Parts of Speech

Nouns

Types of Nouns: · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. EX: apartment, office, restaurant · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). EX: Wall Street, New York, Patrick Bateman · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. EX: gentleman, desktop, chalkboard · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. EX: axe, cigar, knife · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. EX: sociopath, obsession, perfection

Functions (How nouns are used): · Subject (comes before the verb) Patrick Bateman maintains a lifestyle with a steady diet and a meticulous exercise routine. · Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) Bateman asks Bryce if he thinks that his business card is nice. · Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) Bateman explains to his coworkers a fact about Ed Gein.

Parts of Speech

Pronouns

Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Personal: Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/we me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them

Possessive:

My, mine

our, ours Your, yours your, yours His, her, hers, its, one ’ s their, theirs

Nominative who That those/ this Relative: Objective whom that Possessive whose of that

Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever

Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: He views himself as superior to others. She provided herself with a pint of ice cream. to intensify a point: The man himself worked at an investment firm. The woman thought, “I can ask him myself.

Demonstrative: this, these that, those Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such. 9

Parts of Speech

Verbs

Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.

Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses: simple past past past perfect past progressive simple present present present perfect present progressive present perfect progressive future future perfect

Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) infinitive verbs (indicate tense) nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)

Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: The man wearing a raincoat kills the drunk man with an axe. (man is the subject) Passive: The axe has brought murder to the drunk man. (man are the subject but treated as the object) Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) Gerund: word ending in “ing ” used as a noun. · Bateman speaks about his findings on the various music albums. Participle: word ending in “ing ” or “ ed” used as an adjective · The bloodied body was lying on the newspaper covered ground. · The buried body was never found. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “ to

Parts of Speech

Adjectives & Adverbs

Adjectives Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and

pronouns. · Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper Demonstrative: this human blood Common: a brooding expression Proper: an American psycho

Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings charmingly, backwards, palewise · Conversions “Hard” becomes “Hardily ” “Ragged” becomes “Raggedly ”

“Murderous ” becomes “Murderously

· Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time

Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject) Manner – Patrick Bateman quietly peeled the mask off his face as he stared in the mirror. Time – The man slowly drank his wine while his colleagues conversed. Place – Mr. Lee was willingly here earlier today working with students.

Degree – This cold-blooded serial killer was extremely thorough in the cleaning of his crime scene. Frequency – Mr. Bateman constantly exhibits annoyance towards the materialistic and superficial associates.

Parts of Speech

Conjunctions & Prepositions

Conjunctions Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)

Prepositions Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common oneword prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

Parts of Speech

Interjections

Interjections are the final part of speech. A – Ahh, ahoy, aha, ahem, alas, arrggh, aw B – Blah, brrr, bingo, bravo, bam, bazinga, bleh, boo, boo-yah, bah humbug C – Cheers, congrats, catching, cripes, crud D – Damn, darn, darnit, dang, drat, duh, dear E – Eureka, eek, eh, er, encore, eww F – Fie, fiddlesticks G – Gak, gee, gee whiz, geez, gadzooks, golly, good grief, goodness, goodness gracious, gosh, gesundheit H – Hey, hmm, hooray, huh, hello, ha, ha-ha, holy cow, hallelujah, holy smokes, humph, hurray, hot dog, huh? K – Ka-ching O – oh, oh oh, oh dear, oh my, oh my God, oh well, ouch, ow, oww, oops, oy, ooh-la-la P – Phooey, presto, please, pshaw, pow, phew, pooh R – Rats S – shoo, shh, shoop-shoop T – Tut-tut, thanks U – Uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh, um, umm V – Viva, voila W – Whammo, wham, whew, whoa, wow, whoops Y – Yay, yeah, yikes, yippee, yes, yuck, yum, yo, yahoo, yummy Z – Zap, zzz

Transitions of Logic

Milder Stronger

Addition

a further and and then then also too next another other nor

further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

Comparison

Contrast

Time

just as ... so too a similar another... like

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recentlyfirst, second, third next before after today tomorrow

similarly comparable in the same way likewise

however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstandingfor all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to

Transitions of Logic

Milder Stronger

Place

there here beyond nearby next to at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

Result

so and so then

hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Example

Summary & Emphasis

that is specifically in particular for one thing

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose

for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly