Par ts of Speech

Parts of Speech

Types of nouns: · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. Planet, cloud, alien, rocket · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). Mercury, Galaxies, Pluto · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. Milkyway, shooting star, laser beam, solar system · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. Dirt, dark, stars, bang · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. happiness, freedom, patience

· Subject (comes before the verb) The astronaut flew into open space. · Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) The alien observed the stars from his little telescope.

· Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) The space cowboy shot his laser at his deadly enemy.

PRONOUNS

Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established.

Personal:

Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects)

I/we me/us you/you you/you

He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them

Possessive

My, mine

our, ours Your, yours your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s their, theirs

Relative:

Nominative Possessive who whose

That of that Objective

whom

that

Interrogative:

who, which, what, whatever, whoever

Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves)

Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction:

to intensify a point: The astronaut wanted to see the stars himself without anyone interrupting.

The moon princess herself felt eager to visit Earth. “I myself want to see the wonders of this planet” she imagined.

Demonstrative:

this, these that, those

Indefinite:

all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.

VERBS

Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.

Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses:

simple past past past perfect past progressive simple present present present perfect present progressive present perfect progressive future future perfect

Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) infinitive verbs (indicate tense) infinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)

Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: The captain received an incoming alert on the monitor. Passive: The monitor brought an incoming alert to the captain.

Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS)

Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. Pluto was considered becoming a planet. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective The Bebop landed on a deserted planet. The spaceship had to navigate the challenging asteroid belt.

Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs

NASA likes to build massive space robots.

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper Those shooting stars brightly spark in the night sky. The huge glowing sun is the center of the universe. A Japanese spaceship welcomed the American astronauts.

ADVERBS

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings The sun’s gravity causes the planets to orbit around it, otherwise the milky way would be a grand chaos. · Conversions Beautiful- Beautifully rapid - rapidly Quiet- quietly · Types:

Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time

Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject) Manner- Asteroids rapidly pass the planets.

Time- If two pieces of the same type of metal touch in space, they will permanently and immediately bond

Place- The footprints on the moon will continually be there for 100 million years Degree- In fact, space is completely silent.

Frequency - The Earth roughly spins 1000 miles per hour.

Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so

Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while

Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to non living object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

Interjections are the final part of speech.

A – Ahh, ahoy, aha, ahem, alas, arrggh, aw B – Blah, brrr, bingo, bravo, bam, bazinga, bleh, boo, boo-yah, bah hambug C – Cheers, congrats, catching, cripes, crud D – Damn, darn, darnit, dang, drat, duh, dear, E – Eureka, eek, eh, er, encore, eww F – Fie, fiddlesticks G – Gak, gee, gee whiz, geez, gadzooks, golly, good grief, goodness, goodness gracious, gosh, gesundheit H – Hey, hmm, hooray, huh, hello, ha, ha-ha, holy cow, hallelujah, holy smokes, humph, hurray, hot dog, huh? K – Ka-ching, O – oh, oh oh, oh dear, oh my, oh my God, oh well, ouch, ow, oww, oops, oy, ooh-la-la, P – Phooey, presto, please, pshaw, pow, phew, pooh R – Rats, S – shoo, shh, shoop-shoop, T – Tut-tut, thanks, U – Uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh, um, umm V – Viva, voila W – Whammo, wham, whew, whoa, wow, whoops, Y – Yay, yeah, yikes, yippee, yes, yuck, yum, yo, yahoo, yummy Z – Zap

Addition

Comparison

Contrast Milder

a further and and then then also too next another other nor further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

just as ... so too a similar another... like similarly comparable in the same way likewise

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

Stronger

Purpose

Place

Result

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

to do this so that to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to

there here beyond nearby next to at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

so and so then hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Summary and Emphasis

that is specifically in particular for one thing for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly