Parts of Speech

NOUNS

Types of nouns:

· Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or

ideas.

Artist, museum, paint, color · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person,

place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized).

Leonardo da Vinci, Getty Museum, Louvre Museum · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a

single noun.

Paintbrush, watercolor, artwork · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to

places.

Pencil, canvas, palette · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions,

or attitudes.

Creative, dedication, commitment

Functions (How nouns are used):

· Subject (comes before the verb) The Louvre Museum is the second largest museum in the world.

· Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa in 1503.

· Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) Most colleges or universities offer students art programs in order to obtain a degree in art.

PRONOUNS

Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established.

Personal:

Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects)

I/we me/us you/you you/you

He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them

Possessive

My, mine

our, ours Your, yours your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s their, theirs

Relative:

Nominative who

That

Objective whom that those/ this Possessive whose of that

Interrogative:

who, which, what, whatever, whoever

Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves)

Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: She bought herself a painting.

to intensify a point:

The doctor herself recommended art therapy.

Demonstrative:

this, these that, those

Indefinite:

all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.

VERBS

Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.

Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses:

simple past past past perfect past progressive simple present present present perfect present progressive present perfect progressive future future perfect

Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) finitive verbs (indicate tense) nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects) Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: The mother got her son a set of watercolor paints. Passive:

The watercolor paints were given to him by his mother.

Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS)

Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. Veronica loves painting at the park. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective The abandoned school smelled like chalk and old paint. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper

ADVERBS

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings · Conversions Artistically · Types:

Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time

Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject)

Rachel finished her art project in a hurry. (How did she finish?)

The deadline for the art competition was coming up. (When was the deadline)

Mary wanted to go to the art exhibit with her friends. (Where was the exhibit?)

Gilbert’s talented art piece was recognized by a famous artist. (How talented was he?)

Jamie recently graduated from college to be an art teacher. (How recent did she graduate?)

CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so

Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while

Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

INTERJECTIONS

Interjections are the final part of speech. A aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C cheers, congratulations D dang, drat, darn, duh E eek, eh, encore, eureka F fiddlesticks G gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh H ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh, humph, hurray O oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow P phew, phooey, pooh, pow R rats S shh, shoo T thanks, there, tut-tut U uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh W wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow Y yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck

Transitions of Logic Chart

Addition

Comparison Milder

a further and and then then also too next another other nor further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

just as ... so too a similar another... like similarly comparable in the same way likewise

Contrast

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

Stronger

Purpose

Place

Result

to do this so that to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to

there here beyond nearby next to at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

so and so then hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Example

that is specifically in particular for one thing for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

Summary and Emphasis

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly