Technical Catalogue
Index The company Production features Material Die-casting Mechanical tooling Pre-treatment and conversion treatment Results of pre-treatment Painting Health and safety of FARAL paints Tables and technical data Tables and technical data FARAL Tropical Tables and technical data FARAL Etal Tables and technical data FARAL Esse Tables and technical data FARAL Trio Tables and technical data FARAL Trio HP Tables and technical data FARAL Tropical 80 Tables and technical data FARAL Green Tables and technical data FARAL Green HP Tables and technical data FARAL Lineal 80 Tables and technical data FARAL Alliance Tables and technical data FARAL 140 Tables and technical data FARAL Longo 80 Technical information FARAL Longo 80 Working conditions The heating system total efficiency Sizing the heating emitters Calculation of the effective thermal output of heating emitters Installation procedures Washing and cleaning up the heating system Venting the heating system Installation and output efficiency Positioning the heating emitter Connections to the distribution network Thermal insulation of the back wall Selling conditions and guarantee Orders Changes in orders Cancellation of orders Delivery Complaints Package Delivery time Returns of goods Drawings, dimensions and weights Guarantee Responsibility Competent court of justice
pag. 4 pag. 5 pag. 5 pag. 5 pag. 6 pag. 7 pag. 7 pag. 7 pag. 8 pag. 9 pag. 10 pag. 12 pag. 14 pag. 16 pag. 18 pag. 20 pag. 22 pag. 24 pag. 26 pag. 28 pag. 30 pag. 32 pag. 34 pag. 35 pag. 36 pag. 38 pag. 39 pag. 41 pag. 42 pag. 42 pag. 42 pag. 43 pag. 45 pag. 46 pag. 48 pag. 48 pag. 48 pag. 48 pag. 48 pag. 48 pag. 48 pag. 48 pag. 48 pag. 49 pag. 49 pag. 50 pag. 50 3
The Company FARAL S.P.A is a company, whose name has been closely associated with vanguard technology in the field of domestic heating for more than 40 years. The first die-cast aluminium radiator in the world was born with Faral.
Production The raw materials employed for the manufacturing of Faral radiators are aluminium alloys, specifically developed to enable complex items to be produced. The radiators undergo specific multistage treatments before the final coating, making the external and internal surfaces highly resistant to the corrosive action of the water in the system and the surrounding environment. The painting which follows is carried out through a double coating and stoving process. The successive polymerisation in high temperature kilns guarantees long lasting and glossy coats. FARAL radiators are subjected to strict technological and aesthetical controls before they undergo the final leakage test to ensure they comply with the EN 442-1 standard.
Aluminium and Thermal Characteristics Aluminium is an excellent heat conductor and this ability has been optimised since the early stages of the designing of FARAL radiators to guarantee comfort in any environment. Aluminium with its high conductivity reacts swiftly to changes in the temperature of the fluid circulating inside it and its low thermal inertia allows it to respond instantly to thermostatically controlled systems. This ability, combined with a low water content, constitutes a substantial saving of energy.
Light Weight and Easy to Install Radiators-Accessories Thanks to light weight and easy handling, any installation of FARAL radiators constitutes a substantial saving of time. FARAL radiators are supplied in preassembled sets, depending on the customer’s requirements. Its wide range of accessories makes the installation of FARAL radiators simple and cost effective.
The Package FARAL wraps its radiators in a layer of shrink-wrapping polyethylene and than place them in a strong cardboard box. This way the radiator is guaranteed to be transported safely and easily.
The Colours FARAL radiators can be supplied in an extensive range of colours. 4
Production Features Material The aluminium alloy used for the manufacturing of FARAL radiators is an alloy used in many fields, from transport (engines, gearboxes, etc.) to household appliances, including the use in food, chemicals, pharmaceutical and aerospace industries. This alloy used by FARAL is identified as UNI 5076-74 according to Italy standards, but if we consider the European standard the new identification is EN 132/12 Al Si 9 Cu. The composition is the following: 81,7
Al
86,55
11,0
Si
12,5
1,75
Cu
2,5
0,70
Fe
1,00
Mn
0,50
Mg
0,30
Zn
0,80
Ni
0,30
Ti
0,15
Pb
0,15
Sn
0,10
The quality of aluminium alloy is constantly monitored using mass spectrometer analysis, despite the fact that it is already accompanied by ample certification at the time the ingots are supplied. Further to these checks, systematic samplings from the smelting furnaces are carried out to confirm the alloy composition of the ingots. Tests are also performed in order to determine the gas content in the molten alloy, and those sections which have shown defects are examined with a microscope
Die-casting The first operation is the smelting of the pure aluminium ingots: it takes place in 25 tons capacity basin furnaces at a temperature of 700/730째 C. These furnaces are cleaned internally every day to remove the slag that forms during the smelting process. The heat required to smelt the ingots is delivered by powerful natural gas fired burners. The molten alloy is removed from the furnace by tipping of the entire unit so that the contents pour out into a suitably located ladle; from this position the molten alloy is transferred by way of electric trucks and winches to the press holding furnaces where it is kept at a temperature of 670-680째 C. From the holding furnaces a sufficient quantity of alloy is extracted to make the casting desired, the molten metal is poured into an injection chamber from where it is forced into the die at a pressure of 500 bar at a high speed. The castings are lifted from the die by an extractor arm and routed to a station dedicated to cutting the excess material in correspondence with the casting channels. The resulting workpieces are inspected visually one by one and then transferred to the production facilities. In addition to the individual visual check of all the components, FARAL withdraws sample pieces from the rough cast sections and tests them by immersion in 5
water filled tanks at an internal pressure 1,3 times higher than the foreseen operating pressure in order to detect any flaws. Dimensional tolerances are checked by cutting open several sample sections and making all the relevant measurements. Every model that is being manufactured does daily undergo a mechanical strength test at a pressure 1,69 times higher than the foreseen operating pressure. If a radiator has an operating pressure of 10 bar, the leakage test is carried out at a pressure of 13 bar and the mechanical strength test at a pressure higher than 16,90 bar. The above described technologies are also used to manufacture the two diecast terminal collectors of radiator Faral Longo 80. The collectors undergo the various mechanical tooling stages and are then jointed to an extruded aluminium central profile by means of special anaerobic resins. The central extruded profile is made of an alloy of primary aluminium identified as EN AW-6060, according to EN 573-3 standard.
Mechanical tooling The individual radiator sections are subjected to polishing (rough finishing) of the front and rear surfaces: an operation performed with dry abrasive belts of increasing fineness. The waterways of the sections have to be sealed: a cap, in the same material as the rest of the section, is welded into position using a special process known as “flash welding”. This operation utilises the heat generated by the “Joule effect” caused by the passage of current though both components (radiator section and cap), which are pressed tightly one against the other. The fusion takes place when the metal parts in the same areas melt, so that no extraneous materials are required. In order to join several sections to form an assembled radiator, the next operations in the production process are thread cutting and spot facing of the sections. These operations are performed on dedicated machine tools with a total of four work heads able to cut both the right and the left threads of the connections simultaneously and to spot face the sealing surfaces. The fact that all the operations are carried out simultaneously ensures that the contact surfaces will be perfectly parallel so that the radiators will be correctly aligned when assembled, irrespective of the number of sections involved. The threaded and spot faced sections are assembled together in accordance with the configuration required by the customer, with a minimum of two and a maximum of fifteen sections in each radiator. The sections are assembled by the use of threaded nipples each fitted with a gasket. The assembly machine is connected to a programming unit to establish the composition of the finished radiator, and also features an automatic device for selecting and loading the nipples and for fitting the gaskets. The high level of automation adopted for these processes, combined with the constant presence of human operators performing specialised tasks of surveillance and control, enable FARAL to optimise process quality and reduce the risk of rejects when the assembled radiators arrive at the next process in the line. The final leakage test is carried out by injection of compressed air into the radiators at a pressure 1,3 times higher than the foreseen operating pres6
sure and by successive immersion in a water filled tank. This test is carried out on 100% of the production and enables to detect defects in casting, welding or assembling. The radiators that pass this test are finally transferred to the painting plant, after being subjected to a further polishing stage using abrasive belts of finer and finer grit.
