INDEX

A

Activation energy, of enzymes 37 Active site, of enzymes 36 Active transport 25-30 Adenine 145 Aerobic respiration 46-47 Albinism 171 Alcoholic fermentation 49 Alleles 83 - codominance of 102-103 - incomplete dominance of 105 - lethal 106 Alpha helix 161-162 Amino acid table 154 Amino acid, structure of 160 Amyloplast 3-4 Anabolic reaction 35, 38 Anaerobic metabolism 49-50 Animal cell 6-8 Anticodon 147, 158 Asexual reproduction 85 ATP 42-45 - role in active transport 30 ATP synthase 27 Autolysis 11

B

Base pairing rule 68, 148 Beneficial mutation 88 Beta pleated sheet 161-162 Biological catalyst 36 Black robin, genetic bottleneck 134 Blood groups, inheritance 103-104

C

Calvin cycle 54, 56 Cancer 73, 179 Catabolic reaction 35, 38 Catalase activity 41 Catalyst, enzyme 36-41 Cell cycle, checkpoints 70 Cell cycle, stages of 69 Cell cytoskeleton 3 Cell division 11, 69-74, 91 Cell processes 11-12 Cell size, and diffusion 22 Cell specialisation 7, 9-10 Cell wall 3 Cell, animal 6-8 Cell, plant 3-5 Cellular energy, overview 43 Cellular organelles 3-4, 13-15 Cellular respiration 35, 43, 48, 60-61 Cellulose cell wall 3-4 Centrioles 6, 73 Channel protein 162 Chargaff's rules 148 Checkpoints, cell cycle 70 Chloroplast 3-4, 11, 53 Chromatid 144 Chromatin 144 Chromosome 144 Chromosome, homologous 83 Coding strand, of DNA 153 Codominance, of alleles 102-103 Codons 89, 154, 157 Cofactor, enzyme 39 Concentration gradient 18 Condensation reaction 147 Continuous variation 86 Cotransport 27 Crossing over 91-92 Cystic fibrosis mutation 178 Cytokinesis 69, 73-74 Cytoplasm 3, 6 Cytosine 145 Cytosis 11, 28-29

D

Degeneracy, of genetic code 155 Deletion mutation 174-175 Denaturation 161-162 - of enzymes 36 Deoxyribonucleic acid 143-144, 146 Deoxyribose sugar 145 Diffusion 18, 22 Dihybrid cross 108-109, 114 Diploid 91 Directional selection 125, 129-130 Discontinuous variation 87 Disruptive selection 125 DNA 143-144, 146 DNA model, exercise 148-151 DNA, changes 88 DNA, replication of 67-68 Dominant allele 97

E

Electron transport chain 44-46 Endergonic reaction 35 Endocytosis 29 Endoplasmic reticulum 3, 6 Energy, in cells 43 Environment - and phenotype 172, 181-182, 184 - and variation 84 Enzyme 162 Enzyme cofactor 39 Enzyme denaturation 36 Enzyme inhibitor 39 Enzyme reaction rate 40 Enzyme, catalase 41 Enzyme, role in metabolism 168 Enzymes 36-41 Epigenetics 172, 184 Essential amino acid 160 Eukaryotic cell 3, 6 Evolution, defined 123 Exergonic reaction 35 Exocytosis 28 Exon 144, 153 Extracellular enzyme 36

F

Facilitated diffusion 18 Factors affecting gene pools 121 Factors affecting photosynthesis 57-58 Fermentation pathways 49-50 Fibrous protein 163 Fluid mosaic model 16 Founder effect 131-132

G

Gametic mutation 90 Gap phase 69 Gas exchange, in photosynthesis 51 Gene 144 Gene expression 152-153, 157-158 Gene flow 121 Gene mutation 177-178 Gene pool model 127-128 Gene pools, changes in 121 Gene pools, role in evolution 121 Genetic bottleneck 133-134 Genetic code 154, 156 Genetic crosses 97-114 Genetic drift 121,135 Genetic variation, sources of 84-85 Genotype 84 - effect of mutation on 174 Geographical barrier, effect 121 Germline mutation 90 Globular protein 163 Glycolysis 44-46 Golgi apparatus 3, 6, 12 Grana 53 Guanine 145

H

Haploid 91 Harmful mutation 88 Heterozygous 83 Homologous chromosome 83, 91 Homozygous 83 Hydrophilic, defined 16 Hydrophobic, defined 16 Hypertonic vs hypotonic 20-21

I

Incomplete dominance, of alleles 105 Independent assortment 93 Independent assortment, law of 96 Induced fit model, enzyme activity 38 Inheritance, laws of 96 Inhibitor, enzyme 39 Insertion mutation 174-175 Interphase 69, 73 Intracellular enzyme 36 Intron 144 Ion pumps 26 Isotonic 20-21

