SPACE AND ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY CENTRE by BISHAL ROY

JADAVPUR2022U.GThesisReportISpaceAndAstronomicalObservatoryCentreUNIVERSITYDEPARTMENTOFARCHITECTUREKOLKATA-700032 I/We certify that the thesis entitled ........................................................ Submitted by Shri/Smt .............................................................................. In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Bachelor's degree in Architecture of this University, is a bonafide work, to the best of my/our knowledge, and maybe placed before the Examination Board for their consideration. HeadExternalExternalExternalSupervisorExaminer1Examiner2Examiner3oftheDepartment

Herebyamdeeplyindebtedtoallprofessorsofdefinestheacutedetailsofthelifeweliveinpublic.basedonamacroscopicpointofview.Andsotookupaprojectthatthedetailofbuildingconstruction,butalsocanI-controlaprojecttaughtmeduringthe5years,notonlydoIunderstandtheprocessanddiscussionsandfromthesecommunicationswithprofessorswhopossibilitytostartthisthesis.IspentalongtimeengrossedinIwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhogavemetheapplication.oftheoreticalconceptswiththepracticaldimensionsoftheirmakingofanarchitect.Theveryconceptaccentuatestotheco-relationTheThesisprojectcomesasoneofthemostvaluablephasesinthe JADAVPURUNIVERSITY, DepartmentofArchitecture Iacknowledgemyindebtednesstowardsvalue.Theirguidanceandsuggestionhaveagainandagainbeenofgreatfortheirdirectandindirecthelptome. Professors,GuideAR.TAPAS KUMARBHATTACHARYYAandAR.SUCHANDRABARDAN Besides,Iamhighlyindebtedtoouraconstantsupportandalwaysputmyconfusionsabovealltheirworks.ofthisprojectwouldhavebeenimmeasurablydifficult.Theyhavebeenandcounsel,alwaysgenerouslyandunstintinglygiven,thecompletioncontributionsintheimplementationofthisthesis.Withouttheirhelpfortheir CoordinatorDR.MAINAKGHOSHHeadoftheDepartmentandThesis forhisguidanceandconstant supervision. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2022U.GThesisReportISpaceAndAstronomicalObservatoryCentre THE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTACTUAL

ShibashishS.DS.BMa'am,JGNMa'am,Sir,S.NagSir,Sir,DDSirandallothersfortheircontinuoussupportforthe

5 SunandanSagarikaRahulIandgrandparentsMylongyearsparents,myfortheirunparalleledsupportloveandcarewouldliketothankChakraborty,Das,BipashaBiswas,Sulagnade,RupamBiswas,SumangalDa(fromllCBIndianInstituteofchemicalBiology,kolkata)fortheirconstantguidanceandencouragingdiscussions.MyfriendsSujoySarkar,DibyenduPramanik,ProvashishHalder,DebmallyaGhosh,GhaziaY.Zakir,Md.AsifMondal,ShubhajitMajiDebaratiDutta,DrishaPaulandallothersfortheirencouragementandenthusiam. MY!UPPORT !Y!TIM a::: w :E <i ...J (.) w cSreejoniNeogi,TushitaBasak,AishwaryaSinha,ArnabRakshit,SambhabiBasu,OishiChatterjee,SampriktaBiswas(fromllEST,Shibpur)fortheirsincereeffortsIwouldalsoliketothankSujoySarkarandDibyenduPramanik(batchmates,butIconsiderthemasmyghoras)fortheirhugebackupsupport.REALLYTHANKFULTOALLOFYOUGUYS.THANKYOU,YOUR'STRULY

>-N c::: 0 _JN :::c (/)0 -o a:i JADAVPURUNIVERSITY,Dept.ofArchitectureI2022U.GThesisReport

PARTA 1.Abstract 04 2.Introduction 05 •ProjectDefinition • 3.ResearchProjectBriefAndTopicDefinition 06 •WhythisProject •WhyisAstronomyImportant •WhatIsSpaceObservation •WhatIsIndianDeepSpaceNetwork •WhyIndianDeepSpaceNetwork • 4.GovernmentIndianDeepSpaceNetworkProposalAndBackgroundStudies 14 • 5.BackgroundGovernmentProposalStudies 16 •AboutISRO •Vision • 6.OrganisationMissionStructure 19 •Objective • 7.StatusRespondProjectsofOngoingRespondProgramme 21 • 8.OutreachRespondProjects 22 •VikramSarabhaiCentenaryProgramme •YuvaVigyaniKaryakram •Prof.SatishDhawanCentenaryProgramme PARTB 8.Science7.Kerala6.Aries-Nainital5.Inter4.King3.Shanghai2.NASA1.CaliforniaAcademyOfSciencesSustainabilityBasePlanetariumForScienceAndTechnologyAbdullahStudiesAndResearchCentreUniversityCenterForAstronomyAndAstrophysicsObservatoryScienceandTechnologyMuseumCityKolkata 9591898769503127

PARTC 1.ISROSatellites 108 2.RocketsOftheWorld 113 3.VehiclesLaunchedBy 115 4.TMTISRO30MTelescope 117 •TelescopeStructure •(M1CS)AlignmentandPhasingSystem(APS)andM1ControlSystem •SecondaryMirror •GiantScienceSteering •TMTCalotteEnclosure •FirstLightInstruments • 5.IntroductiontoTMTIndiaExtremelyLargeTelescope 127 PARTD 1.SiteDetails 141 •RoadNetworkConnectingthesite •SiteSurrounding •Background •Hydrology • 2.AboutLandformDigha 149 •AvailableofPh •ElectricalConductivity •AvailablePhosphorus •MajorProblems •PresentFacilities WaterSupply PowerSupply StormWaterDrainage SolidWasteDisposal BeachCleaningAndBeautification Erosionofbeach LivelihoodActivities

26 PARTF 1.LiteratureStudy 181 •ResearchCentre •TheNatureofProject • 2.LiteratureInterestedPartiesStudy 189 •ScientificResearchInModernTimes • 3.LiteratureTheUnethicalPrincipalStudy 191 •MassEnergyEquivalence •Concept •GravityAndObjectStimulation •Goals •Objective •Methodology • 4.GeneralSpacePlanningDistributionOfsectionsandentrances 197 PARTE 1.Standards 161 2.Library 162 3.Auditorium 165 4.MuseumsAndArtGalleries 171 5.Lighting 173 6.Catering 176

02 1.Abstract 04 2.Introduction 05 •ProjectDefinition • 3.ResearchProjectBriefAndTopic06Definition •WhythisProject •ImportantWhyisAstronomy •ObservationWhatIsSpace •SpaceWhatIsIndianDeepNetwork •NetworkWhyIndianDeepSpace • 4.GovernmentNetworkIndianDeepSpaceProposalAnd14BackgroundStudies • 5.BackgroundGovernmentProposalStudies16 •AboutISRO •Vision • 6.OrganisationMissionStructure19 •Objective • 7.StatusRespondProjectsofOngoingRespond21Programme • 8.OutreachRespondProjects22 •CentenaryVikramSarabhaiProgramme •YuvaVigyaniKaryakram •CentenaryProf.SatishDhawanProgramme

ABSTRACT

ofthegeneralpublicaboutphysicsandastronomy.sunandstars.Thegoalofthedesignwillbetocontributetotheeducationastronomicalalignments,followingandanalyzingthemovementsofthetimes,manypeopletailoredtheirbuildingsaccordingtospecificthousandsofyearsinclosecontact,andtodayweknowthatinancientpracticalexperiences.Astronomyandarchitecturehavetraveledforandalsotoprovideinteractivespacesandopenobservationspacesforastronomy.Theneedtospreadawarenessaboutastronomyisrequired,expertisetoinformtheirvisitorssuccinctlyaboutadvancesinmodernMostmuseumsandplanetariums,however,currentlylackthescientificourhomeplanetinspaceandtimeinspireswonderinpeopleofallages.theextraordinaryformsthatotherworldscanassume,andtheplaceoftheuniverseinwhichwelive.Awarenessofthevastnessoftheuniverse,todeepandlong-standingquestionsaboutouroriginsandthenatureofAstronomicaldiscoveriescaptivatethehumanimaginationbyconnecting 04

PROJECTDEFINITION homeplanet.globalcitizenshipandprideinourearthintoperspectiveandpromoteandcosmicphenomenatoputthestarteddocumentingcelestialstarsastronomicalobservation,peoplehaveunderstandingthesignificanceofThroughouthistory,learningandscienceandtechnology.relatedfieldsareattheforefrontofexcitinguniverse.Astronomyandplaceinanunimaginablyvastandhumansafundamentalsenseofourcontributetothefuture,andoilersallthroughouthistory,hasmuchtocornerstoneoftechnologicalprogresscosmos.Astronomyhasbeenaconnectionbetweenusandthebodieshasfurtherdeepenedthesameelementsthatmakeupourgasanddustaroundthemaretheelementsthatwefindinstars.Andthefromhistory.thediscoveryofthebasicastronomy.Buttherearestillhintsexpensiveinstrumentoftoday'sremovedfromthehumanhandisanWewouldnowcallthisastronomy.Farsignificantimpactonourworldview.viewastronomyhasalwayshadasocietyhadtoadapttothisnewworldthroughwhichreligion,science,anduniverse.IttriggeredarevolutionearthwasnotthecenteroftheNicolausCopernicusclaimedthatreshapehowweseetheworld.Whenplaceintheuniverseandthatcanopensoureyes,givescontexttoourphysicaluniverse.Itisathingthatofcelestialobjects,space,andtheAstronomicalobservationisthestudy 05 INTRODUCTION

astronomy.whichinformantpeopleaboutlaunchcanenroll),andmuseuminterestedpeoplepslvsatellitetraininginstitutewhereimpartiallyaccessbypublic.hasaobservatorywhichgeneratesasoneprogramwhichSothesearetheconcernsthatpeoplewhoarereallyinterested".shouldnotbeoutofreachoftheprogramsthespaceobservationleadingcountryinspaceresearchastheirinterest."asaindependentlyonthiskindofandspacesocietyworkingalthoughtherearemanypeopleandstrictpracticetobedone,observationisverydisciplinedWecannotdenythatspace

PROJECTBRIEF

thannineobservatory,butnoneofthemarepublic.researchfacultythatdealswiththiskindofstudy.inIndiatherearemoreplatformtothiskindofgenerationthereshouldbefacilitythatgavebasicinterestedinthisfiledofresearchandmoretowardinnovation.toprovideamazingworkandprojects.innearfuturewealsoneedpeoplewhoaregovernmentbodiesisroandprlaredoingveryresultorientedandwhichismuchawareaboutspaceandstudyfiledrelatedtoit.asourpotentialintermsofresearch.togenerateanintellectualfuturegenerationhavetostandinspaceraceandspaceresearchasspacehasmuchinthisfast-groovingworldasoneofthefuturesuperpowercountrywe

WHYDEFINITIONRESEARCHANDTOPICTHISPROJECT? andotherastronomicaleventsmeteorsandmonitorsolareclipsesandlunareclipsesandnewcomets3.Establishtheplatformformonitoringsomeimportanteventssuchasdifferenteventsbecauseoftimedifferencesandgeographiclocation.outperformingtheotherastronomicalobservatoriesintheworldatuniversitiesinastronomicalobservations.theobservatorycanbe2.Cooperationwiththeworld'sinternationalastronomicalcentersandeventsinIndiaanddisseminationthemtotheworld1.Sharingtheobservatoriesinmonitoringthedifferentastronomicalobservatorywhichwillmakeitveryimportantforthefollowingreasonspeople.simultaneouslymuseumwillgiveknowledgeaboutastronomicalThetrainingcenteralsoprovidesgoodeducationalprogramstointerestedplatformforyoungastronomersandspaceenthusiasts.SocurrentlythereisnopublicobservatoryinIndiathatwillprovideaforsuretheywillneedourfuturegenerationtobeintellectualaboutthis.tosendhumansby2022.SothisshowsIndiaissetupforaspaceraceandmissionandprogramstherearecurrently50projectsgoingonandISROisIndianspaceresearchorganizationdoingverytremendousworkontheir 07

DEVELOPMENTTHEALLOFFICIALCENTRESINNORTHERNANDEASTERNREGIONSCOPEOFENCOURAGINGTOWARDSINDIANSPACEAGENCYSHOULDBEINCREASED 08

WHYISASTRONOMYIMPORTANT?

globalcitizenshipandprideinourhomeplanet.andcomplexityofspace.Puttingearthintoperspectiveandpromotinganswerstothebigquestions.Itactsasawindowintotheimmensesizehistoryandroots.Itinspiresuswithbeauty.imagesandpromisesoceans.Asoneoftheoldestsciencesastronomyispartofeveryculture'sbeenusedtomeasuretime,marktheseasons,andnavigatethevastrevolutionizeourthinkingonaworldwidescale.Inthepast,astronomyhasnotoneofeconomicalmeasure.Astronomyhasandcontinuestotechnologicalgains,perhapsthemostimportantaspectofastronomyisstudyofastronomyhasprovidedawealthoftangible,monetary,andpanels,andmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)scanners.Althoughthecommunicationsatellites,mobilephones,globalpositioningsystems,solartoourday-to-daylife.Withapplicationssuchaspersonalcomputers,especiallyinareassuchasopticsandelectronics,havebecomeessentialtechnologyfruitsofscientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentinastronomy,universe.Astronomyandrelatedfieldsareattheforefrontofscienceandfundamentalsenseofourplaceinanunimaginablyvastandexcitinghistory.HasmuchtocontributetothefutureandoffersallhumansaAstronomyhasbeenacornerstoneoftechnologicalprogressthroughout

INDIAFROMCONSTELLATIONVISIBILITYREPRESENTSPHOTOAWARDWINNING–THEPHOTOTHEOFNO.OFH.A.G.A.R, VISIBILITYTOPICAWARDWINNINGPHOTOONTHEASTRONOMY–THEPHOTOREPRESENTSTHEOFMILKY-WAYGALAXYFROMINDIA 09

(III)AIRBORNEOBSERVATORIES(II)SPACE-BASEDOBSERVATORIES(1)GROUND-BASEDOBSERVATORIES

WHATISSPACEOBSERVATORY?

stars.placeequippedwithapowerfultelescopeforobservingtheplanetsandastronomical,meteorologicalandothernaturalphenomena,especiallyaAplaceorbuildingequippedandusedformakingobservationsof

OTHERINDIANSPACEOBSERVATORYHimalayanChandraobservatoryhighaltitudegammarayobservatory(Hagar)Aryabhataresearchinstituteofobservationalservices(Aries)UdaipursolarobservatorymountAbuinfraredobservatory(micro)VainuBappuobservatorygammarayastronomypevenergiesphase-3(grapes-3)giantmetrewaveradiotelescopemajoratmosphericCerenkovexperiment(mace)telescopeINDIANASTRONOMICALOBSERVATORY,LADAKH

TYPESOFOBSERVATORIES

WHATISINDIANDEEPSPACENETWORK?INDIANDEEPSPACENETWORK,BYALALU,RAMANAGAR,KARNATAKA11

g.madhavannair.bytheformerisrochairmaninauguratedon17october2008karnatakainindia.Itwasbengaluruinthestateofhubislocatedatbyalalu,spacecraftmissionsofindia.Itssupporttheinterplanetaryspaceresearchorganisationtofacilitiesoperatedbytheindianantennasandcommunication(idsn)isanetworkoflargeIndianDeepSpaceNetwork

astronomyandastrophysics.andthedevelopmentofinstrumentsforproposalsfromIndianscientistsforideasopportunity'inFebruary2018requestingISROlaunchedan'announcementof1observatory,whichhasafive-yearoperationtimeendingin2020.telescope,proposedbyISROasthesuccessorofthecurrentastrosat-Astrosat-2isIndia'sseconddedicatedmulti-wavelengthspace

WHYINDIANDEEPSPACENETWORK?ARTICLEONASTROSATLAUNCHFROMISRO

INDIANDEEPSPACENETWORK

agencies.trackingcommand(TTC)amongthetelemetryfacilitatingcross-support(CCSDS)standards,thusspacedatasystemsconsultativecommitteeforneeded]adheringtosystem[clarificationbasebandnetworkimplementsatheIndiandeepspaceexistingISTRACsystem.comparedwiththethevisibilitydurationwhenantennawhichimprovesa32m(105ft)DSNsteerable18m(59ft)andaugmentedbyafullynetwork(ISTRAC),trackingandcommandtheisrotelemetry,Athenetworkconsistsof

across21groundstationsinindia.inchasahighstabilityatomicclock.itwillbeusedtoco-ordinateoftheindianregionalnavigationsatellitesystemseriesofsatellites.thebecameactiveon12june2013,atthetimeoflaunchofirnss-1a,thefirstfacilityinbyalalualsohousestheisronavigationcentre(inc).thecentreremotelyfromtheistraccontrolcentre(ncc)atbangalore.theidsn(45°elevation,clearsky)fors/xband.thestationmaybecontrolledandtwocarriersinxband.thesystemwillhaveag/tof37.5/51db/kband(simultaneousrcpandlcp).itcanreceivetwocarriersinsbandlcp.thereceptioncapabilitywillbeinbothsbandandxprovideuplinkinboths-bandandx-band(20kw)eitherthroughrcpormantennaisofawheel-and-trackdesign.theantennaisdesignedtodb/k(45°elevation,clearsky)fors/x-band.[clarificationneeded]the32andlcp),whereastheuplinkiseitherrcporlcp.ithasag/tof30/39.5receivetwodownlinkcarriersinsbandandtwocarriersinxband(rcpthedsnstationandscc/ncc/issdc.the18mantennaisprovisionedtoafibreopticlinkwillprovidenecessarycommunicationlinkbetweenthetwoantennasatthebyalalucomplexhavebuilt-insupportfacilities.

BACKGROUNDGOVT.PROPOSALSANDSTUDIESGOVERNMENTPROPOSALS

221sitesinalleightstatesfundedbyministryofdonorandtheneck.Singhsaidtheisroisalreadymonitoringandgeo-tagging67projectsataccomplishmentofinfrastructuralprojectsinalleightstates,hesaid.imagingandotherspacetechnologyapplicationsforbettertechnologyandwillcontributebyofferingoptimumutilizationofsatellitetheISROwillassistdevelopmentprojectsinthenortheastthroughspaceAssam,willsendtheirproposalssoon.proposalsforexecutionbytheISRO,whiletheremainingtwo,Sikkimandsaidsixoutoftheeightstatesofthenortheasthavealreadysenttheirdevelopmentofnortheasternregion(donor)andISROscientists,SinghChairingahigh-levelmeetingwithseniorofficersoftheministryof

. GOVERNMENTPROPOSALS

support,andspaceandatmosphericscienceresearch.healthcare,education,emergencycommunication,disastermanagementsupportonnaturalresourcemanagement,infrastructureplanning,developmentofnortheastbyprovidingspacescienceandtechnologythecentrewassetupwithavisiontoplaythecatalyticroleinholisticNagaland,SikkimandTripura.statesviz.ArunachalPradesh,Assam,Manipur,Meghalaya,Mizoram,andlocatedinshillingandprovidesdedicatedservicetotheregion’seighttheNESACisanautonomousorganizationunderthedepartmentofspaceNESAC.suchprojectsarelikelytobefundedjointlybyrespectivestatesandtheonebyonewitheachofthestatesinthenextfortnight.onceidentified,allitwouldbediscussingthefeasibilityanddesirabilityofallsuchprojects,receivedanumberofproposalsfromthenortheasternstates.ThenortheasternspaceapplicationsCentre(NESAC)atShillonghas

BACKGROUNDSTUDIESABOUTISRO

someofthem.navigation,telemedicine,dedicateddistanceeducationsatellitesbeingmanagementtools,geographicinformationsystems,cartography,thenation:broadcasts,communications,weatherforecasts,disasterdevelopsanddeliversapplicationspecificsatelliteproductsandtoolstofastandreliablecommunicationandearthobservationrespectively.ISROremotesensing(IRS)satellites,thatcatertotheevergrowingdemandformaintainsoneofthelargestfleetofcommunicationsatellites(INSAT)andhasbecomeoneofthesixlargestspaceagenciesintheworld.ISROserviceofthecommonman,totheserviceofthenation.intheprocess,itthroughouttheyears,ISROhasuphelditsmissionofbringingspacetothedevelopthetechnologiestoachievethesameindependently.embarkedonitsmissiontoprovidethenationspacebasedservicesandtothenecessarydirectiontofunctionasanagentofdevelopment.ISROthenimportanceofspacetechnologyinanation'sdevelopment,providedISROerstwhileINCOSPAR.VikramSarabhai,havingidentifiedtheroleandIndianspaceresearchorganization,formedin1969,supersededtheThiruvananthapuramforupperatmosphericresearch.Thumbaequatorialrocketlaunchingstation(TERLS)inthevisionaryDr.VikramSarabhaiatitshelm,INCOSPARsetuptheresearch(INCOSPAR)wassetupbythegovernmentofindiain1962.withIndiadecidedtogotospacewhenIndiannationalcommitteeforspace

ABOUTISRO spaceapplicationsetc.(SSTOandTSTO)vehicles,developmentanduseofcompositematerialsforlaunchvehicles,semi-cryogenicengines,singleandtwostagetoorbitdevelopmentofheavyliftlaunchers,humanspaceflightprojects,reusableambitionsofthecountryevolve.Thus,ISROismovingforwardwiththeendeavorstooptimizeandenhanceitstechnologiesastheneedsandFuturereadinessisthekeytomaintaininganedgeintechnologyandisroscientificcommunitywhichinturnenrichesscience.promotescienceeducation,apartfromprovidingvaluabledatatotheinterplanetarymissionsalongwithotherscientificprojectsencourageandundertheaegisofdepartmentofspace.ISRO'Sownlunarandastrophysics,atmosphericsciencesandspacesciencesingeneralfunctionandautonomousinstitutionsforremotesensing,astronomyandandscienceeducationinthecountry.VariousdedicatedresearchcentersApartfromtechnologicalcapability,isrohasalsocontributedtosciencegeosynchronouscommunicationsatellites.(GSLV)wasdevelopedkeepinginmindtheheavierandmoredemandinginternationalcollaboration.Thegeosynchronoussatellitelaunchvehiclecountriesduetoitsreliabilityandcostefficiency,promotingunprecedentedPSLVwentontobecomeafavoredcarrierforsatellitesofvariousshapeintheformofthepolarsatellitelaunchvehicle(PSLV).Thefamedessentialtodevelopcostefficientandreliablelaunchsystems,whichtookToachievecompleteselfrelianceintermsoftheseapplications,itwasDr.sarabhaiandDr.kalam.aphotographfromtheearlystagesoftheIndianspaceprogrammeTelemedicine.Applicationsofspacetechnologyreachingfar-flungcornersofthecountry17

 forprovidingaccesstospace.Designanddevelopmentoflaunchvehiclesandrelatedtechnologies  science.earthobservation,communication,navigation,meteorologyandspaceDesignanddevelopmentofsatellitesandrelatedtechnologiesfor  applications.telecommunication,televisionbroadcastinganddevelopmentalIndiannationalsatellite(insat)programmeformeeting  imagery.naturalresourcesandmonitoringofenvironmentusingspacebasedIndianremotesensingsatellite(irs)programmeformanagementof Spacebasedapplicationsforsocietaldevelopment.  scienceresearchandplanetaryexplorationHarnessspacetechnologyfornationaldevelopment,whilepursuingspaceResearchanddevelopmentinspacescienceandplanetaryexploration MISSIONVISION

DR.SECRETARYCHAIRMANISRO,DOSVIKRAMAMBALALSARABHAI(1963-1971)

ORGANISATIONSTRUCTURE 18

19 OBJECTIVEORGANISATIONSTRUCTURE  (PSLV).OPERATIONALFLIGHTSOFPOLARSATELLITELAUNCHVEHICLE  VEHICLE(GSLV-MKII).DEVELOPMENTALFLIGHTOFGEO-SYNCHRONOUSSATELLITELAUNCH  LAUNCHVEHICLE(GSLV-MKIII).DEVELOPMENTOFHEAVYLIFTGEO-SYNCHRONOUSSATELLITE  SATELLITES.DESIGN,DEVELOPMENTANDREALIZATIONOFCOMMUNICATION  SATELLITES.DESIGN,DEVELOPMENTANDREALIZATIONOFEARTHOBSERVATION DEVELOPMENTOFNAVIGATIONSATELLITESYSTEMS.  EXPLORATION.DEVELOPMENTOFSATELLITESFORSPACESCIENCEANDPLANETARY EARTHOBSERVATIONAPPLICATIONS. SPACEBASEDSYSTEMSFORSOCIETALAPPLICATIONS. ADVANCEDTECHNOLOGIESANDNEWERINITIATIVES. TRAINING,CAPACITYBUILDINGANDEDUCATION. PROMOTIONOFSPACETECHNOLOGY. INFRASTRUCTURE/FACILITYDEVELOPMENTFORSPACERESEARCH. INTERNATIONALCOOPERATION.

20 RESPONDPROJECTS technicalandfinancialsupport,onlyafterthoroughreviewofproposals.respondareacceptedfortakingupresearchalongwithappropriateTheresearchproposalsreceivedfromacademiaforconsiderationunderISRO.whichwouldbeagoodsupplementtovariousmissionsundertakenbyexpectedtobedirectedtowardssomeofthefuturespaceactivities,topics.Theresearchstudiesconductedbythestc/academiaareprovidefellowshipstoresearcherstoworkoncuttingedgeresearchtheseinstitutionstoestablishthenecessarytechnicalfacilitiesandalsotakenupbypremiereuniversities/academicinstitutions.ISROhelpsadvancedareasofrelevancetospaceprogrammeareencouragedtobesupporttheIndianspaceprogramme.Underrespond,projectsinthehumanresourcesandinfrastructureattheacademicinstitutestoRespondprogrammeaimstoenhanceacademicbase,generatequalityandderiveusefuloutputsofsuchR&DtosupportISROprogrammes.researchanddevelopmentalprojectswhichareofrelevancetospacelinkswithpremiereacademicinstitutionsinthecountrytocarryoutThemainobjectivesoftherespondprogrammeistoestablishstrongCryogenicUpperStageofGSLV.Selfrelianceincriticaltechnologies

4.CONFERENCES/WORKSHOPSSUPPORTEDBYISRO

SPACEAPPLICATIONS:46SPACETECHNOLOGY:145SPACESCIENCE:23NUMBEROFPROJECTSONGOING:214

OTHERINSTITUTIONS:7ACADEMICINSTITUTIONSSUPPORTEDUNDERTHEPROJECTS:117UNIVERSITIESANDCOLLEGES:79IITS/NITS:31

21 PROGRAMMESTATUSOFONGOINGRESPONDRESPONDPROJECTS RESPONDPROGRAMMEASOFSEPTEMBER2020.PROJECTSANDINSTITUTIONSSUPPORTEDUNDERTHESTATUSOFONGOINGRESPONDPROGRAMME 1.

JOINTRESEARCHPROGRAMMEATSPPUNEUNIVERSITY:1SPACETECHNOLOGYCELLSAT:ITS(BOMBAY,KANPUR,KHARAGPUR,MADRAS,ROORKEE,GUWAHATIANDDELHI):7IISCBANGALORE:1

shrippkaleinauguratedtheexhibition.firstspaceonwheelsallocatedtosacandmessage.Chairman,isroinauguratedtheaddressthecommunitythroughvideofunction.Hon’bleprimeministerofindiathan2500participantsattendedtheSarabhaiattendedtheprogramme.Morefamilymembersandassociatesofdr.2019.Theofficialsfromdos,dae,sarabhaikickstartedatahmedabadon12VikramSarabhaicentenaryprogrammethaugust

dependableworkhorseofisro.satellitelaunchvehicle(pslv),theconfigurationofindia’spolarsystem(nnrms)andfinalnaturalresourcesmanagementsatelliteproject(insat),nationalmultipurposeindiannationalprogramsareoperationalisingtechnicalcontributiontothespacespace.Hismajorscientificandgovt.Ofindiainthedepartmentofcommissionandsecretarytothealsothechairmanofthespacecontinuingasdirector,iisc.Hewascontinuedtill1984,whilehewasaschairman,isroin1972andtheindianspaceprogramProf.Satishdhawantookchargeofbroadvisionofdr.Vikramsarabhai.spaceprogrammebasedontheProf.Dhawanshapedtheindian

PROGRAMME)KARYAKRAM(YOUNGSCIENTISTYUVIKA-YUVAVIGYANI programme.visittosdsc,sharasapartoftheisroviz.Vssc,ursc,sacandnesacandaresidentialtraining,involving4centersofTheprogrammeincludes2weeksofindiashallbeselected.studyingin9applicationstoyoungerones.3students,technology,spacescienceandspaceimpartingbasicknowledgeofspacebeenstarted,withthebroadobjectiveofTheisroyoungscientistprogrammehasthstd,fromeachstateandut

(SDCP)CENTENARYPROGRAMMEPROF.SATHISHDHAWAN

22 OUTREACH

PROGRAMME(VSCP)VIKRAMSARABHAICENTENARY

propagatespacerelatedactivities.Isroalsocollaborateswithinterestedsciencecentres/agenciestospacegalleries,whichnarratespacesciencetechnologyandapplications.reachingouttostudentsatlarge.Someofthemajorcentresofisrohousealsoencouragesinstitutionswhichareinvolvedinstemactivitiesforknowabouttheisroprogrammeandexploretheknowledgefurther.IsrosustainedoutreachprogrammewhichwillenablestudentandpublictoTheindianspaceresearchorganizationaimstocreateanecosystemfora

8.Science7.Kerala6.Aries-Nainital5.Inter4.King3.Shanghai2.NASA1.CaliforniaAcademyOfSciencesSustainabilityBasePlanetariumForScienceAndTechnologyAbdullahStudiesAndResearchCentreUniversityCenterForAstronomyAndAstrophysicsObservatoryScienceandTechnologyMuseumCityKolkata 26 9591898769503127

Architect:Director:amountoforiginalresearch.societyandstillcarriesoutalargeTheAcademybeganin1853asalearnedworld,housingover46millionspecimens.largestCalifornianaturalhistorymuseumUnitedStates:isaresearchinstituteandGateParkSanFranciscoestablishedin1853,locatedinTheCaliforniaAcademyofSciences,Golden,California,inSanFrancisco,,thatisamongthemuseumsofnaturalhistoryintheScottD.Sampson(2020)RenzoPiano

OFCALIFORNIAACADEMYSCIENCES

venuesofthemuseumincludethefollowing:GoldenGateParkcovers400,000squarefeet(37,000mCompletelyrebuiltin2008,theAcademy'sprimarybuildingin2).The •KimballNaturalHistoryMuseum • includesa(theAcademy'soldestrunningexhibit),theEastWing(whichplanetarium,rainforest,andaquarium,andincludesAfricaHallgenerallyencompassestheentiremuseumoutsidetheFoucaultpendulum,Foucaultpendulumalsoacarry-overexhibitfromtheolder,pre-2008renovationoftheAcademy),theWestWing(whichasof2020housedseveralgeophysicalexhibits),aswellasseveralsmallerexhibitsdistributedthroughouttheremainderoftheAcademybuilding. •MorrisonPlanetarium• feet(27m)indiameterwitha75feet(23m)diameterscreen.featuresadigitallycontrolledplanetariumdomemeasuring90 •RainforestsoftheWorld foot(27m)glassdome.rainforestexhibitenclosedina90•SteinhartAquarium andswamphabitats.-includesexhibitsofcoralreef,tidepool, 28

features:Thenewbuildingincludesanarrayofenvironmentallyfriendly •Produces50percentlesswastewaterthanpreviously •Recyclesrainwaterforirrigation •Uses60,000photovoltaiccells •Supportsagreenroofwithanareaof2.5acres(1.0hectare) •Usesnaturallightingin90percentofoccupiedspaces • recycledWasconstructedofover20,000cubicyards(15,000m3)ofconcrete • recycledConstructionincludes11millionpounds(5,000t)ofsteel •Wallinsulationmadefromscrapsofrecycleddenim 30

NASASUSTAINABILITYBASE .Globalstudycase:: NASASustainabilityBase .Globalstudycase:: WilliamMcDonough+Partners DesignedPartner:AECOM MoffettField,California-US Projectarea:15,000m2 ProjectYear:20122011SpaceFigure(3.3):NASA'sSustainableResearchBase 31

HeItisdesignedtobeasustainable,environmentallyfriendlybuildingwonmanyawards,themostimportantofwhichwasthePlatinumLedAward spaces.FlexibilityTheideaistobuildabuildingthatisnotbasedoncolumnstoincreasetheinteriorareaindesigninginteriorstoallowforfuturerestructuringof

Ascientificresearchcenterdesignedtocontainlaboratoriesspecializinginspacescience

THEREASONFORCHOOSINGTHEPROJECT:

ABOUTTHEPROJECT: administrativeResearchThesustainabilityNASA'sfirstinternationalspacestationonEarthtomeetallstandards50,000-square-footbuildingisdesignedtobeaNASASpaceCenterandhasintelligentlydesignedlaboratoriesandoffices

ventilationconnectedThebuildingisdesignedintheformoftwocurvedstripswithaloungetoanarrowfloorpanelthatincreasesdaylight,naturalandflexiblespacethatcanbereconfiguredforthefuture.

DESIGNIDEA structuralsystemanddoubledassupportforshadingdevices.thefloorplan,thetwo-storeysteelexteriorcostnomorethanatypicaldesignteamputthestructureoutside,sonointernalcolumnsdisruptedheatingandcoolingsystemtomaintaincomfortthroughouttheyear.Themaximizingnaturallightingandventilation,thebuildingstillhasanactiveonrenewableenergyformswheretheybecomecost-effectivedespitesources,theoverallobjectiveofthesustainabilitybaseistorelysolelyenergydemandandprovidetherequiredsuppliesthroughrenewableDesignedtobepositivenetenergythroughtwostrategiestoimproveworkplaceflexibilitystrategies,andcreatescolumn-freeinteriorspacethatfacilitatesseismicevents,providesaframeworkfordaylightandshadingexteriorapproachgivesincreasedstructuralperformanceduringInspiredbyNASA'swindtunnelsandsatelliteimagery,thebuilding's BARSHAPEOFTHEBUILDINGANDITSRELATIONSHIPTOTHEENVIRONMENT THEFIGURESHOWSTHEBUILDINGSRELATIONTOTHEENVIRONMENTANDTHEECTERIORARCHITECTURE 33

LOCATION:LOCATIONANDACCESABILITY America-CaliforniaMoffettFit MOFFETTCALIFORNIAFIT USA EARTH’SLOCATION 34

DIRECTINGPUBLICLOCATIONTHEWINDFORSUNANDWIND 35

STEERINGANALYSISFORTHESUNANDWINDDIRECTINGTHEBUILDINGFORSUNANDWIND northwestsothatitisasemi-inclusiveformofwindventilationandtheshapeofthebuildingstripbendsitsfacadestowardstheandthesmallerfaçadetotheeastandwesttoenterthelightingThebuildingisdirectedsothatthelargerfaçadeisnorthandsouth SUMMERANDWINTERSUNSHINEEFFECTSFORTHESITE 36

GroundHORIZONTALBARGAINS:floorGROUNDFLOORCHART ManagementOfficeOffice LaboratoriesW.CStairs 37

38 Figure(3-113):Groundfloorchart OfficeManagementOffice Laboratories StairsW.C

SECONDFLOOR SECONDFLOORCHART OfficManagementOffice/storagee Laboratories W.CStairs 39

CEILINGPLAN FLOORPLANCEILING 40

DIALOGUESESSIONSINTERNALLABORATORYIMAGEINTERNALOFFICEIMAGE EXTERNALSNAPSHOTMIDDLECORRIDOR SNAPSHOTOFTHEBUILDINGWITHGENERALLOCATIONSESSIONSOVERLOOKINGANEXTERNALGEARINTERIORIMAGEOFTHEFIRSTFLOOR41

VERTICALSECTIONSANDINTERFACES Lightinganalysis VERTICALSECTIONSANDINTERFACESHOWINGTHEMETHODSUSEDINDEALINGWITHLIGHTSFIGURE(3-126):ANIMAGESHOWINGSTRATEGIESOFLIGHTING 42

aluminumshadesreduceheatacquisitionandglarerelief.providingadditionalnaturallight,whilehorizontalandlighting42daysayear,withtheskylightsonthesecondfloorindicatesthatuserswillonlyneedtousethebuilding'selectricalexcellentnaturallightingdeepinsidethebuilding.Largefloor-to-floorwindowsandnarrowfloorboardsprovideModelingvertical ANLIGHT,VENTILATIONANDHEATINGANALYSISIMAGESHOWINGTHELIGHTING,VENTILATIONANDHEATINGSTRATEGIESUSED buildingwindowsareclosedprovidingfreshairdistributionwhenanexternalairsystemdedicatedtoflexibilityandsystem,andisconnectedtofloorthroughouttheopenareaallowsuserofnaturalventilation.radioactivepanels,allowinglongerperiodsprovideslocalheatingorcoolingthroughsystemscreategentletransventilationthatwindowsandbuildingmanagementsowarm,user-controlledoperatingcoldbayareamorningwhentheinteriorisprovidesatightandwarmenvelopeforthesystemwithhigh-performanceglassTheultra-insulatedexteriormetalpanelTheelevatedaccess43SUSTAINABILITYSTRATEGIESUSED

waterthatpassesthroughthesitedesignofdisinfectionsystemsthatreducewaterdemandandcleandrought-transformingspecies,dripirrigationsystemsandtheIntelligentlandscapedesignensurestheselectionoflocalandbathingforreuseinthetoiletwhicharecurrentlybeingusedtotreatgraywaterfrombasinsandduetoRegulationsinCalifornialimitingtheuseoftreatedsewage,theInternationalSpaceStation,purifieswatertodrinkablequalityOsmosisWaterRecyclingSystem,developedbyNASAforuseonandquantityofflowandautomatedcontrolsystems.TheAdvancedthroughoutthebuildingimproveperformance,includingthequalitycleanlinessofpre-developmentconditions.Waterfittingsusedallowswaterfallingonsitetoleaveatthesamerate,sizeandTheoverallgoalofwateristoestablishaclosedloopsystemthat

VERTICALSECTIONSANDINTERFACES:Watersustainabilityanalysis

Apictureshowingthetoiletanditstreatmentinsidethebuilding 44

45MATERIALSUSED:ANIMAGESHOWINGTHEMATERIALSUSED

APPROACHES:SUSTAINABILITYRULEHASBEENIMPLEMENTEDTHROUGHTWOTHESTRICTMATERIALSELECTIONPROTOCOLFORTHETHEFOUNDATIONSOFTHECHOICEOFMATERIALS available,reducingtransportcapacityaluminum)containhighrecycledcontentandareregionallyThemaincomponentsofthedesign(concrete,steel,glassandandUserequiredIsolatedexteriorConsiderationsMaterialstobelocallyavailableandcost-effectivefortheuseofmaterialsincludedtheuseofasupportingframetoreducetheamountofsteel(byweight)inthebuildinglightweightmetalcladdingalsoreducedtheamountofmaterialsforconstructionofmaterialsthatarebeneficialtohumanhealthandarerecyclableuseableanddonotaffecttheenvironmentThedismantlingdesignwasfacilitatedbyselectingasteelstructure(insteadofconcrete)thatcouldbeeasilydismantledandrepairedandtheexteriorcladdingwasprovidedinprefabricateduniformcomponents 46

STRUCTURALSTRUCTURESTRUCTURALSTRUCTURE47

SUSTAINABILITYSTRATIGIES: sustainabilityThebuildingisawinneroftheLEDPlatinumAwardforachievingstandards Heatpumpgroundsource: Fourheatpumpsdrilla58° flowduringeveninghours.naturalventilationhotwaterradiationwithwindowsMechanismtoallowthantypicalVAVsystemsandnaturalheatwallheatingpanelswithheating/cooling:radioactivecoolingroofpanels,40%lessenergyuseFwellthroughouttheyearRadiant High-performancesmartlightingsystems: toTheadvancedlightingcontrolsystemautomaticallydimsthelightsadjustthesurroundingconditionsandtimeofday Solarphotovoltaicandthermalpanels: needspanels432panelsin24seriesof9unitsperbuilding(northandsouth)PVaredesignedtogenerateupto30%ofthebuilding'selectricityprovidingsolarthermalpanelswithdomestichotwater SolidoxidefuelcellsfromBloom'sEnergyServerTM systemefficiency)(almosttwiceasmuchasconventionalpowerplantandgridtocapturemethaneexpectedelectricalconversionefficiency55%Solidoxidefuelcellcurrentlyusesnaturalgasasfuel;futureplanAlthoughnaturallightingandventilationaremaximized,thebuildingstillhasanactiveheatingandcoolingsystemtomaintaincomfortthroughouttheyearandthedistinctiveenergysystemsusedinclude: 48

CONCLUSIONS: solutionsEmploythermalThethatTheopeningsandTheensureThebarshapeofthebuildingandthecorrectdirectiontotheuseofsunlightandwindforventilation.presenceoflargeceilingopeningsthatallowsunlighttoenterpenetratethebuildingandtheinnovativewaytoexploittheanddirectthemtoenterthelighting.presenceofbreakersthatshadespacesandelectroniccurtainsprovideanaturallyadaptedairway.useofsustainablematerialshasaroletoplayinreducingpressureandmaintainingthedurabilityofthebuilding.theconstructionstructuretotakeintoaccountdesignsuchascolumnprocessingthatreducesworkspace.Workabuildingbasedonametalstructureforeasymaintenanceandincreasedflexibilityofthebuilding.AdopttheprincipleofwaterdurabilitysothatthereisafrequentwatercycleinthebuildingusingtreatmentstopurifyandreusegreywaterEmployingmoderntechnologiesinlaboratories,officesandinteriordesign.Theuseofrecyclablematerialsdoesnotadverselyaffecttheenvironmentandhumanhealth.49

DESIGNER: ThomasWongAIA SITE: ShanghaiPudongLinGangDaDao,Xingu,Shi,China PROJECTAREA:38,000m2 PROJECTYEAR:2017-2021 ABOUTTHEPROJECT: laboratories.observatory,arangeofgalleries,scientificresearchcentersanddigitalcelestialtheaterandcinema.IMAX,solartelescope,explorationprogramandwillcontainavisualcelestialdome,astronomyandreflectthefutureambitionsofChina'sspaceexplorespacemysteries,celebratethehistoryofChineseThe38,000-square-meter(409,000-square-foot)facilitywill AERIALVIEWOFTHESITE PLANETARIUMSHANGHAIFORSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY 50

THEREASONFORCHOOSINGTHEPROJECT: astronomicaldomedesigncompetitionwiththefirstprizesustainable,environmentallyfriendlybuilding.WinningthetheCenterforAstronomyandSpaceTechnology.Designedtobeathesun.GreatsimilarityinthefunctionalroleofthebuildingwithThattheproject'sideaisderivedfromspaceandthemovementofEachofthethreemainformsofthebuilding-theeye,theinverteddomeandtheball-actsasanastronomicaltool,trackingthesun,moonandstars,andremindingvisitorsthatourconceptoftimearisesfromdistantastronomicalobjects. largelyunknownworld.meanstobehumaninavastandcontent:itwillshedlightonwhatitwillconnectmorethanscientifichistory,exhibitsandarchitecturereferencesofbuildingsthroughoutthescientificpurposeandheavenlyBylinkingthenewmuseumtobothDESIGNIDEA:Inspiredbyastronomicalprinciples,thedesignisbasedontheconceptoforbitalmotion 51

LOCATIONLOCATIONANDACCESSIBILITY: : SHANGHAIChina-Shanghai-Pudding-PUDONGCHINA SHANGHAI-PUDONG52

PUBLICLOCATION ILLUSTRATIONOFTHEPUBLICSITE ENTRANCESMAINPARKINGTRAFFICPEDESTRIANMAINSTREETSLANDINGAREAGREENON-SITECARTRAFFICAREAS entranceBarking SettlemententranceBodiesofwater Meetings WATERBODIESOF 53

GROUNDHORIZONTALGROUNDENTRANCESUBFLOORCHARTBARGAINS:FLOOR 54

GROUNDFLOORCHART MOTIONANALYSIS ENTRANCESUBENTRANCEMAINMOVEMENTHORIZONTALSTAIRSELEVATORS W.CMPRAAPICTURESHOWINGTHEEASTERNENTRANCEWESTERNPICTUREFIGURE(3-14):ASHOWINGTHEENTRANCE RAMP 55GROUNDFLOOR

FIRSTFLOORFIRSTFLOORCHART 56

FIRSTFLOORMOTIONANALYSISFIRSTFLOORCHARTMAINENTRANCEHORIZONTALMOVEMENTSTAIRSELEVATORS W.CRAMP LEADINGAPICTURESHOWINGTHERAMBTOTHECEILINGPORTRAITOFTHEPLANETARIUMRAMP57

entranceMain carMainentrance BASEMENTMOTIONANALYSIS 58

MOTIONBASEMENTANALYSISStairsElevators Trafficw.cMainMainentranceentrancecarHorizontalmovement FIGURE(3-23):BASEMENTCHART59BUILDINGFIGURE(3-25):NIGHTPORTRAITOFTHERAMPFIGURE(3-25):APICTUREOFTHEPUBLICSITE

VERTICALSECTIONS:VERTICALSECTIONVERTICALSECTIONFIGURE(3-30):CEILINGCHARTRampStairs Functions B-B JOBANDMOVEMENTANALYSIS ILLUSTRATIONOFRAMBANDMOVEMENT ILLUSTRATIONOFTHECANTILEVER 60

LIGHTINGANALYSISVERTICALSECTIONFIGURE(3-34):LIGHTINGANGLESTHROUGHOUTTHEDAYFIGURE(3-35):SPHERICALPLANETARIUMLIGHTINGA-AB-BFIGURE(3-33):EXPLAINTHEENTRYOFSUNLIGHTTHROUGHOUTTHEDAYVERTICALSECTION61

LIGHTINGANALYSISANALYSISOFTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFSUNLIGHTTHROUGHOUTTHEDAY

THEBALL. INVERTEDDOMEEYE 62

planetariumat12pm.verticalontheothersidearound2pmandisperpendiculartothetheplanetariumsothatthesunisverticalononesideat10amandisabovewherethelightingisfirstenteredfromopeningsonbothsidesoffromtheceilingrepresentedbythethreemainelementsmentionedsourceoflightingandtherearethreesourcesofentrynaturallightingLightingisenteredtoabuildingnaturallywheresunlightisthemainSecondlySunlightfromtheinverteddome,aswellasopeningsontheroofofthefirstfloorTHIRD,Thesun'sraysfromtheeye,whichdistributethelightingtothesessionsinfrontoftheentranceatthewaterpool,willshinesunlightthroughthiseye,andatnoonafullcirclewillappearontheground.

INTERFACES: WESTERNFAÇADESOUTHFAÇADEEASTERNFAÇADECEILINGCHART63

MATERIALSUSED SteelaluminumInAGlassReflectiveConcretecastonsiteglasssetofperforatedmetalstheouteraccessoriespanelsOxidized(IronCarburetor ) SUSTAINABILITYSTANDARDS:TheprojectisawinneroftheLEDGoldAwardforachievingsustainabilitystandards,including: •1.Thesmoothshapeofthebuildingandthecorrectdirectiontoensuretheuseofsunlightandwindtopurifytheair . • 5.4.continuouswere3.enter2.Thepresenceoflargeceilingopeningsthatallowsunlighttoandpenetrateintothebuildingtobekeptinandpumpenergyfromthesoftsgeothermalpumpsbelowtheplanetarium•Theslantedsurfacesthatcollectrainwaterandfilteritforreusethatthebuildingfilteredthesurroundingairbymakingaairway•Usegreensurfacestorelievethermalislands.•UseofsustainablematerialssuchasGFCR LAYERSOFMATERIALUSEDINX-ING 64

reducethespacesanditsinterdependenceouterlayerofoxidizedaluminumandthepanelswereextendedtoincreasesthedurabilityofthebuildingandthendevelopedthefiberglasscastonsite,whichgivesitgreaterflexibilityandwasformedofsteel,whichwasmadewithconcretewiththefloorwasarmedwithsteelandthestructureofthebuildingThebaseofthebuildingwasmadeoflongconcretecolumnsand ا CONSTRUCTIONSTRUCTUREOFTHEBUILDING 65

THESTRUCTURALSTRUCTUREOFTHEBALLANDTHEINVERTEDDOME thedomewasdecoratedwithglasspanels.geodesic,whichwasinstalledonareinforcedconcretebaseandTheplanetariumbaseandtheinverteddomeofsteelwerealso APICTURESHOWINGTHEARMINGOFTHEBASEOFTHEBUILDINGAERIALIMAGESHOWINGTHECONSTRUCTIONSTRUCTUREOFTHEBUILDINGSTREAMLINEDSTRUCTUREBUILTOFREINFORCEDCONCRETE 66

NIGHT-TIMEOUTDOORSNAPSHOTOFTHEBUILDING BUILDINGANEXTERNALSNAPSHOTOFTHEINTHEMORNING ANINTERNALSNAPSHOTOFTHETIMESBELOWTHEINVERTEDDOME INNERSNAPSHOTOFTHEPLANETARIUM ANINTERNALSNAPSHOTOFTHEASTRONOMICALEXHIBITION 67INDOORSHOTOFTHETHEATREANINTERNALSNAPSHOTOFTHEVIRTUALREALITY-ENHANCEDGALLERYINNERSHOTOFTHECELESTIALBALL

. •

CONCLUSIONS:

theTheUsecontinuouswereTheopeningsandThepresenceoflargeceilingopeningsthatallowsunlighttoenterpenetratethebuildingandtheinnovativewaytoexploittheanddirectthemtoenterthelightingandstoreheat.slantedsurfacesthatcollectrainwaterandfilteritforreusethatthebuildingfilteredthesurroundingairbymakingaairway.greensurfacestorelievethermalislands.useofsustainablematerialssuchasGFCRanditsgreatroleindurabilityofthebuilding.•Distributespacesinharmonywiththeideaoforbitalmotionsothatthevisitorispromptedtodiscoveranddelvedeeperintothespaces.•Thefluidityofverticalmotionusingrambasinsteadofinsertionscreatedamiddlespacebeneaththeplanetariuminwhichnaturallightingandventilationpermeated.•Theconsistencybetweenthebuildingandthegenerallocationintermsofcompletingorbitalmotiongivestheimpressionofspaceassoonasitenteredthesite.

ensureThesmoothshapeofthebuildingandthecorrectdirectiontotheuseofsunlightandwindtopurifytheair.

RESEARCHSTUDIESKINGABDULLAHANDCENTRE DESIGNEDZahaDESIGNER:HadidArchitectsPARTNER : 70,000PROJECTRiyadh,SaudiSITE:PetrikSchumacherArabiaAREA:m2 PROJECTYEAR-2009-2017ABOUTTHEPROJECT:touseenergymoreefficiently.practicaltechnology-basedsolutionsenergysupplycostsandenableenvironmentalimpactandoverallpoliciesandframeworksthatreduceThebuildingdevelopseconomicsocialwell-beingaroundtheworld.effectiveuseofenergytoprovideintopoliciesthatcontributetothemostorganizationforindependentresearchandResearchisanon-profitTheKingAbdullahCenterforStudies AL,HARAM oncampus.100,000-volumearchivesandachapel,aninspiringplacetopraycenterwitha300-seatauditoriumandaresearchlibrarywithKnowledgeCenter;theComputerEnergyCenter;aconferenceThe70,000-square-meterbuildingisfivebuildings:theEnergy THEREASONFORCHOOSINGTHEPROJECT: •buildingtobedesignedAmixed-usebuildingwithmanyfunctionssimilartothe •buildingItisdesignedtobeasustainable,environmentallyfriendly . •PlatinumLedAward.Hewonmanyawards,themostimportantofwhichwasthe •similartotheoneinwhichtheprojectisdesigned.Thepresenceofthebuildinginadesertenvironmentis 69

. 70

ofthenaturalvalley.whichextendstothewestnetworkiscompressedtowardsitscentralaxisasanextensionrequirementsoftheinwardprogram,andthehoneycombevolvetobetterrespondtoenvironmentalconditionsandthecrystallineformsemanatingfromthedesertlandscape,whichandorganizationalprinciplehasidentifiedasafusionofcreateanetworkofcellswithinacertainsizethatthisstructuralHexagonalprismatichoneycombstructuresuselessmaterialsto

responsetoenvironmentalconditions.landscape,emergingasasetofcrystallineshapesthatevolveinconceptofcommunication.ThecenterislocatedabovethedesertConsistingofa3Dcellularnetwork,theprojectreliesonthecompromisingthevisualintegrityoftheproject.thebuildingallowstogrowandmultiplylikecells–withoutFlexiblestructure,anorganicsysteminwhichtheexpansionof DESIGNIDEA:Thebasicorganizationalstrategyofdesignisapartiallystandardcellularsystemthatintegratesdifferentsectionbuildingsasasinglegroupwithinterconnectedpublicspaces.