Pre-treatment and conversion treatment The exclusive treatment cycle to which the internal and external surfaces of the radiators are subjected allows to wash deeply the waterways, thus removing all remnants of the previous operations and providing an appropriate and permanent barrier against possible corrosion at the same time. The outer surfaces are treated to better receive the successive coats of painting so that they can anchor firmly to the surfaces. The treatment is carried out by transferring the radiators through a total of 12 tanks. FARAL plants work through a complex cycle, which is composed by the following passages, preceded and followed by rinses with running or demineralised water: • High temperature alkaline degrease: the chemical action combined with the mechanical one coming from forced circulation allow to eliminate and emulsify most of the oils and greases present on the internal and external surface of radiators. • Acid deoxidisation: this stage eliminates the residual oxides, removes the damaging metals from the first layers of the metal and prepare it for the conversion treatment. • Conversion treatment: pre-treatment of radiators provides the basis for an excellent quality, but the conversion treatment is a fundamental point. In this stage the aluminium surface is converted into an inert film of aluminium oxide, chemically bound to the passivating product. Very strict checking parameters, such as the final ultra-filtered rinse, ensure an optimal treatment cycle and guarantee that no trace of salt is left over on treated radiators.
Results of pre-treatment Thanks to the exclusive chemical passivation of its surfaces, FARAL aluminium alloy radiator limits the formation of gas within the heating system. Gas formation rises from oxidation of all the metallic elements of the heating system such as heat exchangers of boilers; pipes; valves and wet radiator’s surfaces. The gases coming from the splitting of water plant thorough electrolysis accumulate right in the points, where water doesn’t run very fast: inside the radiators. Thanks to chemical passivation and metallic conversion of internal surfaces, Faral radiators are artificially aged, thus being already highly corrosion resistant from the very first time on they are installed. It is to be highlighted that, in Italy, the UNI 8065 standard requires the pre-treatment of heating plant water. The strict observance of this standard avoids gas formation and accumulation. Similar standards are effective in any other country and must be observed and applied considering all the materials that the plant is composed of. 7
Painting FARAL radiators are painted through a double deposition process followed by stoving of the used pigments. The first coat layer is applied by electrophoresis: the radiator is submerged in a tank where the paint is suspended in demineralised water. The paint is deposited on the whole radiator thanks to the effect of an ionising field created by D.C. electricity. The painting process continues by submerging the radiators into a sequence of three tanks: one for painting alone and the successive two for washing the radiators in demineralised water. After this coat deposition phase, the radiators are sent to the stove where polymerisation takes place at a temperature of 180째C for 35 minutes. At the stove exit a visual check is carried out on painting quality. After this check the radiators undergo the final painting process, achieved by electrostatic application of epoxy-polyester powders followed by stoving at a temperature of 180째C for 40 minutes. At the stove exit, the radiators are visually checked again before they are transferred to the packaging department. It is important to underline a number of aspects, which make this painting process so exclusive. From the production point of view, we wanted the characteristics of the finished radiator to be absolutely stable: the system guarantees that radiators spend the due time in any single processing station. If an electrical black-out or any other type of mechanical or electrical failure occurs, the control system continues to work even during the emergency and automatically moves the radiators away from the zone in which, for example, the paint might be burnt for too long, thus giving a final colour with a slightly different nuance. The absolutely constant results of pre-treatment play a major role too: they prepare the surface of radiators to receive the paint properly. Obviously this is all guaranteed by a UPS, which thanks to a specific programming software, provides the necessary power for emergency operations to be carried out automatically.
Health and safety of FARAL paints The paints used by FARAL on its radiators are certified harmless by their suppliers. The paint used during the electrophoresis process is acrylic and does not give off any substance when utilized. The mainly utilized solvent is demineralised water, which evaporates during stoving. In the event of fire (complete combustion of the organic part of the film of paint), only carbon dioxide and water vapour will be given off. The same is valid for the final coating. The utilized powder paints have a heavy metal content well below the limits stipulated for products used to paint toys, according to EN 71-3 standard. In the event of fire FARAL radiators will not give off toxic fumes or vapours. It is clear that a painting process carried out on industrial scale with specific products, is much safer, environment-friendly and healthy than painting by hand or on site, or even worse when radiators have already been installed, using products with in appropriate formulae or hazardous solvents. 8
Tables and technical data FARAL Tropical FARAL Etal FARAL Esse FARAL Trio FARAL Trio HP FARAL Tropical 80 FARAL Green FARAL Green HP FARAL Lineal 80 FARAL Alliance FARAL 140 FARAL Longo 80
9
FARAL Tropical A
D 35
C
45 50
10
B
Depth mm
Height mm
Centres mm
Length mm
Connection diameter inches
FARAL Tropical 800
95
880
800
80
1"
0,620
FARAL Tropical 700
95
780
700
80
1"
FARAL Tropical 600
95
680
600
80
FARAL Tropical 500
95
580
500
FARAL Tropical 350
95
430
350
A B C D
Model FARAL Tropical
Water content Weight liters/section Kg/section
Heat output EN442∆T= 50 K
Exponent n
2,110
182
1,38237
0,460
2,020
166
1,36182
1"
0,410
1,740
150
1,34353
80
1"
0,350
1,560
129
1,33973
80
1"
0,440
1,120
92,8
1,30461
• The maximum operating pressure is 600 kPa (6 bar) • The thermal outputs expressed at ∆T= 50 K comply with the European regulation EN 442-2
Tables for calculation of thermal outputs with different ∆T Thermal outputs data expressed in Watt. FARAL Tropical 800
1 watt = 0,860 Kcal/h FARAL Tropical 700
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
∆T
0
1
20
51,3
54,8
58,5
62,2
65,9
69,8
73,7
77,6
81,6
85,7
20
47,8
51,1
54,4
30
89,8
93,9
98,1
102
107
111
116
120
124
129
30
83,0
86,8
90,6
40
134
138
143
148
152
157
162
167
172
177
40
123
127
131
50
182
187
192
197
202
208
213
218
223
229
50
166
171
176
60
234
239
245
250
256
261
267
273
278
284
60
213
218
70
290
295
301
307
313
319
324
330
336
342
70
263
268
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
57,8
61,3
64,8
68,3
71,9
75,6
79,3
94,5
98,4
102
106
110
115
119
136
140
144
149
153
157
162
180
185
189
194
199
204
208
223
228
233
238
243
248
253
258
273
279
284
289
294
300
305
310
FARAL Tropical 500
FARAL Tropical 600 ∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
43,8
46,8
49,8
52,9
56,0
59,2
62,4
65,6
68,9
72,2
20
37,8
40,3
42,9
45,6
48,2
51,0
53,7
56,5
59,3
62,2
30
75,6
79,0
82,4
85,9
89,4
93,0
96,5
100
104
108
30
65,1
68,0
70,9
73,9
76,9
80,0
83,1
86,2
89,3
92,5
40
111
115
119
123
126
130
134
138
142
146
40
95,6
98,9
102
105
109
112
115
119
122
126
50
150
154
158
162
166
171
175
179
183
187
50
129
132
136
139
143
147
150
154
157
161
60
192
196
200
205
209
214
218
222
227
231
60
165
168
172
176
180
183
187
191
195
199
70
236
240
245
250
254
259
263
268
273
278
70
202
206
210
214
218
222
226
230
234
238
FARAL Tropical 350 ∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
28,1
29,9
31,8
33,7
35,6
37,6
39,5
41,5
43,5
45,6
30
47,6
49,7
51,8
53,9
56,1
58,3
60,4
62,6
64,8
67,1
40
69,3
71,6
73,9
76,2
78,5
80,9
83,2
85,6
88,0
90,4
50
92,8
95,2
97,6
100
103
105
108
110
113
115
60
118
120
123
125
128
131
133
136
139
141
70
144
147
149
152
155
157
160
163
166
168
11
FARAL Etal D
A 35
C
45 50
12
B
Depth mm
Height mm
Centres mm
Length mm
Connection diameter inches
FARAL Etal 800
95
880
800
80
1"
0,600
FARAL Etal 700
95
780
700
80
1"
FARAL Etal 600
95
680
600
80
FARAL Etal 500
95
580
500
FARAL Etal 350
95
430
350
A B C D
Model FARAL Etal
Water content Weight liters/section Kg/section
Heat output EN442∆T= 50 K
Exponent n
2,170
184
1,36642
0,450
2,000
166
1,36291
1"
0,410
1,730
148
1,35939
80
1"
0,350
1,480
130
1,35590
80
1"
0,440
1,120
92,7
1,30642
• The maximum operating pressure is 600 kPa (6 bar) • The thermal outputs expressed at ∆T= 50 K comply with the European regulation EN 442-2
Tables for calculation of thermal outputs with different ∆T Thermal outputs data expressed in Watt. FARAL Etal 800
1 watt = 0,860 Kcal/h FARAL Etal 700
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
52,5
56,1
59,8
63,5
67,3
71,2
75,1
79,1
83,1
87,2
20
47,6
50,8
54,2
57,5
61,0
64,5
68,0
71,6
75,2
78,9
30
91,3
95,5
99,7
104
108
113
117
122
126
131
30
82,6
86,4
90,2
94,1
98,0
102
106
110
114
118
40
135
140
145
149
154
159
164
169
174
179
40
122
127
131
135
139
144
148
152
157
161
50
184
189
194
199
204
209
214
219
225
230
50
166
170
175
180
184
189
193
198
203
208
60
235
241
246
252
257
263
268
274
279
285
60
213
217
222
227
232
237
242
247
252
257
70
291
296
302
308
314
319
325
331
337
343
70
262
267
273
278
283
288
293
299
304
309
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
FARAL Etal 500
FARAL Etal 600 ∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
∆T
0
1
2
20
42,6
45,5
48,5
51,5
54,6
57,7
60,8
64,0
67,3
70,6
20
37,5
40,1
42,7
45,4
48,1
50,8
53,6
56,4
59,2
62,1
30
73,9
77,3
80,7
84,1
87,6
91,1
94,7
98,3
102
106
30
65,1
68,0
71,0
74,0
77,1
80,2
83,3
86,5
89,6
92,9
40
109
113
117
121
124
128
132
136
140
144
40
96,1
99,4
103
106
109
113
116
120
123
127
50
148
152
156
160
164
168
173
177
181
185
50
130
134
137
141
144
148
152
155
159
163
60
190
194
198
203
207
211
216
220
225
229
60
167
170
174
178
182
186
189
193
197
201
70
234
238
243
248
252
257
262
266
271
276
70
205
209
213
217
221
225
229
234
238
242
FARAL Etal 350 ∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
28,0
29,8
31,7
33,6
35,5
37,5
39,5
41,4
43,5
45,5
30
47,6
49,6
51,7
53,9
56,0
58,2
60,4
62,6
64,8
67,0
40
69,3
71,5
73,8
76,1
78,4
80,8
83,1
85,5
87,9
90,3
50
92,7
95,1
97,6
100
103
105
107
110
113
115
60
118
120
123
125
128
131
133
136
139
141
70
144
147
149
152
155
157
160
163
166
169
13
FARAL Esse D
A 35
C
45 50
14
B
Model FARAL Esse
A B C D Depth mm
Height mm
Centres mm
Length mm
Connection diameter inches
Water content Weight liters/section Kg/section
Heat output EN442∆T= 50 K
Exponent n
• The maximum operating pressure is 1000 kPa (10 bar) • The thermal outputs expressed at ∆T= 50 K comply with the European regulation EN 442-2
Tables for calculation of thermal outputs with different ∆T Thermal outputs data expressed in Watt.
1 watt = 0,860 Kcal/h
15
FARAL Trio A
D 35
C
45 50
16
B
Depth mm
Height mm
Centres mm
Length mm
Connection diameter inches
FARAL Trio 800
95
880
800
80
1"
0,600
FARAL Trio 700
95
780
700
80
1"
FARAL Trio 600
95
680
600
80
FARAL Trio 500
95
580
500
FARAL Trio 350
95
430
350
A B C D
Model FARAL Trio
Water content Weight liters/section Kg/section
Heat output EN442∆T= 50 K
Exponent n
2,300
192
1,314
0,550
2,020
175 *
1,31 *
1"
0,490
1,740
156
1,306
80
1"
0,440
1,420
137
1,298
80
1"
0,450
1,010
98
1,282
Thermal output tests in course
• The maximum operating pressure is 1000 kPa (10 bar) • The above thermal outputs expressed at ∆T = 50 K comply with European regulation EN 442-2
Tables for calculation of thermal outputs with different ∆T Thermal outputs data expressed in Watt.
1 watt = 0,860 Kcal/h FARAL Trio 700
FARAL Trio 800 ∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
57,6
61,4
65,3
69,2
73,2
77,2
81,3
85,4
89,6
93,8
20
52,7
56,2
59,7
63,3
66,9
70,6
74,3
78,1
81,9
85,7
30
98,1
102
107
111
116
120
125
129
134
139
30
89,6
93,6
97,5
102
106
110
114
118
122
126
40
143
148
153
157
162
167
172
177
182
187
40
131
135
139
144
148
152
157
161
166
170
50
192
197
202
207
212
218
223
228
233
239
50
175
180
184
189
194
198
203
208
213
217
60
244
249
255
260
266
271
277
282
288
293
60
222
227
232
237
242
247
252
257
262
267
70
299
304
310
316
321
327
333
339
344
350
70
272
277
282
287
292
298
303
308
313
319
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
∆T
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
FARAL Trio 500
FARAL Trio 600 ∆T
0
1
0
1
20
47,1
50,2
53,4
56,6
59,8
63,1
66,4
69,8
73,1
76,6
20
41,7
44,5
47,2
50,0
52,9
55,7
58,6
61,6
64,6
67,6
30
80,0
83,5
87,1
90,7
94,3
97,9
102
105
109
113
30
70,6
73,7
76,8
79,9
83,1
86,2
89,5
92,7
96,0
99,2 133
40
117
120
124
128
132
136
140
144
148
152
40
103
106
109
113
116
119
123
126
130
50
156
160
164
168
172
177
181
185
189
194
50
137
141
144
148
151
155
159
162
166
170
60
198
202
207
211
215
220
224
229
233
238
60
174
177
181
185
189
193
196
200
204
208
70
242
247
251
256
260
265
270
274
279
284
70
212
216
220
224
228
232
236
240
244
248
FARAL Trio 350 ∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
30,2
32,2
34,1
36,1
38,2
40,2
42,3
44,4
46,5
48,6
30
50,8
53,0
55,2
57,4
59,6
61,9
64,2
66,5
68,8
71,1
40
73,5
75,8
78,2
80,6
83,0
85,4
87,9
90,3
92,8
95,3
50
97,8
100
103
105
108
111
113
116
118
121
60
124
126
129
132
134
137
140
142
145
148
70
151
153
156
159
162
164
167
170
173
176
17
FARAL Trio HP A
D 35
C
45 50
18
B
Depth mm
Height mm
Centres mm
Length mm
Connection diameter inches
FARAL Trio HP 500
95
580
500
80
1"
0,440
FARAL Trio HP 350
95
430
350
80
1"
0,450
A B C D
Model FARAL Trio HP
Water content Weight liters/section Kg/section
Heat output EN442∆T= 50 K
Exponent n
1,420
137
1,298
1,010
98
1,282
• The maximum operating pressure is 1600 kPa (16 bar) • The above thermal outputs expressed at ∆T = 50 K comply with European regulation EN 442-2 • The testing pressure is 2400 kPa (24 bar)
Tables for calculation of thermal outputs with different ∆T Thermal outputs data expressed in Watt.
