Bradley Kraushaar
Contents
4 8 1 4
Professional South Almaden Headquarters Lake Merritt BART FloMo: A Mobile Messenger for Sea Level Rise Malibu Coastal Access Public Works Plan(s) Zeiss Innovation Center Google Moffett Place Campus 1100 Broadway
1 6 19 2 2 27 33
Personal Give a Park, Get a Park Competition
3 6 43 51 57 63 66 69
Academic America’s Farm: US Route 281 MetroPort on the Rhine City Flux Infrastructural Ecologies Urban Gradients Recycling Infrastructure Future Ecologies
Professional
South Almaden Headquarters Location: San Jose, CA Project: Single-Tenant Office + Public Realm Site: 3.7 acres, 2.3M sq. ft. Client/Architect: Boston Properties/KPF Status: Entitlements Boston Properties has owned a vacant lot in downtown San Jose for more than a decade. Bound by an arterial road on one side, and the Guadalupe River corridor on the other, the site is unique and irregular (850ft long and only 140ft wide at its narrowest). New investment in the area, including a major transportation hub and an Google campus, have precipitated developing the site. The size of the development - 2nd largest office building on West Coast (Apple Park is 1st), and 27th largest in the world - and its location in a newly-adopted ecological setback zone, make the approval and permitting process a political endeavor as much as a design effort. There are three components to the landscape/public realm: a street-level plaza and connected streetscape(s); the adjacent Guadalupe River Trail system and ecological corridor; and the on-structure outdoor spaces. At street-level the podium has been raised 30ft to create a publicly accessible space beneath the entire building. A curbless, shared-space approach gives priority to the pedestrian while also accommodating vehicle access, parking ramps, service entrances, building cores, and stormwater retention. The building frontage along the Guadalupe River represents a major section of the Guadalupe River Trail system. The ground-level design draws the city to the river, underneath the building, while simultaneously improving the development-river interface, and preserving the vital ecological condition and functions of the river. The on-structure spaces highlight the blurring of the indoor-outdoor divide, made possible by the temperate weather of San Jose.
Bradley Kraushaar
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Secure Access Point
Signature Public Art Guadalupe River Trail Ground-level Retail
Water Feature
Expanded Sidewalk
Mid-Block Connection
Flush Bike Lane Ride-Share Loading Zone
Contiguous Street Tree Soil Volume Image Elevating the podium level 30 feet creates a continuous, multiple-acre, grand-scale public plaza beneath the development, connecting the adjacent Convention Center and Hotels to the Guadalupe River Trail and Children’s Museum Green.
Bradley Kraushaar
Revised Street Composition
Professional South Almaden Headquarters
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Ecological/Recreational Corridor Enhanced Streetscape Public Event Plaza Mid-Block Paseo
Shared-SpaceGarage Entrance Image The ground level shared-space design accomodates complex onsite systems while enhancing and integrating with abutting uses, such as an ecological river cooridor, children’s museum, an of fice development, two streets, a mid-block paseo, and a recreation trail.
Bradley Kraushaar
Riverfront Promenade On-Structure Bioretention Existing Plaza Integration
Existing Commercial Plaza
Narrowed Traveled Lanes
Professional South Almaden Headquarters
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Bradley Kraushaar
Professional South Almaden Headquarters
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Lake Merritt BART Location: Oakland, CA Project: Mixed-Use, Mixed-Income High Rise TOD RFP Site: (2) BART-Owned Parcels, 60,000 sq. ft. each Collaborators: Lane Partners, Gensler, SUDA Status: Awarded The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART) made two of its downtown Oakland parcels (60,000 sq. ft. each, and adjacent to a multi-modal BART station) available for mixed-use, mixed-income, high-rise development as a part of an invited RFP process. The two development parcels stand at the nexus of numerous districts, neighborhoods, and community institutions. They interconnect a community college, existing park, China Town, the Oakland Museum, and multiple long-standing residential areas. While the RFP scope excludes the transit station, the proposed landscape/public realm design focuses on this site as the literal and figurative hub for a new civic-scale, multimodal district. A paving system and palette spreading across two main streets to create pedestrian-priority zones, visually binding multiple blocks into a single, contiguous public space. Raised intersections, protected bike lanes, planter strips, and narrowed streets (reduced vehicle lanes, narrower lanes) further reorient a historically automobile dominated public realm towards other users. Custom site elements from a common design language allow seating, planters, pavilions, and signage to further reinforce the concept of a district-wide identity.
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Above The Lake Merritt BART station is a true multi-modal hub. It serves the greatest number of bike-to-train commuters in the BART system and links multiple train lines, bus lines, and ride share platforms. It is located in one of the most economically and racially diverse districts and is at the nexus of various neighborhoods, institutions, and community assets.
District The core of the new civic-scale district is established by unif ying three blocks by employing various public realm and urban design strategies thus connecting new and existing cultural, educational, and recreational assets.
Bradley Kraushaar
Pedestrian Priority The underlying structural framework of the district reflects a dif ferent era: one that prioritized automobiles. To create a new core and link together blocks, three streets and adjacent intersections are narrowed, raised, and given identifiable surface treatment.
Multi-Modal The proposal seeks to enhance and expand the facilities serving all modes of mobility, improve the inter-modal transitions, add comfort and safety to the transportation experience, and creating a civic destination around this transit hub.
