/534_nielsen_wp_mobile_media_report_1212 by Interbrand

THE

STATE OF THE MEDIA

Source: Nielsen

Q3 2011

MOBILE CONSUMERS

are social, always connected, and rely on their phones more than ever before. According to Nielsen’s monthly survey of 25,000 mobile consumers (which translates to 300,000 each year), 44 percent of U.S. mobile subscribers now own a smartphone device, compared to 18 percent just two years ago, and these advanced devices are changing the way consumers interact with their phones. • The number of smartphone subscribers using the mobile Internet has grown 45 percent since 2010 • This quarter, 26.3 million mobile consumers viewed mobile video • The majority of smartphone owners (62%) have downloaded apps on their devices and games are the top application category used in the past 30 days • Currently, 87 percent of app downloaders have used deal-of-the day websites, like Groupon or Living Social, and 54 percent of smartphone owners claim to use their mobile handsets frequently while shopping Nielsen’s “State of the Media: The Mobile Media Report” provides a snapshot of the current mobile media landscape and audiences in the U.S., and highlights the potential power of mobile commerce in the near future.

KEY FINDINGS: • The majority of 25–34 and 18–24 year olds now own smartphones

(64% and 53% respectively) and they have led in smartphone penetration compared to other age groups since 2009. • Apple is the top smartphone manufacturer in the U.S. with 28.6 percent of the smartphone market, and Android is the most favored operating system by manufacturers, with the largest share of the smartphone market at 44 percent. • 83 percent of all smartphone application downloaders use Android or Apple iOS smartphone devices and they mostly discover apps by searching the top app stores and relying on recommendations. • Application usage varies by age on the Android platform—older generations like games, such as Angry Birds, and rely on their mobile devices for productivity (e.g. Google properties). Younger folks will use entertainment apps with social dimensions (e.g. Pandora, YouTube, Words with Friends) more than older segments. • Younger groups send the most messages, but older segments present the greatest growth opportunities: In Q3 2011, teens 13-17 sent and received the most messages (an average of 3417 each month), but the number of messages sent by those 55+ has more than doubled compared to 2009. • Marketers can now reach consumers while they shop: 49 percent of mobile consumers say they frequently use their smartphones while shopping. • Social networking is increasingly popular on mobile devices: Android smartphones and iPhone users spend more time engaging with the Facebook application on their phones than any other mobile application.

Source: Nielsen

SMARTPHONE OWNERSHIP HAS MORE THAN DOUBLED IN TWO YEARS Two years ago, only 18 percent of mobile subscribers had smartphones and these smartphone audiences were more likely to be male.

Smartphone penetration 2009

Smartphone penetration 2011

Q3 2009, U.S. Mobile Insights, National

FEATURE PHONE

SMARTPHONE

2009

Aug - Oct, 2011, U.S. Mobile Insights, National

FEMALES

MALES

56 45 55

Source: Nielsen

2011

PENETRATION BY AGE

#1 #1 Device Device == Apple Apple iPhone4 iPhone4

#1 #1 Device= Device= Motorola Motorola Razr Razr V3 V3

13-17 16% 18-24 23% 25-34 28% 35-54 19% 55+ 10%

Today, nearly half of mobile subscribers in the U.S. own a smartphone device and 51 percent of them are female.

Those 25-34 and 18-24 have always been the leading age groups in smartphone penetration

13-17 18-24 25-34 35-54 55+

40% 53% 64% 47% 25%

Source: Nielsen

SMARTPHONE DEVICES INVITE USERS TO ENGAGE IN RICH MEDIA ACTIVITIES The growing popularity of smartphones has also led to a dramatic rise in mobile video. While 23 million mobile subscribers viewed video on their phones in 2010, 31 million use mobile video todayâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;a 35% increase.

U.S. mobile video viewers (in millions)

The number of smartphone users engaged in rich media activities has increased substantially. Nearly twice as many smartphone subscribers are downloading (up 83%) and playing games (up 95%) compared to last year. Streaming online music or radio is the third fastest growing activity among smartphone users.

