The Diversity of Fishes: Biology Evolution and Ecology Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers
Subject : The Diversity of Fishes: Biology Evolution and Ecology Introduction 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
The science of ichthyology - Answer (click here) What is a fish? - Answer (click here) The diversity of fishes - Answer (click here) Superlative fishes - Answer (click here) A brief history of ichthyology - Answer (click here)
Systematic procedures 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Species - Answer (click here) Taxonomy versus systematics - Answer (click here) Approaches to classification - Answer (click here) Taxonomic characters - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here) Vertebrate classes - Answer (click here) Units of classification - The Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - Answer (click here) PhyloCode - Answer (click here) Name changes - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here) Collections - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
Skeleton skin and scales 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Skeleton of Fishes - Answer (click here) Neurocranium - Skeleton of Fishes - Answer (click here) Branchiocranium - Skeleton of Fishes - Answer (click here) Postcranial skeleton - Skeleton of Fishes - Answer (click here) Appendicular skeleton - Skeleton of Fishes - Answer (click here)
6. 7. 8.
Epidermis - Integumentary skeleton of Fishes - Answer (click here) Scales - Integumentary skeleton of Fishes - Answer (click here) Scale morphology in taxonomy and life history - Integumentary skeleton of Fishes - Answer (click here)
Soft anatomy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Muscles - Anatomy of Fishes - Answer (click here) Cardiovascular system of Fishes - Answer (click here) Alimentary canal of Fishes - Answer (click here) Gas bladder of Fishes - Answer (click here) Kidneys of Fishes - Answer (click here) Gonads of Fishes - Answer (click here) Nervous system of Fishes - Answer (click here)
Oxygen metabolism and energetics 1. 2. 3.
Respiration and ventilation of Fishes - Answer (click here) Water as arespiratory environment - Respiration and ventilation of Fishes - Answer (click here) Aquatic breathing - Respiration and ventilation of Fishes - Answer (click here)
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Air-breathing fishes - Answer (click here) Gas transport of Fishes - Answer (click here) Metabolic rate of Fishes - Answer (click here) Swimming of Fishes - Answer (click here) Buoyancy regulation of Fishes - Answer (click here) Energy intake of Fishes - Answer (click here) Bioenergetics models of Fishes - Answer (click here)
Sensory systems 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Mechanoreception - Fishes - Answer (click here) Lateral line system - Fishes - Answer (click here) Equilibrium and balance - Fishes - Answer (click here) Hearing in fishes - Answer (click here) Electroreception - Fishes - Answer (click here) Electroreceptors - Fishes - Answer (click here) Electrical communication - Fishes - Answer (click here) Electrical attack and defense - Fishes - Answer (click here) Vision - Fishes - Answer (click here) Visual adaptations for special habitats - Fishes - Answer (click here)
11. 12.
Chemoreception - Fishes - Answer (click here) Magnetic reception - Fishes - Answer (click here)
Homeostasis 1. 2. 3.
Coordination and control of regulation - Fishes - Answer (click here) Temperature relationships - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here) Coping with temperature fluctuation - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
4. 5.
Heterothermic fishes - Answer (click here) Coping with temperature extremes - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
6. 7.
Thermal preference - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here) Osmoregulation, excretion, ion and pH balance - Fishes: Homeostasis Answer (click here)
8. 9.
Osmoregulation in different types of fishes - Answer (click here) Control of osmoregulation and excretion - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
10. 11. 12. 13.
pH balance - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here) The immune system of Fishes - Answer (click here) Stress - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here) Indicators of stress - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
Functional morphology of locomotion and feeding 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Locomotion: movement and shape - Fishes - Answer (click here) Locomotory types - Fishes - Answer (click here) Specialized locomotion - Fishes - Answer (click here) Swimming in sharks: the alternative approach - Fishes - Answer (click here) Feeding: biting, sucking,chewing, and swallowing - Fishes - Answer (click here)
6. 7. 8. 9.
Jaw protrusion: the great leap forward - Fishes - Answer (click here) Pharyngeal jaws - Fishes - Answer (click here) Dentition - Fishes - Answer (click here) Mouth position and function - Fishes - Answer (click here)
Early life history 1. 2. 3. 4.