1 watt = 0,860 Kcal/h FARAL Trio HP 350
FARAL Trio HP 500 ∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
41,7
44,5
47,2
50,0
52,9
55,7
58,6
61,6
64,6
67,6
20
30,2
32,2
34,1
36,1
38,2
40,2
42,3
44,4
46,5
48,6
30
70,6
73,7
76,8
79,9
83,1
86,2
89,5
92,7
96,0
99,2
30
50,8
53,0
55,2
57,4
59,6
61,9
64,2
66,5
68,8
71,1
40
103
106
109
113
116
119
123
126
130
133
40
73,5
75,8
78,2
80,6
83,0
85,4
87,9
90,3
92,8
95,3
50
137
141
144
148
151
155
159
162
166
170
50
97,8
100
103
105
108
111
113
116
118
121
60
174
177
181
185
189
193
196
200
204
208
60
124
126
129
132
134
137
140
142
145
148
70
212
216
220
224
228
232
236
240
244
248
70
151
153
156
159
162
164
167
170
173
176
19
FARAL Tropical 80 A
D 35
C
45
20
B
Model FARAL Tropical 80
A B C D Depth mm
Height mm
Centres mm
Length mm
Connection diameter inches
Water content Weight liters/section Kg/section
Heat output EN442∆T= 50 K
Exponent n
• The maximum operating pressure is 1000 kPa (10 bar) • The thermal outputs expressed a t∆T= 50 K comply with the European regulation EN 442-2
Tables for calculation of thermal outputs with different ∆T Thermal outputs data expressed in Watt.
1 watt = 0,860 Kcal/h
21
FARAL Green A
D 35
C
45
22
B
Depth mm
Height mm
Centres mm
Length mm
Connection diameter inches
FARAL Green 800
80
880
800
80
1"
0,470
FARAL Green 700
80
780
700
80
1"
FARAL Green 600
80
680
600
80
FARAL Green 500
80
580
500
FARAL Green 350
80
430
350
A B C D
Model FARAL Green
Water content Weight liters/section Kg/section
Heat output EN442∆T= 50 K
Exponent n
2,030
164
1,36820
0,410
1,860
148
1,36225
1"
0,360
1,650
133
1,35051
80
1"
0,330
1,420
115
1,34494
80
1"
0,260
1,070
87,2
1,31901
• The maximum operating pressure is 1000 kPa (10 bar) • The thermal outputs expressed at ∆T= 50 K comply with the European regulation EN 442-2
Tables for calculation of thermal outputs with different ∆T Thermal outputs data expressed in Watt. FARAL Green 800
1 watt = 0,860 Kcal/h FARAL Green 700
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
46,7
49,9
53,2
56,5
59,9
63,4
66,9
70,4
74,0
77,6
20
42,6
45,5
48,5
51,5
54,6
57,7
60,9
64,1
67,3
70,6
30
81,3
85,1
88,8
92,7
96,5
100
104
108
112
116
30
73,9
77,3
80,7
84,2
87,7
91,2
94,8
98,4
102
106
40
121
125
129
133
137
142
146
150
155
159
40
109
113
117
121
125
128
132
136
140
144
50
164
168
173
177
182
186
191
196
200
205
50
148
152
156
161
165
169
173
177
182
186
60
210
215
220
224
229
234
239
244
249
254
60
190
194
199
203
208
212
216
221
225
230
70
259
264
269
275
280
285
290
295
301
306
70
235
239
244
248
253
258
262
267
272
277
FARAL Green 600 ∆T
0
1
FARAL Green 500 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
38,5
41,1
43,7
46,5
49,2
52,0
54,8
57,7
60,6
63,5
20
33,4
35,7
38,0
40,4
42,7
45,2
47,6
50,1
52,6
55,1
30
66,5
69,5
72,6
75,6
78,8
81,9
85,1
88
91,5
94,8
30
57,7
60,3
62,9
65,6
68,3
71,0
73,7
76,5
79,3
82,1
40
98,1
101
105
108
112
115
118
122
125
129
40
85,0
87,8
90,7
93,6
96,6
99,5
103
106
109
112
50
133
136
140
143
147
151
155
158
162
166
50
115
118
121
124
127
130
134
137
140
143
60
170
173
177
181
185
189
193
197
201
205
60
147
150
153
157
160
163
167
170
173
177
70
209
213
217
221
225
229
233
238
242
246
70
180
184
187
191
194
198
201
205
209
212
FARAL Green 350 ∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
26,0
27,8
29,5
31,3
33,1
35,0
36,8
38,7
40,6
42,5
30
44,5
46,4
48,4
50,4
52,4
54,5
56,6
58,6
60,7
62,9
40
65,0
67,1
69,3
71,5
73,7
75,9
78,1
80,4
82,7
84,9
50
87,2
89,5
91,9
94,2
96,5
98,9
101
104
106
109
60
111
113
116
118
121
123
126
128
131
133
70
136
139
141
144
146
149
152
154
157
159
23
FARAL Green HP A
D 35
C
45
24
B
Depth mm
Height mm
Centres mm
Length mm
Connection diameter inches
FARAL Green HP 500
80
580
500
80
1"
0,330
FARAL Green HP 350
80
430
350
80
1"
0,260
A B C D
Model FARAL Green HP
Water content Weight liters/section Kg/section
Heat output EN442∆T= 50 K
Exponent n
1,420
115
1,345
1,070
87,2
1,319
• The maximum operating pressure is 1600 kPa (16 bar) • The above thermal outputs expressed at ∆T = 50 K comply with European regulation EN 442-2 • The testing pressure is 2400 kPa (24 bar)
Tables for calculation of thermal outputs with different ∆T Thermal outputs data expressed in Watt. FARAL Green HP 500
1 watt = 0,860 Kcal/h FARAL Green HP 350
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
33,5
35,8
38,1
40,5
42,9
45,3
47,7
50,2
52,7
55,3
20
26,0
27,8
29,5
31,3
33,1
35,0
36,8
38,7
40,6
42,5
30
57,9
60,5
63,1
65,8
68,5
71,2
73,9
76,7
79,5
82,3
30
44,5
46,4
48,4
50,4
52,4
54,5
56,5
58,6
60,7
62,8
40
85
88
91
94
97
100
103
106
109
112
40
65,0
67,1
69,3
71,5
73,7
75,9
78,1
80,4
82,6
84,9
50
115
118
121
124
128
131
134
137
140
144
50
87,2
90
92
94
97
99
101
104
106
108
60
147
150
154
157
160
164
167
170
174
177
60
111
113
116
118
121
123
126
128
131
133
70
181
184
188
191
195
198
202
206
209
213
70
136
138
141
144
146
149
151
154
157
159
25
FARAL Lineal 80 D
A 35
C
45
26
B
Depth mm
Height mm
Centres mm
Length mm
Connection diameter inches
FARAL Lineal 80 800
80
880
800
80
1"
0,470
FARAL Lineal 80 700
80
780
700
80
1"
FARAL Lineal 80 600
80
680
600
80
FARAL Lineal 80 500
80
580
500
FARAL Lineal 80 350
80
430
350
A B C D
Model FARAL Lineal 80
Water content Weight liters/section Kg/section
Heat output EN442∆T= 50 K
Exponent n
2,040
164
1,35192
0,420
1,840
149
1,35584
1"
0,380
1,640
133
1,33232
80
1"
0,320
1,440
118
1,33671
80
1"
0,260
1,050
88,8
1,30293
• The maximum operating pressure is 1000 kPa (10 bar) • The thermal outputs expressed at ∆T= 50 K comply with the European regulation EN 442-2
Tables for calculation of thermal outputs with different ∆T Thermal outputs data expressed in Watt. FARAL Lineal 80 800
1 watt = 0,860 Kcal/h FARAL Lineal 80 700
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
47,5
50,7
54,0
57,3
60,7
64,2
67,7
71,2
74,8
78,5
20
43,0
45,9
48,9
52,0
55,0
58,2
61,4
64,6
67,8
71,1
30
82,1
85,9
89,6
93,4
97,3
101
105
109
113
117
30
74,5
77,9
81,3
84,8
88,3
91,8
95,4
99,0
103
106
40
121
125
129
134
138
142
146
151
155
159
40
110
114
118
121
125
129
133
137
141
145
50
164
168
173
177
182
186
191
196
200
205
50
149
153
157
161
165
169
174
178
182
186
60
210
214
219
224
229
234
238
243
248
253
60
191
195
199
204
208
213
217
221
226
230
70
258
263
268
273
278
283
289
294
299
304
70
235
240
244
249
253
258
263
267
272
277
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
FARAL Lineal 80 600 ∆T
0
1
FARAL Lineal 80 500 ∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
39,2
41,9
44,5
47,3
50,0
52,8
55,7
58,5
61,4
64,4
20
34,5
36,9
39,2
41,6
44,1
46,5
49,0
51,6
54,1
56,7
30
67,3
70,3
73,4
76,5
79,6
82,7
85,9
89,0
92,3
95,5
30
59,4
62,0
64,7
67,4
70,2
73,0
75,8
78,6
81,4
84,3
40
98,8
102
105
109
112
116
119
122
126
129
40
87,2
90,2
93,1
96,1
99,1
102
105
108
111
114
50
133
137
140
144
147
151
155
158
162
166
50
118
121
124
127
130
134
137
140
143
147
60
170
173
177
181
185
189
193
196
200
204
60
150
153
157
160
163
167
170
174
177
