ARCHITECTURE AND IDENTITY: REHABILITATING SELF IN HOMELESS SHELTERS IN CHARLOTTESVILLE
Rowan, Bob. Getty Images
BRANDON ADAMS 7100 RESEARCH METHODS 1
What do you put your identity in? What if it was taken away?
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My motivation for pursuing the issue of homelessness in Charlottesville stems from living here for four years and seeing people standing on street corners, sleeping on the sidewalk of the UVA Corner in the freezing winter, walking in the pouring rain with no home to go to, and feeling completely inadequate on what to do. Throughout my time as an architecture student at the University of Virginia, I have developed an understanding of the human condition, and how it relates to built space. Through this, and through intereactions with the homeless of Charlottesville, I have come to the conclusion that shelter is a basic human right, one of which many of life’s intricacies stem from. With the absence of shelter, there is a loss of self and place in society. While I do not have the answer to this overwhelming issue, I want to make it my derogative to use my developing skills as an architect to meet these basic human needs and treat them with the dignity and respect they are due. Every person is made to be known and loved, and I can aid in this mission through my career as an architect.
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PAGE
1-7 INTRODUCTION 8-33 IDENTITY AND ARCHITECTURE 10-15
SHELTER
16-23
HUMAN NEEDS
24-33
IDENTITY IN SOCIETY
DESIGN RESEARCH
34-51 HOMELESSNESS 34-49
BACKGROUND
50-53
INTERVIEW
58-69 CASE STUDIES 60-61
CASE STUDY 1 - THE HAVEN
62-63
CASE STUDY 2 - OTHELLO VILLAGE
64-65 66-67 68-69
CASE STUDY 3 - STAR APARTMENTS CASE STUDY 4 - PARABAY HOME CASE STUDY 5 - Y:CUBE HOUSING
70-83 SYNTHESIS 70-79
synthesis iterations
80-83
thesis proposition
84-87 CITATIONS
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BACKGROUND CAUSES OF HOMELESSNESS EFFECTS OF HOMELESSNESS ADDRESSING HOMELESSNESS
SYNTHESIS 1 - TINY HOME COMMUNITY SYNTHESIS 2 - HOME THAT CAN GROW SYNTHESIS 3 - DIY KIT OF PARTS SYNTHESIS 4 - FOUR CORNERS PLOT
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RESEARCH QUESTIONS What are the causes of homelessness? What are the effects of homelessness on the person? How is homelessness currently addressed at a worldwide, nationwide, and citywide level in Charlottesville? How does homelessness affect self-identity? W What are the effects of homelessness on the city of Charlottesville? What are the pros and cons of current homeless shelters in Charlottesville?
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DESIGN QUESTIONS: Should it be a temporary or permanent dwelling?
Can they have ownership of their dwelling/ the complex? Can the facility grow with the person and provide different levels habitation based on economic status? Can the way the edifice is designed rehabilitate homeless people who live in it?
How can the facility be designed in a way so that the rest of the public won’t avoid the site but come to it?
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identity and architecture
PERSONAL IDENTITY AND ARCHITECTURE
RESEARCH
“Homelessness involves much more than not having a place to live. Individuals often lose their sense of identity, self-worth, and self-efficacy.”1 Ever since mankind started making shelters for protection, the sense of home, and more specifically, a reflection of self, has been sewn into design. The home is where families are raised, a child’s first memories are made, celebrations and gatherings are held, and where a person comes to after adventuring in the world. This place is pivotal to the identity of a person, and often times the type of home a person lives in reflects their status in society, as well as their own innate desires. The topic of “taste” is tied to “person” and “home,” with a person’s desires for their life being closely related to the type of neighborhood they want to live in, the type of house they want to be in and raise a family, and the type of furnishings that will best reflect their lifestyle. In regards to home ownership and identity in society, part of identity is simply tied to the market, with a person starting their life on their own typically living in a smaller home than someone who is well established in their career and raising and family, and the simple drivers of necessity for space and available income dictate what type of home a person lives in. Still, there is an innate sense of identity sewn into home ownership, especially in the United States with the “American Dream.” The American Dream, as it is currently defined, is largely based on materialism, which arose as a major factor of personal identity in society after World War II. Part of the promises of the “American Dream” which took the American public by storm is the rights that John Locke originally ascribed to every person, the right to “life, liberty, and property.”2 Notes: 1. Boydell, Goering, and Morrell-Bella. Homelessness and Identity. 2. Locke, John. The Social Contract.
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Kueber, Pam. A 1950 American Dream Home.
The American Dream: “After WWII, America stood back and gazed upon itself. There was a new revitalized American Dream after all the bloodshed, home front hard work, and thick-as-molasses patriotism. The American Dream of the 1930s had been focused on working hard, men provided for their families, and hope to rise above the Depression. By the 1940s, post-WWII, consumerism and first wave feminism started to play a role in the American Dream, and by the 1950s the American Dream had encompassed the ideas of futurism and opportunity.”1 The ideas of the “American Dream” movement tied home ownership to identity in society, with new families wanting the “white picket fence” life with a house and garage and community to support them. In this, a person’s position in society was both tied to property and material possessions, as well as working hard and job status. The question is, what happens when both of these are taken away? Where does a person find their value in society? Are they then treated as outcasts, when they lose their job, and subsequently their house, and finally their role in society? Are we defined by merely our contributions to the perpetual machine of society? What effect does this have on the psyche of a person, if they are no longer able to fit a role in a society defined by work and ownership? Notes: 1. Kitsch. The American Dream of the 1940’s and 1950’s.
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WHAT IS SHELTER? Shelter as ascribed to Gottfried Semper
PERSONAL IDENTITY AND ARCHITECTURE
RESEARCH
In order to approach the concept of a person’s identity being tied to architecture, the essential purposes of architecture must be identified. Architecture, as Gottfried Semper states, is primarily a defensive action. “The first sign of human settlement and rest after the hunt, the battle, and wandering in the desert is today, as when the first men lost paradise, the setting up of the fireplace and the lighting of the reviving, warming, and food-preparing flame. Around the hearth the first groups assembled; around it the first alliances formed; around it the first rude religious concepts were put into the customs of a cult. Throughout all phases of society the hearth formed that sacred focus around which the whole took order and shape. It is the first and most important, the moral element of architecture. Around it were grouped the three other elements: the roof, the enclosure, and the mound, the protecting negations or defenders of the hearth’s flame against the three hostile elements of nature.” 1 In this, Semper is identifying the root of architecture as arising out of a need for shelter, after the “first men lost paradise.” In this paradise that Semper alludes to, and which is found in Genesis, the climate is ideal for man to live in without clothes or boundaries, and everything is at peace and provided for. It is only once man leaves the boundaries of paradise and enters into the wilderness, an area where the weather is harsh and man’s needs are not met but have to be fought for, that the need for architecture originates. Paired with this need for architecture, civilization is also necessitated. Shelter is realized together within a community, centered around a hearth, where Semper describes friends gathering and cooking and communing together. In this primitive civilization, shelter becomes a communal effort where many people live in dwellings centered around a fire, the center of social life. There are no classes in society, everyone is a hunter-gatherer and the architecture travels with the people, being tied to the social life of the community. The architecture is as much a piece of clothing as it is built space, it travels with the pack.1 Notes: 1. Semper, Gottfried. Four Elements of Architecture.