Smartphone subscribers engaged in rich media activities other than mobile video (in millions) Q3 2011, Last 30 Days, U.S. Mobile Insights, National

Q3 2011, U.S. Mobile Video Survey

Q3 2010

MOBILE VIDEO FEATURE PHONE

MOBILE VIDEO SMARTPHONE

MOBILE VIDEO VIEWER PENETRATION

10% 7

Q3 2010

6 Source: Nielsen

11%

12% 7

Q3 2011

13% 6

14%

Mobile internet

45%

Application (App) downloads

53%

Game downloads

83%

Streaming online music or mobile radio

66%

Full track music downloads

65%

Online game playing

95%

Q4 2010

Q1 2011

Q2 2011

Year-over-Year Growth

Q3 2011

Source: Nielsen 7

SMARTPHONE BATTLE FOR MARKET SHARE ENSUES IN THE MOBILE ECOSYSTEM

Apple, the only company manufacturing smartphones with the iOS operating system, is clearly the top smartphone manufacturer in the United States with 28.6 percent of the smartphone market. Other leading smartphone manufacturers include HTC, whose Android phones represent 15.8 percent of the smartphone market and whose Windows Mobile/WP7 devices account for 4.2 percent of the market; and Motorola, whose Android devices are owned by 10.7 percent of smartphone consumers.

In 2009, RIM’s Blackberry smartphone was the most popular mobile device. Today, the fight for operating system market share is between Android OS and Apple iOS smartphones. Android—the operating system favored by several different manufacturers—has the largest share of the smartphone market (44.2%).

Manufacturer operating system share-smartphones Aug-Oct 2011, U.S. Mobile Insights, postpaid mobile subscribers

HTC 15.8%

Samsung 10.4%

Apple 28.6%

RIM Blackberry 17.0%

Other <1%

W in do ws M ob Pa Sy ile lm m 5. 3% / H bia n P W W O S in do ebO 1.6 ws S % Ph 2.0 on % e7 1.3 %

Other <1%

Bl ac kb er ry 17 .0 % RI M

Ap pl ei Ph on eO S2 8. 6%

An dr oi dO S4 4. 2%

Other 7.3%

Source: Nielsen

Nokia Samsung 1.6% <1% HP 1.9% Samsung <1% Other <1% Motorola <1%

Motorola 10.7%

HTC <1%

HTC 4.2%

Source: Nielsen

SMARTPHONE OPERATING SYSTEM CHOICE VARIES BY AGE GROUP Android OS and Apple iOS smartphones are popular across all age groups. Although penetration of Android OS and Apple iOS smartphones tend to be slightly higher among those 18–24 and 25–34, older audiences are beginning to own devices previously dominated by younger groups.

Smartphone OS penetration by age group Aug- Oct 2011, U.S. Mobile Insights, National

ANDROID

APPLE iOS

RIM BLACKBERRY

WINDOWS MOBILE

18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+

Source: Nielsen

ANDROID

LEADS IN EACH AGE GROUP

WINDOWS 7

OTHER

29 29

12 14

6 2 4 5 13

5 23

5 1 4

6 1 4

7 1 5

Source: Nielsen

SEARCH ENGINES AND SOCIAL NETWORKING WEBSITES ARE POPULAR AMONG ANDROID SMARTPHONE AND iPHONE OWNERS

Google and Facebook lead in mobile reach on both Android and Apple iOS. In order to rank mobile websites by active reach, that is, by the percentage of Android or iOS smartphones owners who used the mobile website within the past 30 days, Nielsen analyzed usage data from its proprietary device meters on the smartphones of the thousands of consumer panelists who agreed to be a part of Nielsenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ongoing Smartphone Analytics research.

Top 10 mobile websites by active reach

September 2011, Nielsen Smartphone Analytics, Device Metering Data

APPLE iOS

92% Google

Source: Nielsen

ANDROID

86% Facebook

66% Facebook

63% Twitter.com

37% Yahoo!

54%

44%

41%

37%

Yahoo!

Amazon

Wikipedia

AOL Media Network

YouTube

26%

24%

18%

17%

16%

Wikipedia

YouTube

Amazon

Sprint

27%

25%

PayPal MSN/ WindowsLive/ Bing

15%

13%

ESPN MSN/ eBay Digital WindowsLive/ Network Bing

Source: Nielsen

SMARTPHONE APPLICATION DOWNLOADS ARE DOMINATED BY ANDROID AND iOS SMARTPHONES DEVICES Smartphone app downloaders report having an average of 33 apps on their mobile phone, up 22 percent since 2010. Apple iPhone app Q3 2011, Nielsen Mobile Applications Playbook downloaders have an average of 44 apps on their phones, while those with Android OS smartphones report having an average of 32.