Complex life cycles and indeterminate growth - Fishes - Answer (click here) Early life history:terminology - Fishes - Answer (click here) Gametogenesis - Eggs and sperm of Fishes - Answer (click here) Fertilization - Eggs and sperm of Fishes - Answer (click here)
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Embryology - Fishes - Answer (click here) Meristic variation - Fishes - Answer (click here) Larvae - Fishes - Answer (click here) Larval feeding and survival - Fishes - Answer (click here) Larval behavior and physiology - Answer (click here) Larval morphology and taxonomy - Answer (click here) Getting from here to there: larval transport mechanisms - Answer (click here)
Juveniles adults age and growth 1. 2. 3. 4.
Juveniles - Answer (click here) Transitions and transitional stages - Juveniles - Answer (click here) Complex transitions: smoltificationin salmon, metamorphosis in flatfish - Answer (click here) Determination, differentiation, and maturation - Adults Adults - Answer (click here)
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Maturation and longevity - Adults Fishes - Answer (click here) Death and senescence - Adults Fishes - Answer (click here) Age - Fishes - Answer (click here) Growth - Fishes - Answer (click here) Body size, scaling, and allometry - Fishes - Answer (click here) Ontogenetic differences within species - Fishes - Answer (click here) Evolution via adjustments in development: heterochrony, paedomorphosis, and neoteny - Fishes - Answer (click here)
A history of fishes 1. 2. 3.
A history of fishes - Answer (click here) Jawless fishes - A history of fishes - Answer (click here) Subphylum Craniata, Infraphylum Vertebrata - A history of fishes Answer (click here)
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Later evolution of primitive agnathous fishes - Answer (click here) Gnathostomes: early jawed fishes - Answer (click here) Class Placodermi - Gnathostomes: early jawed fishes - Answer (click here) Advanced jawed fishes I: teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here) Class Acanthodii - Advanced jawed fishes I: teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here) Class Sarcopterygii - Advanced jawed fishes I: teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here) Tetrapodamorphs: tetrapod ancestors - Advanced jawed fishes : teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here)
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
Class Actinopterygii - Advanced jawed fishes : teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here) Subclass Cladistia - Class Actinopterygii, Advanced jawed fishes : teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here) Subclass Chondrostei - Class Actinopterygii, Advanced jawed fishes : teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here) Subclass Neopterygii - Class Actinopterygii, Advanced jawed fishes : teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here) Division Teleostei - Class Actinopterygii, Advanced jawed fishes : teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here) Trends during teleostean phylogeny - Answer (click here) Advanced jawed fishes II: Chondrichthyes - Answer (click here) Subclass Elasmobranchii - Advanced jawed fishes: Chondrichthyes Answer (click here)
19.
Subclass Holocephali - Advanced jawed fishes: Chondrichthyes - Answer (click here)
20.
A history of fishes: summary and overview - Answer (click here)
Chondrichthyes sharks skates rays and chimaeras 1. 2.
Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here) Modern neoselachian diversity - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here)
3. 4. 5.
Body size - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here) Habitats - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here) Movement and home ranges - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here)
6. 7. 8. 9.
Metabolism and growth rate: life in the slow lane - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here) Feeding habits - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here) Sensory physiology - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here) Reproduction and development - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here)
10. 11.
Shark conservation - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here) Chimaeras - Subclass Holocephali - Answer (click here)
Living representatives of primitive fishes 1. 2.
Amphioxiforms - Jawless fishes - Answer (click here) Hagfishes and lampreys: evolutionary relationships - Jawless fishes Answer (click here)
3.