Professional Lake Merritt BART
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Site Plan Planted Median
Ride-Share Loading
9th Street
Stormwater Swale
Bike Share Station
Raised Intersection
Bike Parking Protected Bike Lane
Entrance
Seating/Planters
Entrance
Mix-Used Development Oak Street
Outdoor Seating
Pedestrian-Priority Street
Madison Street
Plaza
Mix-Used Development
BART Station
Entrance
Entrance
Bus Station
Pedestrian-Priority Street Seating/Planters
Outdoor Food/Beverage Bus Station
8th Street
Bike Share Station
Raised Intersection
Protected Bike Lane
Bradley Kraushaar
Professional Lake Merritt BART
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Bradley Kraushaar
Professional Lake Merritt BART
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Class-A Office Space
Public-Private Transition
Heritage Street Trees
Ground-Level Retail Transit Plaza
District Paving Palette Flexible Event Space Custom Benches/Planters
Mixed-Income Residential Units
Transit Station Entrance
Amphitheater Seating
Transit Station Entrance
Pedestrian Lighting
Pedestrian-Priority Street
Bradley Kraushaar
Professional Lake Merritt BART
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Street Trees
District-Wide Streetscape Identity
Flexible Seating New Transit Plaza
Public Transit Facilities Bike Share Station
Road Diet
Planting/Protection Strip
Protected Two-Way Bike Lane
Expanded Sidewalk
Ground-Level Retail Activated Streetscape Food/Beverage Seating Widened Sidewalks Protected Bike Lane
Street Lights
Protected Bike Lane Bike Share Station
Bradley Kraushaar
Professional Lake Merritt BART
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FloMo: A Mobile Messenger for Sea Level Rise Location: Mobil (Based in San Rafael, CA) Budget: <$2,000 Status: Active 2019 ASL A Award of Excellence - Communication The FloMo (aka “San Rafael Flood Mobile”) is a Trojan Horse delivering a message of awareness and unity to a community of immigrants and businesses at risk of displacement or devastation by flooding and sea level rise. Residents in the canal district of San Rafael, CA live below sea level, thinly protected by aging pumps and levees. In time, the whole community will be displaced if nothing is done. Most residents do not speak English and are unaware they live in harm’s way. This segregation of the canal district results from decades of institutional racism in Marin County. The FloMo was designed to hack the system. To blend in with the ubiquitous automobile in a landscape dominated by vehicular infrastructure, and deliver information and awareness to those that need it most. On one side, the FloMo communicates that “Flooding Affects Everything”, with a map showing the extent of a 500-year flood event. On the other side, the FloMo communicates that “Flooding Affects Everyone”, with a cross-section from the hills to the bay showing the range of potential impacts from flood events for residents living in different locations. The FloMo’s story is told by a bi-lingual stick-figure docent named “Flo”, who engages the public with more casual, approachable, and basic questions and comments across the van. Flo highlights areas of specific interest in the graphics, asking questions that a typical citizen, child, or elder might have. Flo provides a relatable reason to engage with the van’s message and content.
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Above The FloMo travelled to dozens of events, has appeared on television and visited schools, informed municipal of ficials, enlightened residents, and engaged school children.
Above The FloMo graphics engage you from far away or up close, and are translated into multiple languages spoken in the canal district.
Lef t The San Rafael canal district is far more diverse socioeconomically than surrounding areas, representing a range of languages and countries.
Bradley Kraushaar
Right The donor van, provided by the Multicultural Center of Marin, shown before and af ter being wrapped with flood and sea level rise graphics.
Professional FloMo: A Mobile Messenger for Sea Level Rise
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Malibu Coastal Access Public Works Plans
Sliding Gate
Gate Fence
Storm Drain Outfall
Benches
Fence
Property Line
Bike Racks AeccDbCogoPoint (AeccLand120)
Top of Slope
AeccDbCogoPoint (AeccLand120)
AeccDbCogoPoint (AeccLand120)
AeccDbCogoPoint (AeccLand120)
Waste Bins Restroom
Waste Bins
AeccDbCogoPoint (AeccLand120)
AeccDbCogoPoint (AeccLand120)
AeccDbCogoPoint (AeccLand120)
AeccDbCogoPoint (AeccLand120)
Bottom of Slope
AeccDbCogoPoint (AeccLand120)
Screen Tables Deck Fence
Stairs Landing/Pier
Planting
Riprap Slope (Existing)
Riprap Slope (Existing)
MHTL + 10’ Offset MHTL
0’
06/18/19
5’ 10’
20’
PLAN (PROPOSED) LAS TUNAS BEACH (BETWEEN 19620-19562 PCH)// MALIBU COASTAL ACCESS PUBLIC WORKS PLAN
Location: Malibu, CA Sites: (8) Locations/<1 acre each Client: Mountains Recreation & Conservation Authority Status: Entitlements/Permitting Coastal access in Malibu is litigious. These eight plans represent the combined effort of various non-profit agencies to reclaim public access from overreaching private development, and to promote access through development of unimproved land. The Plan forms the basis of design for the permitting process to construct access facilities to the public coastline at eight unique sites along the Pacific Coast Highway. In the Plan(s), there are two types of sites: First, six are narrow access easements along property lines between private development, ranging in length from 30’ to over 1,000’ with elevation changes between 15’ and 280’. Second, two sites are vacant, undeveloped parcels overlooking the coast. Each location requires site-specific access control, contextual path/boardwalk/ramp design to work with existing and adjacent features, and unique design solutions for seasonally variable landing elevations. The Plan(s) each site contains contextual analysis, photosimulations of visual impacts, exacting examination of the easements and encroachments, gate design concepts, plans, sections, and documentation existing. For each site, the Plan(s) combine the analysis and design proposal(s), work within the established and ongoing legal framework, and serves as the primary document for initial entitlement and construction permitting.
Page Typical single-site Public Works Plan package, including pages describing: easement(s), existing conditions vs. proposed design, plans, sections, gate/access components, and photo-simulations.