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Primitive Hut by Gottfried Semper. UNLV Special Collections and Archives.
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FOUR ELEMENTS OF SHELTER1
PERSONAL IDENTITY AND ARCHITECTURE
RESEARCH
1. HEARTH The Hearth serves as the central point of the shelter, acting as the enclosure for fire. In early settlements, fire acted as both the primary utility of houses as well as the social gathering spot.
2. ROOF The roof serves the primary purpose of defense from things above. This could be rain, intense sunlight, dust, or birds. The roof creates the sense of compression on a space.
3. ENCLOSURE The enclosure serves multiple purposes of defense. It creates privacy for inhabitants, blocks out intruders, and creates the boundaries for space. It serves the structural purposes of holding up the roof or other floors, and only lets in light and air.
4. MOUND The mound separates the inhabited environment from the wilderness. This takes various forms in different environments, and can serve the purpose of allowing air ventilation (crawl space), rising above the flood plain, or establishing hierarchy.
Notes: 1. Semper, Gottfried. Four Elements of Architecture.
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WHAT MAKES A HOME?
PERSONAL IDENTITY AND ARCHITECTURE
RESEARCH
SPACE FOR BELONGINGS
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SECURITY
FAMILY GATHERING SPOT
FAMILY HERITAGE
ABILITY TO PERSONALIZE
BELONGING
Rockwell, Norman. Getting Ready For School.
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HUMAN NEEDS
PERSONAL IDENTITY AND ARCHITECTURE
RESEARCH
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS In order to understand how shelter ties into personal identity, an understanding of human needs and conscious must be reached. A common research base that the medical field uses for understanding human needs and motivations is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which outlines the basic needs of people that must be addressed. The simple premise behind it is the most basic needs, such as food, water, shelter, air, must be met before focusing on other needs a person has. Once these initial needs are met, then other needs arise and must be addressed. Maslow desribes these as “Deficiency Needs” and “Growth Needs.” Deficiency Needs arise from the lack of a basic need, and are generally the first need that a person thinks about when in crisis. Growth Needs arise when the Deficiency Needs are met, and a person realizes their other, higher needs such as self-actualization and needing to find worth in society. These factors can be looked at to determine how homelessness affects the order of needs a person has to be addressed. When shelter is taken away, the Growth Needs are pushed down for more necessary needs, such as health, shelter from the elements, and protection from violence on the streets. The Growth Needs such as self-fulfillment and personal identity are still present but not the highest need that occupies the mind. Hunger and thirst overcome the more existential crises that a person goes through when they are cast out of society without a home or namesake.1
Notes: 1. McLeod, Saul. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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1. Physiological needs “These are biological requirements for human survival, e.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep. If these needs are not satisfied the human body cannot function optimally. Maslow considered physiological needs the most important as all the other needs become secondary until these needs are met.” 1 2. Safety needs “Protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear..” 1 3. Love and belongingness needs “After physiological and safety needs have been fulfilled, the third level of human needs is social and involves feelings of belongingness. The need for interpersonal relationships motivates behavior Examples include friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work)..” 1 4. Esteem needs “Which Maslow classified into two categories: (i) esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) and (ii) the desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g., status, prestige). Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation is most important for children and adolescents and precedes real self-esteem or dignity.” 1 5. Self-actualization needs “Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. A desire “to become everything one is capable of becoming”(Maslow, 1987, p. 64). 1
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DEFICIENCY NEEDS “Deficiency needs arise due to deprivation and are said to motivate people when they are unmet. Also, the motivation to fulfill such needs will become stronger the longer the duration they are denied. For example, the longer a person goes without food, the more hungry they will become.
PERSONAL IDENTITY AND ARCHITECTURE
RESEARCH
Maslow (1943) initially stated that individuals must satisfy lower level deficit needs before progressing on to meet higher level growth needs. However, he later clarified that satisfaction of a needs is not an “all-ornone” phenomenon, admitting that his earlier statements may have given “the false impression that a need must be satisfied 100 percent before the next need emerges” (1987, p. 69). When a deficit need has been ‘more or less’ satisfied it will go away, and our activities become habitually directed towards meeting the next set of needs that we have yet to satisfy. These then become our salient needs. However, growth needs continue to be felt and may even become stronger once they have been engaged.” 1
Examples: SLEEP AIR FOOD SHELTER DRINK COMFORT
Notes: 1. McLeod, Saul. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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GROWTH NEEDS “Growth needs do not stem from a lack of something, but rather from a desire to grow as a person. Once these growth needs have been reasonably satisfied, one may be able to reach the highest level called self-actualization. Every person is capable and has the desire to move up the hierarchy toward a level of self-actualization. Unfortunately, progress is often disrupted by a failure to meet lower level needs. Life experiences, including divorce and loss of a job, may cause an individual to fluctuate between levels of the hierarchy. Therefore, not everyone will move through the hierarchy in a uni-directional manner but may move back and forth between the different types of needs.� 1
Examples: PLACE BELONGING IMPACT FRIENDSHIP KNOWN LOVED
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PURPOSE OF SHELTER PROTECTION PRIVACY PLACE BELONGING OWNERSHIP
PERSONAL IDENTITY AND ARCHITECTURE
RESEARCH
COMFORT
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UTILITY ENCAPSULATE DURABILITY STRONGHOLD DEFENSE STATUS COMMUNITY HOME
HUMAN NEEDS FOOD AIR WATER SHELTER WARMTH SECURITY STABILITY FREEDOM BELONGING FRIENDSHIP INTIMACY ACCEPTANCE RESPECT PURPOSE KNOWN LOVED 21
PERSONAL IDENTITY AND ARCHITECTURE
RESEARCH
SHELTER AND HUMAN NEEDS
BELONGING
PROTECTION Image Sources: (Top Left) Vox. Its a Wonderful Life. (Bottom Left) Collective Vision. Seeking Shelter from the Rain. (Top Right) Istock. Happy family mother and child daughter. (Bottom Right) Retired and Traveling.
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COMFORT
SECURITY
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IDENTITY AND ARCHITECTURE
PERSONAL IDENTITY AND ARCHITECTURE
RESEARCH
“The approach and understanding of the external environment, a necessary condition for architectural intervention, begins from us; as it is man who reveals the true identity of his surroundings. “In addition we cannot understand the value of a better environment without first understanding the effect it has on ourselves. But the creation of an architectural environment is something that starts from within and is determined by our wishes and choices. Either way, as a concept or as poetry, the environment is genuinely an esoteric process which belongs to the spiritual realm.” 1 While the first shelters made were out of necessity due to a harsh climate unsuitable for humans to be out in, they quickly became an adaptation of the culture and personality from which they arose. Built spaces are designed as an extension of human needs, outlined through Maslow’s Hierarchy, and exist as a form of spatial clothing for man to put on. Built spaces reflect different aspects of the human psyche, whether it is innate desires realized spatially, needs that must be met through brick and mortar, or a sense of belonging that the built environment can provide, architecture extends a person’s inner psyche into the physical world. When looking at shelter and how it reflects these inner desires, this burning question arises: “What happens when shelter is taken away?” How does a person’s identity become altered when they have no claim over the land, and furthermore, no claim to a place in society which is centric on the built environment?
Notes: 1. The Concept of Identity in Architecture Philosophy Essay.”
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Image Sources: pg. 30 - Norman Rockwell Museum, Freedom from Want. pg. 31 - Flickr, Tethered. pg. 32 - Mumbai Live, Antilla. pg. 33 - New Frontier Tiny Homes, Cornelia. pg. 34 - Arch Daily, Farnsworth House. pg. 35 - Arch Daily, Bruder Klaus Field Chapel. pg. 36 - Pinterest, Airy Wooden Japanese Home.. pg. 37 - Muza Chan’s Gate to Japan, Tokyo International Forum.
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BELONGING
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ISOLATION
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LUXURY
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MEEKNESS
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EXPOSURE
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REFUGE
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STILL
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WONDER
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HOMELESSNESS
RESEARCH
homelessness
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Identity and built space are heavily intertwined, as seen through the relation between human needs and desires and the spatial social realm in which society exists. As stated before, built space exists as an outflow of human desires, and serves as a reflection of oneself to society. This can coalesce in the form of built space representing status, security, belonging, wealth, power, and self-actualization. But what happens when shelter is removed? What happens to the identity of a person when they have no place to return home to, or no place in the built environment they can call their own? Homelessness is increasingly growing as an international crisis, with the wage gap increasing between classes and mental health problems continuing to increase. As more of society becomes built up and claimed under private ownership, those without a home are having an increasingly shrinking territory to escape to. They are viewed as separate from the bustling society in which they stand on the margins of; a society that can be defined by “what you give is what you get.� In the 21st century especially, society is becoming faster and harder to stay on the cusp of. More jobs are requiring higher degrees of education and resume, and are becoming more competitive for the sake of pursuing efficiency and excellency. But where is space for people who have experienced a catastrophe in their life? Where is space for people who cannot perform at this level, who may have experienced trauma that they can’t get out of or have a debilitating mental illness? Society moves along like a freight engine that leaves all who cannot keep up to the side of the tracks. This is directly an issue for architecture to address, and the human condition must be closely examined to understand the solution to this world crisis.
Koranteng, Antoinette. Homeless #3.
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DEFINITION of homelessness In order to understand the causes and effects of homelessness, homelessness must be defined. There are many types of homelessness, and they all have different effects on a person as well as environmental factors that lead to the paradigm. Homelessness could be caused by a lifetime of untreated mental illness, or it could be caused by a personal catastrophe such as a house fire or region-wide earthquake. “Invisible People” describes homelessness as this:
HOMELESSNESS
RESEARCH
“The dictionary definition of homelessness is “having no home or permanent residence.” However, there are a few different definitions of homelessness and ways of counting homeless people used by the federal government and people who work in homeless shelters and programs. Homeless people—no matter which definition we use—often don’t want to be known as homeless. They avoid circumstances where they could be counted because they fear stigma and other repercussions. For example, many homeless parents fear social services would take away their children if people knew they were homeless. According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 553,742 people were experiencing homelessness in the U.S. on a single night in 2017. About 65 percent of those people were in emergency shelters and transitional housing programs; 35 percent were in unsheltered locations.” 1
Notes: 1. Invisible People. Causes of Homelessness.
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The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development defines and counts homelessness in four ways: 1. “Individuals and families who lack a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence. This includes people exiting an institution where they lived for less than 90 days and who lived in an emergency shelter or place not meant for human habitation immediately before entering the institution.” 2. “Individuals and families who will imminently lose their primary nighttime residence.” 3. “Unaccompanied youth and families with children and youth defined as homeless under other federal statutes who do not already qualify under this definition.” 4. “Individuals and families fleeing—or attempting to flee—domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, or other dangerous and life-threatening conditions related to violence against the individual or family member.” 1
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causes of homelessness
HOMELESSNESS
RESEARCH
“Economic forces, policy decisions, budget priorities, societal trends, and attitudes about public assistance all contribute to the causes of homelessness. In recent history, economic and financial circumstances related to the Great Recession—the worst global recession since the Great Depression—resulted in high rates of foreclosures and unemployment. As a result, may people were pushed out of their homes... Research from NLIHC finds a shortage of 7.2 million affordable and available rental homes for extremely low income renters. This group includes individuals with incomes at or below the poverty level or 30 percent of their area median income. The majority of the poorest renters in the U.S. are seniors, people with disabilities, and people who are working, enrolled in school, or caring for a young child or someone with a disability. NLIHC also reports there are 35 affordable and available units for every 100 extremely low income renters nationwide. Seventy-one percent of extremely low income renters spend more than half of their income on housing. Some people are chronically homeless. The U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development defines chronic homelessness as people who have been homeless for at least a year or repeatedly while experiencing a disabling condition. These conditions include physical disability, serious mental illness and/or substance use disorder, which makes it difficult to find and maintain housing. On one night in January 2017, 86,962 people were identified and considered chronically homeless. Challenges Contributing to the Causes of Homelessness For many homeless people, physical and mental health challenges, physical disabilities, alcoholism, and addiction as well as experiences of domestic violence, trauma, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can make it difficult to earn a living wage and maintain or re-gain stability. When someone does not have access to affordable health and mental health care, as well as education and job training opportunities, these challenges are exacerbated.”1
Notes: 1. Invisible People. Causes of Homelessness.
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Low-paying jobs Lay-offs Serious illnesses or accident Lack of income Loss of a loved one or divorce Lack of support networks Evictions Foreclosures Poverty Natural disasters (i.e. hurricanes, floods) Fires
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EFFECTS of homelessness
HOMELESSNESS
RESEARCH
“When you become homeless, you lose so much. You no longer have a place to sleep, store food, cook, and eat. There is nowhere to keep your clothes, or go to the bathroom and take a bath or shower. Giving up your pets, furniture, belongings, and mementos is likely. You may need to leave your neighbors and neighborhood and may have a harder time getting to school or work. Many homeless people have limited contact with family and friends. Homelessness leads to increased feelings of uncertainty, vulnerability, and isolation. Homeless people experience great physical and mental stress. This can result in health challenges while homeless and exacerbate pre-existing conditions and disabilities. Being homeless can lead to increased chances of having chronic pain; skin, foot, and dental problems; diseases and illnesses such as tuberculosis, hypertension, asthma, and diabetes; and sexually transmitted diseases including HIV and AIDS. Many homeless people do not have access to medicine or regular physical or mental health care treatment. They tend to be hospitalized more often than people with homes. Homeless people are more likely to die prematurely as a result of injuries, unintentional overdoes, and extreme weather. Homeless adults are more likely than others to experience psychiatric disorders and mental illness and to use tobacco and other substances. People who are homeless face increased chances of being victims of crime and sexual trafficking. Experiencing physical violence, verbal abuse, sexual assault, rape and other traumatic events is also more likely. In addition to the effects on individual homeless people, homelessness also impacts taxpayers and communities. Long-term, chronic homelessness has significant societal costs including emergency room visits, police intervention and incarceration. Government entities, nonprofits and charities also fund human service programs such as homeless, health and mental health services.�1 Notes: 1. Invisible People. How Homelessness Affects People.
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no SECURITY loss of mementos loss of neighbors limited contact to family physical and mental stress exacerbated pre-exisitng conditions increased chances of chronic pain increased hospitalization premature death rate mental illness drug addiction vulnerability to ABUSE Image Sources: pg. 46 - U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs. Going beyond the numbers to better serve. pg. 47 - Wishnia, Steven. The Village Voice. pg. 48 - Kefler, Natalie. Homelessness in Exeter. pg. 49 - Collins, Janiya. Homelessness; the Struggle is Real. pg. 50 - City of Olympia. Homelessness.
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LOSS OF IDENTITY
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LOSS OF STABILITY
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LOSS OF COMMUNITY
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LOSS OF PRIVACY
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LOSS OF BELONGING
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ADDRESSING HOMELESSNESS “Homelessness is complicated because it is caused and perpetuated by many factors. Ending homelessness in America requires multifaceted solutions and “big picture” changes to federal, state, and local laws, regulations, and budgets. There are also solutions that can help end homelessness for individual people and families. We need to focus on both levels—change at the big picture and individual levels. Solutions to homelessness include building more affordable housing, paying wages that cover the real costs of living, and increasing access to supportive services. This includes:
HOMELESSNESS
RESEARCH
Affordable health and mental health care services Transportation to work and school Quality daycare opportunities for young children The federal government—as well as state, county, and local governments—control many of the laws, programs, and budgets that impact these solutions to homelessness. By changing laws, policies and funding levels, we can help end homelessness.”1
Notes: 1. Invisible People. Solutions to Homelessness.
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setting a living wage Anti-poverty government programs Temporary housing addressing trauma affordable housing public transportation daycare for children providing enough shelter increased access to support services
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interview Interviewee - Brady Doyle, lifetime charlottesville native Question 1 - What has been your experience with homelessness in Charlottesville?
HOMELESSNESS
RESEARCH
“Growing up, me and my dad would volunteer for the Haven, which uses local churches for shelter and food. Me and my dad would volunteer through our church and lend a helping hand. That was largely my personal interaction with homeless people in Charlottesville.” Question 2 - What do you think could be done about homelessness in Charlottesville? “I don’t know. I feel out of my personal depth here. I think as a community we can value these individuals as part of our society. Development of buildings, resources, and policy that directly influence these individuals lives. Because they are individuals, and can so often be overlooked by this society. So any way that they can feel properly loved as individuals in society would be good.” What do you think is hard about that? I think alot of people would be on board for including homeless people into society and making them feel loved, but why is there such as disconnect? “It devotes fiscal resources, your time and effort... it’s not an easy thing to do. It’s a philosophy that alot of people buy into but it is an inconvenience which many people are not willing to take. And that is a shame, because these are individuals who go through so much pain.” 50
Question 3 - What defines home for you? “I associate home with people that I love. I am very fortunate to have the family that I do. I love my family more than anything, and my parents and siblings have provided me a home in which I know I am coming home to unconditional love to people who care about me. But also, I was fortunate enough to have my own bed, my own room, my own closet; little things that you take for granted. We had our own kitchen, we had our family room where we would all sit around and watch TV. We had these communal spaces but also my own personal spaces where I could be by myself, but also could relish the opportunities to live life with my loved ones. My childhood home and my current home with my best friends provide those spaces where I am able to live out the duality of an individual who is needs to recharge but also spend time breaking bread with those I love. I have been fortunate enough to have a home where I can have those two kind of spaces. But also, I have been fortunate enough to have things that seem normal to me (hot shower, warm bed, comfort), that I recognize are a privilege that I realize others do not have.
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RESEARCH
HOMELESSNESS 52
“I think home has allowed me the opportunity to live out my identity in whatever ways is most convenient for me at the time. Whether that be someone who is more social and wanting more social interaction or someone who is more introverted and in need of more personal restoration in my self. I have been someone who is privy to those spaces that are opportune to me. Whereas others who do not have a home do not have those spaces where they can explore those aspects of their identity and are pigeon-holed into a way of life that I personally have not experienced.�
my home.