ACCESSIBILITYLOCATIONAND : LOCATION RiyadhUniversityStreet:SaudiArabia–ArabiaFigure(3-59):Saudi 71

FIGURE(3-64):GROUNDFLOORCHART HORIZONTALBARGAINSGROUNDFLOOR 73

for1,050peopleandaconferencehallfor7,500peoplemixed-usehall,athree-sectionlecturehallfor1,500people,adininghallconferencecentre,theConferenceCenterhasa300-persontheatre,aThesecondsectionintermsofspaceisthe13,800-square-meterpresidentsandsupportstaff.CEOinadditiontofourvicewhichincludestheofficeoftheandtheexecutivesectionwhichincludes110employeesdepartmentofmanagementadditiontolaboratoriesandtheincludes203researchersinresearchdepartmentwhichseveralsectionsoftheontwofloorsandincludesareaof23,400squaremetersistheresearchcenterwithanThelargestpartofthebuilding

GROUNDHORIZONTALBARGAINSFLOOR

CONVENTIONCENTERTHEATREMIXED-USEHALL74

anareaof2,500squaremeters.ThethirdbuildingisanitcenterwithThechapelisthespiritualpillarofthebuilding,wherethesiteiscenteredwithanareaof1,100squaremetersandcanaccommodate300peopleandfeaturesconnectingthewallstotherooftoconnecttheearthtotheskywithouttheneedforcolumnstodisturbit.Thelastbuildingisthelibrarywithanareaof10,200squaremeters,whichincludesanadjustableprogramhallforexhibitionsandeducationalseminarsandcanaccommodate400peopleandthecenterofthelibrary,aswellasfloorshelvesforvolumesandcontainquietroomsforstudyandexchangeofknowledge

HORIZONTALBARGAINSFIRSTFLOOR

CHAPEL ITCENTRE Firstfloorchart 75

FIRSTFLOORATRIUMCOVERSTHELIBRARYCEILINGMIDDLEYARDHEXAGONAL-SHAPEDSHADEDYARDS Façadeoverlookingtheinnercourtyard 76

Watertanks Verticalsection SteelpolesInsert formingbuildingblockstodirectairandsunlightintothecourtyardsSpacesandillustrationsoftheideaofventilatingcourtyardsandThesix-wayspacesintheceilingaredirectednorthward,allowingairtomoisturizetheinneryards,allowingdirectaccesstoharmlessnorthernsunlightandpreventingdirectaccesstoharmfulultravioletradiation.Thesehollowformsstorerainwater,theendofwhichissubmergedinwaterpoolsthatallowwatertoreachwatertanksforlateruse APICTURESHOWINGTHEUMBRELLALIGHTHOUSESOFWATERAPICTURESHOWINGPARACHUTE-BEARINGCOLUMNSLIGHTINGANDVENTILATIONANALYSIS reversestheaperturetowardsthenorthandallowscoldairtoenterpointinthesouthdirection,whiletheotherhalfispulleddown,theshapetiltingtheprominentsoheavilythathalfoftheconeclimbstothehighestThemainpatioumbrellastaketheconeprincipletoanewdimensionby 77

INTERFACES:WESTERNFAÇADEEASTERNFAÇADENORTHFAÇADESOUTHFAÇADE 78

MATERIALSUSEDANDSUSTAINABILITYSTANDARDS:MATERIALSUSED•Precastconcrete •GRCreinforcedconcrete •FRPfiber-reinforcedplastic •Stonecrustwithsupportofaluminumintheformofabeehive •Granite •Stainlesssteelstructures •PTFEGlass MATERIALSUSEDFORCURTAINS •Material'sabilitytoabsorbengineering •Localpurchaseoptions. •issuesLEEDaccreditationsuchassolarreflectionindexSRI •Wholesaleproductioncapacity •UVresistant. •Resisttheeffect. •Corrosionresistance. •performance •Thermalperformance. •Theimplicationsoftheprogram.FOUNDATIONSOFTHECHOICEOFMATERIALS-MATERIALSUSEDFORINTERFACES 79

SUSTAINABILITYSTANDARDSTHEPROJECTISAWINNEROFTHELEDPLATINUMAWARDFORACHIEVINGSUSTAINABILITYSTANDARDS,INCLUDING: 5.4.panels3.2.standards1.A45%decreaseinenergyperformancecomparedtobaselinewasachievedthroughblocksBuildingsandguidanceImprovetheinterface,choosethesystemandthesetofsolarPVlocatedontheConferenceCentreDeckAllofYourDrinkingWaterisrecycledandreusedonsite98-100%ofirrigationwatercomesfomnon-drinkablesources % tons6.OfalltimbercertifiedbytheForestWelfareCouncil4,000ofwastehavebeenseparatedanddivertedfromthelandfillCapsarkwasalsonamed"Smartest"BuildinginSaudiArabiaintheHoneywellSmartBuildingAwardsprogram . categoriesproductivity,Basedonstandardsincludingenvironmentalsustainability,safetyandCapsarcreceivedoutstandinggradesinallthree 80

STRUCTURALSTRUCTURE: CONSTRUCTIONSTRUCTUREOFTHEBUILDING linkssohechosetheopenlinkstobe10cmdeepvacuumdesignerwantedtocreateanimpressionthatfeelsdeepbetweenthetheselinkssothattheyareclosedeitherwithsiliconorfillings,butthealuminumandstainlesssteelandthendisagreedonthewaytocloseentryandaccumulationofsandundertheseconnectionsmadeoffiberstobeopenorclosedjoints,iftheyareclosedthiswillpreventtheuseofmetalconnectionsbetweenconcretepanelsreinforcedbyglassAfterchoosingthematerialsusedinthexa,thedesignersdifferedonthe SHAPE(3-89)METALLINKSBETWEENPANELS guttersplacedunderopenlinks.topreventsandleakage,mostnotablytheworkofaseriesofsandOpenjointlinkswereselectedandanumberofsolutionswereproposed FIGURE(3-90)SANDGUTTERSYSTEMANDPANEL-BEARINGLINKS 81

STRUCTURALSTRUCTURE: CONSTRUCTIONSTRUCTUREOFTHEBUILDING fiberglassconcretepanels.water,ametallayerbasedoninterspersedwithsandguttersandametalandresistantaluminumlinkconstructionstructureisconnectedtoThesupportingstainlesssteel DESIGNOFSPACESINTHEFACADESWITH3DPANELS certainrhythmthatmeetstherequirementsofsustainability.theoceanwherefourpanelsaredesignedandreplicatedataaremadeinproportiontothefunctionandthermalexchangewithandinstalledonmetalconnectionsandthespacesinthefaçadeTheprecastconcretepanelsaredesignedmixedwithglassfibers STRUCTURALSTRUCTUREOFFACADESDISTRIBUTIONOFBLANKSINTHEINTERFACE 82

CURTAINSCONSTRUCTIONSTRUCTUREOFINNERCOURTYARDCURTAIN-BEARINGSTRUCTURALSTRUCTURE associatedwithgroundpipespouredintowatertanksforreuseaestheticreasonsandthestructurecontainswaterguttersstructuresothatthestructuralstructureisfullycoveredfordouble-layeredcurtainisattachedtothetopandbottomoftheprovetheinnerpentagramrepresentingtheatriumwheretheeachotherandanumberofcolumnsinstalledwithmetalboltsthatwhicharehexagonalshapesfixedtocolumnsandlinkslinkingThestructuralstructurewasmadeofsteelsteelandmetallinks, . METALCURTAIN-BEARINGSTRUTSANDCONNECTORS 83

KN/Mwhiletheendurancereached35KN/Mtheamountofprotectivepressureonitwasfrom3.7KN/mto7.8Thelargestforceappliedtothecurtainisonthelowareaofitandconditionedandcooledspaceentryofultravioletraysandthusprovidesanaturallyair-transparencysothatitallowslightingthroughitandpreventstheTheclothischosentoprovidethehighestpossibledurabilityandTHELARGESTFORCEAPPLIEDTOTHECURTAINISONTHELOWAREAOFITANDTHEAMOUNTOFPROTECTIVEPRESSUREONITWASFROM3.7KN/MTO7.8KN/MWHILETHEENDURANCEREACHED35KN/M 84

CONCLUSIONS

EmployingsolutionssuchasaddressingtheproblemofsandcollectedbytheDistributethebuilding'scomponentblocksandguidethembyfunctionandhowtheyareconnectedtoeachothertoappearasasingleblock.Thepresenceofwaterreservoirsassociatedwithwatergutterslocatedintheexternaloxygen-bearinglinksofthebuildingmoderntechnologiesinpresentationandinteriordesign.

87 ASTRONOMYINTERUNIVERSITYCENTERFORANDASTROPHYSICS Location:Pune,India Architect:Charlescorrea ProjectYear:1988 whichoperatesnexttotheNationalCentreforRadioAstrophysics,IUCAAislocatedintheUniversityofPuncampusastronomyandastrophysicsinIndianuniversities.promotenucleationandgrowthofactivegroupsinsetupbytheUniversityGrantsCommissiontoAstrophysics(IUCAA)isanautonomousinstitutionTheine-UniversityCentreforAstronomyand theGiantMetrewaveRadio AIMSANDOBJECTIVESTelescope. plannedwitheight-foldobjective.developmentinastronomyandastrophysicsintheuniversitysection.ItisIUCAAwascreatedwiththeobjectiveofservingtheteaching,researchand

88•Interaction•Guest•M.Scand•Helping•Refresher•Visitors•Advanced•Basictheastronomicalwithstones.Raysradiatingfromtheirmeetingpoint.SymbolizingAttheentrancethereisvioletgroundcoverinshapeof2ovalsresearchresearchschoolandworkshopsandassociateprogrammescoursesnucieationofastronomyPh.D.programmesobserverprogrammeswithGMRT

89 OBSERVATORYARIES-NAINITAL Bursts.TheInstitutehasclustersandGamma-Rayparticularlytothefieldofstarmadesignificantcontributionsstarsandgalaxies.ARIEShascovertopicsrelatedtothesun,ResearchactivitiesatARIES instrumentsmaintenanceofthemechanical,andopticalrequirementsofelectric,houseworkshopstomeettheinTechnology(DST),GovernmentofIndia.AnautonomousbodyundertheDepartmentofScienceandspecializesinAstronomy.AstrophysicsandAtmosphericSciences.aleadingresearchInstituteinNainital,UttarakhandwhichArybhattaResearchInstituteofObservationalSciences(ARIES)isInternetfacility.moderncomputercenterwith.ARIEShasa•Equipmentroom •Aluminizingchamberroom •Communicationroom •Telescopearea Location:manorapeak,nainital Typeofobservatories:solar,as-tronomical,meteorological

90 Toavoidfootstepvibrationthedesignmusttakecarethe cancelationofthreevibration -Forthetelescopeisdirectlyconnectedtofoundationandflooris isolatedfromthemainfoundation which-Theconceptualize-Whatmoveshould-Toobservethesurroundingtheobservatorybuildingtoroofhavecharacteristictoopenitsroofanditshouldhavetoinalldirectiondesignshoulduseinsteadofconventionaldomeistobeobservatorybuildingrequiredsomesupportingactivity,shouldtakencare

91 andKeralaScienceTechnologyMuseum LocationwithinThiruvananthapuram Established1984 LocationP.O.,BhavanPMGJunction,VikasThiruvananthapuram Coordinates8.509978°N76.946070°E KeralaScienceandTechnologyMuseumisanautonomous ofgeneration.amongthegeneralpublic,especiallyamongtheyoungacenterforpopularisationofscienceandscientifictemperinstitutionestablishedbyGovernmentofKerala,India,in1984,as[1][2]TheinstitutionisintheheartThiruvananthapuramcity,inKerala.The Priyadarsini Planetariumisattachedtothemuseum,functioningsince1994.

92 TherescienceEachThemuseumhastengalleriesexhibitingmorethan300items.gallerycontainsitemsrelatedaparticulardiscipleoforengineering.aregalleriesfor; •electrical •Electronics •Mechanical •automobile •bio-medicalengineering •Thereisaspecialgalleryforpopularscience •solarenergy.

93 PriyadarshiniMuseumArchitecture visiblepartsintheuniverse.themuseumthatshowcasealltheThereisalsoahugeprojectorinsideanditsdevelopmentovertheyears.complimenttotheITsectorofIndiaarchitecturewithinthemuseumisaearthinvariousplanets.Themissionsconductedbypeoplefrominteriorhasportraitsoflunarchildren.Additionally,thewallintheprimarilyincludescienceteachingsspecialservicestothevisitorswhichsummertimethemuseumoffersisamobileastronomyunit.InvisitortoexperienceAstrovanwhichmuseumprovideopportunityfortheScienceExhibitionUnits'insidethetelescopeof11inch.The'Mobileobservationwiththeuseofaamenitiestoensurenightskytime.Themuseumalsohascanaccommodate184peopleatasignificantissuesandtopic.Thehallresearcherswheretheydiscussmeetingpointofscientistsandlocatedwithinthemuseumisadaybasis.Theconferencehallsoundshowsareheldonadaytowithinthemuseumwherelightandoverit.Thereisalsoaskytheatreobjectswhiletheyprojectimagescelestialbodiesandotherastralwhichserveasascreenfortheofthestructurehasdomedceilingahorizontalalignment.Theinteriorconstructionofthemuseumdepictsin18-20yearsback.ThedesignanddayarchitectureasitwascompletedThemuseumhasasignofmodern

94 DIGHACONVENTIONCENTRE

95 01 Kolkata,LocationTotal201136sqTotalYearDevelopmentStructuralAhmenArchitect:ScienceOwner:NationalCouncilOfMuseumsLateArAftabuddinconsultantsConsultantsOfCompletion:1991LandArea:49.7acresorkmBuiltUpArea:45000sqm:EastTopsia,Topsia,WestBengal r KumarbythechiefCutzeninDecembercomplex:wasthiscreatedgeneralGhose,independencelandmarktheconsideredHaldaneMetropolitanisCulture,Museums(NCSM),NationalIndianlargestScienceCity,KolkataisthesciencecentreinthesubcontinentunderCouncilOfScienceMinistryofGovernmentofIndia,atthecrossingofEasternbypassandJBSavenue,Kolkata.Itisbysomepeopleasmostdistinguishedinthepost-Kolkata.SarojthefirstdirectorofNCSM,whoishavingconceptualizedcentrein1997.Thiscentreinauguratedbytwopartstheconventioncentrewasunveiledon211996byPaulJozefthepresenceoftheministerJyotiBasuandwholecentrewasopenedtheprimeministerInderGujralon1July1997.SCIENCECITYKOLKATA

96 AREAPROGRAMMING SPACES AREA ConventionCentre 23117 ScienceExplorationHall 28500 MaindistributionElectricalAmbulanceWaterFireShedsGateMonorailRopewayToyToiletsSnacksEnquirySouvenirSpaceOdysseyandDynamotionhall9200Shops27072Bar1360760Trainstation150Station260station1050Complex3340918waterpph180treatmentplant150andsanitation120powerreceivingand400receivingstationandsubstation200

97 DYNAMOTIONHALL ThewordDYNAMOTION raisedstructureAPlinthbuildingwithaclosedatriumPlannedasainwardlookingmeterhighTheformisaziggurat38centralatriumwithaspiralramparoundtheItisa38meterhighstructuretrajectories.ofballsmovingindifferentdynamicsofalargenumberrollingballwhichshowsthe28mhighexhibitcalledtheItisastructurethathousesadynamicmotionderivedfromthewordsisareais3000sq.m.circularshellstructurewithafascinatingexteriorgeometry.Itis38mhighwithaspiralshapedramparounda15mdia.centralatriumwhichistothetop.Spacedistributedforeachfloor: •Thirdfloor-1000sq.m •Secondfloor-1500sq.m •Firstfloor-2000aq.m •Groundfloor-2500sq.m

98ofthepodium.finalexitsareinthe2cornersalwaysonlefthandside.Thepodium.Theexhibitsareexhibitsandleadingtothewide,slope1:12),encirclingtheformedbyaspiralramp(4.5mthetopfloor.Theexhibitionislobby,carryingvisitorsuptooppositetotheentrance•Theelevatorsarelocatedelectricroomsandstore.hallshaveserviceslikecornersoftherectangularontheother.OppositeandwaterbasedexperimentsButterflyEnclaveononesideaxisofthebuildingcontaininggalleriestothelongitudinalsymmetricallyplaced•Thehallhastwowaterexhibitsatthebase.differenttrajectorieswithrollingballsmovingindynamicsofalargenumberofRollingBallwhichshowsthe28mhighexhibitcalledtheThegroundfloorconsistsofa

99 dynamicspacelevelsconnectedwhichinteriortransparentrampThelevelsdirectionsthecontinuoustheTheramparoundatriumallowsaviewofrollingballsallatallatriumandcreateaspaceisvisuallyatall;makingthemoretheThecentralatriumhousesexhibit gallery.widespiraljourneydescendsFromramp.leveltakespassengerstheRightpodium.journeyinrightappearsballdisplayThecontinuousofenergyinthecentertotheofthevisitorthewholetotheoppositetoentry,two16liftsuptothetopof24.6mhighhereavisitorhisdownonaramp4.5mrampedStructuralroomservicestheandandcontaininglongitudinalplacesThehallhastwosymmetricallygalleriestotheaxisofthebuildinginsectmodeldisplayswaterbasedexperimentsexhibit.OppositecornerofrectangularhallhaveroomssuchaselectricandstoreThegroundlevelplanconsistsofahuge5storeydescendingatriumcontainingahugeenergyconservationballdisplayrisinguptothefullheightoftheatriumwithwaterexhibitsatthebasematerial•Bulkactive •eachThecompletestructureissupportedbytwononconcreterowsof16columnsonthespiralbase •Thestructureisfinishedwithstonegritallaround

100textureandfinish.buildingswiththehelpofcolour,allaroundwhichunifiesboththe•Structureisfinishedwithstonegritwideexpanseoflight.withsteeltrussandglassontopfor•Thetopoftheatriumistiedtogethereach.on2concentricrowsof16columns•ThecompletestructureissupportedSTRUCTURE:•Aquarium(FirstFloor)•Poweroften(SecondFloor)•Illusions(ThirdFloor)floor:Itconsistsof3galleriesoneoneach CIRCULATION: •Thebuildingisabarrier-freedesign.of24.6m.theelevatortothetopflooratalevelgroundfloorexhibits;he/shetakes•Oncethevisitorhasviewedthevisitorsentry.•Serviceentryiscommonwiththeand4.5mwide.•Therampis38mhighspiralshapedfromthe1stfloor.whichleadsthevisitortothegroundarea.followedthroughouttheexhibitioncirculationramp4.5mwideisunidirectionalandspiralascending•Aforcedcirculationpatternbya•Theexitisthroughthestaircase

101 conditions.••public•••central•INFERENCES:scienceprovides•fluorescent•provided•LIGHTING:Wideexpanseofglarefreenaturallightisgivenbyasteelandglassskylightintheatrium.Howeverdeeperareasandgalleriesespeciallyaquariumarelightedbytubelightsandhalogenlampswhereverrequired.TherampislitwithstructuralglazingprovidedatvariousdistanceswhichglarefreelightandalsoservesasapointfortheoverallviewofthecityAmajorpartoflightisprovidedbythesteelandglazedskylightintheatrium.Itprovidessufficientlightforthewholebuilding.Therampsystemfordisplayisasuccessfulmethod.Theparallelrampforserviceandfireescapeisagoodidea.Overallzoningandsegregationofentriesisrequiredwherethereisalargemovement.Thedisplaysareaccessibleandeasytounderstand.Theoverallplanningoftheplaceisgoodwithcomfortablewalking

102 CONVENTIONCENTRE allwithinAllculturalTheeightTheconventionalcentrefacilitates,comprisingGrandTheatre,MiniAuditoriumandSeminarHallsandopenexhibitionground.conventionfacilityatScienceCityisideallysuitedtoprofessionalgatheringsmeetsandshows,tradeexhibitions,corporateannualmeetingsetcthevenuesoftheconventioncentreareincloseproximitytoeachotherandareaminimumofwalkingdistancefromtheparkingareawithabundantgreeneryaroundtorelaxafterlongsessions MAINAUDITORIUM TheStageSeatinggreenroomcraftsystem,equippedmeetings,Themultipurposeauditoriumisidealforconventions,seminarsandannualgeneraltheatricalandmusicalperformances,ballet,opera,symphonyetc.Itiswithvariablereverberationtimeandsophisticatedsoundreinforcementlargestage(suitablefor100performersatatime)withcyclorama,stageandmodernstagelightcontrolandprojectionfacilitiesandsufficientspacesetccapacityis2232sizeis27x16msuitablefor100performerscapacityofgreenroomisfor50menand50women

103MINITHATRESeatingcapacityis392stagesizeis15mx10mwhichissuitablefor40performers SEMINARHALL creatingfor30.OneeachregistrationTheseminarhallcomplexhaseighthallsintwofloorswithspaciouslobby,countersandpantry.Therearefourlecturehallswithacapacityof96andtwolecturehallswithacapacityof40eachandonewithcapacityforconferenceroomisfullyfurnished,suitableforconference,meetingsetcaround20persons.Inadditionacoupleofsmallerroomsareavailablefortemporaryofficespace,storageetcformajorevents,VIProom. EXHIBITIONGROUND facilitydisplaymainAexhibitiongroundmeasuring26,000squaremetersisavailableadjacenttotheauditoriumforcreatingadditionalexhibition/conferencespace,food,court,stallsetc.duringmajorconventionstradeexhibitionsetc.Adequateparkingisalsoavailableforaround500cars. MARITIMECENTRE vesselsmaritimeKolkatausingtwo-storedThecentredepictsmaritimehistory,maritimeactivityandrelatedsubjects.Itisbuildingabuiltupareaofaround700squaremetersanditismadeaship.IthasbeendevelopedbysciencecityKolkataincollaborationwithPortTrust.MaritimeCentrehasonitsdisplaysinterestingexhibitsonactivity,replicasandscaledmodelsofboats,shipsandseagoing

104 SCIENCEPARK

aMonorailcomprisesthelearningnaturalInTheItoffersanidealfreechoicelearningenvironment.InatropicalcountrylikeIndiaoutdoorissunnyandmoreinvitingthantheindoorsformostofthepartoftheyear.asciencepark,peoplecomeclosertoplants,animalsandotherobjectsintheirsurroundingsandalsolearnaboutthebasicprinciplesofscienceinanopenairenvironment.Theparkinteractiveexhibitsareengineeredsoastotolerateallweather.ScienceParkhasbecometheintegralpartinallthecentresofNCSM.ItCaterpillarRide,Gravitycoaster,Musicalfountain,roadtrain,Cablecars,Cycle,Butterflynurseryandseveralexhibitsonphysicalandlifesciencesandamazesetupiaalushgreenambience

105EARTHEXPLORATIONHALLTheretheatrevideomodernphenomenongeographyeachSlicingandbuildingIndia.Inauguratedon6December2008byAmbikaSonitheUnionMinisterforCulture,Apermanentexhibitiononearthishousedintwostoriedhemisphericalthatdisplaysthedetailsofthesouthernhemisphereinthegroundfloornorthernhemisphereinthefirstfloorahugeearthglobeatthecentreofthehallinto12segmentsverticallyinhemisphere,importantfeaturesofeachsegmentsuchasphysical,landsandpeoplefloraandfaunaandotherdynamicnaturalonearthhavebeenhighlightedaroundthecentralglobewiththedisplaytechnologiessuchasattractivevisuals,interactivemultimedia,walls,panoramicvideos,tiltingtables,computerkiosksand3-DeffectswearingspecialPolaroidspectacle.isahugeearthglobeatcentreofthehall SPACEODYSSEY immersivediameterAstrovision10/70.withscience.ThespaceTheatrehasTimeMachine,3Dtheatre,varietyofexhibitsonspaceThespaceismainlydedicatedtospacescience.SpaceTheatreisequippedHeliosStarBallplanetariumsupportedby150specialeffectprojectionsandLargeformatFilmProjectionsystemhousedina23-metertilteddomehavingaunidirectionalseatingarrangementsfor360personshowsonscience.