JK

Krebs cycle 44-46

L

Lactic acid fermentation 50 Leaf structure, role in photosynthesis 51-52 Lethal alleles 106 Light dependent phase 54 Light independent phase 54 Link reaction 44, 46 Linkage 110-111 Linked gene, inheritance of 110-111 Liver cell 6 Lock and key model, enzymes 38 Lysosome 6

M

Mate selection 121 Meiosis 91-93 Meiosis, and variation 92-93 Meiosis, exercise 94-95 Melanin 171 Membrane permeability, factors affecting 24 Membrane proteins 16 Membrane transport 17 Membranes, roles in cells 12 Mendel, laws of inheritance 96 Mendel, pea plant experiments 97-98 Metabolic disorder 170-171 Metabolic pathway 168-171 Metabolic reaction 35, 38 Metabolism, defined 11 Metabolism, overview 76-77 Microvilli 6 Migration 121 Mitochondrion 3, 6, 12, 44-46 Mitosis 69-75 Mitosis, model of 75 Model, DNA 148-151 Model, gene pool 127-128 Model, meiosis 94-95 Model, mitosis 75 Model, natural selection 126 Monohybrid cross 99-107 mRNA 147 mRNA-amino acid table 154 Multiple alleles 103-104 Mutagen 88, 173, 180 Mutation 88-90 - and variation 84 - cystic fibrosis 178 - effect on genotype 174 - effect on phenotype 174 - in gene pools 121 - sickle cell disease 176 - types 174-176

N

Natural selection 121, 123-130 - model 126 - rock pocket mice 129-130 Nuclear pore 6 Nucleic acids 146-147 Nucleolus 3 Nucleosome 144 Nucleotide, base pairing rule 68, 148 Nucleotides 145 Nucleus 3, 6, 12

O

Organelles, cellular 3-4, 6, 13-15 Osmosis 20-21 Osmotic potential 20 Oxidative phosphorylation 46

P

Particulate inheritance 96 Passive transport 18-22, 30 Pea plant experiments 97-98 Peptide bond 160 Phagocytosis 29 Phenotype 84, 172, 174, 181-182 - role of metabolism 170-172 Phenylalanine metabolism 170-171 Phenylketonuria 171 Phospholipid structure 16 Photosynthesis 11, 35, 43, 51, 54-61 Photosynthetic rate, measuring 59 Photosystem 56 Pinocytosis 29 PKU 171 Plant cell 3-5 Plasma membrane 3, 6, 16-17 Plasmolysis, in plant cells 21 Plastid 4 Polypeptide chain 160 Population bottlenecks 133-134 Primary structure, of proteins 161 Primary transcript 152 Processes, cellular 11-12 Protein denaturation 161-162 Protein synthesis 11, 158-159 Protein, structure of 161 Protein, types 162-163 Proteins, enzymes 36 Proteins, membrane 16 Proton pumps 27 Purine 145 Pyrimidines 145

Q

Qualitative trait 87 Quantitative trait 86 Quaternary structure, of proteins 161

R

Reaction rates, of enzymes 40 Recessive allele 89, 97 Recombination 92, 112-113 Redundancy, of genetic code 155 Replication, of DNA 67-68 Respirometer 48 Respiration, measuring 48 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 146-147 Ribose sugar 145 Ribosomes 3, 6, 157 RNA 146-147 RNA polymerase 153 rRNA 147

S

S phase 69 Secondary structure, of proteins 161 Secretion, in cell 11 Segregation, law of 96 Selection 124, 129-130 Semi-conservative DNA replication 67 Sexual reproduction, variation 84-85 Shade plant 52 Sickle cell mutation 88, 176 Silent mutation 88, 175 Skin cancer mutation 180 Sodium-potassium pump 26 Somatic mutation 90, 180 Specialisation, in cells 7, 9-10 Stabilising selection 125 Stomata 51 Stroma lamellae 53 Sub-unit protein 162 Substitution mutation 174, 176 Substrate level phosphorylation 46 Sun plant 52 Surface area: volume ratio 22

T

Tasmanian devil, bottleneck 134 Temperature, and membrane permeability 24 Template strand, of DNA 153 Tertiary structure, of proteins 161 Test cross 100 Thylakoid 53 Thymine 145 Tonicity 20-21 Tonoplast 3, 24 Trait 86, 97 Transcription 152-153 Translation 152, 157-158 Transport, cellular 11, 17-22, 25-30 tRNA 147, 157-158 Turgor pressure 21

UV

Uracil 145 Vacuole 3 Variation, genetic 84-85