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DESIGN RESEARCH
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DESIGN APPROACH
DESIGN
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:
When approaching the solution to homelessness, it is important to remember that this is a complex situation that goes far beyond just housing. It is an interdisciplinary crisis that involves expertise from medical professionals, government policy makers, spatial designers, and most importantly, concerned communities who want to help out their fellow neighbors. Poverty and homelessness have been a recurring problem since the dawn of civilization, and will most likely continue to be a problem far into the future. Society is overlaid with a multitude of complex systems and relations, and addressing any problem will never be a total solution or as comprehensive as it requires. Given the difficulty of the issue, a nuanced approach to addressing homelessness will be required, with the desires of the people and communities affected being the top consideration with any design decision. Many approaches have been given in the past, and they all are partial solutions; many with external consequences that follow. For instance, in New York, Mayor de Blasio has a plan to relocate homeless people outside of the city due to unavailability of affordable housing. “the New York City Department of Homeless Services (DHS) has a new pilot program that will help pay homeless people’s rent for up to twelve months if they find housing outside the city.” 1 This solution rises out of a very pressing issue for homeless people that keeps them in their situation: affordable housing. The cities in which many homeless people live often have high rental prices, meaning that even if they worked a full time job, they could not afford rent to get themselves off the street. When they move to another city that is cheaper to live, often times the wage price is adjusted to match the cost of living there. Even in affordable housing, the same problems persist that are outlined earlier in this research thesis. The basic needs of privacy, belonging, able to personalize your space and take pride in it, cannot be met because it is either housing that is handed down to a person without much ownership, or housing that is dilapitated and located in a bleak part of the city. So how can design be approached to address this ever incumbersome issue? Notes: 1. Wishnia, Steven. What de Blasio’s ‘Paying the Homeless to Leave Town’ Program Is Really About.
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DESIGN APPROACH:
With these complex design considerations in mind, a design solution must be immersive in all aspects of the needs and issues that arise, but also be reached with the pre-condition that design can only address certain issues relating to personal identity and the tangible effects of homelessness. These are elements of design to consider for designing a shelter for the homeless in Charlottesville: OWNERSHIP OF SHELTER CUSTOMIZATION FOR PERSONALIZATION ABILITY TO GROW WITH INHABITANT ABLE TO AFFORD THE MATERIALS AND LAND DESIRABLE TO THE PUBLIC CREATE COMMUNITY FOR RESIDENTS CREATE SPACES FOR COMMUNING AND PRIVACY TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT RESIDENCY DURABILITY DUE TO LOW MAINTENANCE AVAILABLE MENTAL REHABILITATION SPACES POLICY PAIRING FOR JOB TRAINING PART OF THE LARGER COMMUNITY CREATE A SPACE ABLE TO BE CALLED HOME
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CASE STUDIES
DESIGN CASE STUDIES
Due to the multi-disciplinary nature of the homelessness crisis, many different approaches have been made to address it. Within the city level, this means policy enacted, which can take the form of money subsidizing or the actual provision of shelter. Within the realm of architecture, the external forces at play in the crisis of homlessness must be considered. The funding of a project, the involvement of the community and reliance on volunteer provisions, and the acquisition of land all play into the architecture that is created to address homelessness in the community it resides in. Other factors play into the creation of space for the homeless: Does it just provide residence or does it provide public rehabilitation programs? Does it provide individual units in the suburban model or create residence in a complex? Does it provide temporary or permanent housing? Does it allow the residents participation in the design? Can the design be personalized? Does it interact with the public or stay removed from it? Can the residence grow with the inhabitant? All of these questions drive the design of whatever space is created to address the cumbersome issue of homelessness, and they largely depend on the specific nature of homelessness in its community. The case studies that will be looked at vary in their approach to addressing homelessness, and vary in the typology of building that is created. Each one exists as a community solution based on the culture of the community from which the homeless people reside, and they address specific needs of the homeless without addressing all issues of social life.
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Typologies of Homeless Shelter:
COT SHELTER
TINY HOUSE COMMUNITY
AFFORDABLE APARTMENTS
PREFABRICATED UNITS
HALF A HOUSE
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DESIGN CASE STUDIES
CASE STUDY 1 - THE HAVEN
PROJECT INFORMATION:1 location - Charlottesville, Virginia Type - Day Use Shelter, Sanctuary and other public gathering areas Architect - Wolf Ackerman Architecture + Design Residences - open area for cot dwelling
Notes: 1. Wolf Ackerman Architecture + Design. The Haven. 2. The Haven. Volunteer Manual 2019.
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Excerpt about Project: “The Haven is a safe and welcoming place for the homeless and very poor of Charlottesville and Central Virginia to be during the day. It provides guests with a centralized location to receive vital services and meet basic needs as well as get connected to social service providers and housing assistance programs. The Day Shelter is open every morning of the year, with extended hour in winter and every Sunday. When most people think of “The Haven,” they think of the homeless shelter. The Haven Day Shelter is located on the ground floor/lowest level of the building. The Day Shelter provides guests with shelter from the elements during the morning, a nutritious breakfast, facilities to bathe and do laundry, and a place to receive mail and store personal items. Volunteers fill vital roles to help meet the needs of our guests, from helping to prepare breakfast, to distributing needed supplies and sorting donations and mail. The Sanctuary provides a quiet place for guests seeking respite during the time the Day Shelter is open, and also serves as a low-cost venue for people seeking space for live performances, classes and workshops, organizing events, weddings, and memorial services. The former church sanctuary with original stained glass windows and hand-tooled pews from the 19th century is beautifully setup, and conducive to community events aimed at informing, educating, celebrating and including.” 2 61
DESIGN CASE STUDIES
CASE STUDY 2 - OTHELLO VILLAGE
PROJECT INFORMATION:1 location - Seattle, Washington Type - Transitional housing, tiny homes Architect - Community organized settlement Residences - 28 tiny homes, 12 platform tents, 100 people
Notes: 1. Novelodge. Tiny Home Villages Aim To Alleviate Poverty. 2. Next City. Should Seattle Be Building Tent Cities for the Homeless?
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Excerpt about Project: “A city-authorized encampment village provides a short-term housing solution for the homeless. The entire site houses up to 100 people with 28 tiny homes and 12 ‘platformed tents’. Occupants share a kitchen, shower trailer and donation hut along with a village security booth. Materials for the 96 square foot homes cost about $2,000 each, the building of the housing, courtesy of volunteers. The city of Seattle pays around $160,000 a year to provide the village with water, garbage services, as well as on-site counseling. Heat and electricity exist in the homes because of donations from both individuals and organizations.” 2
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DESIGN CASE STUDIES
CASE STUDY 3 - STAR APARTMENTS
PROJECT INFORMATION:1 location - Los Angeles, California Type - Affordable Housing, Social Services Counseling, Community Activities, Market-Rate Retail Architect - Michael Maltzan Architecture Residences - 102 apartments
Notes: 1. Michael Maltzan Architecture. Star Apartments.