181
70
208
212
216
220
224
228
232
236
241
245
70
184
188
191
195
199
202
206
209
213
217
FARAL Lineal 80 350 ∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
26,9
28,7
30,5
32,3
34,1
36,0
37,9
39,8
41,7
43,7
30
45,7
47,7
49,7
51,7
53,8
55,8
57,9
60,0
62,1
64,3
40
66,4
68,6
70,8
73,0
75,2
77,4
79,7
81,9
84,2
86,5
50
88,8
91,1
93,5
95,8
98,2
101
103
105
108
110
60
113
115
118
120
123
125
128
130
133
135
70
138
140
143
145
148
151
153
156
159
161
27
FARAL Alliance D
A 35
C
45
28
B
Depth mm
Height mm
Centres mm
Length mm
Connection diameter inches
FARAL Alliance 800
80
880
800
80
1"
0,450
FARAL Alliance 700
80
780
700
80
1"
FARAL Alliance 600
80
680
600
80
FARAL Alliance 500
80
580
500
FARAL Alliance 350
80
430
350
A B C D
Model FARAL Alliance
Water content Weight liters/section Kg/section
Heat output EN442∆T= 50 K
Exponent n
2,040
160
1,36471
0,400
1,840
145
1,35762
1"
0,350
1,640
130
1,33882
80
1"
0,300
1,440
112
1,33491
80
1"
0,210
1,050
84,7
1,31621
• The maximum operating pressure is 1000 kPa (10 bar) • The thermal outputs expressed at ∆T= 50 K comply with the European regulation EN 442-2
Tables for calculation of thermal outputs with different ∆T Thermal outputs data expressed in Watt. FARAL Alliance 800
1 watt = 0,860 Kcal/h FARAL Alliance 700
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
45,7
48,9
52,1
55,4
58,7
62,0
65,4
68,9
72,4
75,9
20
41,9
44,8
47,7
50,6
53,7
56,7
59,8
63,0
66,1
69,4
30
79,5
83,2
86,9
90,6
94,4
98,2
102
106
110
114
30
72,6
75,9
79,3
82,7
86,1
89,6
93,0
96,6
100
104
40
118
122
126
130
134
138
143
147
151
155
40
107
111
115
118
122
126
130
134
137
141
50
160
164
169
173
177
182
186
191
196
200
50
145
149
153
157
161
165
170
174
178
182
60
205
210
214
219
224
228
233
238
243
248
60
186
190
195
199
203
208
212
216
221
225
70
253
258
263
268
273
278
283
288
293
298
70
229
234
238
243
247
252
257
261
266
270
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
FARAL Alliance 600 ∆T
0
1
FARAL Alliance 500 ∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
38,2
40,8
43,5
46,1
48,8
51,6
54,3
57,2
60,0
62,9
20
32,9
35,1
37,4
39,6
42,0
44,3
46,7
49,1
51,5
54,0
30
65,8
68,8
71,8
74,8
77,8
80,9
84,0
87,2
90,3
93,5
30
56,5
59,0
61,6
64,2
66,8
69,4
72,1
74,8
77,5
80,2
40
96,7
100
103
107
110
113
117
120
123
127
40
83,0
85,7
88,6
91,4
94,2
97,1
100
103
106
109
50
130
134
137
141
145
148
152
155
159
163
50
112
115
118
121
124
127
130
133
136
139
60
166
170
174
178
182
185
189
193
197
201
60
143
146
149
152
155
159
162
165
168
172
70
205
209
213
216
220
224
228
232
237
241
70
175
178
182
185
189
192
195
199
202
206
FARAL Alliance 350 ∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
25,4
27,0
28,7
30,5
32,2
34,0
35,8
37,6
39,5
41,4
30
43,2
45,1
47,1
49,0
51,0
53,0
55,0
57,0
59,0
61,1
40
63,1
65,2
67,3
69,5
71,6
73,7
75,9
78,1
80,3
82,5
50
84,7
86,9
89,2
91,5
93,7
96,0
98,3
101
103
105
60
108
110
112
115
117
120
122
125
127
129
70
132
134
137
139
142
144
147
150
152
155
29
FARAL 140
A
D 35
C B
45
30
Depth mm
Height mm
Centres mm
Length mm
Connection diameter inches
140
280
200
80
1"
A B C D
Model FARAL 140 FARAL 200/140
Water content Weight liters/section Kg/section 0,300
Heat output EN442∆T= 50 K
Exponent n
74,0
1,27368
1,100
• The maximum operating pressure is 600 kPa (6 bar) • The thermal outputs expressed at ∆T= 50 K comply with the European regulation EN 442-2
Tables for calculation of thermal outputs with different ∆T Thermal outputs data expressed in Watt.
1 watt = 0,860 Kcal/h
FARAL 200/140 ∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
23,0
24,5
26,0
27,5
29,1
30,6
32,2
33,8
35,4
37,0
30
38,6
40,2
41,9
43,6
45,3
47,0
48,7
50,4
52,2
53,9
40
55,7
57,5
59,3
61,1
62,9
64,7
66,5
68,4
70,2
72,1
50
74,0
75,9
77,8
79,7
81,6
83,5
85,5
87,4
89,4
91,4
60
93,3
95,3
97,3
99,3
101
103
105
107
109
112
70
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
31
FARAL Longo 80 A
D 21
C
21
32
B
Depth mm
Height mm
Centres mm
Length mm
Connection diameter inches
FARAL Longo 80 2000
80
2042
2000
80
1"
0,750
FARAL Longo 80 1800
80
1842
1800
80
1"
FARAL Longo 80 1600
80
1642
1600
80
FARAL Longo 80 1400
80
1442
1400
FARAL Longo 80 1200
80
1242
FARAL Longo 80 1000
80
1042
A B C D
Model FARAL Longo 80
Water content Weight liters/section Kg/section
Heat output EN442∆T= 50 K
Exponent n
2,67
293
1,349
0,680
2,44
271
1,350
1"
0,620
2,20
248
1,350
80
1"
0,550
1,97
224
1,350
1200
80
1"
0,490
1,74
200
1,351
1000
80
1"
0,430
1,50
174
1,351
• The maximum operating pressure is 600 kPa (6 bar) • The thermal outputs expressed at ∆T= 50 K comply with the European regulation EN 442-2
Tables for calculation of thermal outputs with different ∆T Thermal outputs data expressed in Watt. FARAL Longo 80 2000
1 watt = 0,860 Kcal/h FARAL Longo 80 1800
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
85,1
90,9
96,8
103
109
115
121
128
134
141
20
78,6
84,0
89,4
94,9
101
106
112
118
124
130
30
147
154
160
167
174
181
188
195
202
210
30
136
142
148
155
161
167
174
180
187
194
40
217
224
232
239
247
254
262
270
277
285
40
200
207
214
221
228
235
242
249
256
263
50
293
301
309
317
325
333
341
350
358
366
50
271
278
285
293
300
308
315
323
331
338
60
375
383
392
400
409
417
426
435
444
452
60
346
354
362
370
378
386
394
402
410
418
70
461
470
479
488
497
506
515
525
534
543
70
426
435
443
451
460
468
476
485
493
502
FARALLongo 80 1600
FARAL Longo 80 1400
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
71,9
76,8
81,8
86,9
92,0
97,2
103
108
113
30
124
130
136
141
147
153
159
165
171
119
20
65,1
69,5
74,0
78,6
83,2
87,9
92,7
97,6
102
107
177
30
113
118
123
128
113
139
144
149
155
160
40
183
190
196
202
209
215
221
228
235
241
40
166
172
177
183
189
195
200
206
212
218
50
248
255
261
268
275
282
289
296
303
310
50
224
230
236
243
249
255
261
268
274
280
60
317
324
331
339
346
353
361
368
375
383
60
287
293
300
306
313
320
326
333
340
346
70
390
398
405
413
421
428
436
444
452
460
70
353
360
367
374
381
388
395
402
409
416
FARAL Longo 80 1000
FARAL Longo 80 1200 ∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
∆T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
58,0
61,9
65,9
70,0
74,1
78,4
82,6
86,9
91,3
95,7
20
50,4
53,9
57,4
60,9
64,5
68,2
71,9
75,7
79,5
83,3
30
100
105
109
114
119
123
128
133
138
143
30
87,3
91,2
95,2
99,2
103
107
112
116
120
124
40
148
153
158
163
168
173
179
184
189
194
40
129
133
137
142
146
151
155
160
165
169
50
200
205
211
216
222
227
233
239
244
250
50
174
179
183
188
193
198
203
208
213
218
60
256
261
267
273
279
285
291
297
303
309
60
223
228
233
238
243
248
253
258
264
269
70
315
321
327
333
339
346
352
358
364
371
70
274
279
285
290
296
301
306
312
317
323
33
FARAL Longo 80 Specific technical information for Longo 80 • In case of connection 140 or 320 (pict. 1), 120 or 340 (pict. 2) no particular installation problems exist. • In case of connection 240 or 420 (pict. 3), it is necessary to insert the flow diverter present in the packing.