71%

of all U.S. consumers useyears who have These insights were gathered fromsmartphone survey respondents age 13+ app-and-media friendly iPhones downloaded an application to their device in the past 30 days.

Percentage of smartphone owners who have downloaded an app in the last 30 days Q3 2011, Nielsen Mobile Applications Playbook

2011 Percentage of smartphone owners who have downloaded an app in the last 30 days Q3 2011, Nielsen Mobile Applications Playbook

or Android-based smartphones

2011

Q3 2011, Nielsen Mobile Applications Playbook

71% 83%

of all U.S. smartphone consumers use of friendly those who downloaded app-and-media iPhones smartphone apps in the past 30 or Android-based smartphones

83%

49% 37%

days use iPhone or Android smartphones

of those who downloaded smartphone apps in the past 30 days use iPhone or Android smartphones

37%

27%

Respondents with children who downloaded apps reported that 27% of appsfor on their Spouses account 13%phones of thewere app downloaded by their offspring downloads that took place in the last

27% 13%

30 daysaccount on their other’s phone Spouses forsignificant 13% of the app

13% downloads that took place in the last

10 10

30 days on their significant other’s phone

Those survey respondents who had children reported that 10.1 was the respondents average age that children Those survey who hadtheir children reportedbegan that downloading apps age on that a parent's phone 10.1 was the average their children began

ANDROID

34%

32%

11%

<1% 1% 1%

RIM BLACKBERRY

WINDOWS MOBILE

5% 5%

APPLE iOS

RIM BLACKBERRY

18% 18%

ANDROID

APPLE iOS

32%

CHILDREN AND SPOUSES ARE GETTING INTO THE "APP" ACTION Respondents with children who downloaded apps reported that 27% of GETTING apps on their phones wereACTION CHILDREN AND SPOUSES ARE INTO THE "APP" downloaded by their offspring

49%

PALM OS

<1% 1% 1%

PALM OS SYMBIAN OS

SYMBIAN OS

downloading apps on a parent's phone

Source: Nielsen

FACEBOOK AND GOOGLE PROPERTIES ALSO DOMINATE ANDROID SMARTPHONE APPLICATION USAGE ACROSS AGE GROUPS Mobile application reach by age September 2011, Nielsen Smartphone Analytics, Device Metering Data,

18-24

35-44

25-34

Android Market

89%

Facebook

80%

Google Search

77%

Android Market

92%

Android Market

95%

Facebook

81%

Facebook

77%

Gmail

80%

Gmail

77%

Gmail

70%

Google Maps

79%

Google Search

75%

Google Maps

70%

Google Search

78%

Google Maps

73%

YouTube

64%

YouTube

56%

YouTube

51%

Pandora Radio

30%

Angry Birds

29%

Angry Birds

35%

Advanced Task Killer Free

26%

Pandora Radio

28%

Quickoffice

30%

Words With Friends

25%

Quickoffice

27%

Advanced Task Killer Free

24%

26%

Amazon AppStore

24%

Angry Birds

22%

Advanced Task Killer Free

Quickoffice

20%

Words With Friends

22%

Words With Friends

21%

The Weather Channel

17%

Amazon AppStore

22%

Yahoo! Mail

20%

Adobe Reader

16%

Adobe Reader

22%

Pandora Radio

20%

Amazon AppStore

14%

The Weather Channel

18%

Adobe Reader

20%

Yahoo! Mail

13%

Yahoo! Mail

17%

The Weather Channel

17%

To rank mobile apps by active reach, that is, by the percentage of Android owners who used the app within the past 30 days, Nielsen analyzed usage data from its proprietary device meters on the smartphones of the thousands of consumer panelists 18 years and older who agreed to be a part of Nielsenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ongoing Smartphone Analytics research.

16 Source: Nielsen

Source: Nielsen 17

The

APPLICATION DOWNLOADERS DISCOVER NEW APPS BY SEARCHING TOP APP STORES AND RELYING ON RECOMMENDATIONS

Proportion of time spent on web/apps—Android

HOW DO APPLICATION DOWNLOADERS DISCOVER NEW APPS?