Bradley Kraushaar
Professional Malibu Coastal Access Public Works Plans
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Access Components Gate Components
Gate & Frame
Site Specific Adaptations
Signage Panel Fence Segments Aligned to PL and Easement
Signage Panel
Galvanized Fence Posts 4”x 1/2” Galvanized Bar
Signage Frame (independent from adjacent structure)
Access Signage
Extend Fence to meet Existing
Access & Safety Signage
Fence (Existing) Gates
Access/Safety Signage (Incl. Range Phone #) Wire Mesh Handle Mounting Area
6 ft
Visible through gate
Gate(s) Aligned to PCH ROW Heavy Duty Hinges
7’ Wide Stairs Width Varies (per easem ent)
Malibu Coastal Access 12/13/2018
Design Alternative
Gate Design Malibu Coastal Access 12/13/2018
Side Fence Side Fence Signage
Galvanized Fence Post 06/18/19
Easily Identifiable
Post(s)
GATE CONCEPT slides ACCESS behind fence ESCONDIDO BEACH (27700 PCH) // MALIBU Gate COASTAL PUBLIC WORKS PLAN
Wire Mesh
Visually Permeable
6 ft
4” Galvanized Bar
Secure from reach-around
varies length site) (per
Durable
Side Fence Malibu Coastal Access 12/13/2018
Assembly
Malibu Coastal Access 12/13/2018
Access deterrent
Gate Components
Width (varies, approx. 8’)
Design Alternative GATE CONCEPT (SLIDING) LAS TUNAS BEACH (BETWEEN 19620-19562 PCH)// MALIBU COASTAL ACCESS PUBLIC WORKS PLAN Signage
06/18/19
Post(s)
Visually Permeable
Secure from reach-around
Matches Gate Design
Locks & Handles
Hardware
Malibu Coastal Access
Page Flexible gate component typologies providing a unified visual cue for public beach access while accommodating sitespecific conditions.
12/13/2018
Malibu Coastal Access 12/13/2018
Width (varies, approx. 9’-6”)
06/18/19
Bradley Kraushaar
Professional Malibu Coastal Access Public Works Plans
ESCONDIDO BEACH (27400 & 27348 PCH) // MALIBU COASTAL ACCESS PUBLIC WORKS PLAN
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Zeiss Innovation Center Location: Dublin, CA Size/Landscape Budget: 13.5 acres/$10M Client/Architect: Zeiss AG/Gensler Status: Under Construction Zeiss AG, the German optics giant, is developing their largest non-European facility with a new twobuilding, research and development campus totaling 420,000 sq. ft. on 13.5 acres. The local climate, including recent changes thereto, drives the landscape. First, a historically wet winter saturated the site - the top many feet of which consist of man-made fill from nearby construction projects creating a new 0.58 acre wetland, discovered during the initial entitlement process. Second, the intense air handling requirements of the R&D facility in a location which experiences 110-degree temperatures in summer creates and abundant, though seasonally irregular, condensate water supply. Third, drainage storage and treatment requirements created a significant bioretention facilities, madated to be separate from the wetland. The man-made AHU water supply, including limitations on its permitted uses, allowed the creation of a water feature in this otherwise dry climate, highlighting the typically invisible buildings systems, creating tangible experiential and microclimatic benefits, and reducing irrigation water demand during peak months. The buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s parallelogram design suggests the historic optical discover of the prism by Isaac Newton. Using an overriding polar-array geometry, the landscape is able to suggest this historical context while also solving site layout challenges created by existing features, required layout and circulation, and future phasing plans. Additionally, jointing, planting, bench design, tree grate, and wall end details all flow from a radial, prismatic geometry.
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WATER SUPPLY
CITY SANITARY SEWER
SITE
BUILDING AHU
Occassional
AHU Dirty
AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)
SITE IRRIGATION AHU Clean
Water Top Off - May to October
Flushing
RECYCLED WATER
WATER FEATURE
Recycled Water
STORM DRAIN
Temp. Irrigation
Bioretention
Indefinite from City
Seasonal Augmentation
W6
STORMWATER
W6 WATERSHED Augmentation ROOF / RAIN
Bioretention
SITE / RAIN
Bioretention
Above Multiple water systems combine to form the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s complex water system Image An existing wetland is enhanced by augmenting sporadic rainfall with a steady AHU-generated water supply.
Bradley Kraushaar
Professional Zeiss Innovation Center
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Surface Water Surface Water
A/CA/CWater Water
Recycled Water & Irrigation Recycled Water & Irrigation
All Systems All Systems
Top Three systems compose the combined site water system: 1. Surface water; 2. A/C water; and 3. Recycled Water and Irrigation. Above The combined water system consists of a protected wetland and micro-watershed, bioretention, and a treatment water feature.
Above The primary architectural theme of the building as a prism is reflected in the geometry of various landscape details, including jointing, planting, bench design, wall ends, and tree grates .
Bradley Kraushaar
Professional Zeiss Innovation Center
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Google Moffett Place Campus Location: Sunnyvale, CA Site/Landscape Value: 50 acres/$27M Client/Architect: Google/Woods Bagot Status: Complete A 50 acre, 1.9 Milllion square foot office campus, Moffett Place is home to nearly 10,000 Google employees in five primary buildings and an event center. The campus offers a diversity of experiences, excellent circulation and connectivity, premium amenities, and ecological performance. The landscape is distributed in two primary areas: one centered around circulation, and the other an amenity rich hub, including: a soccer field, swimming pool, jogging track, pickleball courts, CrossFit center, volleyball court, soccer pool, dog parks, outdoor meeting spaces, an olive grove, and outdoor cafes. Stormwater integrated throughout the campus and interwoven into various features, experiences, and amenities. A pattern of sweeping, coverging arcs unify the site, suggesting areas of differing energy and intensity of use, ultimately forming an organic bow-tie-like pattern. From an organic hardscape and retaining wall geometry, to the transplanting of herritage trees, the creation of an urban forest, and the multitude and range of unique amenities, the Moffett Campus is lastly a technical achievement.
Bradley Kraushaar
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Bradley Kraushaar
Professional Google Moffett Place Campus
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Above Organically curving geometry, constructed using an alternating cold-pour method, binds the site together creating moments of compression and expansion. Below Concrete band termination pattern typologies and cold-pour details.
Right Site features, such as seating areas, playing fields, and bioretention are created by subtracting from the unif ying layout.
Bradley Kraushaar
Professional Google Moffett Place Campus
p.24
Above At the main entrance to the campus event center, programmable in-grade LED lighting hides an Easter-egg message in coded language.
Above Lighting accents the most intensely traveled portion of the campus creating an engaging, safe environment transiting between buildings at night.