Myxiniforms - Jawless fishes - Answer (click here)
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Petromyzontiforms - Jawless fishes - Answer (click here) Subclass Coelacanthimorpha: the living coelacanths - Primitive bony fishes - Answer (click here) The living coelacanths, at least for now - Answer (click here) Subclass Dipnoi, Order Ceratodontiformes: the lungfishes - Primitive bony fishes - Answer (click here) Class Actinopterygii, Subclass Cladistia: bichirs and Reedfish Primitive bony fishes - Answer (click here) Cladistian autapomorphic and synapomorphic traits - Answer (click here) Class Actinopterygii, Subclass Chondrostei, Order Acipenseriformes: sturgeons and paddlefishes - Answer (click here) Acipenseridae - Class Actinopterygii, Subclass Chondrostei, Order Acipenseriformes: sturgeons and paddlefishes - Answer (click here) Polyodontidae - Class Actinopterygii, Subclass Chondrostei, Order Acipenseriformes: sturgeons and paddlefishes - Answer (click here) Subclass Neopterygii, Order Lepisosteiformes (or Semionotiformes): the gars - Answer (click here) Order Amiiformes: the Bowfin - Answer (click here)
Teleosts at last I bonytongues through anglerfishes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Teleostean phylogeny - Answer (click here) Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha - teleostean fishes - Answer (click here) Subdivision Elopomorpha - teleostean fishes - Answer (click here) Subdivision Otocephala (= Ostarioclupeomorpha), Superorder Clupeomorpha - teleostean fishes - Answer (click here) Subdivision Otocephala (= Ostarioclupeomorpha), Superorder Ostariophysi - teleostean fishes - Answer (click here) Subdivision Euteleostei - teleostean fishes - Answer (click here) Subdivision Euteostei, Superorder Protacanthopterygii - teleostean fishes - Answer (click here) Neognathi - Answer (click here) Acanthomorpha: thespiny teleosts - Answer (click here) Superorder Lampriomorpha - Acanthomorpha: thespiny teleosts - Answer (click here)
11.
Superorder Polymixiomorpha - Acanthomorpha: thespiny teleosts Answer (click here)
Teleosts at last IIspiny rayed fishes 1.
Superorder Acanthopterygii: introduction - Answer (click here)
2. 3. 4. 5.
Series Mugilomorpha - Answer (click here) Series Atherinomorpha - Answer (click here) Series Percomorpha:basal orders - Answer (click here) Series Percomorpha, Order Perciformes: the perchlike fishes - Answer (click here)
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
Suborder Percoidea - Answer (click here) Suborder Elassomatoidei - Answer (click here) Suborder Labroidei - Answer (click here) Suborder Zoarcoidei - Answer (click here) Suborder Notothenioidei - Answer (click here) Suborder Trachinoidei - Answer (click here) Suborder Blennioidei - Answer (click here) Suborders Icosteoidei,Gobiesocoidei, and Callionymoidei - Answer (click here)
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
Suborder Gobioidei - Answer (click here) Suborder Kurtoidei - Answer (click here) Suborder Acanthuroidei - Answer (click here) Suborder Xiphioidei - Answer (click here) Suborder Scombroidei - Answer (click here) Suborder Stromateoidei - Answer (click here) Suborder Anabantoidei - Answer (click here) Suborder Channoidei - Answer (click here) Suborder Caproidei - Answer (click here) Order Pleuronectiformes - Answer (click here) Order Tetraodontiformes - Answer (click here)
Zoogeography 1. 2. 3. 4.
Marine fishes - Answer (click here) Major ecological divisions - Marine fishes - Answer (click here) Marine zoogeographic regions fishes - Answer (click here) Indo-West Pacific region - Marine zoogeographic regions fishes - Answer (click here)
5.
Western Atlantic region - Marine zoogeographic regions fishes - Answer (click here)
6.
Eastern Pacific region - Marine zoogeographic regions fishes - Answer (click here)
7.
Eastern Atlantic region - Marine zoogeographic regions fishes - Answer (click here)
8.
Mediterranean Sea - Marine zoogeographic regions fishes - Answer (click here)
9.
Arctic and Antarctic fishes - Marine zoogeographic regions fishes -
Answer (click here) 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Freshwater fishes - Answer (click here) Nearctic region Freshwater Fishes - Answer (click here) Neotropical region Freshwater Fishes - Answer (click here) Palearctic region Freshwater Fishes - Answer (click here) African region Freshwater Fishes - Answer (click here) Oriental region Freshwater Fishes - Answer (click here) Australian region Freshwater Fishes - Answer (click here) Archaic freshwater fish distributions - Answer (click here) More recent freshwater fish distributions - Answer (click here) Similarities between South American and African freshwater fishes Answer (click here)
20.
Middle American freshwater fishes - Answer (click here)
Fish genetics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Fish genomics - Answer (click here) Molecular ecology - Fish genetics - Answer (click here) Population genetics - Fish genetics - Answer (click here) Dispersal and population structure - Fish genetics - Answer (click here) Pelagic larval duration and population structure - Fish genetics - Answer (click here)
6. 7. 8. 9.