106 SCIENCEEXPLORATIONHALL technologyoverviewtheirinterpretationrespectiveThisthroughlatestThe5400squaremetersnewfacility,theScienceExplorationHall,hastheinfrastructureandprovidesanenquirybasedlearningtothevisitors,edutainmentonHumanEvolution,ScienceandTechnologies.newFacilityisrepletewithinteractiveexhibitswhichbestdescribetheirperiodandissetupinamoreorlessrealisticambience.Theareawillorientvisitorstothecontentsoftheexpositionspriortovisittothefacilities.InanutshellScienceExplorationHallgivesanfromtheformationofsolarsystemtothelatestinscienceand

107

108 1.ISROSatellites 108 4.TMT3.Vehicles2.RocketsOftheWorld113LaunchedBy115ISRO30MTelescope117 •TelescopeStructure •SystemSystemAlignmentandPhasing(APS)andM1Control(M1CS) •SecondaryMirror •GiantScienceSteering •TMTCalotteEnclosure •FirstLightInstruments • 5.IntroductiontoTMTIndiaExtremelyLargeTelescope127

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>- N 0 c=: 0 0 _J N <C 0 :::r: C°' U") 0 0 OJ JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY, Dept. of Architecture / I ' t Bl1:1tk::1:Ai:m:w :ll-2 l"le:w Sbei;ii;ird Date19691971194219522015Present Payloadto LEO (Success/Fai135kgSuborbitalSuborbital lure)(2/2)(2852/950)(60) • N p p 0 JN•'• [£]Titan II N·I Atlas-Agena Vostak 1964-1966197519821960197819581991 3,lOOkg(12/0)1200kg(6/1)4725kg (150/10) IIr 11111 -0••• -GSLV Soyuz Titan IV ArianV 200120161965Present198920051996Present 5000kg(6/5)7100kg(1031/8)17,000kg(35/4)21000kg -(92/4) 31-tEPOISI "' .. Ii)'*' Ni, ---.;i;: 1985Present1999Presenl 13740kg8,400kg (138/26)(13/0) CEJSh1:1llit Jum1 I 1988-201619581958 800kg (8/2)llkg ..(3/3) Tskylon 3 Antares 197720092013Present 6120kg (6/1) Atlas Ill H-llA 200020051994Present 8640kg(6/0)10060kg (36/1) ; A 2002Present2003Present 20,520kg13450kg (74/1)(34/1) PART I A Ei;ikt1ai' I 20062009 180kg (2/3) -CZ20 Long March 20 1992Present 3500kg (33/1) t!! n p 0 T 0 H M 'vi •• Proton 1965Present 20700kg (367/47) A Hr A p A AS r 2014Presenl 13450kg (24/0) B 2022 U.G Thesis Report I :\lgagui;icd 19571959 23kg (3/8) Delta II 19892018 F9 s p c fiM Falcon 91.0 2010-2013 l0450kg 1(5/0)©1 II Dii;imi;iat Miat1ti;iucl:ll 19651975 160kg (9/3) • Npp 0 N [£] H-1 19861992 3200kg (9/0) STS D 19812011 24400kg (133/2) F9 ""--F9 s p -" c c: • 2013Pr 22esent BOOkg (442) E 2010Present 1735kg (6/0) ---:-PSLV 1993Present 3250kg (41/3) 2018Present 54400kg (0/0) F ' l.:ll-38 1960196119601963 Suborbital1,360kg (5/1)(7/2)Voskhod Titan 1118 1963197619661987 5900kg (287/13)3,300kg •(62/6) f:li •.:.:.: :::i:Long March 3B 1996Present 12000kg(39/3)19902003 7,600kg 2004(113/3) 28Presenl 790kg (9/1) G t --•• Si;iutaik :\{egg 195719642012Present19672010 1,322kg(6/1)1500kg (11/0)1500kg (424/20) t -Long March 4C Ariane I Atlas II 2006Present1976198619912004 4,200kg(21/1)1400kg(9/2)6,580kg (63/0) WORLDNI t rnV 1969-197219671973 105000kg(0/4)127,000kg (13/0)

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governments.havealsobeenmadebytheCanadian,Japanese,Chinese,andIndianofCaliforniaintheUSAisinplace.ConstructionfundingcommitmentsBettyMooreFoundation,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,andUniversityindustry,andtheTMTProjectOffice.ConstructionfundingfromGordon&systemsisdistributedamongsttheTMTpartnerinstitutes,collaborators,inaformalcostreview.Thedesignandbuildofthevarioustelescopebreakdownstructureandacomprehensivecostestimatethatwasvetteddevelopedforeachpartnerinstitute,basedontheprojectworkandbusinessstructureshavebeendefined.WorkshareshavebeeninstituteisrepresentedontheTMTBoardofDirectors.PartnershiplegalObservingtimeatTMTwillbesharedbypartnerinstitutes.EachpartnerTMTpartnerinstituteswillworktogethertoconstructtheobservatory.

117 TMT30MTELESCOPE

2016processofamultistagefinaldesignreviewthatwillconcludeinearlyitspreliminarydesignreviewinNovember2013andiscurrentlyintheProvidedthestructureforSubaruonMaunaKea.TMTStructurepassedOverseeingboththephysicalstructureandthecontrolsystems.MitsubishiElectricCorp(MELCO)Japanisresponsibleforthetelescopestructure.Chosencontractoris

118 TELESCOPESTRUCTURE

15isbeEachlost1.44-82-574492Segmentsincludingsparesdifferenttypesmacrosscorners45mmthickglassceramic2.5mmgaps(0.6%area)ofthe492mirrorsegmentsformingthePrimaryMirror(M1)willmountedonsuchsegmentsupportandactuatorsassemblywhichknownasactiveadaptiveopticstocorrectatmosphericturbulence.PrimaryMirror(M1)

119 TELESCOPESTRUCTURE

120forandwithresponsibleJetpermeasurementControlM1CSdisturbancesmaintainsAPSM1AlignmentandPhasingSystem(APS)andControlSystem(M1CS)alignsthetelescopeopticsincludingsegmentsandtheM1CStheoverallshapeoftheprimarymirrorinthepresenceofGravity,temperature,wind,vibrationsystemfortheprimarymirror1476positionactuators5mmrange,5nmresolution2772capacitiveedgesensors2segmentedge.PropulsionLaboratory(JPL),USAandtheUCIrvine,USAareforthedesignanddeliveryoftheAPS(Caltech/UCwork-share)inputfromITCC.JPLisresponsibleforthesystemdesign,software,integrationoftheM1CS(Caltech/UCwork-share).Indiaisresponsibleproductionofactuators,edgesensorsandelectronics.

(TERTIARY)GIANTSCIENCESTEERINGMIRROR(M3)

121 SECONDARYMIRROR(M2)

M2-Positioned-Passive-100-3.1mDescription:ConvexhyperboloidmmthickZeroExpansionglasswhiffletreesupportsystembyhexapodSystemisCaltech/UniversityofCaliforniawork-share

and-DesignChina-Stray-2-axis-Passive-Zero-100-2.5Description:x3.5mflatmmthickexpansionglasswhiffletreesupportsystemgimbalpositionerlightbafflearoundperimeterisresponsiblefordesignandfabricationoftheM3SystemisprogressingattheChangchunInstituteofOptics,FineMechanicsPhysics(CIOMP),aninstituteofTheChineseAcademyofSciences(CAS

122 TMTCALOTTEENCLOSURE

andthescienceprogrambeingconductedeachasterismspecificallychosenaccordingtotheparticularadaptiveopticssystembeingusedLaserGuideStarFacility(LGSF)TheLGSF,beingbuiltbyChina,willcreateanasterismofstars,willcoveratotalspectralrangefrom0.31to1.1µmusingseparateredandbluecolorchannelsSpectrometer(WFOS)WFOS,amulti-partnercollaboration,isaseeinglimitedinstrumentthatcombinedhigh-resolutionimagerandintegral-fieldunit(IFU)spectrometerWideFieldOpticalwithinitsslitletsInfraRedImagingSpectrometer(IRIS)IRIS,amulti-partnercollaboration,isaitleveragestheMCAOcapabilityprovidedbyNFIRAOStoboosttheamountoflightfallingcollaboration,isaclosecopyoftheverysuccessfulandversatileKeck/MOSFIREinstrument,andbeingbuiltbyCanadaInfraRedMulti-SlitSpectrometer(IRMS)IRMS,amulti-partnerSystem(NFIRAOS)alaserguidestarsupported,multi-conjugateadaptiveoptics(MCAO)systembeingreconsidered,butthecurrentplanisthefollowing:NearFieldInfraRedAdaptiveOpticsTheplanforthefirstlightinstrumentstobedeliveredaspartoftheconstructionprojectis

LimitedofCanadaindividuallycontrolledEnclosureisbeingdesignedbyDynamicStructuresShutter,ventsanddeployableflaps88large(e.g.,4x5m)ventscanbeMinimalsizeroundapertureprotectstelescopeinhigh-windconditions-32.5degreetiltaddressesobjectsfromzenithto65degrees-Rotationofcapstructureontiltedbearingring-AzimuthrotationofenclosureonfixedbaseringPointingaccomplishedbytworotations

TMTCALOTTEENCLOSURE

123 FIRSTLIGHTINSTRUMENTS conducted.particularasterism-Laser1.1is-Widecombined-InfraRedofandis-InfraRedCanadasupported,-Nearfollowing:constructionTheplanforthefirstlightinstrumentstobedeliveredaspartoftheprojectisbeingreconsidered,butthecurrentplanistheFieldInfraRedAdaptiveOpticsSystem(NFIRAOS)alaserguidestarmulti-conjugateadaptiveoptics(MCAO)systembeingbuiltbyMulti-SlitSpectrometer(IRMS)IRMS,amulti-partnercollaboration,aclosecopyoftheverysuccessfulandversatileKeck/MOSFIREinstrument,itleveragestheMCAOcapabilityprovidedbyNFIRAOStoboosttheamountlightfallingwithinitsslitletsImagingSpectrometer(IRIS)IRIS,amulti-partnercollaboration,isahigh-resolutionimagerandintegral-fieldunit(IFU)spectrometerFieldOpticalSpectrometer(WFOS)WFOS,amulti-partnercollaboration,aseeinglimitedinstrumentthatwillcoveratotalspectralrangefrom0.31toµmusingseparateredandbluecolorchannelsGuideStarFacility(LGSF)TheLGSF,beingbuiltbyChina,willcreateanofstars,eachasterismspecificallychosenaccordingtotheadaptiveopticssystembeingusedandthescienceprogrambeing SCIENCEFIRSTLIGHTADAPTIVEOPTICSSYSTEMSANDINSTRUMENTS AdaptiveOpticsSystems o(NFIRAOS)AdaptiveNarrowFieldInfraRedOpticsSystem o(LGSF)LaserGuideStarFacility Scienceinstruments oInfraRedImaging oSpectrometerInfraRedMulti-slitSpectrograph(IRIS)(IRMS) oSpectrometerWideFieldOptical(WFOS

124

125 TMT-India IndianofficiallyIndiajoinedTMTasanObservertotheTMTCollaborativeBoardin2010andjoinedtheprojectinSeptember2014withtheapprovalofthegovernment TechnologyTMT-IndiawillbejointlyfundedbytheDepartmentsofScienceandandAtomicEnergy theInter-UniversityResearchTheIndianInstituteofAstrophysics(IIA),Bengaluru,theAryabhattaInstituteforObservationalSciences(ARIES),Nainital,andtheCentreforAstronomyandAstrophysics(IUCAA),Pune,arethreemaininstitutesconstitutingTMT-India ScienceCommitteeTheactivitiesofTMT-IndiaarecoordinatedbytheIndiaTMTCoordination(ITCC),locatedatIIA,Bengaluru,andsetupbytheDepartmentofandTechnology• 02December,2014 Sciences,Govt.andTechnologyandEarthHon’bleUnionMinisterofSciencepresenceofDr.HarshVardhan,Raghavan,Secretary,DSTintheagreementsbyDr.VijaySigningofTIOpartnership eventandmediaattendedthecountries,TMT-India,embassiesofpartner•Membersfromvarious INTRODUCTIONTOTMT-INDIA

126 TMT-IndiaWorkShare SOFTWARE oObservatorySoftware(SubjectofthisEOI) oTelescopeControlSystem HARDWARE o86MirrorSegments oMirrorSegmentSupportAssemblies oM1ControlSystemActuators oM1ControlSystemSensors oM1ControlSystemDistributedControlElectronics(SCC) oMirrorCoatingChambers oScienceInstruments

127ESO’sExtremelyLargeTelescope(ELT)

Arevolutionarytelescope

Buildingagiant

knowaboutourUniverseandmakeusrethinkourplaceinthecosmosESO’sExtremelyLargeTelescope(ELT)willdramaticallychangewhatwebuildingatelescopethatwillrevolutioniseastronomyfordecadestocome.theAtacamaDesertinChile,ESO,theEuropeanSouthernObservatory,istheneareststartotheSun,tothefirstimageofablackhole.Onamountaininpeoplefromallwalksoflife,fromfindingplanetsaroundProximaCentauri,Thepastdecadehasbroughtastronomicalrevelationsthathaveexcited

totrackcelestialobjectsobservationsofthenightsky,aswellasapierthatrotateswithhighaccuracyThedomeconsistsofanenclosurethatopensandclosestoallowpitch.Itwillbe80metreshigh,abouttheheightofBigBenwithoutthespire.thedomewillhaveafootprintroughlyequivalenttothatofafootball(soccer)extremeenvironmentofChile’sAtacamaDesert.Withadiameterof88metres,ThetelescopewillbehousedinahugedomethatwillshelteritfromthethosefromtheNASA/ESAHubbleSpaceTelescope.sophisticatedsystems,ESO’sELTwillprovideimages15timessharperthantimesmorelightthanthehumaneye.Thankstothisgiantmirror,andotherexistinglargeresearchtelescopesontheplanetcombined,and100millionhexagonalsegmentsthat,workingtogether,willgathermorelightthanallthetobemadefromasinglepieceofglass.Themirrorwillconsistofnearly800Thetelescopewillhaveamainmirrornearly40metresindiameter,toolargelargestoptical/infraredtelescopeintheworld.Pushingtheboundariesofsciencerequiresthinkingbig.TheELTwillbethe

128

129 NameExtremelyLargeTelescope(ELT) SiteCerroArmazones,AtacamaDesert,Chile Altitude3046metres Mainmirrordiameter39metres Lightcollectingarea978squaremetres Numberofmainmirrorsegments798 Mainmirrorsegmentsalignmentprecision thicknessofahumanhair)acrossitsentire39-metrediameterTensofnanometres(1/10000the TypeOptical/near-infraredextremelylargetelescope OpticaldesignFive-mirrordesign Telescopefieldofview10arcminutes EnclosureHemisphericaldome Weightofthemainstructure3700tonnes Numberofboltsusedinthedome~30million Firstlightdate2027

130

Pushingtheboundariesoftechnology

placedforagroundbasedtelescopeThecontractfortheELTtelescopemainstructureanddomeisthelargesteverTelescopesofESO’sVeryLargeTelescope.andwillbemountedonaplatformsobigitcouldsupportoneoftheUnititcaptures.TheyarecurrentlyunderdevelopmentatinstitutesaroundEuropeThetelescopewillbeequippedwithgiantinstrumentstoanalysethelightthatthousandtimesasecond.andsupportedbymorethan5000actuatorsthatadjustitsshapeuptoaturbulence.Oneofthese,thetelescope’sfourthmirror,orM4,willbeverythinwillcompensateforthefuzzinessinimagesintroducedbyatmosphericAdaptivemirrors,ascomponentsofboththetelescopeanditsinstruments,thirdofthewidthofthefullMoon).thatwillyieldexceptionalimagequalitycoupledwithawidefieldofview(oneESO’sELThasanunusualopticaldesignbasedonanovelfive-mirrorscheme