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Excerpt about Project: “The new Star Apartments for the Skid Row Housing Trust transformed an existing one-story commercial building in downtown Los Angeles into a mixed-used complex with 102 apartments for formerly homeless individuals. The LEED for Homes Platinum development, located at 6th Street and Maple Avenue along the border of Skid Row, sets a new model for urbanism and increased density by adding new community spaces and residential levels above. The six-story, 95,000 sf building expands upon the Skid Row Housing Trust’s model of providing permanent supportive housing within the downtown core by incorporating a new type of shared public space within the building. Star Apartments is organized around three principal spatial zones stacked one upon the other: a public health zone at street level; a second level for community and wellness programs; and four terraced floors of residences above. The building includes an onsite medical clinic, a 15,000 square foot Health and Wellness Center, and the new headquarters of the LA County Department of Health Services’ (DHS) Housing for Health Division.” 1
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DESIGN CASE STUDIES
CASE STUDY 4 - Parabay home
PROJECT INFORMATION:1 location - Seattle, Washington Type - Permanent dwelling, tiny home Architect - Barron Peper Residences - 3-5
Notes: 1. Seattle Magazine. AIA Home of Distinction: A Seattle Architect Takes On the Tiny-Home Challenge.
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Excerpt about Project: “Among the utilitarian 8-by-12-foot homes in Nickelsville Georgetown Tiny House Village—one of several city-sanctioned homeless encampments— are two angled structures that face each other like two halves of a whole. It’s an appropriate way to look at these buildings, which were designed by Barron Peper, an architect with Seattle-based Mithun, to house a family. “Two houses act as one,” explains Sarah Smith, executive director of Sawhorse Revolution, the nonprofit building program that helped construct the houses, which are called the Parabay Homes. Peper is a volunteer with Sawhorse Revolution; the organization pairs high-schoolage kids in underserved areas with mentors to teach them carpentry and building skills as they work together on community projects. Each two-unit Parabay Home totals 224 square feet and is designed to house children and adults, each with their own unit. The occupants can easily see each other through facing glass windows, separated by 4 feet of yard space.” 1
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DESIGN CASE STUDIES
CASE STUDY 5 - Y:cube housing
PROJECT INFORMATION:1 location - Mitcham, South London Type - Temporary low-cost housing Architect - Rogers Stirk Harbour + Parnters Residences - 36 apartments
Notes: 1. Architect. YMCA’s New Prefab Homeless Shelter.
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Excerpt about Project: “The project was developed over the last few years in partnership with YMCA London South West, making the unit the YMCA’s first factory-built “move-on” housing scheme. This scheme is meant to provide temporary housing for homeless or lower-income citizens until they are able to afford a a more permanent living arrangement. Originally seen in a 2013 exhibition, the firm’s Homeshell design has been adapted to provide relief to the United Kingdom’s urgent housing needs. Called the Y:Cube, the project is meant to help young people who are struggling to get into the housing market. Rent is calculated at 65 percent of the local market value, allowing the residents to save money for a future home in the private housing market. The interlocking modular system enables the units to stack on top or alongside each other, with easy connection of water, heating, and electricity to other units, making the system perfect for tight urban sites. The easily assembled units can be constructed and set up in two weeks, and are designed to move between temporary sites in London. Each brightly painted 279-square-foot unit consists of a combined living room and kitchen, with a separate bedroom and bathroom suite. Designed with sustainable materials, primarily renewable timber, the units are so well insulated that they require little or no heating, even in the winter months.” 1 69
SYNTHESIS
DESIGN SYNTHESIS
Using these case studies as examples, a new typology of homeless housing will be created to address the needs outlined earlier when discussing personal identity and architecture. Just as each of the case studies dealt with a interdisciplinary array of issues alongside the creation of built space, each synthesis proposed will address outside issues such as mental health and income levels when determining the proper spatial outcome. Several factors were considered when proposing a design solution: selfsustenance, autonomy, freedom, identity, and provision. These terms drove the synthesis of a design solution, and will continue to be factored in as a final thesis is produced from this issue. These design directions were taken when considering a proposal: 1. microvillage - a community where each person has their own small piece of land that they can buy into from the city. From this small plot of land, they could either: -create their own house from a kit of parts -decide what type of small house they want with a builder With the idea of a microvillage, the idea of it being a permanent or temporary dwelling came into play. It could either serve as a transitional village meant to rehabilitate a resident into full home ownership, or it could be a permanent, low cost settlement that a resident would fully own. 2. Retrofit - an existing building or space that is underused and undesired is rehabilitated into a homeless facility. This new building could either be turned into an apartment complex or a collection of smaller, pre-fabricated units could fill the outside shell. 3. New Infrastructure - an entirely new building constructed on either a plot of land provided by the city or built upon an undesired urban infill space. This new infrastructure would take the form of an apartment complex with a rehabilitation center, like the form of Star Apartments by Michael Maltzan Architects.
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SUSTAINABLE HOMELESS SHELTER BRANDON ADAMS
I am looking into designing a self-sustaining homeless shelter, with a particular focus on how to make it autonomous from being a completely dependent structure socially and monetarily on outside infrastructures.
WHAT ARE YOU TRYING TO DO? Create some form of homeless shelter that is self sustaining.
WHAT DOES SELF SUSTAINING MEAN?
PERSON
RESEARCH DIRECTIONS:
MATERIAL
PERSONAL SELF-SUSTENANCE
IDENTITY
PERSONAL SELF-SUSTENANCE
FREEDOM
AUTONOMY
HOMES GIVE A PERSON FREEDOM?
ENERGY PERSONAL SELF-SUSTENANCE
EXCESS WASTE FROM CONSTRUCTION?
PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING
CREATES ITS OWN ENERGY
COMMENTARY ON WASTEFULNESS OF AMERICAN CONSTRUCTION
POSSIBLY GIVES BACK TO GRID?
WHAT DOES PERSONAL SELF-SUSTENANCE MEAN? Personal Self-Sustenance means to be able to provide for yourself and contribute to society?
WHAT KIND OF ARCHITECTURE? MICROVILLAGE
NEW INFRASTRUCTURE
TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT?
RETROFIT
HOW DO YOU OBTAIN THE LAND?