Picture 1
Picture 2
Picture 3
Picture 4
• In case of installation with one-pipe valve it is needed.
NOTICE LONGO 80 • Due to its particular assembling and painting process FARAL Longo 80 radiators cannot be disassembled, but further elements can be added by the use of nipples. • In case it is needed to assemble further elements to one radiator, original and suitable Faral nipples and gaskets must be used. The assembling must be carried out also by means of driving torque 100 Nm and thread-locking glue. • FARAL will not take any responsibility for radiators to which further elements have been assembled or disassembled by a third party.
34
Working conditions There is a distinct and strong tendency towards the reduction in the working temperature of the heating emitters that it is being developed in the world of the heating equipment. The decrease of the average working temperature of the heating emitters is positive in terms of both energy saving and thermal comfort in any environment. In the past, the radiators used to me measured considering the water flow temperature of 90°C and the return temperature of 70°C which produces an average temperature of 80°C; assuming that the room temperature is 20°C, the ∆T is 60K (Kelvin degrees), which corresponds to the difference between the average temperature of the radiator and the room one of 60°C Nowadays and in the future, such temperatures can and must be lowered. The regulation EN 442 provides for a ∆T equal to 50K, whereas in some countries the average working temperature equal to 50°C is gaining ground which corresponds a ∆T of 30K. The low temperature heating systems allow a better hygiene of the warmed rooms. The heating emitter working in the winter season when the rooms are less ventilated than in the summer, affects in a considerable and complicated way the healthiness of the rooms in which it is installed. Because of the convection currents the radiator generates, a consequent movement of all the substances normally suspended in the air is caused in our domestic and working environment. The main substances are powders, environmental dust, pollen, bacteria, fibres from fabrics and curtains, and dandruff of animal and human origin. When the convective currents move at high speeds these substances are dragged from the surfaces on which they are normally deposited and circulate in the room, causing phenomena such as irritation of the respiratory tracts and allergies as well as the not to mention the dirty on the wall behind the radiator. The best way of limiting the scale of these phenomena is to reduce the average temperature of the radiator. This solution also offers very large advantages in terms of stratification of the temperatures, a rise in the general sensation of comfort, and a decrease in the carbonisation of suspended organic matter (black "streaks" on the wall behind the radiator). The ideal method to size heating emitters provides for the following: • To limit the cold air coming down from the windowpanes and running down on the floor towards the lower extremities of the occupants, the radiators must have the same size of the window; • In order to limit the heat losses by irradiation towards the outside, as in the case of windowpanes right behind the heating emitter, an insulating panel between the radiator and the windowpane is absolutely recommended; 35
• Particularly low working temperatures must be chosen so that all the heating system components perform at best. This is necessary in order to take advantage of the newest and technically advanced heat generators, developed for low temperature and condensation. Moreover the calculation of seasonal heat requirement, which should be carried out by every heating system design engineer, allows to enhance the total seasonal efficiency of every kind of heating system. The choice of a bigger heating emitter working at lower temperatures is widely justified by a lower recovery time, that is much shorter than the average life of heating emitters.
Temperature
T intake
T outlet
∆Τ
Thermal output %
Very high
90
70
60
127%
High
75
65
50
100%
Medium
56
55
40
75%
Low
55
45
30
51%
Very low
50
40
25
41%
The Heating system total efficiency Every heating system has its own system efficiency. The heating system efficiency is defined according to the part of energy contained in the fuel which is effectively transferred to the environment to be heated. The remaining part of energy get lost and disperse due to inefficiencies of the heating system or its components. The heating system total efficiency is traditionally expressed through the following formula:
ηtot = ηprod · ηdistr · ηemiss · ηreg legend: ηtot ηprod ηdistr ηemiss ηreg
total heating system efficiency production efficiency distribution efficiency emitters’ efficiency regulation efficiency
Actually all the four efficiencies depend on the heating system working temperature. At this point it is interesting to express the total heating system efficiency with a different formula: ηtot = f (components, typology, capacity…) + f (heating system average temperature) 1 2 36
If we look at the graph expressing the tendency of f2, we clearly notice how important is to keep the average working temperature of a heating system low. This is achieved by projecting the heating emitters for use at low temperatures.
1,000 0,900 0,800 0,700 0,600 0,500 0,400 0,300 0,200 0,100 0,000 40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
Average Temperature
37
Sizing the heating emitters The radiator is the end point of the heating system or the component representing the interface between the heating system and the environment to be heated. The radiator is passed through by hot water produced by a boiler and then sent to the heating system by means of a circulating pump that must have the right capacity and the right head. After calculating the heat losses through walls, assessing the need for ventilation and estimating any free heat inputs, the system design engineer must calculate the amount of heat which must be supplied in the unit of time in order to maintain the temperature of a room at the required level. The size of the radiator will be decided by ensuring that its effective thermal output is equal to the heat required in the room:
Q = Peff Legend: Q Peff
heat required in the room effective thermal output of the radiator
As far as pre-assembled or full radiators are concerned, once the effective thermal output has been calculated, the system design engineer can size the heating emitter by choosing in a catalogue the radiator model, whose thermal output is more similar to the calculated one. In case of modular radiators, the necessary number of sections to be assembled together can be simply found by dividing the heat requirement of the room by the effective thermal output of the single section. For this reason, in case of modular radiators, only this simple equation is necessary: Q : Peff per section = number of sections to be assembled
Correct sizing of the radiator
38
Wrong sizing of the radiator
Calculation of the effective thermal output of heating emitters Once the heat requirement of a room is known, the intake and outlet temperatures are fixed. These information determine also the hot water supply to the heating emitter, according to the following equation:
m = Q / ( c · (t1 - t2 )) legend: m Q t1 t2 c
hot water flow into circulation heat requirement of the environment water intake temperature water outlet temperature maximum thermal capacity of water
The effective thermal output of the heating emitter depends on t1 and t2. The calculation is to be carried out as follows: Legend: t1 t2 tm ta
water intake temperature water outlet temperature water average temperature inside the radiator room temperature
Equation: tm = ( t 1 + t 2 ) / 2 And ∆Teff = tm - ta
Two-pipe system
39
In case of radiators connected by a single pipe system each radiator works at a different average temperature and, as a consequence, at a different ∆Teff.