Lef t Three dif ferent length LED fixtures are used to create the lighting pattern. Right Each fixture is precisely located in three dimensions to match the hardscapes pattern and grading.
Bradley Kraushaar
Professional Google Moffett Place Campus
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Above Three of the main buildings have amenity-rich outdoor cafes, including custom infrared heating fixtures, custom windscreens, custom service stations, and integrate planting.
Bradley Kraushaar
Above/Below Situated in a cold, windy micro-climate next to San Francisco Bay, custom heating fixtures and windscreens increase user comfort extending the seasons and conditions for outdoor dining and meetings.
Professional Google Moffett Place Campus
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1100 Broadway Location: Oakland, CA Site: Streetscape, Level 9 & 19 Roofs Clients: Ellis Partners, Hathaway Dinwiddie Architect: Gensler Status: Under Construction A new, 19-story, 350,000 sq. ft. Class-A office building is being melded onto the existing, 9-story, Key Systems Building - National Historic Landmark built in 1911 - in downtown Oakland. At the ground level, streetscape improvements draw historic interior design cues to the sidewalk, blending the public-private realm while addressing both the contemporary, new portion of the development and the historic inspiration of the existing building. A 9th-floor roof terrace, retrofitted on top of the historic building, creates a small-scale vegetated oasis, with a diversity of spaces amid planting and amenities to increase user comfort during summer months. A common design language across a custom hardscape, seating/lighting elements, and furniture provide a unique experience. A larger roof terrace on the 19th-floor of the new tower is bespoke for Credit Karma, a new anchor tenant. As an expansion of their nearby HQ in San Francisco, the roof space needs to encourage and accommodate the smaller -scale daily activities, while also being sufficiently flexible and comfortable to serve as a signature, company-wide gathering space for quarterly gatherings and events in a challenging outdoor environmental conditions.
Bradley Kraushaar
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Level 9 Roof
West Roof
East Roof
Above Existing conditions of the 9th-floor Key Systems Building roof.
Solar
Programming
Wind
Programming As a client, the University of California administration had diverse and specifc requirements for the range and flexibility of roof uses.
Bradley Kraushaar
Wind Located on the 9th Level and partially facing the prevailing winds from the Pacific Ocean, providing refuge from the wind is critical.
Professional 1100 Broadway
Drainage
Drainage Accomodating rain events, and working within the limitations a historic building from 1911 makes drainage tricky and essential.
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East Roof
West Roof
Integrated Lighting Accent Tree
Movable Furniture Gathering Area
Custom Seating
Perimeter Planting(s) Custom Seating
Raised Planter(s) Hidden Umbrella Mount(s)
Custom Paving
Hidden Umbrella Mount(s) Window Washing Davit Access
Above Each half of the Level 9 has a distinct character: one open and flexible, the other varied and intimate.
Right A hexagon pattern is used for the custom pavers; it is extruded to create eating custom seating; and the 120 -degree angle lends texture to the edge of the raised planters.
Bradley Kraushaar
Professional 1100 Broadway
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Level 19 Roof
Roof Plan
Above The existing condition of the 19th-story roof at the time of signing a tenant/client. An expansive shade trellis is the primary strategy for achieving user comfort in this exposed, southwest-facing roof.
Client Programming
Programming Expanding their HQ from across the Bay, Credit Karma wants a new, unique experience for both smaller daily activity and larger, quarterly, company-wide gatherings.
Bradley Kraushaar
Above The conceptual site plan for the 19th-floor roof highlighting the extent and diversity of amenities and facilities. Below Client programming, wind direction, window washing davit clearance, and paving pattern diagrams.
Wind Direction
Davit Clearance
Wind Mitigation of the prevailing winds on the Level 19 roof is essential to employee comfort to promote use of the range of facilities and spaces on the roof.
Davits To avoid later design revisions the spatial requirements of window washing davits and loading areas are folded into the design as early as possible.
Professional 1100 Broadway
Paving Pattern
Paving Adding interest, encourage circulation, address reflectivity, and achiving micro-programming, a flexible pattern is used to accent the gathering spaces.
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All The 19th-floor roof is composed of an array of dif ferent space types, allowing, gathering, productivity, and seclusion in varying environmental conditions. Bellow Shade/ Trellis structure .
Bradley Kraushaar
Professional 1100 Broadway
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Personal
Give a Park, Get a Park Competition Location: Detroit, MI Site: 4 parcels, 2.5 acres Organizer: City of Detroit, Knight Foundation Second Place Detroit â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s greatest asset, and greatest liability, it is vacant property. Leveraging these open spaces, this multiplestage competition both seeks a neighborhood-specific park design, and explores a conceptual prototype for city-wide neighborhood reinvigoration. The concept is simple: sell a parcel of City-owned land in one location to fund the development of a park in another location; give a park, get a park. Community involvement drove the competition process, from an initial on-site public workshop, to interim public feedback, and a final public presentation. Presentation and public engagement materials helped neighbors voice thoughts, stories, and ideas, while simultaneously eliciting feedback on initial design proposals. Translating design ideas from industry jargon and academic concepts into commonly understood, relatable, and consumable ideas and designs created the most meaningful public feedback. The on-site workshop clarified top priorities for neighborhood residents, such as: safety, traffic calming, activity, facilities for all ages, and durability. This feedback drove the design, to which we added performance measures such as stormwater treatment, vegetation enhancements, etc. A phased, modular design proposal, with associated budget vetted by City departments, allows for incremental, targeted improvements under a long-term vision, including: first, necessary -- and impactful -street infrastructure enhancements; second, relocation/ reuse of existing park facilities, and creation of the neighborhood identity; third, upgrades to existing park facilities; and finally, the expansion of improvements to the perimeter to complete the full vision of the park.
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Previous Page On-site public engagement workshop listening to neighborhood ideas and concerns, exploring various local contexts, presenting preliminary ideas, and gathering feedback on initial design concepts.
Right Competition boards addressing, design concepts, phasing, budget, and seasonal and day/night activation.