Habitat preference - Fish genetics - Answer (click here) Complex population structure - Fish genetics - Answer (click here) Fish genetics: Phylogeography - Answer (click here) Dispersal and vicariance revisited - Fish genetics: Phylogeography Answer (click here)
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
Freshwater fishes - Fish genetics: Phylogeography - Answer (click here) Anadromous fishes - Fish genetics: Phylogeography - Answer (click here) Marine fishes - Fish genetics: Phylogeography - Answer (click here) Transarctic interchange between the North Pacific and North Atlantic Fish genetics: Phylogeography - Answer (click here) Molecular evolution - Fish genetics - Answer (click here) The deepest vertebrate radiations: are you a fish? - Answer (click here) The history of ray-finned fishes - Answer (click here) Mapping an evolutionary innovation in parrotfishes - Answer (click here) Cryptic evolutionary diversity: the case of the bonefishes - Answer (click here)
19. 20. 21.
The cichlid radiation of Lake Malawi - Answer (click here) Conservation genetics - Fish genetics - Answer (click here) Molecular identification in the marketplace - Fish genetics - Answer (click here)
Special habitats and special adaptations 1. 2.
The deep sea - Answer (click here) Physical factors affecting the deep sea - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Convergence in the deep sea - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here) The open sea - Answer (click here) Adaptations to the open sea - Answer (click here) Foraging - Answer (click here) Life history patterns in pelagic fishes - Answer (click here) Flotsam - Answer (click here) Evolution and convergence - Deep sea - Answer (click here) Polar regions - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here) Antarctic fishes - Answer (click here) Adaptations and constraints of Antarctic fishes - Answer (click here) Arctic fishes - Answer (click here) Deserts and other seasonally arid habitats - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
15. 16.
North American deserts - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here) Strong currents and turbulent water - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
17. 18. 19.
Caves - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here) Adaptations to cave living - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here) Preadaptation, evolution, and convergence in cave fishes - Answer (click here)
Fishes as predators 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Search and detect - Fishes as predators - Answer (click here) Pursuit - Fishes as predators - Answer (click here) Attack and capture - Fishes as predators - Answer (click here) Handling - Fishes as predators - Answer (click here) Scavengers, detritivores, and herbivores - Fishes as predators - Answer (click here)
6.
Optimally foraging fishes - Fishes as predators - Answer (click here)
Fishes as prey 1. 2. 3. 4.
Avoiding detection: Camouflage - Fishes as prey - Answer (click here) Avoiding detection: Invisible fishes - Fishes as prey - Answer (click here) Avoiding detection: Early detection - Fishes as prey - Answer (click here) Avoiding detection: Shoaling and search - Fishes as prey - Answer (click
here) 5. 6. 7. 8.
Evading pursuit - Fishes as prey - Answer (click here) Preventing and deflecting attacks - Fishes as prey - Answer (click here) Discouraging capture and handling - Fishes as prey - Answer (click here) Balancing foraging against predatory threat - Fishes as prey - Answer (click here)
Fishes as social animals reproduction 1. 2. 3. 4.
Reproductive patterns among fishes - Answer (click here) Lifetime reproductive opportunities - Reproductive patterns among fishes - Answer (click here) Mating systems - Reproductive patterns among fishes - Answer (click here) Gender roles in fishes - Reproductive patterns among fishes - Answer (click here)
5. 6. 7.
Sexual selection, dimorphism, and mate choice - Fishes as social animals: Courtship and spawning - Answer (click here) Spawning site selection and preparation - Fishes as social animals: Courtship and spawning - Answer (click here) Courtship patterns - Fishes as social animals: Courtship and spawning Answer (click here)
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
Spawning site selection and preparation - Fishes as social animals: Courtship and spawning - Answer (click here) The spawning act - Fishes as social animals - Answer (click here) Extent and diversity of care - Parental care of Fishes - Answer (click here) The gender of care-givers - Parental care of Fishes - Answer (click here) The costs of care - Parental care of Fishes - Answer (click here) Alternative mating systems and tactics - Fishes as social animals Answer (click here)
Fishes as social animals aggregation aggression and cooperation 1.
Visual communication of Fishes - Fishes as social animals - Answer (click here)
2.