CAN IT TRANSFORM INTO YOUR OWN HOUSE AS YOU GET BACK ON YOUR FEET?
SOURCES TO SEARCH: ANTHROPOLOGY STUDIES
RESEARCH CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
RESEARCH PASSIVE SYSTEMS
PERSONAL INTERVIEWS TEST OUT MODELS FIND STUDIES CORRELATING HOME OWNERSHIP TO PRODUCTIVITY/ SELF-SUSTENANCE?
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SYNTHESIS 1 - tiny home community
DESIGN SYNTHESIS
A community is made out of a collection of tiny houses, centered around communal spaces run and built by the community. People coming in can choose from a variety of house styles and customize them, like a builder’s catalog, to give them a sense of ownership of their home.
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SYNTHESIS 2 - Home that can grow
DESIGN SYNTHESIS
Many people who are homeless are not ready for full home ownership, whether financially or personally. Two solutions are proposed: A temporary dwelling that allows you to move through phases of home ownership you buy into; or a permanent tiny house that can be added on to as you earn an income and grow back into home ownership.
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SYNTHESIS 3 - DIY Kit of parts
DESIGN SYNTHESIS
Allowing the project to be a DIY kit of parts gives home owners flexibility in expressing their interests in the design, and thereby ownership and self-actualization.
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SYNTHESIS 4 - four corners plot
DESIGN SYNTHESIS
A plot of land would be provided by the city, and two walls would be created intersecting each other. In these walls the services for housing would be run, such as plumbing, sewage, and electrical. When residents move in, they can build a house with this as their starting corner and expand past this corner as means increase.
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THESIS
ARCHITECTURE AND IDENTITY:
REHABILITATING SELF IN HOMELESS SHELTERS IN CHARLOTTESVILLE
ABSTRACT: This project is looking into the tie between architecture and identity, and how architecture gives a person value and dignity in society. Specifically, this project will be addressing the issue of homelessness, and how the absence of a home (architecture) affects a person’s place in society. The scope of research for this project focuses on the causes of homelessness, and the effects of homelessness on society at the national, region, and community level, along with the effects on a person’s mental and physical nature. The goal of this project is to propose a shelter, or community of shelters, that rehabilitates a person’s self-identity, as well as their identity in society.
DESIGN OPERATIONS:
A1.1 Atmospheres
STIMULATING
EXHILERATING
AROUSING
Source: Brandon Adams_ARCH 3020 Excercise
2. Spatial Mapping After spatial responses to emotional effects of homelessness are produced, the next step will be to map together these different spaces into a complex that rehabilitates broken identity and addresses the actual physical and mental effects of homelessness. This will entail mapping out spaces onto the site, and doing typology massings to determine what type of shelter will best address the conditions of homelessness.
Source: Brandon Adams_ARCH 4020 Thesis
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A1.2 Spatial Conditions
INTERESTING
A1.3 Site + Envelope
PLEASANT
A3.1-A4.1 Iterations
DESIGN THESIS
BRANDON ADAMS
1. Spatializing Emotions To initiate the design process, vignettes of personal spaces that address the needs of homeless people will be QUADRANT I produced to begin to consider what type of space (or spaces) would address the broader issue of loss of identity and self-image due to homelessness.
BRANDON ADAMS 7100 RESEARCH METHODS
3. Analysis of Site The choice of site will also tie into the idea of restoring identity through architecture. At the building level, this involves creating spaces and conditions where the effects of homelessness are addressed, such as loneliness, anxiety, loss of aura, loss of personal identity. At the site level, this could be taking a site that currently has no personal identity to it and that is avoided, and turning it into a new haven for those displaced from society. The site will be located in Charlottesville, and could be any of these infill/ unwanted sites:
UNUSED PLOT OF LAND BETWEEN RAILROAD TRACKS
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION MAP OF CHARLOTTESVILLE (SHELTERS COULD BE LOCATED ALONG STOPS)
DESIGN OUTCOME POSSIBILITIES: Design Possibilities: 1. microshelters 2. larger facility with rehabilitation center 3. DIY shelter that can grow with the resident based on their income 4. larger system of shelters throughout city 5. temporary dwelling that can be set up and packed up like a tent 6. reclaiming of abandoned buildings
FINAL DELIVERABLES OF PROJECT/ SCOPE OF WORK: 1. Full scale mockup of a shelter unit 2. kit of parts used to give homeless residents personal choice in shelter design 3. Proposal for city of Charlottesville to adopt method for homeless inhabitation and rehabiliation
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TIMELINE FOR THESIS: SUSTAINABLE HOMELESS REHABILITATION CENTER SCHEDULE FOR PROJECT
INDENTIFY PROBLEM OF HOMELESSNESS
SPRING 2019
PRECEDENT STUD
FEBRUARY 2019 3/05 - Midreview Videos -Research the Haven and other facilities in Charlottesville meant to mitigate homelessness
-Compare to other cities: high homeless rates v. low homeless rates
3/1
-Study of p research o systems an
ON SITE STUDIES IN CHARLOTTESVILLE
DESIGN THESIS
SUMMER 2019
-Site analysis, how homeless people interact with site
ARCHITECTURAL ITERATIONS
FALL 2019
SITE INTERVENTION
SPRING 2020 -Choose scheme and create propostion
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JUNE 2019
SEPTEMBER 2019
ARCHITECTURAL ITERATIONS FEBRUARY 2020
-Continue researc
DIES
BRANDON ADAMS
RESEARCH SELF SUSTENANCE
ARCHITECTURAL ITERATIONS
APRIL 2019
MARCH 2019
15 - CGII Grants due
precedents, of existing nd materials
4/26 - final book/poster due -Interview people in CVille about architecture giving autonomy
-Study of precedents
JULY 2019
-Design Proposal
AUGUST 2019 4/26 - final book/poster due
ch from the spring
OCTOBER 2019
NOVEMBER 2019 Have Iterations finalized and research completed
PROPOSITION MARCH 2020 -Production of Prototype
APRIL 2020 -Present to City Council/ Jury
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CITATIONS INFORMATION 1. “AIA Home of Distinction: A Seattle Architect Takes On the Tiny-Home Challenge.” 2018. Seattle Magazine. March 19, 2018. https://www.seattlemag.com/home-and-garden/aia-home-distinction-seattle-architect-takes-tiny-home-challenge. 2. Editor. 2017. “Othello Village Residents Concerned With Seattle’s Shift Away From Transitional Housing.” South Seattle Emerald (blog). June 28, 2017. https://southseattleemerald.com/2017/06/28/othello-residents-concerned-with-seattles-shift-away-from-transitional-housing/. 3. “FSU Department of Interior Architecture and Design | Jill Pable.” n.d. Accessed April 27, 2019. http://interiordesign.fsu.edu/jill-pable/. 4. “PACEM.” n.d. Accessed April 30, 2019. https://pacemshelter.org/. “Should Seattle Be Building Tent Cities for the Homeless?” n.d. Accessed April 30, 2019. https://nextcity.org/features/view/tent-cities-seattle-housing-first-transitional-shelter. 5. “Star Apartments | Michael Maltzan Architecture.” n.d. Accessed April 30, 2019. https://www.mmaltzan.com/projects/star-apartments/. 6. “The Haven.” n.d. Wolf Ackerman. Accessed April 30, 2019. http://www.wolfackerman.com/haven. 7. “Tiny Home Villages Aim To Alleviate Poverty.” 2018. Novelodge (blog). August 20, 2018. http://www.novelodge.com/innovative-living/homes-alleviate-poverty. 8. “VOLUNTEER+MANUAL+2019.Pdf.” n.d. Accessed April 30, 2019. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b4640c075f9eef79ee41fd7/t/5cb5f205fa0d6011950e0af5/1555427845500/VOLUNTEER+MANUAL+2019.pdf. 9. Xie, Jenny. 2017. “10 Tiny House Villages for the Homeless across the U.S.” Curbed. July 18, 2017. https://www.curbed.com/maps/tiny-houses-for-the-homeless-villages.