Bradley Kraushaar
Personal Give a Park, Get a Park
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Academic
America’s Farm: US Route 281 GSD1325: Landscape Architecture Research Studio Critic: Rem Koolhaas, OMA Location: Rotterdam, NL / Midwest, US US Route 281 - the longest north-south highway in the US - runs 1,872 miles from Texas to North Dakota. To the people that use this highway it ’s known at “Custom Cutter Alley”. A “custom cutter” is a farmer who owns only machinery - no land - and travels farm to farm over the course of a season doing nothing but harvesting crops. This highly specialized farmer, and Route 281 which they traverse, embody the current state of US agriculture and offer the opportunity for deeper insight into the countryside. A semester of work has initiated this research; a summer of firsthand experience, on a harvesting crew has further developed the understanding. The current state of agriculture began with the mechanization of crop farming in the 19th century, allowing for the initial rapid expansion of farm size; the high cost of machinery demanded expansion to distribute the capital costs over more acres. With reduced units costs and a higher rate of return on larger tracts, farms size steadily expanded (over the past 30 years midpoint farm acreage has doubled ). However, the window to plant and harvest crops has remained constant. This requires longer days, working into the night, and the need for bigger, faster, more powerful equipment. This new equipment is extremely expensive. To lower the per-acre capital costs farmers are incentivized to use their new machinery on ever more acres, thus restarting the cycle.
Map US Route 281 Image Operator perspective from 2015 John Deere S670 combine in Sharon Springs, KS
The territories where these trends are playing out are already a place apart in their physical characteristics, demographics, economics, culture, and religion; they stand only to have this distinction and separation grow. As the reliance between urban and rural regions deepens simultaneously with the differences becoming more pronounced there are clearly grounds for continued investigation.
Route 281 Production, % of US Totals Source: USDA Crop Production Survey, 2015
Ca
Wheat, All
ttle Cattle
Wheat
51%
1,045,609,000 Bushels
51% Cotton, All
Cotton
38%
33.416,443 Head
38% Corn, General
Corn
48%
6,175,000 Bushels
27%
3,702,430,000 Bushels
48% Hay, All
27% Soybeans
Hay
Soybeans 30%
39,439,000 Bushels
23%
890,000,000 Bushels
30% 23% Source: USDA Crop Production Survey, 2015
Acres of Farm as Percent of Total Land, 2012 Source: USDA Census of Agriculture, 2012
Above/Lef t The states traversed by Route 281 disproportionately represent commodity production and exemplif y “farm country ”, where farmland comprises the dominate land use.
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic America’s Farm: US Route 281
Coats, KS - Pop. 86 1,169,000 bu. grain elevator
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Transition of Farm Work from Horses to Horsepower
Decreasing US Farm Population Density
Source: Binswager, 1984
Source: USDA, Census of Agriculture, 2012
300M
0.040
18,000
225M
0.030
12,000
150M
Workstock
24,000
Horsepower (Millions)
6,000
0.020
75M
0.010
(Discontinued)
1900
1920
1940
1960
1900
1980
Adoption of Mechanization in the US
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
Percent Increase/Decrease Population Density 1930-2000 Source: USDA, Ad Census 2012
Source: Biswanger, 1984
4,680
3,390
1,560
Lef t Side Rapid change in the source of farm power and the adoption of machinery Right Side Dramatic, historic population loss on farms an in farm country
920 10 1910
246 1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
Number of Tractors
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Farm: US Route 281
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Decreasing Captial Per Acre with Increasing Farm Size
Increase in Midpoint Farm Acreage in US
Source: USDA, 2013
Source: USDA, Farm Size and the Organization of US Crop Farming, 2013
$3,325
1,071
650 500
$588 $242 <100 acres
100-250
> 2,000
1982
Increasing Rate of Return on Equity with Farm Size
1992
Gain and Loss of US Farmland Acres by Farm Size
Source: USDA, Farm Size and the Organization of US Crop Farming, 2013
Source: USDA, Farm Size and the Organization of US Crop Farming, 2013
8.0
4.8
2007
Lef t Side Economic incentives for farms to create larger farms Right Side Evidence that farmer have been following economic incentives and creating ever larger farms
31,920,900
5.3
335,000
2.9 1.2 <100 Acres 100-249
250-499
500-999
1,000 - 1,999
-63,260,000
> 2,000 <10 Acres
-0.9
10 - 2,000
>2,000
1992 - 2012 Carter, MT - Spring Wheat
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Farm: US Route 281
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Case IH, Steiger Tractor Advertisement, 2016
Images With constant planting and harvesting windows coupled with ever-expanding crop acreage, farmers and harvesters are forced to work more hours per day resulting in the frequent occurrence of night harvesting, shown here both at in advertising and in practice.
Average Planting and Harvesting Windows in US Source: Usual Planting and Harvesting Dates for U.S. Field Crops, USDA, 1997 Peak Activity
5% Completed
95% Completed
XX
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
Barley (ND) Corn (IA) Soybean (IL) Spring Wheat (ND)
Planting
Bradley Kraushaar
Harvesting
Academic Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Farm: US Route 281
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Increasing Horesepower and Scale in Agriculture
Increase in One Personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Daily Harvesting Capacity
Source: fendt.com, 2016
Source: Dream Reaper, 1996
2.5 Acres
2014
Hand
5.7 Acres
New York City Block
Mid-19c.
1952
25
8.5ft
Horse + Combine
Fendt F15 Dieselross (15hp)
Above Signaling the fundamental shif ts in the energy intensity of production agriculture, the explosion of high-horsepower tractors has caused the USDA to create a statistical category specifically for tractors with >500 hp
Early-20c.
50
20.1 ft Fendt Vario 1050 (500hp)
2016
Steam Engine + Combine Mid-20c.
