4째 A
Craftsmen were usually trained and skilled. They were well-respected in the community and had a comfortable lifestyle. Yet every craftsman's lifestyle and social standing depended on the quality of his skills.
Most craftsmen worked in workshops with other craftsmen
Objects for temples or the pharaoh were made in temple workshops or palace workshops. Objects for ordinary people were made by local craftsmen in small workshops.
Some craftsmen worked in workshops making furniture. The furniture that was made in these workshops was usually for rich people or the pharaoh.
The ancient Egyptians made many different types of jewellery. Craftsmen created necklaces, bracelets, collars, earrings and more from gold, stones and glass.
By Ariel Kaminker, Charo Rabbia and Sol Drescher
People in ancient Egypt lived around the Nile and the fertile land along its banks. The yearly flooding of the Nile enriched the soil and brought good harvests and wealth to the land.Â
The people of ancient Egypt built mudbrick homes in villages and in the country. They grew some of their own food and changed in the villages for the food and goods they could not produce. They ate different kind of food.Â
Most ancient Egyptians worked as field hands, farmers, craftsmen and scribes. A small group of people were nobles. Together, these different groups of people made up the population of ancient Egypt.
An ancient Egyptian man who learned to read and write hieroglyphs and hieratic (a quicker and shorter form of hieroglyphs). Scribes had two main duties:
ď Š They were the only people in ancient Egypt who could read and write the sacred hieroglyphs that would appear on temples and in tombs ď ŠThey kept government records and wrote letters for the pharaoh
Paintings from the tomb of a nobleman named Nebamun. Nebamun's tomb was built around 1400 B.C. near the town of Thebes.
by Male and Wen
4째 A
The civilization of ancient Egypt lasted for over three thousand years. During this time there were many changes in terms of what the ancient Egyptians believed in, and how they lived their lives. However, many aspects of the basic culture, religion, and artistic style of ancient Egypt remained the same.
The Hour Watcher Mehetra was a young priestess in an ancient Egyptian temple. She had trained for years to become a priestess, and took her position very seriously.
Mehetra's main responsibility was to help another priestess in everyday matters. She also participated in the regular temple festivals. In festivals, Mehetra would follow the priestess, chanting and shaking her sistrum
There was one priest in particular who Mehetra liked to follow. His name was Amenemopet. Amenemopet was the 'Wenuty' ('hourwatcher') priest. He was in charge of making sure that temple rituals were performed on time during the day, night and throughout the year.Â
During the day, Amenemopet watched the sun. He worked out what time of day it was by looking at the sun's position in the sky. Ordinary people worked out the time of day in the same way, but they had less experience and training than Amenemopet.
How did the water clock work? At night, Amenemopet carefully watched the water clock. As the evening fell, the clock was filled with water. During the night, the water dripped out a hole in the bottom. Amenemopet checked the water level during the night to work out when to perform nightly rituals.
A time line of ancient Egyptian history
3500 B.C. to 3400 B.C. Early settlers People began to settle in the Nile valley in about 7000 B.C.. They farmed the land, kept animals, and built permanent homes on the banks of the Nile. 3100 B.C. to 3000 B.C. Hieroglyphic script Hieroglyphic was one of the first complete scripts to be used in ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians used it for over 3500 years to record important information.
2.700 B.C to 2.600 B.C
First stone pyramid The first stone pyramid built in ancient Egypt was the 'Step Pyramid'. The Step Pyramid was built at Saqqarafor the pharaoh Djoser. It was made by building several 'steps' or layers of stone on top of each other.
2.600 B.C to 2.500 B.C Khufu's pyramid The largest of the three stone pyramids of Giza was built for the pharaoh Khufu (called Cheops by the Greeks). It stands 147 metres high and its estimated weight is about 6,500,000 tonnes. Khafra's pyramid The second of the Giza pyramids was built for the pharaoh Khafra (called Chephren by the Greeks). It was built on higher ground than Khufu's pyramid, so it looks taller than Khufu's pyramid, but it is actually shorter.
2.600 B.C to 2.500 B.C The Great Sphinx The Great Sphinx is a large statue carved out of stone. It is located near Khafra's pyramid on the Giza plateau. The Great Sphinx has the body of a lion and the head of a human.