Apps

Q3 2011, Nielsen Mobile Applications Playbook, Past 30 Day App Downloaders

Searching the Application Store

HOW DO APPLICATION DOWNLOADERS DISCOVER NEW APPS?

ge number of paid app t 30 days by category Third Party Website

0.17

Apps 0.08 Promoting other Apps 0.03 0.04

Newspaper/Magazine/Radio

.02

Sync Software ( iTunes, etc)

.02

01 01

Television Advertisement

In-App Advertisement *

1 0.03

Device homepage

0.02

Carrier Homepage

0.02

1 1

Email Tips from my Carrier

Other

Distribution of time spent in apps—Android 44%

Web 31%

63%

53%

Searching the Application Store

17% 21% Third Party Website 15% 21% Apps Promoting other Apps 9% Newspaper/Magazine/Radio 17% Sync Software ( iTunes, etc) 3% 17% Television Advertisement 6% In-App Advertisement 13% *

9% 13% 10% 8% 6% 5%

Web 3%

69%

ANDROID MARKET STORE

11-20

7% 4% 21-30 3% 31-40 2% 41-50

All Other

September 2011, Nielsen Smartphone Analytics, Device Metering Data

61%

Of the 69 percent of the time spent on Android applications, users spend 53 percent interacting within those in the top 50.

17% 21% 15% 21% 9% 17% 3% 17% 6% 13%

Device homepage 9% 13% Carrier Homepage 10% Proportion of time Email Tips from my Carrier 5% spent 8% on web/apps—Android Other 3% 6% 5%

Apps

40%

63%

53%

Friend/Family

61%

Ga tha

Top 10

69%

Q3 2011, Nielsen Mobile Applications Playbook, Past 30 Day App Downloaders

Friend/Family

Augus

TOP 50 APPS ACCOUNT FOR THE MAJORITY OF TIME SPENT ON ANDROID SMARTPHONES

The top 50 apps are always changing August-September, Nielsen Smartphone Analytics, Device Metering Data

Lost more than 3 places New to top 50

22% Distribution of time spent in apps—Android Gained more than 3 places

Top 10

44% iOS APP STORE 7%

14%

11-20

4% 21-30 31% 3% 31-40 These mobile application insights come from a survey of nearly 5,000 respondents 13+ 2% 41-50 40% who reported having downloaded a mobile application to their device in the past 30 days.

14%

50%

Within 3 places

App developers shouldn’t be discouraged, the top 50 apps are always changing. In fact, 1/5th were new to the top 50 list in September.

All Other

iOSDevice APPMetering STOREData ANDROID MARKET STORE September 2011, Nielsen Smartphone Analytics, 18

Source: Nielsen

Of the 69 percent of the time spent on Android applications, users spend 53 percent

Source: Nielsen

Coupon App Downloaders

SOCIAL + LOCAL + MOBILE:

Specific Deal-of-the-Day Websites Used

The promise of mobile marketing is its ability to reach the right consumer, at the right time, and in the right place—including at the very moment and point of purchase. The potential power of mobile is further magnified when you consider that smartphone users spent most of the time on social networking applications, like Facebook, when interacting with their devices. The term “So-Lo-Mo” (for social, local, mobile) has been coined to refer to this opportunity.

Q3 2011, Nielsen Mobile Applications Playbook, Past 30 Day Discount/ Coupon App Downloaders

79%

Groupon

79%

The insights presented below were collected from a survey of nearly 5,000 respondents 13+ who have downloaded an application to their device in the past 30 days.

48%

So-Lo-Mo

Q3 2011, Nielsen Mobile Applications Playbook, Past 30 Day Discount/ Coupon App Downloaders

So-Lo-Mo

Whether Used Deal-of-the-Day Websites

13% 13%

87%

YES

87%

YES

Living Social Deals

Yelp Daily Deals

7% BuyWithMe 9% Yelp Daily Deals

Q3 2011, Nielsen Mobile Applications Playbook, Past 30 Day Discount/ Coupon App Downloaders

Living Social Deals

48%

Whether Used Deal-of-the-Day Websites

Groupon

Groupalia

Jasmere.com

Weforia

Group Swoop 1%

7% BuyWithMe Other Other

Groupalia

Jasmere.com

Weforia

Group Swoop

Source: Nielsen

SO-LO-MO SAVES A MARRIAGE:

DINNER

(Hypothetical example for illustrative purposes only) How Bob scored a last minute anniversary present and celebratory dinner armed with his smartphone and a few key mobile apps.