1956
250
10 ft John Deere Planter No. 446 4Row
120 ft
40hp (John Deere 60)
John Deere DB120 48Row30 Minimum 370hp Tractor (John Deere 9R 4WD)
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Farm: US Route 281
Diesel Combine
Capacity The Guinness World Record for most wheat harvested in 8 hours is 1,758,530 lbs - on 198 acres - by a New Holland CR10.90 combine in Linconshire, UK in August 2014
Present Day
p.41
Lef t A new John Deere S670, with 394 hp, costs between $350,000 - $500,000 Above This John Deere 9570RX 4WD tractor, with 570 hp, was selling for $550,000 Below The increase in farm acreage combined with constant planting and harvesting windows demands, in addition to longer days, bigger, faster, more powerful equipment. This enhanced machinery is very expensive, encouraging its use over increased acreage, thus restarting the cycle of expansion, growth, and specialization.
Increasing Price of Equipment with Increasing Power Source: Morgan Stanley, 2014
Compact Utility Tractor <40 hp Utility Tractor 40 - 100 hp Row-Crop Tractor 140 - 360 hp 4WD Tractor 360 - 550 hp Combine Harvester Cotton Stripper Cotton Picker Sugarcane Harvester
$0
Bradley Kraushaar
$100,000
$200,000
$300,000
Academic Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Farm: US Route 281
$400,000
$500,000
$600,000
$700,000
p.42
MetroPort on the Rhine GSD1323: Landscape Architecture Option Studio Critics: Henri Bava (Agence Ter) Site: Strasbourg, FR The city of Strasbourg (FR) is disconnected from the Rhine river. The large river-island between the city and the river is occupied by an international shipping port. This project seeks to reconnect the city to the river through two major actions: first, the creation of a new hydrologically-responsive blue-green open space network; and second, the development of an urban fabric, influenced by proximate urban typologies and landscapes, which embraces and supports the new blue-green network. The blue-green network has two components: one that is responsive to the Rhine and its physical fluctuation, characteristics, and history; and one that is connected to the Strasbourg canal system making a literal and figurative extension of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mobility and recreation network. The proposed urban fabric draws from the four major landscape typologies in the Upper Rhine region: the River, the Forest, the Field, and the City. Spatial, experiential, hydrological, and physical differentiation between building typologies creates distinct portions of the new city, each with its own relationship to the water and the surrounding city. Some areas seek a new occupation of a re-imagined alluvial forest, other serve as urban collectors and cleanser of stormwater.
Rhine
City
Field
River
City
Field
Historical Channel (Petit Rhin)
Forest Forest River
Historic Core
Residential Neighborhood Neighborhood (FR) (DE)
HistoricEducational Core Housing
Social Housing Educational Housing
Neighborhood (DE)
Logistics Hub
Educational Housing
7m
34m
34m
Field
10.5m
31.5m
10.5m
10.5m
17.5m
63m
City
61m
74m
43m
62m
Forest
Residential Neighborhood Logistics(FR) Hub
Social Housing
Logistics Hub 63m
Lef t Catalogue and spatial analysis of exemplary and/or relevant building typologies and neighborhoods near Strasbourg Above (& Previous) Project concept diagram showing the four regional landscape typologies .
10.5m
63m
River
7m
43m
61m
43m
Catalogue 33m33m
MetroPort // Strasbourg, FR
12+12+ stories stories
38m38m
14m14m
Kehl Kehl
10.5m
31.5m
10.5m
34m
34m 62m
74m
Below Sectional catalogue of four distinct and varied building typologies around Strasbourg-Kehl
Duex Rives Duex Rives
62m
45m45m
33m 33m
25m25m 74m74m
12+ 12+ storiesstories
18 18 stories stories
38m 38m
14m 14m 4 4 storiesstories
3 3 storiesstories
Kehl Kehl
Bradley Kraushaar
4 4 stories stories
3 3 stories stories
9 9 stories stories
DuexDuex RivesRives
45m 45m
12 12 stories stories
Social Social Housing Housing
Academic Metroport on the Rhine
High-Rise High-Rise Housing Housing
p.44 Building Building Scale Scale Comparison Comparison MetroPort MetroPort // Strasbourg, // Strasbourg, FR FR
Extension of Existing Street Alignment Existing Street Network
Providing Clean Water to Strasbourg Canal System
Primary Blue/Green Transportation Corridor Storm Overflow Capacity
Historic Rail Line Secondary Street Lateral Orientation to Blue/Green Corridor
Primary Street Orientation to Blue/ Green Corridor
Primary Trunk of Blue Network
Large Block Division
Urban Stormwater Management // Cleansing
Primary Street (pedestrian + car)
Acknowledgement of Recent Development
Urban Cleansing Canal
Secondary Street (primarily pedestrians)
Type 1 (Urban Cleansing Canal)
Existing Street Extension
Connection to Strasbourg Canal Network 1° Stormwater Collector Street 2° Stormwater Collector Street
Above (L to R) Street Stormwater Function, Circulation Alignment, and Street Hierarchy diagrams
Block Division
Type 2 (1° Stormwater Collector Street)
Existing Street Network
Type 3 (2° Stormwater Collector Street)
Below Speculative, floodable building typologies to accommodate intrusion of water into the built areas
Flood able Building Types Expendable 1st Floor
Conceptual Build
No-Flood Open-air 1st Floor
∙ Grid ∙ Block Structure / Street Grid ∙ Urban
Flood Repurposed Space (e.g. Parking)
∙ Clustered ∙ Spine / Corridor ∙ Resilient
Floating Stilted
Flood + Forest ∙ Dispersed ∙ Autonomous ∙ Immersed
Structure floats as water rises
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Metroport on the Rhine
p.45
Self-Sufficiency (solar)
Stilts // Expendable Floor
Block Structure
Transition Block Permeability
Storage
Flotation
Stilts // Public Expendable Permeability + Linear Storage Permeability + Flotation SpaceFloor