Acoustic communication of Fishes - Fishes as social animals - Answer (click here)
3.
Chemical communication of Fishes - Fishes as social animals - Answer (click here)
4.
Tactile communication of Fishes - Fishes as social animals - Answer (click here)
5.
Electrical communication of Fishes - Fishes as social animals - Answer (click here)
6.
Agonistic interactions of Fishes - Answer (click here)
7.
Behavioral hierarchies - Agonistic interactions of Fishes - Answer (click here)
8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Territoriality - Agonistic interactions of Fishes - Answer (click here) Home ranges - Agonistic interactions of Fishes - Answer (click here) Aggregations Shoaling of Fishes - Answer (click here) Optimal group size - Aggregations of Fishes - Answer (click here) Parasitism - Interspecific relations of Fishes: symbioses - Answer (click here)
13. 14.
Mutualism and commensalism - Interspecific relations of Fishes: symbioses - Answer (click here) Interspecific shoaling - Interspecific relations of Fishes: symbioses Answer (click here)
Cycles of activity and behavior 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Light-induced activity patterns - Fishes: Diel patterns - Answer (click here) Vertical migrations - Fishes: Diel patterns - Answer (click here) Circadian rhythms - Fishes: Diel patterns - Answer (click here) Tidal patterns - Fishes: Diel patterns - Answer (click here) Semilunar and lunar patterns - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here) Activity and distribution - Seasonal patterns of Fishes - Answer (click here) Reproductive seasonality - Seasonal patterns of Fishes - Answer (click here) Seasonal reproduction: proximate and ultimate factors - Seasonal patterns of Fishes - Answer (click here) Annual and supra-annual patterns: migrations of Fishes - Answer (click here)
10.
Diadromy - Annual and supra-annual patterns: migrations of Fishes Answer (click here)
11. 12.
Mechanisms of migration - Annual and supra-annual patterns: migrations of Fishes - Answer (click here) Representative life histories of migratory fishes - Answer (click here)
Individuals populations and assemblages 1. 2.
Life histories and reproductive ecology of Fishes - Answer (click here) Population dynamics and regulation - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Production of Fishes - Answer (click here) Genetic structure of populations - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here) Hybridization - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here) Assemblages - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here) Niches and guilds: the ecological role of a species - Diversity of Fishes:
8.
Assemblages - Answer (click here) Habitat use and choice - Diversity of Fishes: Assemblages - Answer (click here)
9. 10. 11. 12.
Habitat choice and spatial structure: zonation - Diversity of Fishes: Assemblages - Answer (click here) Competition - Diversity of Fishes: Assemblages - Answer (click here) Predation - Diversity of Fishes: Assemblages - Answer (click here) Synthesis: what determines assemblage structure among coral reef fishes? - Answer (click here)
Communities ecosystems and the functional role of fishes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Community-level interactions between fishes and other taxonomic groups - Answer (click here) The effects of fishes on plants - Answer (click here) Effects of fishes on zooplankton - Answer (click here) Effects of fishes on benthic invertebrates - Answer (click here) Turnover rates and the inverted food pyramid - Effects of fishes - Answer (click here)
6. 7.
Fishes in the ecosystem - Answer (click here) Indirect effects and trophic cascades - Fishes in the ecosystem - Answer (click here)
8. 9. 10.
Nutrient cycling and transport by fishes - Answer (click here) Fishes in food webs - Answer (click here) Fishes as producers and transporters of sand, coral, and rocks - Answer (click here)
11.
Influence of physical factors and disturbance - Diversity of Fishes Answer (click here)
Conservation and the future of fishes 1. 2.
Extinction and biodiversity loss - Answer (click here) Threatened and endangered fishes - Extinction and biodiversity loss Answer (click here)
3. 4. 5.
General causes of biodiversity decline - Answer (click here) Habitat loss and modification - General causes of fish biodiversity decline - Answer (click here) Species introductions - General causes of fish biodiversity decline Answer (click here)
6. 7.
Pollution - General causes of fish biodiversity decline - Answer (click here) Commercial exploitation - General causes of fish biodiversity decline Answer (click here)
8.
Global climate change - General causes of fish biodiversity decline Answer (click here)
9.
What can be done against fish Biodiversity loss? - Answer (click here)