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10. “Y:Cube Housing.” 2014. YMCA St Paul’s Group (blog). August 18, 2014. https://ymcastpaulsgroup.org/ycube-housing/. 11. “A 360-Degree Tour of Gatorade’s Futuristic Sports Science Institute.” n.d. Accessed April 27, 2019. https://www.fastcompany.com/90188187/the-simple-way-design-couldhelp-homeless-people-recover. 12. “Causes of Homelessness.” 2018. Invisible People. September 21, 2018. https://invisiblepeople.tv/causes-of-homelessness/. 13. “Homeless in America: An Examination of Possessions and Consumption Behaviors | Journal of Consumer Research | Oxford Academic.” n.d. Accessed April 27, 2019. https://academic.oup.com/jcr/article-abstract/17/3/303/1822547?redirectedFrom=fulltextlink. 14. “What de Blasio’s ‘Paying the Homeless to Leave Town’ Program Is Really About.” n.d. Accessed April 30, 2019. https://www.villagevoice.com/2017/10/18/what-de-blasios-paying-thehomeless-to-leave-town-program-is-really-about/. 15. “A 1950 American Dream Home - Retro Renovation.” n.d. Accessed April 27, 2019. https://retrorenovation.com/2008/11/12/a-1950s-american-dreamhome/. 16. “Kitsch: The American Dream of the 1940s & 1950s | Ultra Swank.” n.d. Accessed April 27, 2019. http://www.ultraswank.net/kitsch/american-dream-1940s-1950s/. 17. Mcleod, Saul. n.d. “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.” Simply Psychology. Accessed April 28, 2019. https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html. 18. “The Concept Of Identity In Architecture Philosophy Essay.” n.d. UKEssays.Com. Accessed April 29, 2019. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/the-concept-of-identity-in-architecture-philosophy-essay.php.
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IMAGES 1. “Homeless Drawings.” n.d. Accessed April 29, 2019. https://antoinettekoranteng.com/section/460034-Homeless-drawings. html. 2. “Homelessness.” n.d. Accessed April 30, 2019. http://olympiawa.gov/community/homelessness.aspx. 3. “Homelessness; The Struggle Is Real — Science Leadership Academy @ Center City.” n.d. Accessed April 30, 2019. https://scienceleadership.org/blog/homelessness-the_struggle_is_real-2. 4. Keffler, Natalie. 2018. “Homelessness in Exeter.” Exeposé Online (blog). January 23, 2018. https://exepose.com/2018/01/23/finished-homelessness-in-exeter/. 5. Shulkin, David. 2016. “Going beyond the Numbers to Better Serve Veterans Who Are Homeless.” VAntage Point (blog). January 28, 2016. https://www.blogs.va.gov/VAntage/25502/going-beyond-the-numbersto-better-serve-veterans-who-are-homeless/. 6. “A 1950 American Dream Home - Retro Renovation.” n.d. Accessed April 27, 2019. https://retrorenovation.com/2008/11/12/a-1950s-american-dreamhome/. 7. “Airy Wooden Japanese Home Architecture With Outdoor Views. Part of ... | in 2019 | Japanese Interior Design, Japanese Style House, Japanese Living Room Decor.” n.d. Pinterest. Accessed April 29, 2019. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/815925657467451458/. 8. “Cornelia Tiny House.” n.d. New Frontier Tiny Homes. Accessed April 29, 2019. https://www.newfrontiertinyhomes.com/tiny-house/cornelia. 9. DHeck. 2012. “Collections: Four Freedoms - Norman Rockwell Museum - The Home for American Illustration.” Norman Rockwell Museum (blog). October 31, 2012. https://www.nrm.org/2012/10/collections-four-freedoms/. 10. “Farnsworth House | Tag | ArchDaily.” n.d. Accessed April 29, 2019. https://www.archdaily.com/tag/farnsworth-house.
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11. “Seeking Shelter from the Rain – Collective Vision | Photoblog for the Austin American-Statesman.” n.d. Accessed April 29, 2019. http://photoblog.statesman.com/seeking-shelter-from-the-rain. 12. “The World’s Best Photos of Iceland and Shack - Flickr Hive Mind.” n.d. Accessed April 29, 2019. https://hiveminer.com/Tags/iceland%2Cshack. “Top 60 Family Fireplace Stock Photos, Pictures, and Images - IStock.” n.d. 13. Accessed April 29, 2019. https://www.istockphoto.com/photos/family-fireplace?sort=mostpopular&mediatype=photography&phrase=family%20fireplace. 14. TravelAtWill. 2017. “Walk On Castle Walls in Obidos.” Retired And Travelling (blog). October 15, 2017. https://retiredandtravelling.com/walk-on-castle-walls-in-obidos/. 15. VanDerWerff, Todd. 2016. “It’s a Wonderful Life Is One of the Best Movies America Has Ever Made about Itself.” Vox. December 20, 2016. https://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/20/14013388/its-a-wonderful-life-review-anniversary-70
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