Corridor + Cluster
Storage Cluster + FlotationFloor Stilts // Expendable
Flotation Storage
Composite
Below Existing street grid/block size analysis to determine blocks for new urban development Transition Block
University
Permeability + Linear Storage
Permeability + Flotation
Quartier des XV
Cluster + Flotation Deux Rives Kehl
100 m
1x Permeability
2x Permeability
Above Building/block typology catalogue focusing on public space and hydrological accommodations Closed Courtyard
Bradley Kraushaar
100 m
100 m
100 m
100 m
MetroPort // Strasbourg, FR 100 m
Corner Plaza + Permeability
Half-Block Park
Transition Block
Commercial
Permeability + Linear Storage Transition Block
Permeability + Flotation Permeability + Linear StorageCluster + Flotation Permeability + Flotation
Enclosed Courtyard
Open Courtyard
Transition Block
Corner Plaza
Permeability + Linear Storage Transition Block
Permeability + Flotation Permeability + Linear StorageCluster + Flotation Permeability + Flotation
100 m Courtyard + Permiability
Neudorf South
Building Typologies
Historic Center
200m x 125m
Academic Metroport on the Rhine
Building Typologies Block Sizes
MetroPort // Strasbourg, FR MetroPort // Strasbourg, FR
p.46
Residential // Commercial
Deux Rives Development
Industrial
Logistics Hub
Connections to Existing Waterway
Dues Rives Development
Deux Rives Development
Proposed Forest Connection
No-Flood
Existing Shipping Port
∙ Grid ∙ Block Structure / Street Grid ∙ Urban
Kehl City Center
Flood
∙ Clustered ∙ Spine / Corridor ∙ Resilient
Transportation // Infrastructure Corridor
Logistics Hub
Flood + Forest ∙ Dispersed ∙ Autonomous ∙ Immersed
Above Existing conditions analysis Lef t (top) Alluvial forest rendering Above Building typology zones and transitions
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Metroport on the Rhine
p.47
Rhin
e
l Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;il
Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ill
Lef t New urban development center and canal network connection diagram Right Responsive urban extension into alluvial landscape typologies and Rhine inlet diagram
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Metroport on the Rhine
p.48
FOREST + FIELDS Floatation House
Disposable First Floor
Raised / Overlook Housing Absorptive Wetland
Alluvial Field
Rhine River
Alluvial Forest
Barrier River Island
CITY Secondary Stormwater Street
Roof Terraces
Forested Courtyards Existing Highway
Logistics Hub
Bike/Ped Facilities
Rec reation Avenues
Public Plaza
Courtyard Typology
Central Blue/Green Corridor
Above Two typological urban-river interface sections (Forest + Fields, City)
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Metroport on the Rhine
p.49
No Flood
FloodNo +1.0 Flood
Flood +1.0
Canal Locks
Canal du Rhône au Rhin +3.0
No Flood
Flood +2.0
Flood +1.0
Flood Flood +3.0 +2.0
Flood +3.0
+ 3.5
+ 3.5
Canal Locks + 2.5
+ 2.5
+ 1.5 Canal du Rhône au Rhin +3.0
+ 1.5
Rhine +0.0 + 0.5
Flood +2.0
Bradley Kraushaar
+ 0.5
Elevations
L to R Flooding phasing and associated flood level diagram (in meters, relative to the Rhine)
+0.0 +0.5 +1.5 +2.0 +2.5 +3.5
Rhine Lowest Flood Area Middle Flood Area Canal du Rhône au Rhin Highest Flood Area Industry//Port Areas
Flood +3.0
+ 3.5
+ 3.0 + 2.0 + 1.0 + 0.0
Academic Metroport on the Rhine
+ 3.0 + 2.0 + 1.0 + 0.0
Rhine
+ 0.5 (Lowest Flood Level)
Rhine
+ 1.5 (Middle Flood Level)
+ 2.5 (Highest Flood Level)
++3.50.5 + 0.0 (Rhine) + 1.5 (Port (Lowest / Industry) Flood Level) (Middle Flood Level)
+ 2.5 (Highest Flood Level)
p.50
+ 3.5 (Port / Industry)
+
Above Positions of encampment are developed through section
Above Positions of encampment are developed through section
City Flux GSD1212: Landscape Architecture Core IV Critics: Chris Reed (STOSS) & David Mah Site: Jamaica Bay, New York City Partner: Liza Langer Jamaica Bay represents one of the most significant contiguous patches of estuarine salt-marsh in the Northeast, serving as a critical habitat for shorebirds and migrating species. It is also a constructed, polluted ecology resulting from dredging and filling, and was at the epicenter of the flooding from Hurricane Sandy. The purpose of this project is to develop a strategy for city-making that engages dynamic ecologies. An overall site framework is derived from adaptive processes and married to operational requirements for urban and hydrological infrastructure. Forthcoming is an detailed investigation of urban form and multiblock strategies tuned to the flux of open-ended environmental phenomena.
Clockwise L to R Infrastructure/ housing study model; contour plan exploring responsive land form interventions; and urban infrastructure typologies
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic City Flux
p.52
05 05 -- 10 10 year year marsh marsh growth growth 10 10 -- 20 20 year year marsh marsh growth growth
05 05 -- 10 10 year year marsh marsh growth growth 10 10 -- 20 20 year year marsh marsh growth growth 20 20 -- 40 40 year year marsh marsh growth growth
11
Backbone Backbone node node with with two two permanent permanent pedestrian/biking pedestrian/biking paths. paths. Major Major flflux ux housing housing development. development.
05 05 -- 10 10 year year marsh marsh growth growth 10 10 -- 20 20 year year marsh marsh growth growth 20 20 -- 40 40 year year marsh marsh growth growth
22
33
Permanent Permanent pedestrian/biking pedestrian/biking node. node. Minor Minor flflux ux housing housing development. development.
Backbone Backbone node node with with one one permanent permanent and and one one temporary temporary pedestrian/biking pedestrian/biking path. path. Major Major flflux ux housing housing development. development.
