daily 28 Jan. 2010: 1. Science Daily. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100108101425.htm>. Professor Clyde Herreid,, Dr. Jessica Poulin, and Professor Charles Fourtner. “Echinodermata.” Evolutionary Biology. Department of Biological Sciences, Arts & Sciences Libraries, Educational Technology Center., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. <http://www.bio200.buffalo.edu/labs/echinoderms.html>. Sea Cucumber. 21st Century. El Blog Mastro Raul. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. <http://ceipntrasradelapiedad.wordpress.com/2010/03/27/invertebrates/>. “The Wonders of the Seas.” Oceanic Research Group. Jonathan Bird/ORG, n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. <http://www.oceanicresearch.org/education/wonders/echinoderm.html>.