He checks Groupon for coupons to go to dinner

He asks his wife’s closest friends for help: a gift and romantic dinner are a must.

GIFT

Shopkick is a mobile retail app and shopping rewards network.

Groupon is the 8th most used application on Apple iOS, 22 percent of users 18+ visited it in the last 30 days and 12.7 percent on Android1

He launches Yelp to check restaurant reviews

Heads to the nearest department store and collects Shopkick points (called kicks) just by walking in the store

18 percent of 35-44 year-olds with an Android device have used the Barcode Scanner app in the past 30 days, this is more than the 14 percent of those 25-34 and 12 percent of those 18-24 who have done the same

Overwhelmed by the options at the store, he takes pictures of several accessories and texts his wife’s friends

48 percent of mobile shoppers take pictures of a product and send details to friends and family while at a 2 store or mall

He makes a reservation using Open Table

Active reach of Yelp on Android is 6.5 percent and 11.6 percent for Apple users 1

They give a thumbs up for a handbag and scarf He scans the barcodes on the products to make sure the price is reasonable

He is directed to an eBay link where the price of the handbag is cheaper

He uses the eBay mobile application to complete the transaction

He completes the purchase in-store

In the past 30 days, 10.2 percent of those 18+ utilized ShopKick on their iPhone devices, while 4.5 percent did on their Android phones1

Uses Shopkick's new "buy and collect" program (links your credit/debit card once and pay as usual with your Visa card), to purchase the handbag and banks even more kicks

HAPPY WIFE TWEETS ABOUT THE BEST HUSBAND EVER AND RAVES ABOUT THE ROMANTIC RESTAURANT BOB RECOMMENDS SHOPKICK VIA HIS FACEBOOK STATUS AND TELLS BILL TO USE IT FOR HIS WIFE’S UPCOMING BIRTHDAY

Uses the “kicks” collected to get a discount on the scarf

17 percent of 34-54 year-olds used eBay Mobile in the last 30 days1

Source: Nielsen

DERS

AS DEVICE CAPABILITIES EVOLVE, SO DO THE WAYS IN WHICH PEOPLE INTERACT THROUGH THEIR PHONES

ay App Downloaders According

to Nielsenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s quarterly panel of more than 65,000 post-paid mobile phone subscribers, 81 percent of todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mobile phone users have sent or received messages in the last 30 days. In 2009, that figure was 75 percent. Actual usage data is gathered from post-paid mobile phone subscribers and represent a monthly average of voice minutes used or 53% messages sent and received.

63%

61%

Women are heavier mobile phone users than men when it comes to voice usage and messages, and this has remained consistent overtime.

YOUNGER GROUPS MESSAGE THE MOST, BUT OLDER SEGMENTS SHOW THE GREATEST GROWTH Those 24 and under send and receive the greatest volume of messages, and this trend has remained consistent over time. However, older folks are the fastest growing segment and have shown consistent growth overtime. Compared to 2009, the number of messages sent and received has more than doubled for those 55+.

Number of messages sent and received in the last 30 days Q3 2011, Customer Value Metrics

13-17

Voice minute and message usage by gender

18-34

35-55

55+

% Change from 2009

3729

Q3 2011, Customer Value Metrics

3417

2009

2011

2842

3211

54%

2518

861 -12% 771

voice minutes used

Across genders, voice minute usage has decreased by

679 605

1848 954

77%

1143

647 99

messages sent and received

+35%

593 802

420 604

+44%

Q3 2009

173 Q3 2010

231

134%

Q3 2011 Source: Nielsen

iOS APP STORE

Source: Nielsen

GLOBAL MOBILE SNAPSHOT

U.S.: 49% of smartphone owners frequently use devices simultaneously while shopping1

Argentina: smartphones and multimedia phones represent 60 percent of the market3

26 Source: Nielsen

UK: Smartphones: 38% Penetration 23.7 mean number of apps4

Brazil: Smartphone sales grew 165% in 2011 and represent 5.8% of new devices sold2

Germany: 30% of mobile users aged 16+ own smartphones, 85% of them are touchscreen4

Egypt: 33% of those 16–19 used mobile internet for social networking, while only 5% of those 45+ have4

South Africa: Over half of 45–54 year olds act on mobile ads5

Poland: Top smartphone feature: Calendar (90% of all users)4

Russia 40% of users received advertising via text messages4

Turkey: Top smartphone feature: Recording video (85% of those 16–24, 75% of those 25–44 and 61% of those 45+)4

China:

35 percent of mobile users use mobile internet, amounting to 318 million connected users7

Thailand: More women (56%) own smartphones than men (44%)4

India: Kuwait: Time Spent on 41% of smartphone smartphones: 2.5 hours users are 24–34, 26% per day and per user, are 16–24 and 23% less than a quarter are 35–444 on calls and messages, 40 percent online6

Indonesia: 96% of smartphone users have a pre-paid plan4

Source: Nielsen 27

FOOTNOTES PAGE(S)

Nielsen, U.S. Mobile Insights, National (Q3 2009)

20-21

Nielsen, U.S. Mobile Insights, National (Aug-Oct 2011)

Nielsen, U.S. Mobile Video Survey (Q3 2011)

Nielsen, U.S. Mobile Insights, National (Q3 2011)

8-9

Nielsen, U.S. Mobile Insights, National (Aug-Oct 2011)

10-11

Nielsen, U.S. Mobile Insights, National (Aug-Oct 2011)

12-13

14-15

16-17

Nielsen, Smartphone Analytics, Device Metering Data (Sept 2011). Nielsen analyzed mobile usage data within the past 30 days from its proprietary device meters on the smartphones of the thousands of consumer panelists 18 years and older who agreed to be part of Nielsen’s ongoing Smartphone Analytics research. Nielsen, Applications Playbook (Q3 2011). Nielsen’s Applications Playbook Q3 2011 is based on a survey of 4,705 mobile subscribers who reported having downloaded a mobile app in the past 30 days. The respondents completed an online, self-administered survey in September and early October 2011. Nielsen, Smartphone Analytics, Device Metering Data (Sept 2011). Nielsen analyzed mobile usage data within the past 30 days from its proprietary device meters on the smartphones of the thousands of consumer panelists 18 years and older who agreed to be part of Nielsen’s ongoing Smartphone Analytics research.

22-23

The Mobile Shopping Framework Study (June 2010). Syndicated report based on a survey of 8,384 Internet shoppers ages 13-64.

24-25

Nielsen, Customer Value Metrics (Q3 2011).

26-27

1. U.S.: Nielsen, Mobile Connected Device Report (Q3 2011). Nielsen’s Mobile Connected Device Report is based on a survey of 7,692 respondents who own a Tablet, e-Reader, Portable Media Player, Smartphone, or Netbook. The respondents completed an online, self-administered survey in September and early October 2011. 2. Brazil: Q1 2011, Nielsen Mobile Retail Index 3. Argentina:Q3 2011, Nielsen Mobile Retail Index 4. United Kingdom, Germany, Poland, Russia, Egypt, Turkey, Kuwait, Thailand and Indonesia: Q3 2011, Nielsen Smartphone Insights 5. South Africa: 2011, Nielsen Mobile Insights (Base = those who use mobile phones n=1965) 6. India: July 2011-Dec 2011, Nielsen Smartphone Analytics, Device Metering Data 7. China: July 2011, China Internet Network Information Center

Nielsen, Applications Playbook (Q3 2011). Nielsen’s Applications Playbook Q3 2011 is based on a survey of 4,705 mobile subscribers who reported having downloaded a mobile app in the past 30 days. The respondents completed an online, self-administered survey in September and early October 2011. Nielsen, Smartphone Analytics, Device Metering Data (Sept 2011). Nielsen analyzed mobile usage data within the past 30 days from its proprietary device meters on the smartphones of the thousands of consumer panelists 18 years and older who agreed to be part of Nielsen’s ongoing Smartphone Analytics research.

Copyright © 2011 The Nielsen Company. All rights reserved. Nielsen and the Nielsen logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of CZT/ACN Trademarks, L.L.C. Other product and service names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. 11/4136