An overview of our estuarine crocodiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by ‘Billabong’ Baz Lyon

OURING OURINGT T & exploring

An estuarine crocodile cooling its head by lying with its jaws agape. This animal is in a freshwater billabong and probably feeds largely on feral pigs that come to drink.

An overview of our estuarine crocodiles

THE saltwater crocodile is a large and opportunistic hypercarnivorous apex predator.

It ambushes most of its prey and then drowns or swallows it whole.

It is capable of prevailing over almost any animal that enters its territory, including other apex predators such as sharks, varieties of freshwater and saltwater fish including pelagic species, invertebrates such as crustaceans, various reptiles, birds, and mammals, including humans.

The following was prepared by Barry Lyon in April 2022.

Barry has a master’s degree in Wildlife Ecology, a diploma in Conservation and Land Management and was a ranger with Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service and Australia Zoo. Distribution

The estuarine crocodile – crocodylus porosus – is the world’s largest living reptile and has a coastal and sub coastal distribution across northern Australia, from approximately Broome in Western Australia to the Gladstone and Mary River area in Queensland.

‘Salties’, as the species are sometimes known, live in both salt and freshwater habitats – including river and creeks, billabong, swamps and dams, and along coastlines and around islands. Physiology

Males grow larger than females and may reach 6m or more in length, females up to 3.8m.

Crocodiles possess a number of features that make them superb predators.

These includes a transparent eyelid that helps with underwater vision, a body design that creates minimal disturbance when swimming, highly sensitive scales that can detect nearby movement in the water and an even more sensitive organ along the jaw, and possess extremely powerful jaw pressure.

Salt is excluded by lingual glands in the jaws and the scutes along the back and tail act as solar panels, heating blood vessels contained within that are then moved around the crocodile’s body.

Crocodiles may lay on the bank with jaws agape to maintain a steady head temperature.

A gular fold or flap at the back of the throat remains closed when the crocodile attacks prey underwater – they must come to the surface to actually eat.

Estuarine crocodiles are distinguished from the much smaller, and generally harmless unless interfered with, freshwater crocodile crocodylus johnstoni by a much broader head. Habits and behaviour

Crocodiles will eat any prey they are able to catch and overwhelm.

This ranges from small fish and other aquatic animals with juveniles, to large fish, wallabies, pigs, dogs and even cattle with large crocodiles.

While hunting maybe opportunistic, crocodiles are also adept at discerning habitual behaviour of their prey, for example recognising where animals come to drink at the water’s edge and targeting them.

Recent research in the Wenlock River by the University of Queensland and Australia Zoo has shown that many large mature male crocodiles occupy distinct home ranges, while others are nomads, continually moving around, even between different river systems.

Mature females generally have a distinct home range, which they will leave however to nest.

Nesting involves laying eggs in a mound of soil and grass and other vegetative material scratched up near a river bank or within a swamp.

The female guards the nest during incubation, carries the juveniles to the water’s edge upon hatching, and also stays near the young for some weeks to provide a level of protection.

Crocodiles are apex predators of their habitats, and though the re-

Cape York by ‘BILLABONG’ BAZZ LYON

OURING OURINGT T & exploring

An overview of our estuarine crocodiles

from P72 lationships involved are not yet fully understood, they are vital in maintaining the ecological health of the habitats they occupy. Croc wise protocols • Obey all crocodile warnings signs, bearing in mind that many areas where crocodiles live do not have warning signs • Because you cannot see any crocodiles does not mean there are none there • Never swim or wade in known or suspected crocodile habitat

• Wait for the boat skipper or delegated crew to advise on when and how to embark and disembark a vessel • A boat is your barrier from crocodiles – do not lean or dangle limbs over the side of a boat • Should a crocodile approach your vessel, move away to a safe distance • Never use a canoe, paddle board or similar craft in crocodile areas – these are easily upset and the crocodile may think these are some sort of threat

• When fishing or otherwise active along a bank, remain at least 5m from the water’s edge – do not ‘loiter’ near the water’s edge • It is best practice to have someone ‘on watch’ when launching, retrieving, entering or leaving a vessel • Never discard or bury fish frames or other animal products near where people are active or potentially could be, as crocodiles are scavengers and readily attracted to animal remains, they will leave the water and travel overland to find and feed on animal remains • Always camp well back from the water’s edge, preferably at a location with a high bank • Avoid any earth or vegetation mounds adjacent to the water, these may be crocodile nests, which are actively guarded by female crocodiles • Rangers can typically provide advice on local crocodile populations.

Spot the crocodile! It’s always fun searching for these amazing animals.