Gods and goddesses By Dante and Seba
The ancient Egyptians believed in many different gods and goddesses. Each one with their own role to play in maintaining peace and harmony across the land. Some gods and goddesses took part in creation, some brought the flood every year, some offered protection, and some took care of people after they died.
The ancient Egyptians believed that it was important to recognise and worship these gods and goddesses so that life continued smoothly Amun
Man wrapped in a tight white cloak carrying a staff In one creation myth Ptah was a creator god. He spoke the words and the world came into being
Man with the head of a curly-horned ram
Khnum was a creator god, and a god of the innundation.
A mummified man wearing a white cone-like headdress with feathers Osiris was the god of the dead, and ruler of the underworld.
Woman with a feather on her head A feather Ma'at was the goddess of truth, justice and harmony. She was associated with the balance of things on earth.
Man with a pot belly, shown with water plants Hapy was the god of the innundation. Man with the double crown Atum was a creator god.The ancient Egyptians believed that Atum was the first god to exist on earth.
Dwarf with lion and human features Dwarf wearing the skin of a lion Bes was the protector of pregnant women, newborn babies and the family.
Man wearing a headdress with feathers A lion Shu was the god of the air.Shu held up the figure of Nut so that the earth and the sky were separated.
Man with the head of a 'Seth animal' (unidetifiable)
Seth was the god of ented chaos.Seth repres
Man with the head of a hawk, with a sun disk headdress Ra-Horakhty was a combination of the gods Horus and Ra.
One of the most mysterious places in ancient Egypt was the inside of a temple. Temples were the homes of the gods and goddesses and very few people were allowed to see the inside. You, however are one of the lucky ones.
There were six main parts to ancient Egyptian temples built during the new kingdom period.These parts are: the pylon the courtyard The hypostyle hall The second hall The sanctuary The sacred lake
Begin your journey in front of the temple. The front of an ancient Egyptian temple was built to look impressive. It was, after all, the home of a god or goddess. This view is probably as much of the temple as an ordinary ancient Egyptian would ever have seen.
The two blocks that make up the facade are called the pylon. In front of the pylon are two obelisks. Enter the doorway into the courtyard.
If you look straight ahead you can see the doorways into the rooms beyond the courtyard. Each of these rooms is more sacred than the one before.
Ordinary ancient Egyptians may have been allowed to enter the courtyard on special festival days, but could go no further into the temple. On the rest of the days of the years, they were not even allowed to enter the courtyard.
A row of palm columns surrounds the courtyard and another pylon is the gateway into the next room. This is called the hypostyle hall. Notice the light streaming in through the windows cut into the roof.
The columns in this room are shaped to look like papyrus plants. The ones in the centre where the light shines are open as though they are blooming. The columns in the dark corners of the room are closed as though the buds have not opened yet.
You may have noticed that the ceilings are getting lower and the floor slants upwards as you move further into the temple. This is because you are getting closer to the sanctuary- the most sacred part of the temple.
You have reached the most secret and special part of the temple. Straight ahead of you is the shrine where the statue of the god or goddess would have lived. It was important to take good care of the gods and goddesses so that they would protect Egypt and bring wealth and prosperity to the country.
As you step out of the temple your eyes adjust to the bright sunlight. In front of you is a large pool of water. This is the sacred lake, once used in temple rituals.
Pyramids by Ale and Max 4thA
The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens. The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of many different shapes and sizes from before the beginning of the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom.
There are about eighty pyramids known today from ancient Egypt
The three largest and best-preserved of these were built at Giza at the beginning of the Old Kingdom.
Khufu's architects were wise and experienced men. They knew the importance of building the pharaoh's final resting place so that its sides faced directly north, south, east and west. They planned a large pyramid- the largest one ever built in ancient Egypt.
For about 20 years, hundreds of men worked on building the pyramid. As they built each level, they also built up the ramps around the pyramid.
Egyptians put many treasures and jewels in pyramids, They put jewels and treasures for the next life. They put pharaohns in coffins and sarcophagus
The Great Pyramid was part of a complex that included a special walkway, two temples, other pyramids, boat pits and the mastabas of nobles.
Pharaoh By: Juan and Joaco 4thA
The most powerful person in ancient Egypt was the pharaoh. The pharaoh was the political and religious leader of the Egyptian people.
The pharaoh represented the gods on Earth. He performed rituals and built temples to honour the gods.