Single pipe system
If the ∆T is different from the nominal one it is necessary to consult the conversion charts or to calculate the effective output with the following equation:
Peff = PEN 442 · (∆Teff / 50)n Legend: n Peff PEN 442
characteristic exponent of heating emitters, experimentally calculated during certification tests for thermal output. effective thermal output nominal thermal output according to EN442
The EN 442-2 standard gives the same equation with a different formula:
Peff = KM · (∆Teff)n In this formula the characteristic coefficient of heating emitters KM is used. In addition to the nominal thermal output and the exponent, the tests’ results issued by the official laboratories contain also this value. Anyway the value KM can always be calculated starting from the data normally given on catalogues:
KM = PEN 442 / (50)n
40
Installation procedures Here below a brief outline of the operations required for the proper installation of a FARAL radiator is provided. • The use of original accessories (brackets, nipples, plugs, adapters, gaskets) is recommended • Never use hemp or similar products since the original gaskets are absolutely watertight • Original plugs and adapters are specially designed to be used in combination with the special gaskets supplied. • It is recommended to screw nipples, caps and reductions with the prescribed maximum torque values: • 100 Nm for nipples equipped with flat gaskets; • 30 ÷ 40 Nm for caps or reductions equipped with silicon O-ring gaskets The water flow rate of the radiator must comply with the nominal one, with a ± 50% tolerance. The radiators must be positioned in the right way - by means of the specially designed brackets - before the room receive the final plastering (only the wall behind the radiator must have been already plastered) and before the connections to the hot water distribution network are definitively fixed. The thermal output of the boiler must be proportioned to the thermal output of the installed radiators. By choosing the boiler or regulating the heat output it must be considered that the supplied thermal output cannot exceed the radiators’ output more than 25%. If aluminium radiators are installed, then a bracket or a floor mount support every 50 cm of radiator is recommended. Once the connections of the valve and outlet tap (or single pipe valve) have been fixed and tightened, the pipes can be built into or fixed to the wall. It is necessary to check the circuit to ensure it is watertight before plastering the pipes. To this purpose the circuit must be filled with cold water at the maximum rated pressure. During this check, the radiator must be cut off from the system by closing its valve and outlet tap so that it is protected against damages, scratches and dirt. After the watertight test of the distribution network, the radiator itself must be tested at its maximum working pressure. If the radiator is installed as part of a renovation project, the existing radiator and its brackets must be removed. After the new radiator has been installed on its own brackets, the connections can be repositioned to suit the size of the new unit. It is very important to mount the wall brackets exactly between two elements: the use of adjustable wall brackets is recommended, since they allow the recovery of 41
any small positioning error, saving a great deal of time during installation and maintenance. The radiator can be uninstalled again in order to finish the building works and to flush and clean the circuit. The radiator can be put back into its position and reconnected to the hot water distribution network only after all the building works are finished.
Washing and cleaning up the heating system When installation is complete, whether in a new system or in replacing old radiators, the system must be washed thoroughly before it is started. The pipes contain all the residues of welding, thread cutting and tapping. It is important to remove this dirt from the system, if possible before connecting the heating emitters and the boiler to the distribution network. To this purpose the system must be emptied after the watertight test and the distribution network should be washed. By single pipe system it is simply necessary to shut the valve and make the network water run through the pipes; by two-pipe system it is necessary to remove the radiator, connect the valve to the water outlet by means of a temporary pipe and then make water run. It is possible to carry out a simplified washing of the system – with radiators and heat generator already installed - by filling the system, running the circulating pump and then emptying the system again. To simplify this operation it is necessary to provide a drain tap of adequate diameter at the lowest point of the system, that can be removed once the system is washed. When each of the operations described above has been carried out at least twice, most of the dirt will have been removed from the system. If the radiators are installed in a system which has been working since a lot of years and needs a more drastic washing, it is necessary to clean up the distribution network with a specific product before installing the radiators.
Venting the heating system Before the system is started the present air must be vented from it. The quantity of air present in the system depends on various factors, above all the speed at which the system is filled, the height of the water inlet and the natural gas content of the water used. The first time a heating system is filled with water, it is commonly recommended to operate from a low point, as slowly as possible, venting air constantly from the highest points of the system. Once the system is brought to the normal working pressure with cold water, the circulating pump and the heat generator must be started until the maximum temperature is reached. After this, the pump must be stopped and, after some minutes, air must be vented again from the highest points of the system. The above described operation is much simpler if automatic vent valves 42
with floats are used, as they immediately remove all the gases accumulated in the high points. Obviously, after venting operations, the system must be brought back to its normal working pressure by opening the feeder tap slowly.
Installation and output efficiency The radiator transfers a quantity of heat equal to its nominal heat output to the room within the unit of time provided that: • It is installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions; • It is fed with hot water at its nominal flow rate; • The intake and outlet water temperatures comply with the reference standard.
Positioning the heating emitter The radiator generates convective currents which travel up along the wall where it is installed in. If not adequately controlled, these currents make the room temperature uneven. The fact is, hot air tends to rise towards the ceiling, while colder air tends to stratify in the areas closer to the floor where people normally spend their time. To avoid this unpleasant phenomena, the heating emitters must be correctly positioned. Radiators must be installed close to sources of cold air: on the outside wall, under windows or beside French windows. In this way, any cold air seeped in through poor seals, or simply cooled by contact with a windowpane will immediately be mixed with the air heated by the radiator. In practice, the cold air current generated by the window and the hot air current generated by the radiator meet in the zone between the radiator and the window. This leads to a reduction in the speed of the two currents, thus cancelling their negative effects and forming a single flow of moderately warm air which spreads evenly through the room. Moreover, installation on an outside wall also increases the average radiating temperature of this wall, thus creating a greater comfort with the same air temperature, without increasing energy consumption. Last but not least, condensate does not form on the window. For top performances, the radiators must be installed respecting the recommended clearances, which are valid for any type of heating emitter: • The distance between the floor and the bottom part of the radiator must not be under 10 cm; • The distance between the back part of the radiator and the wall against which it is positioned must be above 2 cm. • If there is an overhang above or beside the radiator (edge of a recess, shelves…) a clearance not under 10 cm must be left even if this is not envisaged by the European standards. 43
The clearances mentioned above must be respected also if radiator covers are installed, so that an adequate air circulation is allowed and convective movements are less obstructed. In order to respect the recommended clearances, also the final floor height must be known.
min 100 mm
min 100 mm
min 20 mm 12
35 min 100 mm
45
44
50 for depht 95 mm
45 for depht 95 mm
40 for depht 80 mm
40 for depht 80 mm
min 100 mm
Connectionstothedistributionnetwork In case of radiators composed by a number of elements, the position of the connections to the heating system distribution network may influence the effective radiator output. The nominal heat output tests are carried out on radiators connected with water intake at the top and water outlet at the bottom, both on the same side of the radiator. This layout is not always adopted in ordinary heating systems and the following connections may be preferred: 1) 2) 3) 4)
intake at the top and outlet at the bottom on the same side (TBSE); intake at the top and outlet at the bottom on the same side (TBOE); intake and outlet at the bottom (BOE); intake and outlet at the bottom on only one side of the radiator, with coaxi al flow valve Loss of output = 0%
Loss of output = 0%
Loss of output = 2-12%
Loss of output = 2-12%
Each of these options has its own advantages and disadvantages, which can be summarized as follows: 1) This type of connection is the one used for the thermal output test according to the EN 442-2 standard. This solution makes it possible to increase the number of elements for each radiator, even on second thought, after the first installation. If the radiator is particularly long, the loss in efficiency remains quite negligible (max. 12%). Moreover this type of connection, as for typology 2, the distance of the thermostatic valve from the floor is equal to the sum of the height of the radiator and 45
its floor clearance. For example, a radiator with centres 600 installed at 10/12 cm above the floor will have its eventual thermostatic valve at about 80 cm above the floor, thus measuring accurately the air temperature at the level where people normally stay (the standard EN 442 requires the temperature to be measured at 0,75 cm above the floor). 2) This type of connection is the one used for the thermal output test according to the fomer national standard. It is recommended in case of particularly long radiators. The loss of output is negligible compared to typology 1. 3) This type of connection is often used when the distribution network runs under the floor. Its main advantage is of aesthetic type while, like typology 2, it has no particular disadvantages from the technical point of view provided that it is not used for radiators having a number of elements assembled in vertical (the estimated loss of output is between 2-4% for short radiators, but rises up to 10-12% for very tall ones, without specific flow diverter). The only drawback is that if a thermostatic valve is used, , unless it is equipped with a remote sensor, this will be 15 cm above the floor and so the measured temperature will not indicate the real level of comfort of the room’s occupants. 4) The coaxial flow valve has begun to spread with the rise in popularity of single pipe systems, but coaxial flow valves for two-pipe systems are available on the market nowadays. These valves are easy to install and have a nice visual impact but combine the disadvantage of their position with the risk that the water doesn’t circulate through the radiator properly, particularly when the inner pipe is not long enough. In addition, seeing that sometimes one sole regulator device is present and acts on both intake and outlet flowrate, the shutting of the valve can make it happen that the radiator is completely cut off from the rest of the system and is consequently not protected against overpressures. A part from the reduction in heat output (difficult to be estimated but, in any case, at low percentage), we remind that the size of a heating emitter installed in a single pipe system must be calculated using the specific method, which considers the difference in effective temperature between the radiator and the room.