05 -- 10 10 year year marsh marsh growth growth 05
10 -- 20 20 year year marsh marsh growth growth 10 20 -- 40 40 year year marsh marsh growth growth 20
05 05 -- 10 10 year year marsh marsh growth growth 10 10 -- 20 20 year year marsh marsh growth growth
Above Lateral urban development diagram of infrastructural and hierarchical development Below Secondary development diagram of secondary occupation expansion from primary infrastructure core
05 -- 10 10 year year marsh marsh growth growth 05 20 -- 40 40 year year marsh marsh growth growth 20 10 -- 20 20 year year marsh marsh growth growth 10
44
Backbone Backbone node node with with one one temporary temporary pedestrian/biking pedestrian/biking paths. paths. Major Major flflux ux housing housing development. development.
55
66
Backbone Backbone node. node. Major Major flflux ux housing housing development. development.
Backbone Backbone node. node. Major Major flflux ux housing housing development. development.
Nodes Nodes of of Interest Interest
Urban Urban Patterns Patterns
Above Site Details illustrating potential urban nodes arranged around infrastructural backbone and secondary networks
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic City Flux
p.53
Right Transportation/ infrastructural backbone detail section
Bradley Kraushaar
Top (L to R) Composite infrastructural core; infrastructure attachment typology catalogue; landform catalogue; and infrastructure backbone section details
Academic City Flux
p.54
Right Typological temporal sections with urban fabric, canal depth, and vegetal extent diagrams
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic City Flux
p.55
Lef t Phasing Plan; lef t to right vegetal progression and concomitant projective urban development Right Urban Assembly typologies
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic City Flux
p.56
Infrastructural Ecologies GSD1211: Landscape Architecture Core III Critics: Pierre Belanger + Andrea Hansen Site: Cape Cod Canal, Massachusetts Partners: Lief Estrada + Han Xu The Cape Cod Canal (CCC), first opened in 1914, connects Cape Cod Bay and Buzzards Bay. It currently serves coastal-tanker and commercial-barge traffic. It is, however, obsolete infrastructure: the economics of shipping is dictating ever larger ships; with shrinking budgets, government is looking to divest itself of costly, unnecessary assets; and the canal currently only benefits a few, distant corporations, while the burdens (an ecological desert, oil spills, and limited occupational opportunities) are born locally. The purpose of this project is to develop vegetal strategies to catalyze long-term change to landforms, ecologies, and occupation. By investigating and understanding the detailed function of vegetation they can be leveraged; systemic change can be spurred through seeding interventions. This proposal transitions the CCC from its current condition to an ecological infrastructure.
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Infrastructural Ecologies
p.57
Lef t Vegetation analysis examining life-cycle, response to slope, salinity, light, and innundation
Above vegetation detail for Zostera maritima showing vegetal and sexual propagation characteristics Below timeline showing transition of canal profile, shipping volume, and vegetal composition
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Infrastructural Ecologies
p.58
Above Perspective showing intervention in brackish transitional zone between fresh upland spawning site and saline canal Right Intervention catalogue: granite blocks, planted Spartina, dredge berms
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Infrastructural Ecologies
p.59
Above Perspectives showing canal storm surge and bio-fuel berm interventions, and residential retreat Below Typological landforms from transitioned canal
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Infrastructural Ecologies
p.60
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Infrastructural Ecologies
p.61
Lef t (previous) Analytical plan(s) exploring watershed connectivity, slope adjacencies, and existing aquatic infrastructure Above Sectional and temporal model of canal bathymetry
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Infrastructural Ecologies
p.62
Urban Gradients GSD1211: Landscape Architecture Core II Critics: Anita Berrizbeitia & Luis Callejas Site: Franklin Park, Boston Franklin Park is a 527-acre park in Boston designed by Fredrick Law Olmsted in the 1880s. The park is the southernmost component in the string of parks known as the Emerald Necklace, which begins in the Back Bay and winds through the city until its termination in Dorchester, where the park is located. Focusing on the northeastern portion of the park, the site is large, with dramatic topographical change, and weak spatial, material, and programmatic definition. Attempting to work with the parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s palimpsest, the proposal reintroduces a re-imagined version of the original Greeting to address spatial, social, and programmatic goals. In contrast to the uniformity of the original mall, the new Greeting contains a path whose width and extent responds to existing vegetation and topography to create rooms and hallways through manipulation of vegetation and the ground plane. The path itself is a hallway with the interior recreation areas as rooms; expanded and diverted moments along the path represent rooms within the path.
Previous Planometric sections Above Detail plans of path and vegetation strategies
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Urban Gradients
p.64
Clockwise Perspective; site plan of circulation and vegetation; and programmatic serial sections
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Urban Gradients
p.65
Recycling Infrastructure GSD1211: Landscape Architecture Core II Critics: Anita Berrizbeitia & Luis Callejas Site: Fischer Hill Reservoir, Boston This student project is based in an abandoned reservoir in a hilltop residential neighborhood. This proposal aims to craft the atmosphere of the reservoir (the air space between the bottom of the tree canopy and the ground plane) through the careful modulation of light transmission. To achieve this, the reservoir is planted in a regularizing grid with species selection based on canopy light transmission values and leaf characteristics to balance performance and experience. Each of the three segments of the grid contains a specific ratio of three different categories of trees to both manage the overall amount of light reaching the reservoir floor and to create contrasting light experiences. Further, the strict maintenance of the bottom of the trees creates a flat plane, intended as an indexical registration of the historic water level, in which the visitor would exist. This registration is reinforced by a change in material color along the reservoir berm.
Above Sections of lighting experience, heat mapping, and radiation absorption
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Recycling Infrastructure
p.67
Clockwise Site Plan showing planting variation and leaf characteristics; perspective of light transmission; and study model photograph
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Recycling Infrastructure
p.68
Future Ecologies GSD6241: Ecology, Technology, Techniques III Peter Del Tredici North Common Meadow, Petersham, MA Projecting old-field succession requires a systematic understanding of plant communities, site conditions, environmental trends, and human intervention. This field-study projection examines the sectional change to a portion of a meadow site recently transitioned to an un-managed condition. Speculating on temperature, moisture, and climatic changes mature trees are anticipated to shade out existing grasses and vines are expected to flourish.
Below Tree morphology study
Bradley Kraushaar
Academic Future Ecologies
p.69