Holding the titles: 'Lord of the Two Lands' and 'High Priest of Every Temple'.
As 'Lord of the Two Lands' the pharaoh was the ruler of Upper and Lower Egypt. He owned all of the land, made laws, collected taxes, and defended Egypt against foreigners
Many pharaohs went to war when their land was threatened or when they wanted to control foreign lands.Â
If the pharaoh won the battle, the conquered people had to recognise the Egyptian pharaoh as their ruler and offer him the finest and most valuable goods from their land.Â
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Mummification The earliest ancient Egyptians buried their dead in small pits in the desert. The heat and dryness of the sand dehydrated the bodies quickly, creating lifelike and natural 'mummies'.
The ancient Egyptians began burying their dead in coffins to protect them from wild animals in the desert. They put them in coffins because the sand couldn’t get in.
Over many centuries, the ancient Egyptians developed a method of preserving bodies so they would remain lifelike. The process included embalming the bodies and wrapping them in strips of linen. Today we call this process mummification.Â
Steps of mummification The process of mummification has two steps. First, the embalming of the body. Then, the wrapping and burial of the body.
Wrapping the body First the head, neck and body were wrapped with strips of fine linen. Then the fingers and the toes were individually wrapped.Â
Canopic Jars
During the mummification process, the internal organs were removed from the body. Before about 1000 B.C., the organs were dried and placed in hollow ‘canopic jars‘.
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4thB 2015 BY:
Violeta Ghenadenik, Renata Quindi and Michelle Ku
Ancient Egyptians thought of Egypt as being divided into two types of land, the 'black land' and the 'red land'.
The 'black land' was the fertile land on the banks of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians used this land for growing their crops.
This was the only land in ancient Egypt that could be farmed because a layer of rich, black silt was deposited there every year after the Nile flooded.
The 'red land' was the barren desert that protected Egypt on two sides. These deserts separated ancient Egypt from neighbouring countries and invading armies.
They also provided the ancient Egyptians with a source for precious metals and semi-precious stones.
Modern political map This map shows the modern political boundaries of Egypt and nearby countries.
The ancient Egyptians believed that it was important to record and communicate information about religion and government. The most famous of all ancient Egyptian scripts is hieroglyphics. However, throughout three thousand years of ancient Egyptian. Â
Using these scripts scribles were able to preserve the beliefs, history and ideas of ancient Egypt in temple and  tomb walls and papyrusscrolls .
In tombs Writing was a very important part of tomb decoration. The writing on the walls in a pharaoh's tomb helped him get to the afterlife. Scribes wrote the spells on the walls of tombs before they were carved. Then, the craftsmen decorating the tomb carved the hieroglyphs or painted them. Finally, the head scribe checked over the work that had been done to make sure it was correct. Remember, the craftsmen could not always read what they were carving on the walls, and a missed line or sign could mean that the spells would not work.Â
In scribe school Students in an ancient Egyptian scribe schools had many things to learn. Since it was important for them to learn how to record information correctly, they had to read and write well. In the army When the ancient Egyptians went to battle against their enemies they used writing to communicate with each other. Military leaders were first trained as scribes, so they would be able to read messages that were sent to them.Â
In government
The government of ancient Egypt kept records about the country. This helped them work out important facts about how the country was running. For example, by looking at records from past years they could see how much grain or how many animals were collected in taxes. Government officials were scribes who had been promoted to higher positions. One scribe named Horemheb who was a high government official actually became pharaoh.Â
In temples
Temples were the houses of the gods and goddesses. The walls were decorated with writing and pictures that showed the pharaoh's respect for the gods and goddesses. Priests who worked in the temples were scribes. They were the people who performed the sacred rituals that were necessary to keep the gods and goddesses happy. Thus, they needed to be able to read the instructions for the rituals that were written on papyrus scrolls and carved into the temple walls. These tools were used for carving wall reliefs.
Scribes Not everyone learned to read and write in ancient Egypt. Only one group of people called scribes was allowed to have this knowledge.
Scribes were people in ancient Egypt (usually men) who learned to read and write. Although experts believe that most scribes were men, there is evidence of some female doctors. These women would have been trained as scribes so that they could read medical texts.
In the fields
One of the first jobs that scribes might have after they finished school was working in the fields counting crops or animals. This is a wall painting from the tomb of a nobleman called Nebamun.