Thermal insulation of the back wall If possible radiators must be installed under windows or beside French windows. In addition to increased comfort in the room, this also gives advantages in terms of interior design, since the radiator is positioned on a part of the wall which would be in any case of little use for furnishings. The use of aluminium alloy radiators and heating emitters with minimum depth but same heat output allows installation under the window without impediments. 46
In order to minimize the heat losses it is necessary to reduce the heat that gets lost towards the back wall. These losses depend on the chosen water intake temperature. When the radiator is fed with water at high temperature the heat that gets lost towards the back wall by irradiation and convection becomes significant. If preventive measures are not taken, up to 10% of the heat output may get lost to the outdoors. Back walls with high thermal insulation; heat reflecting surfaces (padding with aluminium foil surface) and the use of window sills and shelves with insulating gaps allow the recovery of a large proportion of this otherwise lost 10% heat output.
Correct execution of the wall behind the radiator 47
Selling conditions and Guarantee The delivery of Faral radiators and of their accessories takes place according to the general selling and guarantee conditions listed below. Any change in the general selling conditions is subjected to the written acceptance from Faral S.p.A. The general selling, delivery and guarantee conditions are subjected to the Italian Law. Descriptions and indications in our catalogues and price lists are not binding: that is, prices and characteristics may be modified without notice. Regarding performances, dimensions and technical characteristics, Customers are invited to make sure that they are looking over the valid and current documentation. Orders The delivery of Radiators and of their accessories will be made according to our order confirmation. Our Customers are therefore kindly requested to check it always. Changes in orders Any change in an order must be communicated in writing to Faral S.p.A. within two days from the transmission of the order itself. Any change in an order could cause a delay in delivery. Cancellation of orders Cancellation of an order is subjected to the written agreement with Faral S.p.A. Incidental costs resulting from the cancellation will be at the Customer’s charge. Delivery The delivery of goods is at the receiver’s risk. He must verify in the presence of the hauler that the package is intact, that there is no damage, missing material or substitutions in the right moment when goods come to destination. Any damage or non-correspondence between transport documents and received material must be immediately notified to the hauler by signing with reservation the transport papers. The receiver must then confirm this reservation by means of a registered letter within three days from the receipt of the goods. Non-fulfilment of this clause frees the forwarding company from their responsibilities. The delivery can be insured against the risks of transport, if requested and at the Customer’s charge. The delivery conditions are ruled according to the INCOTERMS 2000. Complaints Complaints about the goods or apparent defects are taken into consideration only if they are notified in writing to Faral S.p.A. within three days from goods receipt or the manifestation of the defect. It must be clear that such goods were not altered from a third party. Package The kind of package will be the one that Faral S.p.A. considers the most suitable. It is included in the price of radiators and accessories and will not be taken back. Delivery time The delivery time is stated on our order confirmation. It coincides with the shipment day. Faral S.p.A engages to respect the delivery time, but cannot give absolute guarantees. Demands of indemnity for non-observance of delivery time will not be accepted. In case of force majeure (strikes, disturbances,...), Faral S.p.A will choose the solution to be adopted. Returns of goods We will not accept any returns of goods without our consent. 48
Drawings, dimensions and weights Drawings, dimensions and weights are indicative and Faral S.p.A. retains the right to modify them without notice. In any case, dimensions are subjected to the normal production tolerances, as established in the UNI EN 442-1 standard. The colour RAL 9010, as well as the other colours delivered on request, are subjected to the tolerances of the colorimetric co-ordinates. Guarantee The terms of guarantee on Faral products are: Die-cast aluminium radiators: 10 years guarantee; original accessories: 2 years guarantee. The guarantee will be applied according to the European standard 1999/44/CE until the end of the second year. From the end of the second year on, the guarantee is limited to the sole replacement of the defective elements; the guarantee is provided only if the instructions for use reported below are adhered to. The customer has to demonstrate the date of purchase or installation. FARAL radiators are heating emitters to be used exclusively in hot water heating systems with a maximum temperature of 110°C and a maximum working pressure as follows: Model FARAL Tropical
Working Pressure 6 bar 600 kPa
FARAL Esse FARAL Etal
10 bar 1000 kPa
16 bar 1600 kPa
X X X
FARAL Trio
X X
FARAL Trio HP FARAL Tropical 80
X
FARAL Green
X
FARAL Green HP
X
FARAL Lineal 80
X
FARAL Alliance
X
FARAL Longo 80
X
FARAL 140
X
Obvious limitations of use must be observed, such as protection from ice, installation on suitable brackets or floor mount supports, prohibition of using the radiator as a shelf, a seat, a staircase, etc… and normal precautions of domestic living in order to avoid harm to people caused by impact against the radiator and similar occurrences. Regarding the heating system to which the radiator is connected it is necessary to provide: • A correct earthing of the system and of its components including electric parts, in order to avoid electrocutions by touching the exposed parts of the system including the radiators; • A correct system temperature in order to avoid burns by touching the surface of radiators, especially in rooms for children, elderly people and handicapped people; • A correct setting and regulation of the working temperature; 49
• A water flow rate not above 200% and not under 25% in comparison to the nominal capacity; • A thermal output supplied by the boiler not above 25% in comparison to the thermal output of the radiator. The rules regulating the treatment of system water being in force in the country where radiators are installed (the specific ones referring to the material of the radiator) must be adhered to. The use of products for treating the system water not specifically prescribed by Faral as well as of anti-freeze products is on full responsibility of the installer and of the supplier of these products. For top performances, the normal connection conditions and the following clearances must be respected: • Distance from the wall: • Distance from the floor: • Distance from a possible shelf:
≥ 2 cm ≥ 10 cm ≥ 10 cm
The installation under shelves, in a niche or behind a radiator casing leads to a reduction of thermal output which is proportional to the kind of obstacle deviating the convective movements of air or blocking the emission of radiant heat. For periodic external cleaning of the radiator, no aggressive chemical products or abrasive material must be used, since a soft water-moistened cloth is sufficient. FARAL doesn’t give guarantees on non-original accessories (plugs, nipples, adapters, gaskets): do not use hemp or similar products since the original gaskets are absolutely watertight. The prescribed driving torques for accessories are the following: • 100 Nm for nipples equipped with flat gaskets; • 30 ÷ 40 Nm for caps or reductions equipped with silicon O-ring gaskets. Faral will not taken upon itself the responsibility for radiators assembled or disassembled by a third party; this is valid also for the mounting of plugs and adapters. Any risk caused by leaving parts of the package in places accessible to children who could swallow or be chocked by the packaging material must be avoided. Responsibility The responsibility of Faral S.p.A. is excluded unless it is caused by intention or serious negligence. For what is not explicitly cited, the national enforceable and current standards and laws are valid. The customer must in any case try to limit the proportion and the costs of any damage caused by defective products, for what is within his power. Specifically, regarding the responsibility for damages caused by defective products, the EEC 85/374 Guideline dated 24 July 1985 is applied, which became an Italian law through the D.P.R. No. 224 dated 24 May 1988. Competent court of Justice The competent court of Justice and execution place is in any case MODENA. FARAL S.p.A. reserves to itself the right to designate a different court. 50
Total or partial reproduction is forbidden. Concept: longa@studiolonga.it Layout: Cristian Testa Image processing: Hi Res Printing: Grafiche Bierre
longa@studiolonga.it 01-2007 3ACTIT1
Member of Zehnder Group Faral S.p.a. Via Ponte Alto, 40 41011 Campogalliano (MO) Italy www.faral.com
Tel. +39.059.8890711 Fax +39.059.527236 info@faral.com