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HARMONIFirst-generationinstruments: greatdetail.studytheconstituentsofthelocalUniverseandcharacteriseexoplanetsin,a3DspectrographusedtoexploregalaxiesintheearlyUniverse, MAORY distortionscausedbyturbulenceintheEarth’satmosphere.,anadaptive-opticsmoduledesignedtohelpcompensatefor METIS redshiftgalaxies.protoplanetarydiscs,SolarSystembodies,activegalacticnuclei,andhigh-,amid-infraredimagerandspectrograph,willfocusonexoplanets, MICADO timesgreater.comparabletothatoftheJamesWebbSpaceTelescopeandaresolutionsix,adedicatedimagingcamerafortheELT,willhaveasensitivity Tacklingthebiggestcosmicchallenges

132 Five-mirrordesign:

telescopedid400yearsago.eventuallyrevolutioniseourperceptionoftheUniverse,muchasGalileo’sastronomy.Thankstoitssizeandsuiteoffront-lineinstruments,itmayLargeTelescopewilladdressmanyofthemostpressingunsolvedquestionsinWiththestartofscientificoperationstargetedforlate2027,ESO’sExtremely questionsSolarSystem,atlonglastansweringoneofhumanity’smostfundamentalESO’sELTmaybethefirsttelescopetoenableustoidentifylifebeyondthe protoplanetarydiscsaroundstarsinthemaking.theearlieststagesintheformationofplanetarysystemsandtostudyonthoseplanets.ELT’ssuiteofinstrumentswillallowastronomerstoprobepossiblyfindthetelltalebiomarkersindicatingthattheremaybelifepresentspectroscopycharacterisetheatmospheresoftransitingplanets—andabletoobtaindirectimagesoflargerplanetsandviahighresolutionofstarsperturbedbytheplanetsinorbitaroundthem.TheELTwillalsobethehabitablezone,bymakingprecisemeasurementsofthewobblingmotionTheELTwilldiscoverandstudyplanetswithmassesaslowastheEarth’sin

5.Rapidtip-tiltfifthmirror3.Tertiarymirrorproduced1.Mainmirror39.3metresdiameter2.Secondarymirror.Largestsecondary(andlargestconvex)mirrorever4.Adaptivefourthmirror

reachingconsequencesforthebasiclawsofphysicsphysicalconstants.Anunambiguousdetectionofsuchvariationswouldhavefar-understandingoftheUniverse.theUniverse’sexpansion,ameasurementthatwouldhaveamajorimpactonourTheELThasthepotentialtomakeadirectmeasurementoftheaccelerationofhistoryofstarformationingalaxies.abundancesoftheelementsintheUniversewithtime,andforunderstandingthefollowtheirevolutionthroughcosmictime.toprovidegreaterinsightintotime-dependentphenomena.StudiesofextremeobjectslikeblackholeswillbenefitfromthepoweroftheELTprimordialgalaxiesandblackholes—andlearnhowtheyarerelated.understandtheformationofthefirstobjectsintheUniverse—primordialstars,Byprobingthemostdistantobjects,ESO’sELTwillprovidevitalcluestohelpusTheELTisdesignedtocarryoutdetailedstudiesofthefirstgalaxiesandtoESO’sELTwillbeauniquetoolformakinganinventoryofthechangingESO’sELTwillalsosearchforpossiblevariationswithtimeofthefundamental

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03EXPLORINGTHEHISTORYOFTHEUNIVERSE

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1381.SiteDetails 141 •ConnectingRoadNetworkthesite •SiteSurrounding •Background •Hydrology • 2.AboutLandformDigha 149 •AvailableofPh •ElectricalConductivity •AvailablePhosphorus •MajorProblems •PresentFacilities WaterSupply PowerSupply DrainageStormWater DisposalSolidWaste BeautificationBeachCleaningAnd Erosionofbeach LivelihoodActivities

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141 Allthesitedetailsinthephotos DETAILSSITELOCATION: DistrictNewDigha,WestBengal–PurbaMedinipur DEVELOPMENTAUTHORITY: DevelopmentD.S.D.A(DighaShankarpurAuthority) ROADNETWORKS: SHNH116B57 ELEVATION: M.S.L6M(20FT.) 87⁰21⁰37’16.3”N29’35.0”ESITESURROUNDINGS (500mradius): •DighaConventionCentre •DighaScienceCentre •(JahazBari)D.S.D.AHeadquater •DighaCashewGarden •SewageTreatmentPlant •OceanaComplex(PrawnHatchery)

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145HYDROLOGY:recentage.occasionalsoftclaylensesofcoarsegrainedsandwiththickness)consistingoffinetoaquifer(7-9metresingroundwaterwithinaphreaticthesalineandfreshdistributionandmovementofprincipalbasisfordefiningthealongDighacoastprovidedthegroundwateratdifferentdepthstestingofqualityofSinkingofangerboreholesandcoastalregionofBayofBengal.ThesiteissituatedonthecoastalaquiferSaltwaterencroachmentinthe THERESULTSOFTHESTUDY havebeendiscussed.ThereasonsforsuchdeviationGhyben-Henrzbergprinciple.calculatedonthebasisoftheshallowerdepththanthatfoundtooccuratmuchvariations.TheinterfacewasgroundwaterrechargeinterfaceoccurduetotidalandMinormovementsofthedependingonseveralfactors.variableshapeandthicknesszoneofdiffusionwhichhada500ppmisochlorsdefinedthegroundwaterbody.The300anddelineatedthesaline2.3chloride-bicarbonateratioaquifer.Isochlorof500ppmandotheratthebottomofthezones,onenearthetopandseparatedbytwosalinewatervaryingfrom20-300ppm)wedge(chlorinecontentExistenceofafreshwater

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149AVAILABLEpH:

ABOUTDIGHA

plantscangrowwithinawidePHrangeof4.0-9.5allplantnutrientsareavailableinmaximum.Generallytheterrestrialplantsgrowbestinsoilswithslightlyacidreaction(PH6.1-6.5)becauseandinsmallpocketsofBhagwanpur-IIandSahidMatanginiblocks.MostsoilisfoundinsouthernpartofRamnagar-I,easternpartofPatashpur-II&II,Bhagwanpur-II,SahidMatangini,TamlukandMoyna.SlightlyalkalineRamnagarI,Patashpur-I,Bhagwanpur-II,Haldia,Nandigram-II,Khejuri-INeutraltoslightlyalkalinesoilreactionprevailsinpocketsofarefoundinsouth-westernpartandNorth-easternpartofthedistrict.KhejuriI,Bhagwanpur-I,Haldia,slightlyacidictoneutralreactionofsoilsinPatashpur-I,Contai-III,Egra-II,Contai-I,Deshapran,Bhagwanpur-II,northernandsoutheasternpartofthedistrict.HighlyacidicsoilisfoundofthepartsofEgra-I&IIblocks.SlightlyacidicsoilsarefoundinPatashpur-I,Contai-I&III.Deshapran,Patashpur-IIblocksandinmostChandipur,Haldia,Nandigram-I&II,Khejuri-I,Bhagwanpur-II,Kolaghat,SahidMatangini,Nandakumar,Sutahata,Bhagwanpur-I,(Das&Basu,2004).ModeratelyacidicsoilisfoundinpartofPanskura-I,matter.Soilsmaybeacidic,alkalineorneutralinchemicalreactionsThedeterminationofsoilreactionintheplantgrowthisanimportant

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crops.partofDeshapran,Khejuri-IandHaldiablocks(MapNo.5).areinjurioustomostsalinityhasbecomecriticalforthegrowthofsaltsensitivecrops.ECofsoilsinandinpartsofDeshapran,KhejuriI,NandigramI,SahidMatanginiblockssoilContai-I&III,Ramnagar-I&II,PartofKhejuri-I,andDeshapranblocks.InHaldiaChandipur,Bhagwanpur-I&II,Khejuri-I&IINandigramI&II,PartofEgra-II,SahidMatangini,Tamluk,Moyna,Nandakumar,Mahishadal,Sutahata,Haldia,thetolerablelimit.ButECiscriticalforseedgerminationinpartofKolaghat,MedinipurdistrictdemonstratesthatinmostoftheblocksECofsoilliesbelowMapshowingspatialvariabilityofelectricalconductivityofsoilsinPurbaconductivity.Thehigherthesaltcontent,theloweristheproductivityofsoil.Saltcontentofthesoilsamplesisdeterminedonthebasisofelectrical

155 ELECTRICALCONDUCTIVITY:

Ramnagar-II,SutahataandHaldiaDeshapran,Patashpur-I&II,Egra-I&II,Contai-I,andmostofthepartofMahishadal,Nandigram-I&II,Chandipur,Bhagwanpur-I,Khejuri-I&II,I&II,Egra-IIandPatashpur-II.PartofSahidMatangini,Moyna,Nandakumar,southwesternandeasternpartofthedistrictthatisinpartofHaldia,Ramnagar-amountofphosphorus(upto45kg/ha)isgenerallyfoundtooccurintheinsoilsishighinmostofthepartsofthedistrict(above90kg/ha).Butverylowproteinsynthesisrespectively.(Brady,1980).Thecontentofavailablephosphorusacid.IndirectlyitactsasseatofgeneticinheritanceinplantsandanimalsandPhosphorusisanimportantelementofdeoxyribonucleicacidandribonucleic

MAJORPROBLEMS

alkalinesoilisfound.Nandakumar,Chandipur,Mahishadal,HaldiaandDeshapranblocksslightlydeficiency.Soilalkalinityisanotherhurdleprobleminthisdistrict.InofSahidMatangini,Pataspur-I,Bhagwanpur-Isufferfromseveremicronutrientsoilerosionalongwithsaltwaterfloodingandwaterloggingproblems.ThesoilsPatashpur-I,Bhagwanpur-I&Egra-IIblocksareunderthethreatofverysevereerosion.SeveresoilerosionisfoundinSutahata&Ramnagar-Iblock.Moyna,isnoticeablethere.Inthesouthernpartsoilisdegradedlargelyduetocoastalpartofthedistrict,thesurfacesoilislostduetosurfacerunoffandsoilerosionoceansandcanal.InspiteofheavytextureofthesoilsinnorthernandwesternallblocksofContaiandTamluksubdivision,mainlythelandclosertotherivers,havecreatedseriousproblemforagriculture.Salinizationisaburningprobleminsalinization,lossofmicronutrients,declineinwaterholdingcapacityofsoiletc.gradually.Landdegradation,clodingofsoil,accumulationofwater,increasedinLand’sownproductivecapacityandnaturalstructureofsoilhavedecreased

AVAILABLEPHOSPHORUS:

WATERSUPPLY havetodependmainlyontubewells.plannedsafewaterdrinkingfacilities.Thepeopleresidinginthoseareastothem.However,themouzasinShankarpurareaaredevoidofanysupplyfromthecommunitytubewellsofPHEDeptt.,whichareprovidedobtainingwaterfordrinkingandotheruses.SeveralareasreceivewaterMostofthehotelsandprivatehouseshaveinstalledtubewellsforarenotsatisfactoryduetoinadequateawarenessofthelocalpeople.adequatelylaidthroughoutDigha.However,house-to-houseconnectionsdemandofDigha(2125KLD).Thesafedrinkingwaterpipelineshavebeenwithacapacityof2,72,400literswhichmaymeettheneedofwaterpresent.Therearethreedeeptube-wellsmanagedbyPHEDepartmentUndergroundsourceistheonlysourceofdrinkingwateratDighaat POWERSUPPLY

Ramnagarsubstation.WBSEDCLinnearfuture.Shankarpurgetsitspowersupplyfrombeenidentifiedandtheimplementationofthesamewillbetakenupbythemostimportant.Landforthenewsub-stationatDighahasalreadymeasureshavebeenadvocatedamongstwhichasub-stationatDighaiscausemuchtroubletoboththetouristsandlocalpeople.Somepowerfailurescauseproblemsattimes.Voltagefluctuationssometimesofpowersupplyissomewhatadequate,thelowvoltageandintermittentilluminationandbeachlightingarealsosatisfactory.Thoughthepositionofficesandresidencesarewellconnectedbyelectricity.TheroadDighagetsitspowermainlyfromtheWBSEDCL.Allthehotels,lodges,

PRESENTFACILITIESINDSDAAREA 156

157 STORMWATERDRAINAGE itselfonthebeach,therebycausingpollutionofthebeach.andkutchadrains,carryingsurfacerun-offmixedwithsullage,emptyshankarpurarea.Thestorm-waterdrainagesystem,consistingofpuccathereisnocomprehensivestormwaterdrainagesystematdigha–SOLIDWASTEDISPOSAL fromthefollowingshortfalls–Shankarpur.ExistingpracticesofsolidwastemanagementatDighasufferGarbagevatsandgarbagebinshavebeenconstructedinDighaandofenvironmentalpollutionandundesirablevisualimpactintouristspots.Thisisoneofthemostneglected,yetcritical,necessitytoensurecontrolNosegregationofsolidwasteispractisedinresidentialhousesNohouse-to-housecollectionserviceIncertainspecificareasstreetsweepingsarecarriedoutbyengaginglabours.TheyusehandoperatedwheelburrowsforcollectionofsolidwasteVatshavebeenconstructedforstorageofsolidwasteSolidwastesarenotregularlycollectedfromvatsSolidwasteisdisposedoffbyuncontrolledopendumpingApilotvermicultureunitwasconstructedforconversionoforganicwastetocompost.Thoughpresentlytheunitisnotfunctioning.InShankarpurareanosolidwastemanagementsystemhasbeendeveloped.

builtwithadequatetrainingfacilitiesandproduction-cumdisplaycentre.region,acentreforhandicrafts,tourismandcapacitybuildingmaybemaydiversifyintootherfields.TofacilitatelivelihoodactivitiesatDSDAofthelocalpeople,itisnecessarytoprovidetrainingtothemsothattheyaquaculture,tourismandhandicrafts.ToimprovethelivelihoodactivitiesThepeopleresidingatDSDAregionaremainlydependentonfishing,

EROSIONOFTHEBEACH

LIVELIHOODACTIVITIES

IV.Obliquewaveapproach(anglelessthan5o)III.RelativesealevelriseII.StormsurgesduringhightideinmonsoonandpostmonsoonI.Paucityofsandsupplyatthecoast,beenassumedtobeasbelow:SomeofthecausesofbeacherosioninDigha-ShankarpurregionhaveconstitutedbytheIrrigationDepartment,GOWBtosolvethisproblem.worryfortheAdministration.AMonitoringCommitteehasbeenErosionofthebeacharoundDigha-Shankarpurareahasbeenacauseofmonths, 158

theBayofBengalandtherebyincreasestheseapollution.leavingalargeamountofsolidwasteswhichultimatelyfindsitswaytoliketeastalls,eateries,handicraftshops,horseriding,etc.therebyunwantedandmostlyunauthorizedgrowthoftouristfacilities/servicesThepresenceoftouristsinlargenumbersonthebeachhasledtothe

BEACH-CLEANINGANDBEAUTIFICATION

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1606.Catering5.Lighting4.Museums3.Auditorium2.Library1.Standards161162165AndArt171Galleries173176

161 STANDARDS

162 LIBRARY

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165 AUDITORIUM

166 AUDITORIUM

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180 1.LiteratureStudy181 •ResearchCentre •ProjectTheNatureof • 2.LiteratureInterestedPartiesStudy189 •InScientificResearchModernTimes • 3.LiteraturePrincipalTheUnethicalStudy191 •EquivalenceMassEnergy •Concept •StimulationGravityAndObject •Goals •Objective •Methodology • 4.GeneralSpacePlanningDistribution197Ofsectionsandentrances

THECONCEPTOFRESEARCHCENTRES variousbranchesofpracticalbasicsciencesandaredividedintotwotypesArebuildingsestablishedtoconductexperimentsandscientificresearchin : UNIVERSITYRESEARCHCENTRES2.Specializedresearchcentres1.Universityresearchcentres graduatestudentssuperviseitsdocumentationandcontainandsupervisetheresearchofwherethecollegesoftheuniversityandthefacultyconductresearchandSomeuniversitiesandhigherinstitutesareestablishedattachedtobuildings SPECIALIZEDRESEARCHCENTRES types:conducttheirownresearchbyspecializedresearchers,whichareseveralscientificorindustrialinstitutionsareestablishingspecializedcentersthatCountriesareestablishingthemtopromoteresearchnationwide,andsome 6.MedicalResearchCentres5.TechnologicalResearchCentres4.ChemicalResearchCentres3.NuclearResearchCentres2.EnvironmentalResearchCentres1.AstronomyandSpaceResearchCentres 181 RESEARCHCENTRESLITERATURESTUDY

HOWANDWHYTOCHOOSE:ANDIDENTIFYEVERYTHINGNEWINSPACE.SPACEFORMATIONTHROUGHARESEARCHCENTERTOACCESSTHISPROJECTISCONCERNEDWITHSCIENTIFICRESEARCHIN

5.Keepingpacewithdevelopedcountriesinthisareaandcompetingto4.Closerrelationshipsbetweengraduatestudentsandresearchersin3.Provideabuildingthatservesthesurroundingenvironmentand2.Theneedtoprovideabuilderthatprovidesascientificatmospherefor1.Emphasizingscientificvalue,asscientificresearchisanessentialThereasonsforselectingtheprojectare:pillarofhumanknowledgeinallitsfields.researchersandtakesintoaccounttheirneedforresearchtocarryoutscientificresearchinthisareathatservessocietyandelevatesittothehighestlevels.reducesthedamagetoitasmuchaspossible.thelightoftheeffectiveroleofbothinscientificresearch.risetothetopofhumandevelopment

THEOBJECTIVESOFTHEPROJECTANDTHECAUSEITSERVES:

standardsinthisplace.bycreatingaspecialplacetoconductresearchinkeepingwiththedesignEnvironmentalobjectives:TotakecareoftheenvironmentandpreserveitfutureplansforthedevelopmentofscientificresearchresearchandthecurrentactivitiesofuniversityresearchunitstosuitresearchandpostgraduatestudiestomeettheneedsofscientificTheestablishmentofanindependentbuildingasacenterforscientific

2.Partofthesectionsthatstudygeophysicalphenomena1.ThesectiononsectionsthatstudyastronomyofobjectsandstarsandResearchanddividedintotwoparts:ObservatoryoftheCenterforAstronomicalandGeophysicalScienceastronomicalandgeophysicalsciences(Earthnaturesciences)andtheagencycomprisingamuseumandanacademyfortheteachingofItisaspecializedscientificresearchcenterthatispartofanintegratedchangesthatoccureverydayinouterspace.

182

THECONCEPTOFASTRONOMYANDSPACECENTERS:

SCIENTIFICOBJECTIVES: -4.Scientificheadquartersforastronomyandspaceresearch.-3.Consolidatingthescientificandtechnicalprogressofjordan's-2.Worktoenrichscientificresearchandencourageinnovationsand-1.Supportscientificresearchanddevelopthefieldsofscientificresearchanditsapplicationsbyprovidingafacilitythatmeetstheneedsofresearchersandstudents.inventionsbystudentsandresearchersbyprovidingthemwithadistinctivescientificatmosphere.advancementinparticularandtheArabworldingeneral.Encouragingresearchworkandcreatingascientificenvironmentforresearchdiscussion ECONOMICOBJECTIVES: 2.ScientistsandengineersfromEuropeancountriesreturntotheir1.Investmentcentreandeconomicreturninexhibits,visitsandspaceresearchandadvisorystudies.activities,professionsandstudiesattheStateAstronomyandSpaceTechnologyCentre SOCIALGOALS: communityBuildingaknowledgesocietyandcontributingtotheserviceofthebyprovidingaspecialbuildingtoservethemandqualifythemscientifically.Protectingscientificinnovations . THEIDEAANDIMPORTANCEOFTHEPROJECT childrentocontributetoitsdevelopmentdevelopmentofthestate,itsself-relianceanditsretentionofitseducatedSupportdecisionmakers.Thistypeofprojectcontributestotheforallresearchers.Raisingthescientificlevelinthegeneralenvironment.thistypeofscientificproject.AddaprojecttobeateacherandadestinationIncreasethepopulation'sawarenessofastronomyandspacebyintroducing LEVELOFSCIENTIFICRESEARCHINOURSOCIETY.STUDIESONTHEBASISOFCARRYINGOUTTHEIRTASKSANDDEVELOPINGTHEFELTTHEIMPORTANCEOFWORKINGTOESTABLISHRESEARCHCENTERSANDADVANCEDSTYLEWITHKNOWLEDGEANDKNOWLEDGE,ANDINLIGHTOFTHISIFORALLTHIS,RESEARCHCENTERSREMAINACULTURALNECESSITYANDAN 183

5-Technicians:maintenanceofficersloveofhistory,educatedpersons,studentsandotherresearchers4.Visitorsareoftwotypes:uneducatedpersonsforentertainmentand3.Staff:workinginworkshopsandlaboratoriestocarryoutevidence-in-evidenceworkandprocessingadministrativeoffices,andlecturehallsaresupervisedbytechnicalstaff2.Staffareoftwotypes:administrators,mainworkplacemanagers,frequentthelibraryandlecturehalls1.Researchers:Theirmainworkplace,laboratoriesandlaboratories, 184

SCIENTIFICBENEFICIARIESOFTHEPROJECT1-Jordaningeneralinallrespects2-Researchersandstudentsofscience3-Decisionmakersandopinionmakers4-LocalcommunityandneighboringcountriesTHENATUREOFTHEPROJECT-CULTURALPROJECTUSERS

PROJECTDIMENSIONS globalcounterparts.Politicaldimensions:byraisingthestatusofthestatetoitsregionaland Economicdimensions: projectinadditiontobeingacenterforastronomicalconsultationsCreatinglargejobs.2-Itisaneconomicreturnthroughvisitstothe Functionaldimensions: ownershipoftheirrightsspacechanges.WritingresearchpapersandhelpingtopreserveContributingtothedevelopmentofspacetechnologyandfollowinguponEnrichingscientificresearchandpromotinginnovationsandinventions.scientificresearch.Supportingscientificresearchanddevelopingthefieldsandapplicationsof3.Provideanopportunityforastronomystudiesandenterthespacerace.

Renaissance.ofEgyptians,Greeks,RomansandGreece,andlaterinthemodernIslamiccivilizationtobethelinkbetweenancientcivilizations,suchasthosefromancientEgyptians,Greeks,Romans,andGreece,whichconsideredcenturiesAD.Inthisperiodofpre-Egyptiansciences,MuslimsbenefitedtheRenaissanceflourishedinEurope,fromaroundthe8thtothe16thTheMiddleAgesmeanttheperiodoftimeinwhichIslamiccivilizationand

185

INTERESTEDPARTIESTOTHEPROJECT Users:theyarementionedabove.  SCIENTIFICAMinistryofCultureuniversitiesInvestorsJordaniangovernmentministryofhighereducationandscientificresearchExecutors:Aretheinterestedpartiesintheimplementationoftheprojectsuchas:BRIEFHISTORYOFTHEESTABLISHMENTOFRESEARCHANDRESEARCHCENTRES thentoachievethefunctionofsuccessionforwhichGodcreatedmansearchesforthebestwaystopracticelifeabovetheearth'ssurface,andcreatedAdam,descendedtheearth,andmanworkshismindandmindandThegenesisofscientificresearchisasoldasmanonearth,sinceGod ا HESAID,“ANDIFYOURLORDSAYSTOTHEANGELSTHATIAM” milestonesofdevelopmentinthefieldofscientificresearchanditsactivitieshumanhistory,andthepurposeofwhatcanbementionedissomeofthethroughtheageshasevolvedveryslowlyandhastakenseveralcenturiesinunderstandtheuniverseinwhichheislying.Thus,scientificresearchSincethatday,manhasbeenpracticingconstantattemptstoknowand SCIENTIFICRESEARCHINANCIENTTIMES theyweremoreofaguanianandengineerthanameditativethinker.andtheircontributiontoScientificpracticeismorethantheirfollow-up,andalsoflourished,andtheRomanswereconsideredheirsofGreekknowledgeapproachtoscientificthinking,whilethescientificthinkingoftheRomansconsideration,Aristotlelaiddowntherulesofthestandardandinferredinscientificresearchbecausetheyreliedonmeditationandabstractmentalengineering,medicineandastronomy.Inthemeantime,theywereinterestedscientifictrendthatisappliedtothepurposeofexcellingincalligraphy,lived,sincethenthetrendofthinkingoftheancientEgyptianshasbeenaInancienttimes,theancientEgyptians,Babylonians,GreeksandRomans MEDIEVALSCIENTIFICRESEARCH

called"BrainBoxes""researchandstudiescenters"andduringthesecondslangwartheyweretranslatedintoArabicthinktanksorbanks,whileinBritaintheywerecalledIntheUnitedStates,researchcenterswereknownas"ThickeTank"andcollectivediscussionorthestudyofhotissues.originswereinthepost-WorldWarIperiodandwereplatformsforrelativelyrecentphenomenoninthefieldofinternationalrelations.ItsOntheotherhand,therearethosewhobelievethatresearchcentresareaUniversityofReligiousStudiesfirstendowment,theDemorantEndowment,wasalsoestablishedatoxfordBritainin1831andiscalledtheRoyalInstituteofDefenceStudies.Britain'sAccordingtostudiesinthisarea,thefirstresearchcentreappearedinemergenceoforientalstudieschairsinBologna,EuropeandParis.18thcenturyandwereknownas"scientificchairs".ThebeginningwasthecentersintheirfirstformwereinEuropeanuniversities,specificallyinthecentersoriginated,includingthosewhosaidthattheoriginsoftheseResearchersdifferedindeterminingthedatewhenresearchandstudies

laboratoryandthecomparativeadvantageofpeoples.technologythathavechangedtheconceptsofscience,theworld,thetesthaveseenrapidandrapiddevelopmentsintheadvancementofscienceandflourishedandattentionbegantobepaidtothisquality.RecentdecadesItistheeraofthescientificrevolutionwherespecializedresearchcentres

HISTORYOFRESEARCHCENTRESGLOBALLY

SCIENTIFICRESEARCHINMODERNTIMES

186 ROYALINSTITUTEOFSTUDIES-UK

187 emergedinthecurrentform.architecturalprogressuntiltheyTheresearchcenterskeptpacewithbeatthecentreofthecoldwar.andinterestinspacesciencebegantospecializedresearchcentresemergedtoseparatefromuniversities,influencingdecisionmakers,beginningspreadsignificantlyandplayedaroleinAfterthecoldwar,researchcentresFoundationin1919.Institutein1918,followedbytheCenturyInstituteforPeacein1910andtheHooverAmericawiththefoundingoftheKazinigicenterappearedintheUnitedStatesofThefirstmodernscientificresearch HOOVERINSTITUTE,UNITEDSTATES

SCIENTIFICRESEARCHINMODERNTIMESCIRCULATIONThebuildingisabarrier-freedesign.floorexhibits;he/shetakestheelevatortothetopflooratalevelof24.6m.•iscommonwiththevisitorsentry.•Oncethevisitorhasviewedthegroundstfloor.•Therampis38mhighspiralshapedand4.5mwide.•Serviceentryexitisthroughthestaircasewhichleadsthevisitortothegroundfromthe1circulationramp4.5mwideisfollowedthroughouttheexhibitionarea.•TheAforcedcirculationpatternbyaunidirectionalandspiralascending 188 Alternativeperiodictablesaretabulationsofchemicalelementsdifferingsignificantlyintheirorganizationfromthetraditionaldepictionoftheperiodicsystem.Severalhavebeendevised,oftenpurelyfordidacticreasons,asnotallcorrelationsbetweenthechemicalelementsareelfictivelycapturedbythestandardperiodictable.Alternativeperiodictablesaredevelopedoftentohighlightoremphasizedifferentchemicalorphysicalpropertiesoftheelementswhicharenotasapparentintraditionalperiodictables.Sometablesaimtoemphasizeboththenucleonandelectronicstructureofatoms.Thiscanbedonebychangingthespatialrelationshiporrepresentationeachelementhaswithrespecttoanotherelementinthetable.Othertablesaimtoemphasizethechemicalelementisolationsbyhumansovertime . LITERATURESTUDY

189THEUNCERTAINTYPRINCIPLEwiseaminimumfortheproductoftheuncertaintiesoftheenergyandtime.fortheproductoftheuncertaintiesofthesetwomeasurements.ThereislikesimultaneouslymeasuredwitharbitrarilyhighpreciSion.ThereisaminimumTheUncertaintyPrincipleThepositionandmomentumofaparticlecannotbeThisisnotastatementabouttheinaccuracyofmeasurementinstruments,norareflectiononthequalityofexperimentalmethods;itarisesfromthewavepropertiesinherentinthequantummechanicaldescriptionofnature.Evenwithperfectinstrumentsandtechnique,theuncertaintyisinherentinthenatureofthings.

191objectsMass–energyequivalencestatesthatallobjectshavingmass,ormassive,haveacorrespondingintrinsicenergy,evenwhentheyarestationary.Intherestframeofanobject,wherebydefinitionitismotionlessandsohasnomomentum,themassandenergyareequivalentandtheydifferonlybyaconstant,thespeedoflightsquared(c2).InNewtonianmechanics,amotionlessbodyhasnokineticenergy,anditmayormaynothaveotheramountsofinternalstoredenergy,likechemicalenergyorthermalenergy,inadditiontoanypotentialenergyitmayhavefromitspositioninafieldofforce.Theseenergiestendtobemuchsmallerthanthemassoftheobjectmultipliedbyc2,whichisontheorderof1017joulesforamassofonekilogram.Duetothisprinciple,themassoftheatomsthatcomeoutofanuclearreactionislessthanthemassoftheatomsthatgoin,andthedifferenceinmassshowsupasheatandlightwiththesameequivalentenergyasthedifference.Inanalyzingtheseexplosions,Einstein'sformulacanbeusedwithEastheenergyreleasedandremoved,andmasthechangeinmass.Inrelativity,alltheenergythatmoveswithanobject(i.e.,theenergyasmeasuredintheobject'srestframe)contributestothetotalmassofthebody,whichmeasureshowmuchitresistsacceleration.Ifanisolatedboxofidealmirrorscouldcontainlight,theindividuallymasslessphotonswouldcontributetothetotalmassofthebox,bytheamountequaltotheirenergydividedbyc2.Foranobserverintherestframe,removingenergyisthesameasremovingmassandtheformulam=E/c2indicateshowmuchmassislostwhenenergyisremoved.Inthesameway,whenanyenergyisaddedtoanisolatedsystem,theincreaseinthemassisequaltotheaddedenergydividedbyc2 LITERATURESTUDYMASS–ENERGYEQUIVALENCE

192CONCEPTand,withthat,sunrise,meridiantransitandsunsetledtothefourcompasspointsseenasproofofuniversalorder.Thegeometricaldeterminationofthesun,themovementsofthestarsandthecycleoftheseasonswererecognizedintheoldestcultures.TheapparentdiurnalmotionoftheOnlyinthefieldofastronomyhadlawsalreadybeenempiricallyvariouspathsatvarioustimesandtheirfindingshavevariedwidely.Intheirquestforananswer,theologians,scientistshavefollowed geometricalbasisofspatialthinking.Fromtheshapeofthecrosstheshapeofright-angledcrossbecamethe spatiallaw.ofastronomy,weconsidertobeauniversalthebasicorderwhich,thankstoourknowledgearevisuallyclear.Second,itisaportrayalofFirst,itismadeupoflinesandangleswhichplayssuchanimportantroleinarchitecture.thereareatleasttworeasonswhythecubechecktheaccuracyofacircleandsphere.Thusstraightandanangleright-angledthentoItiseasiertoestablishwhetheralineismostimportantarchitecturalformsformanyepochs.itwasonlyasmallsteptothesquareandfinallytothecube,oneofthe

193 . GRAVITYANDORBITSTIMULATION right-angleisreplacedbythe60°angleC.space.infavouroftheprincipleofthe'tetrahedron',inwhichthe'trihedral‘(X-Y-Z-plane).astronomically-orientedconceptionofsmallestmodules.Inhisarchitecture,Fullerrejectedthetraditionalsense-basicallyusestriangles,hexagonsandtetrahedronsasitsconstructionwasreasonforassumingthatnatureinthebroadestorganicandinorganicstructuresusethe60angleintheirintotheframeworkofcube.ForFuller,the'discovery'thatmanywasformantoattempttoforcehisexperienceofhisenvironmenthexagonalandtetrahedronalstructures,observedhowparadoxicalitBuckminsterFuller,forexampletalkingaboutthepropagationoftraditionalstructureoforderoccasionallydifferssignificantlyfromtheaforementionedorderoverandabovefunctionalandaestheticconsiderations.Thisdemandthatabuildingshouldcorrespondtoanextensive'universal'thetheoreticalwritingsofpresentdayarchitects,oneencountersthearchitecturederivedfromtheancientcosmicarchitecture.EveninFormexplorationwiththehelpofdifferentlanguageofcosmicspace.

194 GOALS--Spreadknowledgeaboutspace,AstronomyandAstrophysics-PreparationofinformaticallysoundmanforceforFuture-Givingopportunitytostudent-Providingplatformtointerestedpeopleforresearch-AwarenessaboutISRO-PRL-BringastronomyinpublicreachCreatinganintellectualfuturegeneration OBJECTIVE-Togiveaglimpseofopportunitiesthatareavailablefortheyoung.-Tofacilitatestudentsandteachersatundergraduateandgraduate-Toencourageandenableastronomicalcommunitytotakeanactive-Formulationofprogramwhichhasextensiveimpactonpeopleof-Choosingasitewhichhasmorepotentialandflexibleintermsofspaceobservationourcountry-Developingapremisethathasseriouscharacteristicofspaceobservationroleinexplainingwhatwedo(andwhy)toourfellowcitizens.levelstocarryoutsmallobservationalprojectsinAstronomy&Astrophysicsusingsmallaperturetelescopes.enthusiasticandbrightstudentswhowanttotakeupAstronomy&Astrophysicsastheircareer.

SPACEPLANNING

--Bringingtheessencecosmicphenomenaindesignwillbethe-Thiskindofarchitecturemainlyhasstructurethatareusedto-AsancientIndiahasvastknowledgeanddeeperunderstandingincosmicscience,theyhavedevelopedcertainkindofarchitecturethathavecalledCosmicArchitecture.calculatecosmicpatternandItsfrequencyfewbuildingsalsorepresentthephenomenathatoccurredincosmos.concern-whichsmicanbeinterpretedintermsofshape,size,color,form,orientation,positioning,ideology.

role...whichgivesspaceagoodqualityambience.design.InwhichEdges.Spaces,VentilationandApprochplaymajorDifferenttypeofaxialandlinercirculationpatternsisimplementedinrole...whichgivesspaceagoodqualityambience.design.InwhichEdges.Spaces,VentilationandApprochplaymajorDifferenttypeofaxialandlinercirculationpatternsisimplementedinpowerbendingthespacewhichshowsimmensepowerofit..spacecreategravityinhumanmind.Thepuremassshownasstrongpureform,moreweightyougetinthespace,thepuresphereinthethesolidmassrepresentedasastrongbodywithinthespace.themorebalancebetweenthemassthatrepresentyourdesign.IntheprocessWiththeuseofbasicshapelikesphereandcubes,youcangenerate

195 METHODOLOGY

3196 masswiththelinerelementthatworkasguidewhichhasdisconnectorderchannelingthecirculationintothebuiltConnectionbetweentoactivespaces.andalsoarrangementofspaces SPACEWITHINSPACE NATURALVENTILATION DIFFERENTSINGLESPACEAPPROCH ACTIVITIESONTHEEDGES CIRCULATIONINSIDETHEBUILDING

197ENTRANCESANDSECTIONSOFDISTRIBUTIONGENERAL

198

199

200

201

202AREAPROGRAMMING

203 AREAPROGRAMMING

204AREAPROGRAMMING

205 AREAPROGRAMMING

206AREAPROGRAMMINGGrandtotal=62155

207 WATERSUPPLYSYSTEMSERVICES coveredtunnelsorundergroudwaterpipes.istransferredtothewaterpurificationfacilitiesuncoveredaqueducts,sourcewithinthewaternetprovidesthewaterresource.Therawwaterwoted)lacollectedfromasurfacewatersourceorfromagroundwaterhydrologicandhydrauliccomponentswhichprovidewatersupply.RawwatersupplysystemorwatersupplynetworkissofengineeringorBronzeFerrule2.Goose1Spcock4.watermeter5.StoragetankAWaterSupplyconnectioncomprisesofthefollowingcomponents,1.Brass SEWAGESUPPLYSYSTEM environmentallysafetreatedremovingconfromwastewater,primarilyfromcontaminantsandproducebeforedischargetosurfacewaters.Sewagetreatmentistheprocessofsurfacewaters.Sopreventdisease.SewageistreatedtocontrollutionpreventdishcitiesandotherinhabiteareasoresimentplantstoprotectSewagesupplysystemcollectionanddisposalevtpublichealthand STORMWATERDRAINAGE wltoplargemunicipalsystems.sidewalksandroofs.Stormdrainsvaryindesignfromsmallresidentialdesignedtodrainexcessrainandgroundwaterfromsets,parkinglots,NewZealand)ordrain-agewellorsimplyadrainoradrainsystemisWaterDrainagedrain,stormsewer(US),stormwaterdrain(Australiaand

208DRAINAGEANDPLUMBINGdischargeIntosinglepipefarmedassoilcumwastepipe.requiredinonepipesystemisdispensedwithallsoil&wastefittingssimplifiedversionofonepipesystemwhereinseparateventilationpipe FIRESAFETYSYSTEM systems.levelsofabuildingorastrutareasacomponentofthefiresuppressionAdryriserisamainverticalpipeintendedtodistributewatertomultiple

209 ELECTRICALSYSTEMLOAD DescriptionOfArea ConnectedLoadDemandFactorDemandLoad(KW) BasementVentilation 2501 250 CommonAreaLoad 2001 200 FaçadeAndExteriorLighting3001 300 Lifts25nos@20KW 5000.8400 Escalators 1000.880 PlumbingLoad 2500.7175 STP 1500.7105 FirePump 1800.7126 JockeyPump 660 0 AdminBuilding 12000.891068 ExhibitBuilding 12000.75900 MuseumBuilding 79740.897096.86 Total 1123700.8710761.19 inRecommendedofLoadCapacityRecommendedofLoaddiversityMaximumGrandMiscellaneous@10%onabove12370.871076.19TotalLoadinKW136070.8711838.09Demandloadatfactorat1.259471.2inKVAatapowerfactor0.95forTransformer8997TransformerinKVAat75%Loading11996(5x2500KVA33/0.415KV)inKVAatapowerfactor0.8for100%DGbackup9596.8DGsetcapacityKVAat85%Efficiency11289(4X2500KVA+2X63OKVA

MUSEUMLIGHTING

roleofmuseumsisevolving-inadditiontofulfillingtheirtraditionalroleofecting, preservingandsharingartisticcollections,theyarebecomingvisitor-driven, community-orienteddestinations.Tokeeppacewithchangingvisitor expectations,LEDtingsystemsfromPhilipswillhelpyoucreateanunforgettable experience,reinitiatingyourinstitutionandattractinganewgenerationof museumvisitors.Mizeoperationseducemaintenanceandoperationalcostswith thelonglifeLEDlightingprovidemaximumflexibilityfortemporaryexhibitsand lastminutelightingadjustmentsimproveeaseofusewithconnectedLED technologythatallowscuratorstodimlightinghandhelddevicesEnhance experiencePreserveauthenticityoftheartworkwithLEDlightingthatkeeps colorstrue,evenwhennamed.ThelightingdesignconceptoftheCedarHill MuseumofHistoryislikeageode.Ageodeisatypeofrockwitharoughexterior thatgivesnoindicationofhebeautyheldwithinitscore.Eachrockisuniquein compositionandcannotberelydiscovereduntilcrackedopen.Onceaguest entersthemuseum,thegeodeinspiredLightingdesignisrevealed.This3,000square-footmuseumisaU-shapedbuildingwithacentralizedcourtyardwithin themuseum.Thedesignedspaceexplainswhereacommunitymeetsheritage andnature.Eachlayeroflightsymbolizesalayerinthegeode.Theindirect, direct,downlight,uplight,spots,foods,tracksystemsandpendantsareall luminariesthatcontributetothelayeringeffectoflightinthemuseum.The combinationofmetalhalide,compactfluorescents,fiberoptics,Goboprojectors, andlinearfluorescentsproducetheoptimalqualityoflightandilluminatethe creativedesignedexhibits:NaturalHistory.TornadoinPennHouse,Railroad Depot,Commerce,FarmingandRanching,TelevisionTowers,OralHistory,and Temporaryexhibit

210

211

roleofmuseumsisevolving-inadditiontofulfillingtheirtraditionalroleofecting, preservingandsharingartisticcollections,theyarebecomingvisitor-driven, community-orienteddestinations.Tokeeppacewithchangingvisitor expectations,LEDtingsystemsfromPhilipswillhelpyoucreateanunforgettable experience,reinitiatingyourinstitutionandattractinganewgenerationof museumvisitors.Mizeoperationseducemaintenanceandoperationalcostswith thelonglifeLEDlightingprovidemaximumflexibilityfortemporaryexhibitsand lastminutelightingadjustmentsimproveeaseofusewithconnectedLED technologythatallowscuratorstodimlightinghandhelddevicesEnhance experiencePreserveauthenticityoftheartworkwithLEDlightingthatkeeps colorstrue,evenwhennamed.ThelightingdesignconceptoftheCedarHill MuseumofHistoryislikeageode.Ageodeisatypeofrockwitharoughexterior thatgivesnoindicationofhebeautyheldwithinitscore.Eachrockisuniquein compositionandcannotberelydiscovereduntilcrackedopen.Onceaguest entersthemuseum,thegeodeinspiredLightingdesignisrevealed.This3,000square-footmuseumisaU-shapedbuildingwithacentralizedcourtyardwithin themuseum.Thedesignedspaceexplainswhereacommunitymeetsheritage andnature.Eachlayeroflightsymbolizesalayerinthegeode.Theindirect,direct, downlight,uplight,spots,foods,tracksystemsandpendantsareallluminaries thatcontributetothelayeringeffectoflightinthemuseum.Thecombinationof metalhalide,compactfluorescents,fiberoptics,Goboprojectors,andlinear fluorescentsproducetheoptimalqualityoflightandilluminatethecreative designedexhibits:NaturalHistory.TornadoinPennHouse,RailroadDepot, Commerce,FarmingandRanching,TelevisionTowers,OralHistory,andTemporary exhibit

ILLUMINATION

212 CommercialLobbyParkingToiletsOfficeSpaceMuseumCafeteriaFoodAnchorCirculation(PublicCorridorsCirculation(ServiceCorridorsDescriptionDIFFERENTLEVELSANDTYPESOFLIGHTOfAreaRecommendedtypeoflampsIlluminationlevel(lux)andGeneralArea)Fluorescent/CFL100-150AndGeneralArea)Fluorescent/CFL/LED200-250ShopFluorescent/CFL/LED700-750CourtAreaMetalHallide/CFL/LED700-750Fluorescent/CFL/LED700-750AndExhibitFluorescent/CFL/LED400-700Fluorescent/CFL400-450CFL/LED200-250Fluorescent200-250CFL/LED100-150WorkingAreaFluorescent/CFL400-450

213 FORMSANDSTRUCTURESTUDY

roofmayalsohelptoreduceresistancetowind.restrictionsareaconcern.Inaddition,acurvedindoorareasorextrafloorswhereheightrooforaskillionroof,andmayallowforgreaterroofscanalsobeusedasanalternativetoaflathomeallowforamoreorganicdesign.Curvedtheiraestheticappeal-curvedlinesontheroofofaforcurvedroofing.ThemostobviousreasonisforTherearemanydifferentreasonsthatpeopleopt

214

convexedelementsasrequired.Incorporateavarietyofdifferentconcavedandroofstakemanydifferentforms,andcanpeeksandgentlytaperedroofedgesCurvedwaythatitallowsforcurvedsurfaces,curvedmaterials.Metalsheetingcanbebentinsuchatakeadvantageoftheflexibilityofmetalroofingshingles,moderncurvedroolsmostcommonlyrootscanalsobeconstructedusingtilesanddifferenttechniquesandmaterials.WhilecurvedthroughouthistorymadeusingallmannerofTherehavebeenmanycurvedroofstyles

SOLARPANELSONCURVEDROOFS

215 tionof1KWpower100sqftofflatsurfacearenowtocalculatetheannualsolar energyoutputofaphotovoltaicsystem?globalformulatoestimatethe electricitygeneratedinoutputofaphotovoltaictemis:E=A'rHPREnergy (kWh)TotalsolarpanelArea(m2):solarpanelyieldorefficiency(%)Annual averagesolarradiationontiltedpanels(shadingsnotincluded)Performance ratio,coefficientforlosses(rangebetween0.5and0.9,default0.75)stheyield ofthesolarpanelgivenbytheratio:electricalpower(inkWp)ofonearpenel dividedbytheareaofonepanel.sample:thesolarpanelyieldofaPVmodule of250Wpwithanareaof1.6m2isawarethatthisnominalratioisgivenfor standardtestconditions(STC):adation=1000W/m2,celltemperature25 celciusdegree,Windspeed-1m/s,AM-1.5Theunitofthenominalpowerofthe photovoltaicpanelintheseconditionsiscalledWat-peak"(WporkWp-1000Wp orMWp-1000000Wp).

Thedesignoutputatit'sfoundationhasthedirectinfluencesofthesitecontextand theexpressionsdeducedfromthetopicitself.Astheaimsguided,theoverallfeelfor thebuiltformismadeasifanalienstructurefloatsbythesidedtheroad.Sucha formwouldtendtograbtheattentionofchildren,theones'whofromthehighest percentageoffootfallforamuseum.Alargesundialhadbeenintegrated,whichacts asaliveastronomicalinstrument,tellingthetime.Asthesiteisdepressedby4 meters,alltheformsexceptthesundialhadbeenkeptlow,tocreateemphasis.Small astronomicaldetailsarespreadallroughoutthemuseumtoupliftthevisitors' Interest.ThemuseumcirculationhasbeenmadeInahybridlinearandexplorative fashion.Variousvariablyplacedfenestrationsnaturallyilluminatethehorizontally spreadmass,etc.

CONCEPT

216

- FUNCTIONAL CONCEPT . HUMAN BRAIN "functionalBeingaresearchorientedcentre.itisasourceofagilemindsAplacewhereknowledgeresides.So.metaphoricallythesiterepresentsthevariouspartsofahumanbrain'I 1 \\ __ ...,,"...'I 2 I\\'--"'...-..."' I \3 \'--"'...-..."' I 4 \I\ I "'--""-...'I \5 \ __ ,, ... "'I 6 \\'--"" ... "'I \7 \'--""SPINALCORD(Carriessignals)Carriessignalsentryto·institutethepeopleplayanimportantroleandareresponsibleforcreatingastrongimpactforthefutureofthecountryHYPOTHALAMUS(Responsibleformaintainingstablestate)Institution.centralobservatorykeepstherestoftheplacestableandfunctional.PARIETALLOBE i (Sensoryfunctioo)Auditoriumsimulatesthesensors.adminblockOCCIPITA.LJ-OBE -'/ 7 (Visual'processing)playsaroleinvisualimpactFRONTALLOBE • I(Speech.(Balance.CEREBELLUMvoluntary(Voluntarymovement)Antennacanbemovedandkeptasneeded.Expansioninfutureareaisaccordingtoneedaction•issmoothmovemeQt)ParkingensureslesschaosmovementincampusTEMPORALLOBEmemorisingspeech)andsmoothPlacewherepeoplestaytheplaygroundanditiswherememories1aremadeinbanquetIISPACEANDASTRONOMICALOBSERVATORi(,>ENTRE,NEV\{DIGHA • • •• ••••••••••••••••••••••••• • ·····························-••• • • • •·..........................................·•BISHALROY001710201042 02 UG-5ARCHITECTURALTHESIS

- CONCEPT . SITE LQCAT I0 N -siteislocatedinacornerplotwithsignificantlandmarksaround TRANSIT NE TW 0 R K I-roadsconnectingallthreeaccessroutesforeaseofaccessSPACEANDASTRONOMICALOBSERVATORYCENTRE'NEWDIGHA ACCESS ROUTES -siteissurrounded by Thethreemajoraccessroutescirculationshownhereisbasedonhumanpsychologyandthecloseproximityofthemainroad.Theboxesrepresentingthepossibilityofbuiltupspacesandthegreenbeltpresentinthesiterespectively.BISHALROY001710201042UG-5ARCHITECTURALTHESIS 01

- SITEDESIGN Student.hostels ••••••••••• IStaffdormitories·····SPACEANDASTRONOMICALOBSERVATORYCENTRE'NEWDIGHA.........................Deepspacenetwork.............Banquet/conference •••••••••••••••••••••••••• centreObservatory 03 • • BISHALROY001710201042UG-5ARCHITECTURALTHESIS

• SITE PLAN ••• ...,.. •• I••••••••• ... 001710201042 04 UG1observatorycentre2institutionblock3auditoriumblock4adminblock5cafeteria6planetariumblock7banquetandconferenceblock8staffdormitory9studenthostels-5ARCHITECTURALTHESIS

§ SITE DESIGN ISStaffStudenthostelsdormitories·····ITESECTIONAA'SITESECTONBB•"'-./•.................•......Deepspacenetwork••••..•..••••Banquet/conference.Observatory:centreThrtyMeterTelescope1----Observatorycentre:(forresearchpurpose)II,--PublicobservatoryFoodcourtThesectionshowstheblocksdesignedatdifferentlevelasperthesitetopography.SPACEANDASTRONOMICALOBSERVATORYCENTRE'NEWDIGHA',''./A' O45m BISHALROY001710201042UG-5ARCHITECTURALTHESIS

- OBSERVATORY CENTRE . ----------.. / "' I I II I \ I \ "' "' ISPACEANDASTRONOMICALOBSERVATORYCENTRE'NEWDIGHA 06 thansituatedTheObservatoryblockisathigheraltitudetheothersite.Higheraltitudeprovideslessatmosphereandunobstructedviewofhorizon. 060m BISHALROY001710201042UG-5ARCHITECTURALTHESIS

§ OBSERVATORY CENTRE ·. : : ...ROTATINGBASE.....TELESCOPESTRUCTUREINSTRUMENTSINSTRUMENTS...AZIMUTHBOGIES.FIXEDBASESDSTRUCTURE..•.FIXEDBASE.......•• TELESCOPE PIER .: ··..-···..···................·············.. ·······••·•··········. lev+25125 -.""""""""""""""""""""="' Sleeev+21125v+17125v+13125lev+/-00SECTIONAA'CHANGEOFSECTIONLINEPACEANDASTRONOMICALOBSERVATORYCENTRE,NEWDIGHASECTIONBB'CAP&SHUTTERBOGIES ·············· ISECTION.........CC'SPACEANDASTRONOMICALOBSERVATORYCENTRE.NEWDIGHASERVICINGCRANESCAPGIRDERBASEGIRDERtheobservtorycentrehousesaTMTtelescope30MTELESCOPE(TMT)DETAILTheThirtyMeterTelescopeisanewclassofextremelylargetelescopesthatwillallowustoseedeeperintospaceandobservecosmicobjectswithunprecedentedsensitivity.Withits30mdiameterprime-mirror,TMTwillbethreetimesaswide,withninetimesmorearea,thanthelargestcurrentlyexistingvisible-lighttelescopeintheworld.Thiswillprovideanunparalleledresolution,withTMTimagesmorethan12timessharperthanthosefromtheHubbleSpace...........··················Telescope. 060 BISHALmROY001710201042UG-5ARCHITECTURALTHESIS..... 0 BISHALoptical-infraredexisting,asTMTwillbethreetimeswide,withninetimesmorearea,thanthelargestexistingvisible-lighttelescopeintheworld,deliveringsharperanddeeperimagesthatsimplyarenotpossiblewithorplanned,groundbasedtelescopes.TMT(ThirtyMeterTelescope)isanextgenerationextremelylargetelescopewithanapertureof30meterscurrentlyunderdevelopment.40mROY001710201042UG-5ARCHITECTURALTHESIS•

§ ADVANCED COSMOS EXPERIENCE CENTRE ISPACESECTIONBB'ANDASTRONOMICALOBSERVATORYCENTRE,NEWDIGHATheSpace-Timespaceisvisuallyrepresentedbytheroofofthefacilitywhichinteractswiththegravity.However,thehydraulicfloorworkswththesameprinciple,notwiththegravitybutbytheweightofthevisitorThetravelatorsofescallatorrampsrepresentstheSchwarzschildRadiusorEventHorizon,whichiseasytoenterbutimpossibletoreturn.TheBlackHoleisdesignedrightfromtheroofbycreatingavoidtovisuallyrepresenttheSpace-TimeFabricbehaviourinthepresenceofBlackHole.SECTIONAA'SPACEANDASTRONOMICALOBSERVATORYCENTRE'NEWDIGHATheplanetariumisoneofthemainattractionoftheExperienceCentre.Itsimulatesthenightskyinsideavirtualspaceprojectedtothedome.Howeverthisplanetariumincreasesthevisualexperiencebyincorporatingthe4DXtechnologyforthisfacility. 025 BISHALmROY001710201042UG-5ARCHITECTURALTHESISTheplanetariumisoneofthemainattractionoftheExperienceCentre.Itsimulatesthenightskyinsideavirtualspaceprojectedtothedome.Howeverthisplanetariumincreasesthevisualexperiencebyincorporatingthe4DXtechnologyforthisfacility. 0 BISHAL15mROY001710201042UG-5ARCHITECTURALTHESIS•

§ BANQUET BLOCK ISPACEANDASTRONOMICALOBSERVATORYCENTRE,NEWDIGHASECTIONAA'SECTIONBB'SPACEANDASTRONOMICALOBSERVATORYCENTRE'NEWDIGHA 0 conferencedoubleThe23banquetcontainsaheightbanquetforlargegatherings.apre-functionareaandahallformeetingstotakeplace.Thefloorplanisintersperedwithagreencourtyard 30 BISHALmROY001710201042UG-5ARCHITECTURALTHESIS 24 BISHALlev+lev+10450lev+82000450ROY001710201042UG-5ARCHITECTURALTHESIS•

§ ADMIN AND AUDITORIUM BLOCK GROUND FLOOR PLAN SPACEANDASTRONOMICALOBSERVATORYCENTRE,NEWDIGHASECTIONAA'SECTIONBB' STAGE ISECTIONCC'SPACEANDASTRONOMICALOBSERVATORYCENTRE'NEWDIGHACHANGEINSECTIONLINE -t 1 20 10. SHOPS 11. TOILET (MALE) 12. TOILET (FEMALE) 13. BISWA BANGLA OFFICE 1. ENTRY/ EXIT 14. WB TOURISM 2. TOILET (MALE &FEMALE) 15. POST OFFICE 3. MAIN STAIRCASE 16. FIRST CLASS WAITING ROOM 4. AUDITORIUM 17. ENTRY/ EXIT (+2000 UP) 5. LIGHT CONTROL ROOM 6. LIGHT CONTROL ROOM 7. BACKSTAGE ROOMS 8. BACKSTAGE CORRIDORS 9. GUEST LOUNGE BISHALROY 001710201042 UG-5ARCHITECTURALTHESIS• 21 1w = BISHALROY 001710201042 UG-5ARCHITECTURALTHESIS

• FIRE EVACUATION PLAN 25 ISPACEANDASTRONOMICALOBSERVATORYCENTRE.NEWDIGHABISHALROY001710201042UG-5ARCHITECTURALTHESIS

D [] 0 0

• WATER SUPPLY PLAN 25 I\SPACEANDASTRONOMICALOBSERVATORYCENTRE.NEWDIGHABISHALROY001710201042UG-5ARCHITECTURALTHESIS

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